The history of one educational institution: Colony named after. Gorky P

Isn’t it true that, being accustomed to the titles “teacher” and “writer”, we somehow never thought that another definition is possible – inventor? But, in fact, every outstanding teacher is also a social inventor. His educational practice gives rise to new types of relationships, new ways of resolving social conflicts, and his theory makes it possible to make these decisions not just special cases, but a universal property.

Poltava labor colony named after. Gorky was discovered in 1920 by Gubnarboraz. The old estate of a colony of juvenile delinquents, consisting of five stone outbuildings in need of repair, located on 12 acres of loose sand, was set aside for her. In January 1921, the destroyed Trepke estate was transferred to the colony's disposal. For five years, the colony carried out major renovations of the estate and completed it only thanks to the help of the Central Committee for Children's Assistance (Central Commission for Children).

The overall increase in the number of pupils was as follows: 1921 – 30; 1922 – 50; 1923 – 70; 1924 – 100; 1925 – 130; and by 1935, 500 communes were raised in the commune.

Already at the very beginning of the organization of working life in the colony named after A.M. Gorky Anton Semenovich was convinced that work in itself is not a means of educational influence on children. He saw that most of the pupils did not have an aversion to work, that many of them knew how to work cheerfully and lively.

The first step towards a pedagogically expedient organization of collective labor in the Gorky colony was the creation of detachments based on the production principle.

At first, in the colony there were so-called detachments led by commanders. The detachment commanders formed a council of commanders that directed the entire life of the colony. The detachments were distributed among workshops and other production areas. This is how detachments of shoemakers, blacksmiths, grooms, pig keepers, etc. appeared.

At the same time, the development of agricultural work and its nature required the participation of the entire team, but the “artisans” did not want to take on this work, since they valued their qualifications. Then Makarenko had the idea of ​​​​creating combined detachments.

The creation of consolidated detachments, Makarenko noted, allowed our detachments to merge into a real, strong and united team, in which there was worker and organizational differentiation, democracy of the general meeting, orders and subordination of comrade to comrade” (33.t.1., p. 200).

Simultaneously with the formation of consolidated detachments, a clear schedule of agricultural work was introduced and time for work and rest was established.

Diversified agriculture (grain, livestock, vegetable growing, horticulture, floriculture, beekeeping, etc.) was well mechanized at that time, was built on a scientific basis and was carried out in an exemplary manner by the students themselves under the guidance of a small group of specialists. “When they ask me what is the main proof of the success of our work, I point out: our boys, sent to us forcibly, by order of the judicial authorities, after a few months are already proud of the fact that they are colonists, and Gorkyites at that. Every pupil who has spent 1 year in a colony, as well as every employee, receives from the Pedagogical Council the honorary title of colonist...” (34. correspondence with A.M. Gorky, July 8, 1925).

We spent 14,000 rubles and about 20,000 children's working hours on repairs.

The colony was located on the Kolomak River. With her there were 40 acres of arable land, 3 acres of meadows, a park and a garden. The colony rented a steam mill, had 7 horses, 4 cows, 7 young animals, 30 sheep and 80 pigs of the English breed. They also had their own theater, where they staged plays for the villagers every week - free of charge. The theater attracted 500 spectators.

At the first stage of the colony's existence, the most primitive agricultural labor was organized. This was also caused by vital necessity: the colonies were in the hands of the colonists. They owned storerooms, barns, and common keys.

The colonists were captivated by the beauty and miraculous power of agronomic science and collective labor, and therefore a real agricultural hobby soon began. Anton Semenovich immediately channeled this passion into purposeful creativity, the struggle to increase labor productivity, and the cultivation of valuable human qualities.

One of the most striking signs of labor organization in the colony was competition. It is expressed in the attitude towards difficult work as a moral duty of a team member, in high labor productivity, in comradely mutual assistance, in friendly work, in the development of initiative and creativity.

Thanks to a conscious desire for a common goal, the work was carried out by the colonists cheerfully and cheerfully. Makarenko called this mood of elation “major,” giving it the meaning of political consciousness.

The results of long and hard work were summed up with special solemnity in the colony named after A.M. Gorky.

In the romance of socialist labor, A.S. Makarenko found a source of emotional influence on pupils, thanks to which he transformed the difficult work duties of children into joy and happiness.

In the colony there was a school consisting of six classes and a group for training for workers' faculties. Seeing that the class tends to move away from the interests of the whole collective and become isolated in the circle of its own interests, A.S. Makarenko did not follow this path. He later saw this danger in the primary team, built on the basis of a production team.

