Glossary of terms. A brief dictionary of terms and concepts in cultural studies Basic terms of cultural studies

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin"

CULTURAL SCIENCE

Electronic text edition

for students of all forms of education of all specialties

Ekaterinburg

Compiled by: Bloshenko E.V., Bulatova A.V., Vozheva L.B., Vozgrivtseva K.I., Gan O.I., Golovneva E.V., Evstugina N.S., Zhuravleva N.I., Zorina L.V., Letova V.A., Melnikova S.V., Nekrasov S.N., Pronko T.I., Reznik I.B., Subangulova N.A.

Scientific editor Ph.D. ist. Sciences, Associate Professor O.I. Gan

The dictionary contains the basic terms used in the course of cultural studies, related to concepts that consider the existence and development of culture, as well as characterizing individual cultural phenomena.

Prepared by the Department of Cultural Studies and Design

© UrFU, 2011

Abstractionism(from Latin abstractio - distraction) - an artistic movement of the twentieth century that denies the possibility of knowing reality. It is characterized by the creation of non-objective plastic, color, rhythmic compositions that evoke certain associations and thoughts aimed at the incomprehensible beginning of the universe. V.V. Kandinsky, a Russian artist, is considered the founder of abstract art.

Avant-garde(from French avant - advanced and garde - detachment) - the most radical tendency modernism , characterized by denial of traditions, continuity, rebellion, search for new forms on the verge art and non-art.

Agrarian civilization– a type of traditional society based on agricultural and craft production. Characterized by a rigid hierarchical social structure and despotic power.

Social adaptation– interaction process personalities with the social environment; includes the assimilation of norms and values ​​of the environment in the process of socialization, as well as change and transformation of the environment in accordance with new conditions and goals of activity.

Acculturation - process of acquiring properties and forms culture one people from another, as a result of which new elements appear culture . A. occurs both at the level of the individual representative and Vculture in general, when it interacts with other cultures. A. is both the communication process itself and its results. There are four main strategies for acculturation in a new cultural environment: assimilation , integration, separation , marginalization .

Axiological – value-based . Axiology is the doctrine of values, generalized stable ideas about preferred goods, objects that are significant for a person.

Animism ( from lat. anima, animus - soul, spirit ) – the animation of the world in primitive consciousness, the idea of ​​the presence of living souls not only in people and animals, but also in all world phenomena and objects.

Antinomy(from the Greek antinomia, contradiction in law) – a contradiction between a number of provisions, each of which has legal force.

Cultural anthropology – area of ​​scientific knowledge related to the study of the content of people’s life together from the point of view of the conditionality of their interaction and communications , the generation of artifacts and their exchange in these processes.

Anthropological approach – consideration culture as a special tool for human adaptation to nature.

Anthropocentrism(from Greek άνθροπος - man and Latin centrum - center) - a philosophical doctrine according to which man is the center of the Universe and the goal of all events taking place in the world. A. is placed in opposition to the worldview of monotheistic religions (theocentrism), where God is the center of everything, as well as ancient philosophy (cosmocentrism), where the cosmos is at the center of everything.

Archetype(from the Greek arche - beginning and typos - image; prototype) - innate mental structures that are the result of the historical development of mankind. The term was introduced into wide circulation by K.-G. Jung. According to Jung, art serves as the basis for creatively productive human activity, forms plots, themes, and images in culture in general, in mythology - in particular.

Assimilation– the individual’s acceptance of the norms and values ​​of the new environment and at the same time a complete rejection of his own culture (primarily the culture of the ethnic minority) to which the individual belongs.

Basilica ( from Greek Basilike - house of the archon-basileus) is a building of an elongated rectangular shape, divided by rows of pillars or columns into several longitudinal parts - naves. Initially in Ancient Rome, they were public buildings, then they began to be used by Christians for meetings.

Baroque(Italian barocco, literally strange, bizarre) - art style of the late 16th - mid-18th centuries. Reflects the complexity, diversity, and variability of the world. B. is characterized by contrast, affectation, the desire for grandeur and splendor, to combine reality and illusion. Architecture is characterized by the fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms.

Beregini (beregini) – in ancient Russian pagan mythology, the personification of goodness, the forces that protect people, taking care of crops and rain for the fields; were presented in the form of beautiful winged maidens. According to other versions, Bereginya exists only in the singular and is the great goddess who gave birth to all things, she is accompanied by luminous horsemen personifying the sun. The cult of Beregini (beregins) is associated with the birch tree - the embodiment of goodness and light.

Binary oppositions – main method of construction myth (C. Levi-Strauss) through opposites and their interaction, this is a means of rationally describing the world, where two opposing concepts are simultaneously considered, one of which affirms a certain quality, and the other denies it.

