home-Trousers and jeans-Modern political map of the world, classification and typology of countries. Geographical typology of countries Modern political map of the world typology of countries

Modern political map of the world, classification and typology of countries. Geographical typology of countries Modern political map of the world typology of countries

Differences between countries in the political organization of society and the geospace they have mastered reflect the state-political typologies of countries. In particular, according to the characteristics of their international status, all countries of the world can be divided into three types:

1) sovereign states;

2) non-self-governing territories,

3) “problem” territories.

The typology of differences in the political system has three indicators.

1. Form of government shows the structure of the highest state power, that is, the nature of the relationship between its legislative, executive and judicial branches.

The most common and historically growing in number is the republican form, in which all supreme authorities are formed on an elective or representative basis, legislative power usually belongs to parliament, and executive power to the government.

The oldest republics are San Marino and Switzerland (since the 13th century). National liberation processes, bourgeois and socialist revolutions, wars of the 20th century, and the collapse of socialist countries contributed to their rapid growth (127 in 1991, 150 in 1998).

In presidential republics, which are quantitatively predominant (primarily due to developing countries), the main powers of power are concentrated in the hands of the president (he is the head of state, government, commander-in-chief). Various options for such republics are the USA, France, Brazil, Argentina, Indonesia, the Czech Republic, most CIS member countries: Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, etc.

In parliamentary republics, the main powers belong to the parliaments that form the government, and the functions of the president are limited (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Greece, Israel, Turkey, India, etc.).

In ideocratic republics, the exercise of power by presidents, parliaments, courts and, in general, the functioning of the country's political system are based on a certain political or religious ideology, and the party or leader that expresses them plays a key role in public administration. These are the socialist and Islamic (Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sudan, etc.) republics.

Under the monarchical form of government, the most widespread at the beginning of the 20th century, supreme state power belongs to one person (monarch - emperor, king, sultan, prince, emir, etc.) and is usually inherited.

Historically, the oldest variety of this form is absolute monarchies with unlimited power of the ruler. The processes of capitalization of society and bourgeois-democratic revolutions led to the emergence of a new form of monarchical power - constitutional (parliamentary) monarchies, where the powers of the monarch are limited by the constitution, and power functions are concentrated in the hands of parliaments (legislative) and the governments they form (executive). The collapse of the British colonial system led to the emergence of such a specific form of constitutional monarchy as a “state within the Commonwealth of Nations.” It is owned by 16 member countries of this international organization, which recognize the British Queen as the head of their states. The combination of religious and secular functions in monarchical power led to the emergence of theocratic monarchies, where the monarch is also the religious head.

Currently, there are more than 40 monarchies, among which the vast majority are constitutional, represented primarily in Europe (12, especially in the North Sea basin, including Great Britain), Asia (9), Africa (3), America (9 ), Australia and Oceania (5). There are 6 absolute monarchies left (5 in Asia and the Vatican in Europe); three of them are also theocratic - Vatican City, Saudi Arabia and Brunei. A feature of monarchical power in the federal states of Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates, as well as in the Vatican, is its election.

2. An integral property of the political system of any country is its administrative-territorial structure (or form of government). On this basis, the vast majority of countries in the world are unitary, governed by a central government in all administrative-territorial units.

A younger form is the federation, or federal (union) state. It is formed by the subjects of the federation (states, republics, provinces, etc.), which have shared power with the central government and therefore have their own laws (constitutions), representative and executive bodies.

At the end of the 1990s, there were 27 such countries, including 8 in Europe, 5 in Asia and Africa, 7 in America, 2 in Australia and Oceania.

The main reasons for the creation of federations at different times were: features of historical development (USA, Germany, UAE, etc.), the huge size of the territory (Canada, Australia, Brazil, etc.) or its disunity (island Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of Comoros), multinational composition of the population (India, Nigeria, South Africa, etc.) or a combination of several reasons (USSR, Russia, Yugoslavia). A number of countries classified as unitary have features of a federation (the presence of autonomous entities, etc.), for example Denmark, France.