Therefore, in the last years of my experience, I paid more and more attention to the mixed-age nature of the primary team. In a group of different ages, relationships of care for younger people, respect for elders, responsibility, and exactingness easily develop. It is known that the detachment was fully responsible for the individual: for her studies and work activities, for her behavior and cultural growth, for the development of her abilities and interests.

And the general team, if they wanted to somehow influence this or that student, did it through the detachment! If necessary, for the misconduct of one of the members, the entire detachment was punished, losing the right to visit the theater or any important and attractive business.

Labor and the constant daily need to improve this work - this was the foundation for the self-organization of the team. With his hands, destroyed buildings were repaired, restored, 40 dessiatines of land were cultivated, and 200 pounds of wheat were collected per dessiatine. The colony received 8 horses, 2 seeders, and threshing machines. The first tractor in this area was the tractor of the colonists and the first tractor drivers were the colonists. Gradually the colony transitioned to profitable farming.

A path was made from fairly monotonous and simple productive work in workshops, from the manufacture of primitive wooden chairs for clubs and cinema halls, to the realization of a seemingly impossible dream - to the construction of real factories.

The students who went through the factory work school and received high job ranks became people in a wide variety of professions and occupied various positions.

In the colony, the educational staff became increasingly involved in transforming the environment. The fight against moonshine in the surrounding farms, against unauthorized logging, friendship with rural youth, introducing them to culture with the help of the theater created in the colony - this and much more filled the life of the collective of colonists and everyone with socially useful activities and diverse relationships: labor, economic, political, legal, moral, aesthetic, typical of the new way of life. At the center of this organization of collective life was the diversified economy of the colony, where pupils for the first time felt the joy of free labor and realized the need for knowledge and learning.

Led by Anton Semenovich Makarenko in the colony, labor was one of the main levers in the entire educational system effectively implemented in practice. Because A.S. Makarenko believed that complete secondary education and a high work rank are a good determinant of personality. All of them were helped in life by the economic knowledge and labor skills acquired in the colony.

The next stage of A.S. Makarenko’s life is work in the Dzerzhinsky commune.

Here in the commune, the searches, undertakings, plans of Anton Semenovich, born in the colony named after. A.M. Gorky, were further developed and formed into an integral, deeply scientific system of education.

Setting the task of raising a “cultured worker” before the labor commune, A.S. Makarenko proceeded from the basic needs of our country. When organizing the commune, a clear goal was set: “The main goal of the labor commune is to determine the education of a class-conscious and literate proletarian with average industrial qualifications.”

“Cost accounting is a wonderful teacher,” wrote Anton Semenovich. Recently, the commune not only covered the maintenance of the plant, but also gave the state 5 million rubles of net profit per year.

Income from production made it possible to dress boys in cloth suits and girls in silk and woolen dresses. The commune could spend 40 thousand rubles on theaters annually. When this is done, “in the order of labor discipline, in the order of gaining wealth, when the whole team fights for it, then what can be compared with this new pedagogical force” (33.t.5, pp. 311-312).

Wages were also introduced in the commune. Each communard had 2 thousand rubles in the savings bank when he graduated. Everyone put aside their money and pocket expenses in the commune cash register. The pupil was thus placed under the conditions of his own budget, and this already made it possible to educate the future owner.

From the earnings of each communard, 10 percent was transferred to the fund of the Council of Communards. Such a fund allowed Anton Semenovich to direct the life of the communards. All these “devices” related to the use of funds received from production made it possible to reduce the greed for money, which in a team could be a very difficult, unpleasant addition to the educational process” (33.t.5, p.206).

There were training and production workshops in the commune:

· Plumbing and mechanical;

· Woodworking;

· Sewing;

· A shoe shop; in addition, a blacksmith shop was organized.

Thus, the task of the commune was to introduce children to working life and, in the context of the struggle to create an advanced team, to instill in them personality traits. In addition, by participating in social production labor, the communards mastered a certain working specialty, which gave them a sense of confidence about their future life after leaving the commune.

What form of educational work was carried out in the commune?

· The commune had drama, photography, music, library, literary, and technical circles. Most of them were closely related to the production process. The aircraft engine, auto engine, glider, parachute, cavalry section and others clubs were very popular.

· In order to teach students how to manage rationally and increase their overall political level, production circles were created in the commune:

· circle of the Communard machine tool;

· material circle;

· rationalization circle;

· circle of organizers;

· circle of production economics.

