Essay on the topic of mind and feelings in literature. N, M, Karamzin “Poor Liza” O. Kiprensky

A detailed depiction of the characters’ feelings is one of the main features of N.M.’s story. Karamzin "Poor Lisa". This is a work written according to the laws of sentimentalism - a literary movement where in the conflict of “feelings and duty” feelings should win.

Poor Lisa's sentimentalism is expressed through the author's sympathies, which turn out to be on the side of those heroes who, at the behest of their hearts, and not their minds.

Erast's feelings: master of feelings

In the first part of the story, Karamzin pays the greatest attention to the feelings of Erast; at first it is he who is the main character. He is tired of the bustling city and human deceit, of falsehood and brilliance, so he is tenderly in love with the village girl Lisa, who seems to him the embodiment of everything that is pure, beautiful and real. The most important thing is that during meetings with Lisa, he does not even think about the carnal manifestation of love - his feelings are completely platonic, he thinks that he loves Lisa more as a sister, and not as a woman. He enjoys just being around her.

However, Erast, like any living person, finds it difficult to resist temptation, and Karamzin understands this. Erast’s physical love with Lisa nevertheless comes true, and after this, Erast’s feelings and his attitude towards the girl gradually change: Lisa ceases to be an immaculate ideal for him, she has now become like all the other women in his life. Such a girl can be left, which is what he does. Erast marries a rich woman, at the same time stepping on the throat of his feelings - he does not love her, but this marriage will be profitable.

Lisa's feelings: a victim of feelings

After their breakup, Karamzin’s story focuses on Lisa’s feelings. In general, her image was presented quite unexpectedly for Russian literature: Karamzin was the first of the authors to show that peasants can also have feelings and experiences, that “even peasant women know how to love”. Lisa behaves exactly as a suffering lyrical heroine should - her heart is broken, there is no point in living without love, which means there is no point in living.

Having learned about Erast's marriage and reasoning in this way, the unfortunate girl threw herself into the river. Undoubtedly, she was driven solely by feelings, because from a rational point of view, nothing critical happened: she is not pregnant, her reputation is not spoiled, even her mother does not know anything... However, for Lisa there is no reason, for her there is only a heart. Broken heart.

Thus, penetrating into the souls of his heroes, Karamzin shows us the difference in their perception of love. The scene of their intimacy is the climax of the story: after this, Erast’s feelings slowly fade away and take him away from Lisa, and her feelings, on the contrary, flare up more strongly and lead to suicide when they meet coldness. It turns out that Lisa becomes a victim of feelings, while Erast is their master.

Final essay is an exam format that allows you to assess several aspects of a student’s knowledge at once. Among them: vocabulary, knowledge of literature, the ability to express one’s point of view in writing. In short, this format makes it possible to assess the student’s overall proficiency in both language and subject knowledge.

1. 3 hours 55 minutes are allotted for the final essay, the recommended length is 350 words.
2. Date of the final essay 2016-2017. In the 2015-2016 academic year, it was held on December 2, 2015, February 3, 2016, and May 4, 2016. In 2016-2017 - December 7, February 1, May 17.
3. The final essay (presentation) is held on the first Wednesday of December, the first Wednesday of February and the first working Wednesday of May.

The purpose of the essay is a reasoning, a competently and clearly constructed point of view of the student using examples from the literature within the framework of a given topic. It is important to note that the topics do not indicate a specific work for analysis; it is of a supra-subject nature.

Topics for the final essay on literature 2016-2017

Topics are formed from two lists: open and closed. The first is known in advance, reflects approximate general themes, they are formulated as concepts that contradict each other.
A closed list of topics is announced 15 minutes before the start of the essay - these are more specific topics.
Open list of topics for the final essay 2016-2017:
1. “Reason and Feeling”,
2. “Honor and dishonor”,
3. “Victory and defeat”,
4. “Experience and mistakes”,
5. “Friendship and enmity”.
The topics are presented in a problematic manner, the names of the topics are antonyms.