A historically rare form of government is a confederation. It involves the unification of sovereign states (while maintaining their own authorities, constitution...) to achieve common goals (military, political, economic, national). To coordinate efforts, joint legislative and executive bodies are formed (parliaments, presidential councils, commissions...).

The confederations were Switzerland (gradually transformed into a federation), the USA (in the first decade of its history, the United Arab Republic (unification of Egypt and Syria in 1958-1961). Currently, there are no legally formalized confederations in the world, but the European Union has their characteristics and the Union of Belarus and Russia, which have a number of joint interstate bodies.A certain confederal potential lies in the unsettled relations of some “unrecognized” states and their “mother” countries (Transnistria - Moldova, Abkhazia - Georgia, Taiwan - China).

3. Another property of the political system and, in general, the political system of any country is political regime or type of government - means and methods of exercising power.

Regimes of government are considered democratic if they are characterized by election and separation of powers (legislative, executive, judicial), a rule of law with equality of all before the law, and a multi-party political system. Such regimes have developed in developed capitalist countries, are being formed in most post-socialist countries and in some developing countries (the most developed, for example, in newly industrialized countries).

Authoritarian regimes are characterized by the concentration of power in the hands of one person or body, downplaying the role of other state institutions (primarily representative ones), minimizing and suppressing the opposition, command methods of leadership, and restriction of freedoms. Features of authoritarianism are usually characteristic of absolute monarchies, but also of many presidential republics in developing countries (especially African, Iraq, etc.) and some post-socialist ones (for example, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan).

A totalitarian regime, from the point of view of Western political science, is considered an extreme form of authoritarianism and is a state-political system of government that exercises control over all areas of public life based on the principles of a certain ideology. Currently, such regimes are characteristic of most ideocratic republics (in socialist countries the term “socialist democracy” is usually used to designate it).

The modern world is very large and diverse. If you look at the political map of our planet, you can count 230 countries that are very different from each other. Some of them have a very large territory and occupy, if not the whole, then half of the continent, others may be smaller in area than the largest cities in the world. In some countries the population is multinational, in others all people have local roots. Some territories are rich in minerals, while others have to do without natural resources. Each of them is unique and has its own characteristics, but scientists still managed to identify common features that could unite states into groups. This is how a typology of countries in the modern world was created.

Concept of types

As you know, development is a very ambiguous process that can proceed in completely different ways, depending on the conditions affecting it. This determines the typology of countries in the world. Each of them experienced certain historical events that directly influenced its evolution. But at the same time, there is a group of indicators that can often be found in approximately the same set in other territorial associations. On the basis of such similarities, a typology of countries in the modern world is built.

But such a classification cannot be based on just one or two criteria, so scientists do a lot of work collecting data. Based on this analysis, a group of similar features is identified that connect similar countries.

Variety of typologies

The indicators that researchers find cannot be combined into just one group, since they relate to different areas of life. Therefore, the typology of countries around the world is based on different criteria, which has led to the emergence of many classifications that depend on the selected factor. Some of them evaluate economic development, others - political and historical aspects. There are those that are built on citizens or on the geographical location of the territory. Time can also make adjustments, and the main typologies of countries in the world can change. Some of them are becoming obsolete, others are just emerging.

For example, for a whole century, the division of the economic structure of the world into capitalist (market relations) and socialist (planned economy) countries was quite relevant. A separate group was the former colonies that had gained independence and were at the beginning of their development path. But over the past few decades, events have occurred that have shown that the socialist economy has outlived its usefulness, although it still remains the main one in several countries. Therefore, this typology was relegated to the background.

Meaning

The value of dividing states from a scientific point of view is quite clear. Since this allows scientists to build their research, which could indicate errors in development and ways for others to avoid them. But the typology of the countries of the world also has enormous practical value. For example, the UN - one of the most famous organizations in Europe and the whole world - based on the classification, is developing a strategy for financial support for the weakest and most vulnerable states.

The division is also made for the purpose of calculating risks that may affect the development of the economy as a whole. This helps to more accurately determine financial growth and the interaction of all parties in the market. Therefore, this is not only a theoretically important, but also an applied task, which is taken very seriously at the global level.