Splendor– solemn, majestic beauty; splendor, decency, sedateness, decorum, decorum.

Buddhism – the oldest of the three world religions, which arose in the 6th century BC. e. It is based on four noble truths: about the universality of suffering, about desires as the causes of suffering, about the possibility of ending suffering, about the way to ending suffering.

Varna(from Sanskrit type, gender, color) - class in ancient Indian society. There are four Varnas: Brahmins - priests, Kshatriyas - kings and warriors, Vaishyas - farmers and artisans, Shudras - servants. The latter, unlike the higher V., did not have the right to “listen to the Vedas.” Later on the basis of V. appear castes .

Religious faith - a volitional attitude that presupposes the acceptance of the existence of an object of faith, a system of ideas about it, and the establishment of a relationship of worship with it; the resulting norms of behavior towards other people and the world in general.

Verbal– verbal, oral.

Religious creed – recorded by means of culture (text, “law”, dogmatic definitions, symbolism, etc.) a conceptual system of religious views and ideas about the world, the meaning of life, means and methods of its implementation, the main one of which is the awareness of relationships with higher powers (God), which determines religious activities of a particular denomination.

IN virtual world(“digital worlds”, “artificial worlds”) – an interactive simulated space to which many personal computer users have access via the Internet. There are many different virtual worlds, all of which have six characteristics: a shared space for all users; graphical user interface; efficiency; interactivity; constancy; communication.

Renaissance- cm. Renaissance .

Heliocentric picture of the world – the idea that the Sun is the central celestial body around which the Earth and other planets orbit. The opposite of the geocentric world system. Originated in antiquity, but became widespread since the end of the era Renaissance , thanks to the theory of N. Copernicus.

Geocultural space – a system of stable cultural realities and ideas formed in a certain territory as a result of coexistence, collision, interaction, different cultural traditions, religions, norms, value systems, traditional structures of perception and functioning of the picture of the world.

Hermeneutics(Greek hermeneutike, from hermeneuo - I explain, interpret) - a direction in the philosophy of the twentieth century, which grew on the basis of the interpretation of literary texts. From a hermeneutic perspective, we see reality through the lens of culture, which is a body of fundamental texts that must be interpreted.

Gothic style(from Italian Gotico - Goths) - artistic style in Western European art of the X-XV centuries. Manifested in the construction of cathedrals and the associated art of stone and wood carving, sculpture, and stained glass. Characteristic features are high height and the use of pointed arches.

Humanism(from Latin humsnus - humane, homo - man) - a worldview centered on the idea of ​​man as the highest value; arose as a philosophical movement in the era Renaissance .

Humanities – a science that studies man in the sphere of his spiritual, mental, moral, cultural and social activities. In terms of subject and methodology, the study often overlaps with the social sciences, and is also opposed to the natural and exact sciences. The main object of research is text.

Tao(“path”, “path of Heaven”) - in Taoism, the essence and root cause of the world, the source of its diversity and a certain natural law that everything in nature follows. In the teachings of Confucius - the right path in relation to the state and the noble husband ( junzi ).

Dual faith - a religious and cultural phenomenon consisting of the parallel coexistence of traditional Christianity and elements of pre-Christian pagan beliefs.

Deism – a religious and philosophical doctrine that recognizes God as the mind that designed the “machine” of nature and gave it the laws of movement and development, but rejects God’s further intervention in the self-development of the world (providence, miracles) and does not allow any other way of knowing God than the rational one.

Decadence(French decadence, from Latin decadentia - decline) is a general name for crisis phenomena in culture, marked by sentiments of pessimism, hopelessness, and uncertainty. Decadence is dominated by the philosophy of unlimited personal freedom and behavior independent of generally accepted morality.

Activity approach – consideration of culture as a way of activity, as a system of extra-biological ways of programming the activity of people in society.

Spiritual culture – these are the results of human intellectual and spiritual activity, which exist in the form of symbolic sign systems. Various areas of spiritual culture are identified in appropriate forms - religion , art , philosophy, science, morality, etc.

Ren Zhen(perfectly wise) is the ideal of a person in Taoism. The desire for harmony between nature and social life determined the significance of such concepts as naturalness and non-action (uwei). The task of man is to comprehend Tao and live in harmony with it, feeling like a part of the world flow, without interfering or changing the natural course of things. Comprehended Tao the perfectly sage acquires magical abilities, longevity and, ultimately, immortality.

Westernism – direction of Russian social thought and political ideology, oriented towards European values ​​and denying the idea of ​​originality, originality and uniqueness of the historical destinies of Russia.

Sign- a material, sensually perceived object (event, action or phenomenon), acting as an indication, designation or representative of another object, event, action.