An approximate list of references for all those who will write the final essay (2016-2017):
1. A.M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"
2. A.P. Chekhov "Ionych"
3. A.S. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”, “Eugene Onegin”, “The Station Agent”
4. B.L. Vasiliev “Not on the lists”
5. V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains"
6. V.V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
7. V.P. Astafiev "Tsar Fish"
8. Henry Marsh “Do No Harm”
9. Daniel Defoe “Robinson Crusoe”,

10. Jack London “White Fang”,
11. Jack London "Martin Eden",
12. I.A. Bunin "Clean Monday"
13. I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
14. L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
15. M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don"
16. M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time"
17. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", "Idiot"
18. E. Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea”,
19. E.M. Remarque "All Quiet on the Western Front"
20. E.M. Remarque "Three Comrades".

Argumenyou are on the topic "Reason and Feeling"

The point of view must be well-reasoned; in order to formulate it correctly, literary material relevant to the topic should be used. The argument is the main component of the essay and is one of the evaluation criteria. The following requirements apply to it:
1. Match the theme
2. Include literary material
3. Be included in the text logically, in accordance with the overall composition
4. Be presented through quality writing.
5. Be properly designed.
For the topic “Reason and Feeling,” you can take arguments from the works of I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons", A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", N.M. Karamzin “Poor Liza”, Jane Austen “Sense and Sensibility”.

Examples of final essays

There are a number of final essay templates. They are assessed according to five criteria, here is an example of an essay that received the highest score:
An example of an essay on the topic: “Should reason prevail over feelings?”
What to listen to, reason or feelings - this is the question every person asks. It is especially acute when the mind dictates one thing, but feelings contradict it. What is the voice of reason, when one should listen more to its advice, a person decides for himself, and the same with feelings. Without a doubt, the choice of one or the other depends on the specific situation. For example, even a child knows that in a stressful situation one should not give in to panic, it is better to listen to reason. It is important not only to listen to both reason and feelings, but also to truly learn to distinguish between situations when it is necessary to listen to the first or the second to a greater extent.

Since the question has always been relevant, it has found wide circulation in both Russian and foreign literature. Jane Austen, in her novel Sense and Sensibility, reflected this eternal contradiction through the example of two sisters. Elinor, the eldest of the sisters, is distinguished by her prudence, but is not devoid of feelings, she simply knows how to manage them. Mariana is in no way inferior to her older sister, but prudence is not inherent in her in any way. The author showed how their characters were affected in the test of love. In the case of her older sister, her prudence almost played a cruel joke on her; thanks to her reserved nature, she did not immediately let her lover know how she felt. Mariana became a victim of feelings, so she was deceived by a young man who took advantage of her gullibility and married a wealthy lady. As a result, the older sister was ready to come to terms with loneliness, but the man of her heart, Edward Ferras, makes a choice in her favor, refusing not only the inheritance, but also his word: an engagement to an unloved woman. Marianne, after a serious illness and suffering deception, grows up and agrees to be engaged to a 37-year-old captain, for whom she does not have romantic feelings, but deeply respects her.

The heroes in A.P.’s story make a similar choice. Chekhov "About Love". However, Alyohin and Anna Luganovich, succumbing to the call of reason, give up their happiness, which makes their action correct in the eyes of society, but deep down in their souls, both heroes are unhappy.

So what is reason: logic, common sense, or just boring reason? Can feelings interfere with a person’s life or, conversely, provide an invaluable service? There is no clear answer to this debate: who to listen to: reason or feeling. Both are equally important for a person, so you just need to learn how to use them correctly.

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Final essay

in the thematic direction “Reason and Feeling” »

Reason and feeling...What is it? These are the two most important forces, two

components of the inner world of every person. Both of these forces

need each other equally.

The mental organization of a person is very complex. Situations that

happen and happen to us, they are very different.