Typology of countries of the world by level Type I

The most common and often used is the classification of states by socio-economic level of development. Based on this criterion, two types are distinguished. The first of them is 60 separate territories, which are distinguished by a high standard of living of citizens, great financial opportunities and considerable influence throughout the civilized world. But this type is very heterogeneous and is also divided into several subgroups:


Thus, the typology of countries in the world by level of development has this first group. The rest of the world looks up to these leaders, and they determine all processes in the international arena.

Type two

But the typology of countries in the world also has a second subgroup according to level - these are developing states. Most of the land on our planet is occupied by such territorial associations, and at least half of the population lives here. Such countries are also divided into several types:


The second type is characterized by poverty, a colonial past, frequent political conflicts, and poor development of science, medicine and industry.

The socio-economic typology of countries around the world shows how different the living conditions of people who live in a given territory are. One of the decisive factors in the development were historical events, since some were able to profit from the colonies, while others at that time gave all their resources to the conquerors. The mentality of the people themselves is also important, because in some countries those who come to power strive to improve their state, in others they only care about their well-being.

Classification by population

Another of the most striking examples of division is the typology of countries in the world by population. This criterion is very important, since people are considered the most important resource that a country can have. After all, if the population decreases from year to year, this can lead to the extinction of a nation. Therefore, the typology of countries in the world by population is also very popular. The rating on this basis is as follows:


In this list, Russia is in 9th place with a population of 146.3 million. Natural population growth in the Russian Federation in 2014 amounted to 25 thousand people. The smallest number of people live in the Vatican - 836, and this is easily explained by territorial conditions.

Classification by area

The typology of countries in the world by area is also quite interesting. It divides states into 7 groups:


Thus, the basis of the typology of countries in the world by size is the area, which can vary from 17 million square kilometers (Russia) to 44 hectares (Vatican City). These indicators may change due to military conflicts or the voluntary desire of part of the country to secede and create their own state. Therefore, these ratings are constantly updated.

Classification by geographical location

Much in the development of a state is determined by its location. If it is located at the intersection of sea routes, then the level of the economy rises significantly due to cash flows around water transportation. If there is no access to the sea, then this territory will not see such profit. Therefore, according to geographical location, countries are divided into:

  • Archipelagos are states that are located at a short distance from each other (Bahamas, Japan, Tonga, Palau, Philippines and others).
  • Island - located within the borders of one or several islands that are in no way connected to the mainland (Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Fiji, Great Britain and others).
  • Peninsular - those located on peninsulas (Italy, Norway, India, Laos, Turkey, UAE, Oman and others).
  • Coastal - those countries that have access to the sea (Ukraine, USA, Brazil, Germany, China, Russia, Egypt and others).
  • Inland - landlocked (Armenia, Nepal, Zambia, Austria, Moldova, Czech Republic, Paraguay and others).

The typology of countries in the world based on geography is also quite interesting and diverse. But it has an exception, which is Australia, since it is the only state in the world that occupies the territory of the entire continent. Therefore, it combines several types.

Classification by GDP

Gross domestic product is all the goods that one state was able to produce in a year on its territory. This criterion has already been used above, but it is worth noting separately, since scientists say that the economic typology of countries in the world by GDP has a place to be separate. As you know, June 1 of each year is the day the World Bank updates its lists of countries by estimated GDP level. Income categories are divided into 4 types:

  • low level of income growth (up to 1035 US dollars per capita);
  • lower-average income level (up to $4,085 per person);
  • income level above average (up to $12,615);
  • high level (from $12,616).

In 2013, the Russian Federation, together with Chile, Uruguay and Lithuania, was transferred to the group of countries that have a high level of income. But, unfortunately, there is also an opposite trend for some countries, for example for Hungary. She again returned to the third level of classification. Therefore, it should be noted that the economic typology of countries by GDP is very unstable and is updated every year.