Here theoretical and practical work was carried out to study the correct and economical use of materials, the possibilities of invention and rationalization of production. The communes became acquainted with the issues of costs, prices, profits, and wages. They read technical and economic literature, took excursions to the best factories in Kharkov, studied their production and looked for real ways to improve, identified communards - the best innovators and those who use materials most economically, and held discussions on certain issues of organizing production management.

· The squad system contributed to strengthening discipline, increasing labor productivity and fulfilling training and production assignments.

· The first steps have been taken to ensure that scientific interests are born and arise, which can be satisfied through broad general education.

Therefore, the idea of ​​the value of human labor was reinforced by the production program. In the minds of Dzerzhin residents, work acquired the meaning of socially useful activity filled with political meaning. This consciousness served as the source of the attitude towards work. After all, the whole work of the commune consisted in raising a new person from precisely such people, through labor, study, and political work.

When choosing you as our boss, we were guided not by a simple desire to bear the name of a person known to the whole world, but by some kind of deep kinship between you and us.
We see and feel this kinship not only in the fact that your childhood is similar to the childhood of our children, and not only in the fact that many of the types in your works are our types, but most of all in the fact that your exceptional faith in man, something unique in all world literature helps us and we believe in it.
From a letter from A. Makarenko to M. Gorky.

My Gorkyites also grew up, scattered all over the Soviet world, and now it’s difficult for me to collect them even in my imagination.
A.S. Makarenko.

A.S. Makarenko was the founder of the labor colony named after M. Gorky and worked there from 1920 to 1928. Until May 15, 1926, the colony was located near Poltava, in Triby and Kovalevka, and from mid-May it moved to Kuryazh, near Kharkov. Therefore, the pupils who lived only in Kuryazh often called themselves Kuryazhites, and the 120 colonists who came from Kovalevka liked to call themselves Gorky colonists. But the so-called “conquest of Kuryazh” led to the rapid formation of a single team. At the end of 1927, Anton Semyonovich took part-time leadership of the commune named after F. Dzerzhinsky, where 60 Gorky colonists, who formed the core of the commune, were transferred.
A.S. Makarenko wrote in his “Pedagogical Poem”: “It was not so much moral convictions and anger, but this interesting and real business struggle that gave the first sprouts of a good collective tone. In the evenings, we argued, and laughed, and fantasized about topics about our adventures, became related on separate occasions, and formed into a single whole, whose name is Gorky’s colony.”
Unforgettable for all the colonists was the meeting with Maxim Gorky - their friend, boss and teacher, who gave everyone a piece of his heart.
A.S. Makarenko was faced with the task of creating a strong, able-bodied team from the students, who would themselves become an educational force. A.S. Makarenko came to the conclusion that a team can only be created on the basis of socially useful productive labor, in the process of which new social relations should be formed.
Anton Semenovich began his educational work in the colony with the organization of an activist group. Step by step, involving the colonists in socially useful work, setting tasks for the collective as a whole and its individual members, gaining authority and respect by personal example, he created a collective. The colonists worked in the fields and gardens, protected the road from robbers, and the state forest from logging. Practical actions brought tangible results in the moral recovery and education of former street children.
From the first days, a library was created in the colony, staffed by Anton Semyonovich. The colonists' love of reading, as well as evening collective readings, had a great educational effect. A. M. Gorky’s works “Childhood”, “In People”, “My Universities” were especially loved.
There were several detachments in the colony, each of them was headed by commanders who made up the Council of Commanders. Makarenko relied on him in all educational work and in organizing the labor activities of the colonists. The Council of Commanders discussed and resolved issues of organizing everyday life and the educational process, cultural and educational work, managing the colony's economy, accepting new members, and others.
The colony’s successes in educational work were highly noted by the People’s Commissariat of Education of Ukraine: in honor of the fifth anniversary of the founding of the colony, A.S. Makarenko was awarded the title “Red Hero of Labor”, and the employees were awarded valuable gifts.
The colony met the year 1926 with significant successes. The economy became stronger, and a good harvest of grain was obtained from the fields. By that time, the colony had a livestock farm, a garden, and workshops. More and more attention was paid to studies. A.S. Makarenko cared about students receiving solid knowledge, believing that this determines a person’s path in life. The team of educators has also become stronger. By that time, he could already solve any problems that required organization and strong discipline. This was especially important before moving to the Kuryazh colony, where 400 children lived in the premises of the former monastery.
The harmony of individual and collective feelings can be observed in the situation that arose in the colony before the “conquest of Kuryazh”. The colonists felt the need to give everything to the collective. And it wasn't a sacrifice at all. Answering the doubts of student Mark Sheingauz, who was afraid that the good life of the Gorkyites could turn bad in Kuryazh, Anton Semenovich said: “But they are going to fight. It’s a great happiness, Mark, when you can go fight for a better life.”
A.M. Gorky was interested in the life of the colony, corresponded with A.S. Makarenko and the students, highly appreciating the results of their work. Already in the first year of the colony’s existence, in 1921, it was named after A.M. Gorky. The name “Gorkovets” acquired great significance for the colonists. Makarenko said that they were supported and helped by Gorky’s faith in man. Only by drawing on the best in a person can you make him more beautiful and taller.
The pupils of the colony named after M. Gorky understood that the life of the team created by Anton Semenovich was aimed at the formation of a new person, whose traits we visibly feel in the affairs of the graduates of this team. No matter what positions they worked in, they everywhere affirmed the spirit of optimism, humanism, camaraderie, and confidence in their own strengths and in the future. Through trust and respect, combined with demand, A.S. Makarenko instilled in them a readiness for work and defense.
The outstanding teacher demanded such an attitude towards work when it becomes an organic necessity. The further destinies of the pupils proved the great power of productive labor combined with mental, moral, physical and aesthetic education. According to A.S. Makarenko, in the colony and commune half of the work was done with a smile. The students constantly maintained a spirit of good humor and a sense of responsibility.