One of them is when our feelings prevail over reason. For another

The situation is characterized by the predominance of reason over feelings. It also happens

third, when a person achieves harmony, this means that the mind and

feelings have exactly the same influence on a person’s mental organization.

The topic of reason and feeling is interesting to many writers. Reading

works of world fiction, including

Russian, we come across many such examples that tell us about

manifestation of different situations in the lives of fictional characters

works when an internal conflict occurs: feelings come out

against reason. Literary heroes very often find themselves faced with

a choice between the dictates of feeling and the prompting of reason.

So, in Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin’s story “Poor Liza” we see

how the nobleman Erast falls in love with the poor peasant girl Lisa. Lisa

Confusion, sadness, crazy joy, anxiety, despair, shock-

These are the feelings that filled the girl’s heart. Erast, weak and

flighty, lost interest in Lisa, he doesn’t think about anything, reckless

Human. Satiety sets in and a desire to get rid of the boring

communications.

The moment of love is beautiful, but reason gives long life and strength to feelings.

Lisa hopes to regain her lost happiness, but it’s all in vain. Deceived in

the best hopes and feelings, she forgets her soul and throws herself into the pond

near the Simonov Monastery. A girl trusts the movements of her heart, and yes

only “tender passions.” For Lisa, the loss of Erast is tantamount to the loss

life. Ardentness and ardor drive her. to death.

Reading the story by N. M. Karamzin, we are convinced that “mind and

feelings are two forces equally in need of each other.”

In the novel by Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy you can find several scenes and

episodes related to this topic.

L. N. Tolstoy’s favorite heroine, Natasha Rostova, met and fell in love

Prince Andrei Bolkonsky. After Prince Andrei left abroad, Natasha

I was very sad for a long time without leaving my room. She's very lonely without

loved one. During these difficult days, Anatole meets in her life

Kuragin. He looked at Natasha “admiringly, affectionately

glance." The girl was recklessly infatuated with Anatole. Natasha's love and

Andreya was put to the test. Not keeping this promise

wait for her beloved, she betrayed him. The young girl is too young and

inexperienced in matters of the heart. But a pure soul tells her that she

doesn't act well. Why did Rostova fall in love with Kuragin? She saw in him

someone close to her. This love story ended very sadly:

Natasha tried to poison herself, but she remains alive.

The girl ardently repents for this before God and asks him to give

gives her peace of mind and happiness. L. N. Tolstoy himself considered history

The relationship between Natasha and Anatole is “the most important point of the novel.” Natasha

should be happy, since she has enormous power of life and love.

What conclusion can be drawn on this topic? Remembering Pages

works of N. M. Karamzin and L. N. Tolstoy, I come to the conclusion that

that in both works we see internal human conflict:

feelings oppose reason. Without deep moral feeling

“a person can have neither love nor honor.” How are they connected?

reason and feeling? I would like to quote the words of the Russian writer M.M.

Prishvina: “There are feelings that replenish and darken the mind, and there are

the mind that cools the movement of the senses.”

MIND AND FEELING. MATERIAL FOR AN ESSAY ON THE STORY BY N.M. KARAMZINA “POOR LISA”

Variants of introduction about the role of feelings and reason in human life

Reason and feeling... What is it? These are the two most important forces in a person’s inner world. The human soul is complex. There are situations when feelings prevail over reason, and sometimes reason takes precedence over feelings. And it often happens that a person, with all his desire, is not able to control real feelings that are overshadowed by reason.

Reason and feeling are two important aspects of a person’s inner world, two opposites. Often they come into conflict, causing a complex conflict in the human soul. What to do in a situation of choice between feeling and duty? Hear the voice of reason and ignore feelings. Or follow the lead of your feelings and not listen to the arguments of your own mind. We will find the answers in the works of Russian literature.