Separation by level of urbanization

There are fewer and fewer areas on our planet that are not occupied by cities. This process of developing untouched virgin lands is called urbanization. The UN conducted research in this area, as a result of which a classification and typology of countries around the world was compiled according to the share of urban residents in the total population of a particular state. The modern world is structured in such a way that cities have become places of greatest concentration of people. Despite the rapid growth of these settlements, urbanization varies across countries. For example, Latin America and Europe are very densely dotted with these population centers, but South and East Asia have more rural populations. This indicator is updated every 3 years. The most current rating was published in 2013:

  • Countries with 100% urbanization are Hong Kong, Nauru, Singapore and Monaco.
  • Countries that have over 90% are San Marino, Uruguay, Venezuela, Iceland, Argentina, Malta, Qatar, Belgium and Kuwait.
  • 107 states have over 50% (Japan, Greece, Syria, Gambia, Poland, Ireland, Morocco and others).
  • From 18 to 50% of urbanization is observed in 65 countries (Bangladesh, India, Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Afghanistan, Tonga and others).
  • Below 18% are 10 countries - Ethiopia, Trinidad and Tobago, Malawi, Nepal, Uganda, Liechtenstein, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, St. Lucia and Burundi, which has 11.5% urbanization.

The Russian Federation occupies 51st place in this list with 74.2% urbanization. This indicator is very important, because it is a component of the country’s economic development. It is in cities that most production is concentrated. If the majority of the population is engaged in agriculture, then this indicates a low level of income for citizens. If you look at the statistics, you can easily note that the richest countries have a very large share of urbanization, but at the same time they are also industrial.

Thus, our world is filled with a variety of countries. There are a huge number of them, and they are all different from each other. Each has its own culture and traditions, its own language and mentality. But there are factors that unite many states. Therefore, for greater convenience, they are grouped. The criteria for the typology of countries around the world can be very different (economic development, GDP growth, quality of life, area, population, geographical location, urbanization). But they all unite states, making them closer and more understandable to each other.

Political map of the world is a thematic map that shows the state borders of all. It is called the mirror of the era, since all the processes occurring in the world at different stages of the development of human society are reflected on it.

By geographical location there are:

  • island ( , );
  • continental ( , );
  • having access to the sea (, Republic of Korea, );
  • landlocked ( , );

By territory size:

  • very large (, Canada, China);
  • large;
  • average;
  • small;
  • "microstate" (,).

By number:

From the largest with a population of more than 100 million people to small ones with a population of less than 1 million.

By national composition of the population:

  • mononational (Japan),
  • multinational (Russia, China).

By form of government:

  • constitutional - Norway, Great Britain;
  • absolute - Japan, Saudi Arabia
  • theocratic - .

republics

  • presidential - , ;
  • parliamentary - most Western countries.

According to government structure:

  • federal - , Russia;
  • unitary - , France.

By level of socio-economic development:

  • economically developed countries - Japan, ;
  • developing - India, ;
  • countries with economies in transition - most post-socialist countries.

The place of any country in the typology is not constant and may change over time.

Stages of formation of a modern political map. Features of the modern stage.

The process of forming the political map of the world goes back several thousand years, so we can talk about the existence of several periods in its formation. Usually there are: ancient (before the 5th century AD), medieval (5th - 15th centuries), new (XVI - late 19th century) and modern periods (from the beginning of the 20th century).

Throughout modern history, politics has changed especially actively. During the period of the Great Discoveries, the largest colonial powers were and. But with the development of manufacturing production, England, France, and later the USA came to the forefront of history. This period of history was characterized by large colonial conquests in America, Asia and.

In the modern period of history, serious territorial changes are associated with the course of two world wars and the post-war reorganization of the world.

First stage(between the First and Second World Wars) was marked by the appearance of the first socialist state (RSFSR, and later the USSR) on the world map. The borders of many states have changed (some of them have increased their territory - France, while other states have decreased it). Thus, Germany, having lost the war, lost part of its territory (including Alsace-Lorraine) and all its colonies in Africa and Oceania. A large empire, Austria-Hungary, collapsed, and in its place new sovereign countries were formed: Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the Kingdom of Slovenes, and the Slovenes. Independence was declared and... The division of the Ottoman Empire occurred.

