Who burns drawn paper money at funerals? Rituals to attract money
On September 26, 1874, the famous American photographer Lewis Hine. At the beginning of the 20th century, he worked as a botany teacher in the Jewish-Slavic ghetto of New York. He began taking photographs in 1905, telling in photographs the fate of immigrants in the United States, showing their poverty, confusion and unrealistic hope for a better future - if not for yourself, then at least for your children.
Lewis Hine's photographs were extremely popular. They were used to make lecture slides and huge posters, and they were printed in magazines, brochures, and books.
We have collected the best shots of Lewis Hine that made him world famous.
1. “12-year-old worker in a textile factory.”
In 1908, Lewis Hine became a staff photographer for the American National Child Labor Committee, which launched the first campaign in US history against the exploitation of children in the workplace. For almost 10 years, the photographer traveled throughout the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast, taking photographs of miners, weavers, longshoremen, stokers, farm laborers, and garbage collectors.
2. The famous “Vision” photograph, depicting a little girl turning from a loom to a factory window, became a symbol of the fight against child labor.
3. "A Girl in a Cotton Mill in South Carolina."
Under various pretexts - pretending to be an insurance agent, a merchant, a preacher, or, in extreme cases, an industrial photographer - he entered factories and factories where child labor was used.
4. "Midnight at the Glass Factory."
5. Lewis Hine's works were filled with humanistic pathos, and publications fighting for speedy improvement social conditions, willingly printed them.
9. “Power Plant Mechanic,” 1920.
10. “Icarus”, 1920.
During the 1920s and 1930s, Hine continued to cover working-class America.
11. His most famous work from that period is a series of impressive high-rise photographs dedicated to the construction of the 102-story Empire State Building in New York.
12. The Empire State Building builder “touches” the top of the Chrysler skyscraper, 1930.
13. These works no longer reflect the tragic situation of the working class; rather, they are filled with pride in the achievements of American builders.
14. 1930. Builder of the Empire State Building.
16. Construction workers eat lunch while sitting on a steel structure on the top floor of a building.
This photograph remains one of the most famous and iconic in the history of American photography. However, its exact authorship has not yet been established - some historians and photography experts believe that this frame was created by Charles Ebbets.
At the beginning of the century the advanced part American society was already concerned about the problems of social inequality, Hein's photographs were published, with their help Hein tried to draw attention to the living and working conditions of little Americans.
He found like-minded people in the National Committee on Child Labor, created in 1904, and began working there as a freelance photojournalist. Hein began studying sociology at Columbia University and was offered a sociological project, the Pittsburgh Survey, which consisted of a complete survey of a typical industrial city.
| February 1, 1917. Boston, Massachusetts | July 1909. Baltimore |
| July 1909. Baltimore, Maryland. "Workers stringing beans in the J.S. Farrand Packing Co. Those too small to work are held on laps of workers or stowed away in boxes." | January 23, 1917. Boston. Massachusetts. "G. Leahy, 1249 Cambridge Street. Messenger for Metropolitan Messenger and Mailing Co., 67 Bromfield Street. Said 14 years old. Gets $5 a week wages, and makes $2.50 a week in tips. |
| The study showed a huge gap between the poverty of the unskilled immigrant workforce and the comfortable lives of the middle class - managers, campaign managers and politicians. The goal of the project was to develop a rational understanding of social and economic inequality. In 1908, the committee hired Hine to conduct inspection work throughout the country. He had to give an account of the extent of child labor and violations of laws. He infiltrated industrial enterprises, pretending to be an insurance agent, merchant, preacher, and picked up young miners, weavers, longshoremen, stokers, and farm laborers. The owners of the enterprises tried to hide the children from prying eyes, forbade the children to talk about themselves, to tell the truth about their age. | |
| But Hein, as an experienced detective, knew how to get his interlocutors talking, interview others, compare information, and draw conclusions. | May 1910. Wilmington, Delaware. Frank F. Gibson 1305 Linden Street. 14 years of age. Western Union Telegraph messenger No. 7. One year in service. Visits houses of prostitution. |
|
February 1912. Port Royal, South Carolina. "Nine of these children from 8 yrs. old up go to school half a day, and shuck oysters for four hours before school and three hours after on school days, and on Saturday from 4 a.m. to early afternoon. Maggioni Canning Co." | |
| December 1910 or January 1911. At the close of the day, just up from the shaft at the Pennsylvania Coal Company's South Pittston mine. Smallest boy, next to right hand end, is a nipper. On his right is Arthur, a driver. Joe on Arthur's right is a nipper. Frank, boy at left, is a nipper, works a mile underground from the shaft, which is 5000 feet down. | January 1911. A lonely job. Waiting all alone in the dark for a trip to come through. Willie Bryden... It was so damp that Willie said he had to be doctoring all the time for his cough. A short distance from here, the gas was pouring into the mine so rapidly that it made a great torch when the foreman lit it. ...January 16, I found Willie at home sick. His mother admitted that he is only 13; |
Hein wrote down everything that the children told him, he was especially interested in their health, habits, lifestyle, and he marked their height on the buttons of his jacket. Each photograph of Hein was accompanied by comments.
| August 1911. Eastport, Maine. "Group of young cutters, Seacoast Canning Co., Factory, waiting for more fish. Anyone up for a quick knife fight? | August 1908. "Night Shift Leaving for Home. Indiana Glass Works , 8 a.m." |
| September 28, 1910. White's Bog, Browns Mills, New Jersey. Whole family works. 3 years old, 6 years old, 9 years old... This is the fourth week of school and the mother said they would be here for 15 or 20 days more. | September 1911. Group in front of Indian Orchard Mfg. Co. Indian Orchard, Massachusetts |
A few years later he returned with a series of stunning photographs that shocked the country and caused a stir. public opinion. Children from six to eight to ten years old worked in weaving factories, servicing machines, worked as coal miners in dangerous mines, and sold evening newspapers on the streets, shivering from the cold. Always hungry, working from dawn to dusk, not attending school, they were deprived of any hope for the future.
Hine began traveling from state to state, showing photographs and giving lectures.
Look, he said, at these photographs, this girl has the look of a hundred-year-old woman, these children have no childhood, they work for us like slaves, and we pretend not to notice it. It is a mistake to believe that a child’s work helps his family get out of poverty; he, his family and the whole country lose more from
that he grows up illiterate and sick. A sick and illiterate child has no chance of coping with poverty in the future when he becomes an adult.
| Photographs became documentary evidence with which public figures tried to change the law. However, this was not easy to do, there was strong resistance to banning child labor within each state, and introducing a ban into the constitution turned out to be completely impossible. ;In 1916, the US Congress passed the Keating-Owen Act, which prohibited the sale of any goods in the production of which child labor was used. It was a major but temporary victory. In 1918, North Carolina resident Roland Dagenhart challenged the Keating-Owen Act in court, which prohibited his minor sons from working at the plant. Dagenhart argued that Congress violated his sons' constitutional right to work if they wanted. |
Many years passed before, in 1938, Congress finally passed legislation that defined the concept of “heavy child labor,” the minimum wage, and the length of the workweek. In 1941, it was declared constitutional by the Supreme Court. The act established a 40-hour work week, a minimum wage of 40 cents per hour, prohibited the employment of children under 16 years of age, and prohibited children from 16 to 18 years of age from working in hazardous industries. However, no age limit is specified for agricultural work outside school hours and during holidays.
But Luce Hine did not live to see this time; he died in 1940.
He believed that happy childhood looks like this:
Nice video with photos of Hein