Colony named after Gorky

Colony named after Gorky- a labor colony for juvenile offenders in the village of Kovalevka, near Poltava.

In 1921, the colony was named after M. Gorky; in 1926, the colony was transferred to the Kuryazhsky Monastery near Kharkov; it was headed (1920-1928) by A. S. Makarenko.

It was created on behalf of the Poltava Gubnaroobraz A.S. Makarenko.

M. Gorky in the colony named after. Gorky, June 1928

Summer uniform of the colonists

From April to September inclusive, the mandatory uniform for colonists of all ages, regardless of the weather outside, included a blue T-shirt-blouse and loose briefs with a belt and two front pockets. Girls, instead of panties, wore wide, ankle-length skirts made of the same fabric.

Another common point between the goalkeeper equipment and the summer uniform of the Makarenkovsky colonists was the presence of a gray flat cap as an everyday headdress. Girls wore scarves in light colors. On special occasions, instead of a cap, a dark-colored velvet skullcap was worn.

Sometimes gray or black woolen leggings were added to this uniform. But more often they got by with simple socks of the same colors. Or even put shoes on bare feet.

Instead of the usual sandals for pioneer camps of that time, the colonists wore medium-height leather boots with rather thick soles. After all, unlike the pioneer camp, the main task of the colony was education through physical labor, and not at all a relaxed rest for the wards.

This was a rather harsh, but very effective method of hardening, borrowed by A. S. Makarenko from the British and brought to perfection by him: “if you’re cold, that means move faster, work harder!”, and you had to work a lot. Therefore, even younger teachers did not hesitate to wear goalkeeper shorts all summer instead of their usual trousers, although they were not obliged to do so.

Evidence:

“...since early spring, the colonists did not wear pants - panties were more hygienic, more beautiful and cheaper.”

A. S. Makarenko.

“When I arrived at the Gorky colony, Anton Semyonovich said that I needed to inspect the colony. And there were such underground passages - interesting. So he called Semyon, a guy came in wearing crimson shorts and a blue shirt - they all wore shorts..."

Kalabalina G.K. .

Notes

see also

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what "Gorky Colony" is in other dictionaries:

Colony named after M. Gorky- an educational institution for juvenile offenders on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR (1920 36), which was led (until 1928) by A.S. Makarenko. Since 1921, on the initiative of Makarenko and his students, the Colony was named after M. Gorky. Organized as a colony for... Pedagogical terminological dictionary

COLONY NAMED AFTER M. GORKY- will educate. institution for juvenile offenders in the territory. Ukrainian SSR (1920 36). Organized as a colony for handicapped children by the Poltava province education department (in the town of Trepke, 1920 24, and the former estate of the Trepke brothers in the village of Kovalevka, 1924 26).... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

Educational institution for juvenile offenders. It was organized in 1920 by the Poltava Governorate of Education near Poltava, and in 1926 it was transferred to Kharkov (Kuryazh). In 1920, the colony was headed by A. S. Makarenko. In 1921 she was... ...