Second phase(after the Second World War) was characterized by significant territorial changes: on the site of the former Germany, two sovereign states were formed - the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR, a group of socialist states appeared in Eastern Europe, Asia and even in (Cuba). Very large changes on the political map were caused by the collapse of the world colonial system and the formation of a large number of independent states in Asia, Africa, Oceania, and Latin America.

Since the beginning of the 1990s, the third stage of modern history has been distinguished. The qualitatively new changes on the political map of the world, which had a great influence on the socio-economic and socio-political life of the entire world community during this period, include the collapse of the USSR in 1991. Later, most of the republics of the former Union (with the exception of three states) became part of the Commonwealth of Independent States (). Perestroika processes in Eastern European countries led to the implementation of predominantly peaceful (“velvet”) people’s democratic revolutions of 1989-90. in the countries of this region. In the former socialist states, there was a change in the socio-economic formation. These states have embarked on the path of market reforms (“from plan to market”).

In October 1990, the two German states of the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany united. On the other hand, the former federal republic of Czechoslovakia split into two independent states - and (1993).

The collapse of the SFRY occurred. The independence of the republics was proclaimed, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (including the autonomous province of Kosovo). The acute political crisis of this former federation resulted in a civil war and interethnic conflicts that continue to this day. At the end of the 90s, military aggression was carried out by countries against the FRY, as a result of which Kosovo was practically separated from it.

The process of decolonization continued throughout the world. The last of the colonies in Africa received independence. New sovereign states were formed: the Federated States, the Republic of the Islands, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (former “trust” territories of the United States, which received the status of states freely associated with the United States).

In 1993, the independence of the state was proclaimed (a territory that was previously one of the provinces on the coast, and even earlier, until 1945, a colony of Italy).

In 1999, the former possession of Hong Kong returned to the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China (PRC), and in 2000 the former Portuguese colony of Macau (Macao) returned. On the modern political map of the world there are very few non-self-governing territories (possessions of other states) left. These are mainly islands in and. There are also disputed territories in different regions of the world (Gibraltar, Falkland Islands, etc.).

All changes on the political map can be divided into quantitative ones - related to territorial acquisitions, losses, and voluntary concessions. And qualitative ones - the replacement of one formation by another, the conquest of sovereignty, the introduction of a new government system.

The typology of countries in the world is one of the most difficult methodological problems. Economists, political scientists, sociologists and representatives of other sciences are working on solving it.

V.V. Volsky understood the type of country as an objectively formed relatively stable complex of its inherent conditions and development features that characterize its role and place in the world community at a given stage of world history.

In a certain sense, the typology of countries is a historical category. Until the early 90s, all countries were usually divided into: socialist, capitalist and developing.

Lesson topic: “Political map and typology of countries of the world”

The purpose of the lesson:

Educational:

formation of ideas about modern political

a world map about the diversity of countries, about the diversity of countries in the modern world;

find out the main criteria for classifying countries of the world;

give the concept of “sovereign state”, “gross

domestic product", "human development index";

Educational:

continue to develop skills in working with various sources of geographic information, working on thematic and contour maps;

Educational:

development of moral education: establishing good relationships, cooperation and

mutual assistance.

Equipment: political map of the world, atlases, contour maps, test tasks, interactive whiteboard

Lesson type: learning new material

DURING THE CLASSES

    Organizational moment. Homework test. (5-7 min.)

I I. Studying new material.

Teacher: Today in class we will get acquainted with the stages of formation of the political map of the world, find out the criteria for classifying countries of the world and determine the position of these countries on the political map.

EXERCISE. While studying the topic, write down the main groups of countries in the world in your notebook.

Teacher: What information can you find out using a political map of the world?

Students: Using a political map you can find out the position of countries, their capitals and state borders.