The struggle between feelings and reason in a person requires an obligatory choice: to act in submission to surging feelings or still not to lose one’s head, to call on reason for help, to foresee all subsequent consequences of behavior provoked by feelings.

What should be stronger in a person, reason or feeling? I think everything should be in harmony. Reason stops a person from recklessness in time, and feeling will allow you to enjoy life and reveal new facets of human life. Reason should go hand in hand, they should be equivalent and inseparable.

Schiller said: “Enlightened reason ennobles moral feelings: the head should cool the heart, reason should elevate the feelings.”

How should you live, with your mind or your feelings? I believe that everything should be in harmony, balanced. Both feeling and reason must be interconnected forces in man. When one thing prevails, it will inevitably lead to misfortune.

Man is a being not only rational, but also endowed with feelings. He hates and loves, rejoices and suffers. It is the feeling that allows you to feel happiness and unhappiness. If there were no feelings, the mind would not create so many brilliant creations.

Feeling is an emotional process. They cannot be controlled by the mind. The mind says one thing, but feelings are born in spite of it.

People are guided by various impulses, sometimes they are controlled by sympathy, a warm attitude, they forget about reason.

It is feelings that make us human. “A person can be great thanks to his feelings - not only his mind” Theodore Dreiser.

There are people who are susceptible to feelings. During love, it is difficult to notice obvious realities.

MATERIALS FOR ESSAY

Introduction

1) Reason and feeling. These are the two most important aspects of a person’s inner world. A person's life, devoid of feelings, is emotionally poor. However, a person who is led by his feelings, who does not know how to intelligently manage his emotions, is capable of committing many rash and irreparable actions (mistakes). I involuntarily think about this after reading N.M.’s story. Karamzin "Poor Liza". The book was written during that period of the 18th century, the Age of Enlightenment, when reason was elevated to a cult. But it was also a time when the enlightened, educated part of society understood the need for feelings ennobled by reason. That is why the story “Poor Liza” so worried N. Karamzin’s contemporaries and does not leave our contemporaries indifferent.

2) What is more important, reason or feeling? This question can never give a clear answer. He belongs to the category of forever unresolved. The topic of the importance of reason and feeling worried society during the Enlightenment. The aesthetics of the Enlightenment required a person to strive to think first of all about the good of the Fatherland, in a situation of choice between feeling and duty, to give preference to duty. But life showed that man lives not only by reason, but also by feelings. He hates and loves, rejoices and suffers - it is impossible to displace feelings from our lives. That is why, to answer the question: “What is more important: reason or feeling?”, I will turn to the story by N.M. Karamzin "Poor Liza".

LISA

Enter the argument

Everyone who has read “Poor Liza” admires the main character. We admire her moral purity, the strength of feelings that manifest themselves both towards her parents and towards Erast. But we, the readers, sympathize with the heroine’s fate.

Whoever reads “Poor Liza”: neither its first readers, nor those who were familiar with this book in the 20th century, nor our contemporaries - everyone is imbued with special feelings for the main (title) heroine. The reader admires the kind, reverent attitude towards the mother, the moral purity of the heroine, the dignity of her actions, and the strength of the feeling of love.

Main part

At the beginning of the story, we see in Lisa a sensitive but prudent girl. He is a simple villager. Being the only daughter of her elderly and sick mother, Lisa arranges her life wisely. She lives by her labors, selling lilies of the valley collected with her own hands. The money raised from the sale of lilies of the valley is enough for a modest but dignified life. Liza shows rare prudence when, during her first meetings with Erast, she decisively refuses the amount offered by a young, rich and handsome nobleman. Such worthy and completely unexpected behavior of a poor villager discourages Erast, arouses interest, a desire to see this girl again and again.