Colony: A colony in politics and social science is a dependent, non-sovereign territory, possession of a foreign state; A colony in geography and history is a new, undeveloped territory subject to exploration and settlement; Colony in... ... Wikipedia -

Soviet teacher and writer. After graduating from the Kremenchug City School and pedagogical courses there (1905), he taught in Ukraine. In 1917 he graduated from Poltava... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Anton Semenovich, Soviet teacher and writer. After graduating from the Kremenchug City School and pedagogical courses there (1905), he taught in Ukraine. In 1917... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

An educational institution for juvenile offenders on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR (1920-36), which was led (until 1928) by A.S. Makarenko. Since 1921, on the initiative of Makarenko and his students, the Colony was named after M. Gorky. Organized as a colony for defective children by the Poltava Gubnaroobraz in the town of Trepke, near Poltava; since 1924 it was located in the former estate of the Trepke brothers. Kovalevka; from 1926 - in the village. Kuryazh near Kharkov. In 1923-26 it was an experimental and demonstration institution of the People's Commissariat of Education of the Ukrainian SSR. Children with negative social experiences were brought up in the Colony, among whom were many former street children and orphans. Makarenko implemented his ideas of creating a children's group into the practice of the Colony. His book “Pedagogical Poem” (parts 1-3, 1933-1935) is dedicated to the history of the Colony.

(Bim-Bad B.M. Pedagogical encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 2002. P. 123)

see also Makarenko, Anton Semenovich

• - The building of the Literary Institute. Moscow. Literary Institute named after A.M. Gorky, higher education institution. Opened in 1933 on the initiative of M. Gorky as the Evening Workers' University...

  Moscow (encyclopedia)

• - higher education institution. Opened in 1933 on the initiative of M. Gorky as the Evening Workers' University. Since 1936 the modern name. Until 1992, the university of the USSR Writers Union...

  Moscow (encyclopedia)

• - Formed in 1987 after the division of the Moscow Art Theater. Director and artistic director T.V. Doronina...

  Moscow (encyclopedia)

• - Soil and Agronomic Museum named after V.R. Williams Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazeva...

  Moscow (encyclopedia)

• - Psychiatric Clinic named after S.S. Korsakov Moscow Medical Academy named after I.M. Sechenov. Built in 1885...

  Moscow (encyclopedia)

• - Theater School named after B.V. Shchukin at the Theater named after Evg. Vakhtangov, a theater university, trains actors and directors. It traces its history back to the Student Theater Studio, founded and led since 1913...

  Moscow (encyclopedia)

• - Central PKiO named after M. Gorky. Moscow. Central Park of Culture and Leisure named after M. Gorky, in the central part of Moscow, between the Pushkinskaya embankment of the Moscow River and Leninsky Prospekt...

  Moscow (encyclopedia)

• - in the central part of Moscow, between the Pushkinskaya embankment of the Moscow River and Leninsky Prospekt...

  Moscow (encyclopedia)

• - see art. Libraries in...

  Soviet historical encyclopedia

• - Moscow State University named after. M.V. Lomonosov, one of the oldest scientific libraries and the largest university library in the USSR. Founded in 1755...
• - educational institution for juvenile offenders. It was organized in 1920 by the Poltava Governorate of Education near Poltava, and in 1926 it was transferred to Kharkov. In 1920-28, the colony was headed by A. S. Makarenko...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - in Moscow. Founded in 1756. In 1993 St. 8.5 million units hr. Consists of a fundamental library and branch libraries at faculties. Methodological Center for Libraries of Soviet Universities...
• - dramatic, founded in 1918...

  Large encyclopedic dictionary

• - one of two theater groups formed during the division of the Moscow Art Academic Theater in 1987...

  Large encyclopedic dictionary

• - Kar. To experience need, misfortune. SRGK 4, 605...
• - White. Experience a lot of grief, hardship, misfortune. Mokienko 1990, 85...

  Large dictionary of Russian sayings

"Colony named after M. Gorky" in books

About the suicide addiction of Maxim Gorky The personality of Maxim Gorky in the light of his attempted suicide in December 1887. Dr. I. B. Galant

About the suicide addiction of Maxim Gorky The personality of Maxim Gorky in the light of his attempted suicide in December 1887. Dr. I. B. Galant Attraction to suicide or suicidomania (suicidomania) is a phenomenon that, like many other incomprehensible phenomena, has become known in science

Chapter four "In the name of the plant named after Stepan Razin"

Chapter four “Name of the plant named after Stepan Razin” “Well, why didn’t you recognize me, or what? I’m Arkady Severny!” A. Severny, February 1975. By the beginning of the 70s, the idea of ​​​​recording “thieves” songs accompanied by an orchestra was in the air. The black market was simply overwhelmed