Teacher: The political map changes over time. There are five stages in the formation of the political map of the world, which reflect the course of development of human society:

Stage 1 – ancient (before the 5th century AD) – the emergence and collapse of such states as Carthage, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Ancient Egypt;

Stage 2 – medieval (5th-16th centuries) – the emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia;

Stage 3 – new (16-19 centuries) – the era of the emergence and establishment of capitalist relations in the world;

Stage 4 – the newest – the formation of the political map is associated with the First and Second World Wars

Stage 5 – modern – the emergence of socialist states in Eastern Europe, Asia and Latin America; collapse of the socialist system; collapse of the USSR, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia; unification of the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany; termination of the Warsaw Pact Organization; gaining independence of a number of states.

Task No. 1. While listening to the teacher's story, fill out the diagram. (Slide 1)

If in 1900 there were 57 sovereign states in the world, by 2002 there were already 192 out of 230 states. The remaining states are non-self-governing territories - mainly “fragments” of the former colonial empires of Great Britain and France. Netherlands, USA.

QUESTION: Which state is called “sovereign”?

TASK No. 2. Open the textbook on page 83. Read the definition and write it down in the dictionary.

A sovereign state is a politically independent state that has independence in external and internal affairs.

Teacher: Since there are a lot of countries in the world, there is a need to group them, which is carried out on the basis of different quantitative criteria and qualitative indicators. Based on quantitative criteria, the most common grouping of countries is by size (area) of territory (7 countries with S territory > 3 million km² each). Together they make up ½ of the entire landmass.

TASK No. 2. Using the “business card” of the flyleaf of the textbook, write down:

a) the seven largest countries by S territory;

B) the 11 largest countries are distinguished by population.

Find them on the map and name the capitals of these countries.

Answers:

A) seven largest countries by S territories. (Students write in a notebook: Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India.

B) the 11 largest countries are distinguished by population, with a population of more than 100 million people each: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia, Japan, Nigeria, Mexico

Teacher: Grouping is often used countries according to the characteristics of GP . Distinguish

(Slide 2)

seaside(have access to the sea or ocean),

peninsular(located on peninsulas),

island(located on the islands),

archipelagic countries(located on the archipelago),

landlocked(do not have access to the sea).

TASK No. 3. Give examples of countries in this group. (Students go to the map and show examples of countries in this group)

Teacher: On based on quality indicators countries are divided into (Slide 4)

Economically developed

Developing

The main criterion for this typology is the level of socio-economic development, which is determined by the gross domestic product (GDP) indicator - an indicator characterizing the cost of all final products produced in a given country in one year, in US dollars. Recently, a new indicator of socio-economic development of countries around the world has begun to be used - the human development index (HDI) - which takes into account not only GDP, but also average life expectancy and level of education.

TASK No. 4. Using the textbook text on page 149, give definitions and write them down in the dictionary. (The teacher pronounces the definition, and the students read it and write it in the dictionary.)

QUESTION: Which countries and regions do you think have the highest HDI?

Students: In the USA, Canada, Nordic countries, Japan. (If students make inaccuracies in the names of countries and regions, the teacher helps.)

QUESTION: Which countries have the lowest HDI?

Students: The countries in the African region will have the lowest HDI. (Teacher clarifies: Burundi, Sierra Leone, Niger.)

Teacher: Russia in this list is at the beginning of the group of countries with an average level of HDI.

The UN currently classifies approximately 60 countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, Australia and Oceania as economically developed countries. This group of countries is distinguished by significant internal heterogeneity and four subgroups can be distinguished within its composition.

The developing countries (third world countries) include about 150 countries and territories, which can be divided into six subgroups.

And finally, a group of countries with economies in transition is highlighted.

TASK No. 5. Using the text of the textbook, give a description (independent acquisition of knowledge):

1st row – subgroups of economically developed countries (pp. 150-151 p. 33)

Row 2 – subgroups of developing countries (pp. 151-152 p. 33)

Row 3 – countries with economies in transition (p. 151 p. 33)

Student answers:

Subgroups of economically developed countries:

The "Big Seven" Western countries: USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada - are distinguished by the largest scale of economic and political activity

Smaller countries of Western Europe - play a larger role in world affairs, the GDP per capita in most of them is the same as in the G7 countries

Non-European countries: Australia, New Zealand, South Africa - former settler colonies (dominions) of Great Britain that did not know feudalism. Israel is usually included in this group.