Lisa's frequent meetings with Erast, his interest in her does its job: Lisa falls in love with Erast. Prudence leaves the heroine. She tries not to think about the fact that they have no future. And this is really so: after all, he is a nobleman, and she is a peasant. Neither the laws of that time nor family traditions would have accepted such a marriage and condemned it. Contrary to this, Lisa is looking forward to meetings with Erast, desires them, and his declarations of love are dear to her. With each meeting, reason is no longer an obstacle for Lisa in her relationship with her lover, and this relationship takes her too far.

Separation from Erast, who needs to go to the army, where the fighting is taking place, further strengthens the feeling of love in Lisa.

The news that Erast was marrying someone else for profit, money, broke the girl. Life becomes unbearable for her without the one without whom the world is not nice. Lisa decides to die.

The story of poor Lisa shows that such a strong feeling as love can cloud the reason of the most prudent people. At the end of her short life, ready to leave it, she was so overwhelmed by feelings of resentment and despair that she even forgot about her mother.

Conclusion

Reading “Poor Liza”, we can argue differently about what is more important – reason or feeling. A N.M. Karamzin also answered this question, glorifying such a great feeling as love

Erast

There is another hero in the story - Erast. In the soul of this hero there is no harmonious balance between feeling and duty. He always follows his passions.

Seeing Lisa for the first time, he is captivated by her beauty. Accustomed to easy victories, he tries to buy Lisa’s favor by offering money beyond what this girl asked for modest flowers.

The girl’s decent behavior only inflames Erast’s passion. He is looking for a meeting with her. She undoubtedly becomes nice to him. He sees obvious advantages in her. However, he lacks the prudence to stop in time, to prevent his relationship with Lisa from going too far. How could he know that they have no prospects of starting a family. Moreover: having seduced Lisa, he gradually loses interest in her.

In the war, where the sons of the Fatherland show miracles of courage and heroism, Erast again follows his passions, albeit of a different kind. He plays cards and loses all his fortune. However, Erast acts prudently in his own way in this situation: he marries for money. Ruthlessly, cruelly betrays his feelings for Lisa, dooms her to suffering and pushes her to suicide.

The story of Erast, told by N.M. Karamzin, is the story of a man who follows his feelings, who most often lives by impulses and passions. Using the example of Erast in the question: what is more important, reason or feelings, N. M. Karamzin answered us: of course, feelings, if they are genuine. Erast's prudence is the prudence of an egoist.

And a tender smile ran across the Beauty’s fiery lips, And so she, with longing in her eyes, fell into the arms of her beloved... “Be happy!” - Eros whispered to her, Reason? The mind was already silent. A. S. Pushkin “Reason and Love”

Sentimentalism Main idea Main idea The desire to represent the human personality in the movements of the soul Main theme Main theme Love Heroes and characters Heroes and characters Refusal of straightforwardness in assessing characters, attention to ordinary people The role of landscape The role of landscape A means of psychological characterization of heroes Main genres Main genres Story, travel, novel in letters, diary, elegy, message, idyll

The author emphasizes that the action takes place precisely in Moscow and its environs, describes, for example, the Simonov Monastery, creating the illusion of authenticity. This was an innovation for Russian literature of that time: usually the action of works took place “in one city.” The first readers of the story perceived Liza's story as a real tragedy of a contemporary; it is no coincidence that the pond under the walls of the Simonov Monastery was named Liza's Pond, and the fate of Karamzin's heroine received a lot of imitations. The oak trees growing around the pond were dotted with touching inscriptions (“In these streams, poor Lisa died in her days; If you are sensitive, passer-by, sigh!”). “….here the image of the Mother of God sends my friends to flight…..but most often what attracts me to the walls of the Simonov Monastery is the memory of the deplorable fate of Lisa, poor Lisa. Ah!..." The meaning of the Simonov Monastery in the story "Poor Liza"

FIRST MEETING …. Lisa came to Moscow with lilies of the valley. A young, well-dressed, pleasant-looking man met her on the street. She showed him the flowers and blushed. “Are you selling them, girl?” – he asked with a smile. “I’m selling,” she answered. - “What do you need?” - “Five kopecks.” - “It’s too cheap.......”

LOVE IS A MORAL TEST OF HEROES Lisa Erast Strength of character, the ability to deeply feel, Tenderness, dedication, BUT RELIANCE Duality of nature, harmful environment, frivolity, selfishness. It seems to him that he has been resurrected for new feelings, but there is no depth. It is not the high, but the low, habitual feelings that win. The soul has not been cleansed of evil, it deceives Lisa.

CONCLUSIONS: 1. Karamzin shows that love plays a big role in human life. 2. But he warns that the fulfillment of all desires is the most dangerous temptation in love, since this leads, if not to death, then to the most fatal changes. 3. In his opinion, reason is necessary

THE THEME OF REASON, REASON ERAST. She doesn’t think about anything, goes with the flow, makes idyllic plans for life with Lisa as her sister. LISA thinks about her fate, but her mind is not allowed to triumph. NARRATOR Constantly in tension, he is close to the heroes, but cannot help them in any way. “Reasonable man, is reason always the king of your feelings?”

THEME OF MIND, REASON. What prevails in the relationship between Lisa and Erast? Feelings, not reason, are the cause of their troubles. If people are controlled by passions, then happiness and pleasure will be followed by retribution - punishment. “Oh, Lisa, Lisa! Where is your guardian angel? Conclusion: The moment of love, when you give yourself entirely to a feeling, is beautiful, but it is the MIND that gives long life and strength to feelings.

THE PROBLEM OF FATE AND CIRCUMSTANCES Circumstances are the sum of real reasons; they do not have the same hopelessness as fate. Erast is forced to join the army; marry a rich widow to improve his financial situation. ROCK - ? BUT, according to Karamzin, there are higher, fatal forces that pronounce their sentence on a person.

RESULT OF THOUGHTLESSNESS LIZA doomed herself for the fact that she thoughtlessly, recklessly loved, to PHYSICAL death. ERAST, for not keeping his vow to always be with Lisa, doomed himself to MORAL death: “he was unhappy until the end of his life.” The AUTHOR does not blame the heroes, but explains the reasons for their troubles, warns the reader about possible troubles if they forget about reason.

THE PROBLEM OF MAN AND NATURE Higher powers are represented in the image of nature: SHE 1. The embodiment of beauty. 2. The feeling mind (sympathizes, approves, condemns, warns, becomes an enemy). CONCLUSION: a person can be in harmony with nature, and he can also turn into a toy of terrible fatal forces.

IMAGE OF NATURE 1. First meeting with Erast - Lisa holds lilies of the valley in her hands. 2. Then she will throw the lilies of the valley into the river. 3. Nature warns: Lisa did not sleep all night at the very beginning of love. In the morning, fog is a symbol of uncertainty. (prophetic fog - L. does not see her future, it is closed to her). 4. During Liza’s delusion, nature is raging: “the storm roared menacingly, rain poured from black clouds... nature lamented about Liza’s lost innocence” Find a description of nature in the text.

IMAGE OF NATURE 5. Nature takes pity on Lisa when Erast leaves for the army. Lisa retires to the forest. “The turtledove joined his plaintive voice to her lamentations.” 6. In the work, nature sympathizes with Lisa, pities her, but does not curse or condemn her. 7. Lisa is accompanied by light, the sun. 8. Erast always appears in the evening, even the light of the moon illuminates Lisa’s hair, but does not touch Erast. Everything this hero touches dies both morally and spiritually.

CONCLUSIONS 1. The moment of love, when you give yourself entirely to a feeling, is beautiful, but it is REASON that gives long life and strength to feelings. 2. There are higher, fatal forces that pronounce their sentence on a person. 3. A person can be in harmony with nature, and he can also turn into a toy of terrible fatal forces. 4. Nature is endowed with intelligence, and it is unreasonable to ignore its assessments. What conclusions did you draw for yourself?