Formed in 1997: the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan - in terms of GDP per capita, they approached other economically developed countries. (Slide 5)

Subgroups of developing countries:

Key countries: India, Brazil, Mexico, China - leaders of the developing world with great natural, human and economic potential

Countries with per capita GDP exceeding 1-2, and sometimes 5 thousand dollars: Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela, etc. (Latin America), there are such countries in Asia and North America

Newly industrialized countries (NICs): “Asian tigers” (1st tier: Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, which in 1997 became part of China under the name Hong Kong; 2nd tier: Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia)

Oil exporting countries: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Libya, Brunei, etc.

Lagging behind in development, with a per capita GDP of less than 1 thousand dollars per year: some countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America

Least developed countries: about 50 countries with GDP between 50 and 300 dollars per year. (Slide 6)

Countries with economies in transition:

post-socialist countries, many of them can be classified as developed countries: Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, etc. Russia, Ukraine, China occupy a special place in this group.

TASK No. 6. (work on an interactive whiteboard and contour maps)

Label the G7 countries on the interactive map.

All other students sign the countries "big

sevens" on contour maps. (Slide 7)

Teacher: Let's remember the definition of political-geographical location (PGL) and determine its role for the country.

Students: GLP is the position of an object in relation to other objects of political significance: state borders, friendly or hostile countries, military alliances of countries, hotbeds of conflict, etc.

Political-geographical location is one of the fundamental concepts in geography, which has a direct impact on the socio-economic development of any country.

Teacher: Summarize.

Name the main groups of countries in the world.

Homework:

Students: Main country groups:

By area

By population

According to the features of the GP

By level of socio-economic development

III. Consolidation.

TEST (1 option)

1.Currently the total number of countries in the world is:

1) about 150

2) about 230

3) about 50

4) about 100

2.The world top ten in terms of territory area includes:

1)Brazil and India

2) South Africa and Saudi Arabia

3) China and Mexico

4) USA and Iran

3.The world's top ten in terms of population include:

1) Pakistan and Indonesia

2) Argentina and USA

3) Canada and India

4) Japan and Australia

4. In Asia there are:

1) India and China

2) Mexico and Brazil

3) Niger and Algeria

4) France and Italy

5. Economically developed countries include:

1) India and China

2) Mexico and Brazil

3) Niger and Algeria

4) France and Italy

TEST (2nd option)

1. Key countries in the developing world include:

1) India and China

2) Mexico and Bolivia

3) Niger and Algeria

4) France and Italy

2. Peninsular countries are:

1) Israel and Paraguay

2) Iran and Philippines

3) Indonesia and Peru

4) Italy and Türkiye

3. Island countries are:

1) UK and Sri Lanka

2) India and Madagascar

3) Argentina and Peru

4) Iceland and India

4. Does not have access to the sea:

1) Australia

2) Egypt

3) USA

4) Mongolia

5. The Big Seven includes:

1) Mexico and India

2) Italy and Germany

3) Mexico and Brazil

4) Austria and Denmark

IV. Conclusion and summary of the lesson.

V.Homework. P.31, p.33. Workbook assignment. Work on thematic and contour maps.

Preparing for cancer. Geography.
Abstract 38. Modern political map of the world. International organizations. Typology of countries of the world

Modern political map of the world
Basic terms and concepts

A political map of the World– territorial and political characteristics of the world, continents, geographical regions, reflected on a geographical map.
State- sovereign political entities that have power in a certain territory and conduct their economic activities on it.
Dependent territories- countries that are under the rule of foreign metropolitan states and are deprived of political sovereignty and economic independence.
Republic- a form of government in which power belongs to elected representative bodies.
Monarchy- a form of government in which supreme state power is concentrated in the hands of one person, who receives it, as a rule, by inheritance.
Unitary states– countries that do not have autonomous territorial units.
Federation– states where, along with unified (federal) laws and authorities, they have separate autonomous territorial units (states, provinces, lands, republics).

Typology– division of countries depending on the level of their economic development.
Monoculture farming– narrow specialization in several or even one industry.



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