Sign-symbolic approach– the study of culture as a sphere of super-personal, universal meanings that people store in a special way and endow with them all their creations and actions. The world of meanings is stored and transmitted as a system of signs and symbols.

Identity– a person’s psychological idea of ​​his “I”, which is characterized by a subjective sense of individual self-identity and integrity.

Iconography – a type of medieval painting, religious in themes and subjects, cult in purpose. In the most general sense, the creation of sacred images intended to be a mediator between the Divine and earthly worlds during individual prayer or during Christian worship, one of the forms of manifestation of Divine truth.

Industrial civilization – type of society , based on machine technology, mass production and distribution.

Initiation(from Latin initiation - performing the sacraments of the mysteries) - rites of passage in traditional culture for children into adulthood, or initiation into a profession, into some special type of occupation. They are also called rites of passage. They are supposed to be part of the training and serious tests of endurance or professional skills.

Enculturation – the process of mastering by a person (a member of a particular society) the main features and content of the culture of his society, mentality, cultural patterns and stereotypes in behavior and thinking.

Integration – a reflection of the individual’s desire to preserve his own basic cultural characteristics while accepting the basic values ​​and behavior patterns of the new culture. In the process of interaction, the individual establishes strong ties with its representatives. I. is understood as consistency or the process of coordination between various subjects of intercultural communication. I. can be both intracultural and intercultural.

Intelligentsia(from Latin intelligens - understanding, thinking, reasonable) - a social group of people professionally engaged in mental work, development and dissemination of culture, usually with higher education. In the Russian tradition, the intelligentsia includes those who can be considered the moral standard of society.

Interpretation(Latin interpretatio – interpretation, explanation) – a procedure for establishing the content of concepts, endowing expressions with one meaning or another, as well as the result of such a procedure.

Information society - the historical phase of human development in which information and knowledge become the main products of production. In an expanded and detailed form, the concept of the information society was proposed by D. Bell. This refers to the transition from an industrial society to a service society, the determining importance of codified scientific knowledge for the implementation of technological innovations and the transformation of a new “intelligent technology” into a key tool for system analysis and decision-making theory.

Incest – incestuous relationships, marriage between close relatives.

Irony– (Greek eironeia - pretense) - hidden ridicule that discredits what is being described. The essence of irony is that “someone or something is assigned a trait that is absent, and thereby its absence is only emphasized.” Irony is often read between the lines; sometimes the situation itself forces us to understand a word or phrase in a sense that is directly opposite to what is generally known.

Irrationalism(from Latin irrationalis - unreasonable, unconscious) - a direction of philosophy that denies or limits the possibility of reason in understanding the world and affirms as the basis of world understanding something inaccessible to reason, illogical.

Art ( from other Russian or old glory create arts - create experience, torture) - one of the forms of social consciousness and part of the spiritual culture of man and humanity, activity aimed at creating aesthetically expressive forms, the process of mastering the world in figurative form and its result.

Islam – the youngest of the three world religions, which arose in the 7th century AD. e. It is based on strict monotheism and veneration of the Prophet Muhammad.

Karma- in Indian religions and philosophy, an automatic operating law of retribution, a set of actions committed by a living being, which determines its rebirth.

Castes(Indian “jati”) - closed and isolated social groups, characterized by endogamy and the hereditary nature of labor.

Carnival ( otlat. Car val – “ship of jesters”) is a folk-festive form of medieval laughter culture. Appeared in the 9th–10th centuries. Early mentions of periodic city festivals in various cities of Western Europe date back to this time. A holiday associated with dressing up and colorful processions. The main figure at the carnival is the jester.

Classicism(from lat. classicus– exemplary) – style and direction in art XVII - early XIX centuries, turning to ancient art as a norm and model. It is based on the ideas of philosophical rationalism, on ideas about the rational order of the world, about beautiful, ennobled nature, and strives to express high moral and civil ideals. In accordance with the high ethical ideals and educational program of art, there is a hierarchy of genres - high and low. In literature, the main role is played by the unfolding of ethical conflict. Typed images. In architecture – clarity and geometricity of forms, logical layout. Fine arts O It is distinguished by the logical development of the plot, clarity, and balance of composition.

Code– a rule (algorithm) for matching each specific message with a strictly defined combination characters (signs ) or signals.

Communication competence– knowledge of the symbolic systems used in communication (communication) and the rules of their functioning, as well as the principles of communicative interaction.

Communication(Latin communicatio, from communico - make common, connect, communicate) - communication, means of communication, transfer of information from person to person - a specific form of interaction between people using sign systems.

Constructivism(French constructivism, from Latin constructio - construction) - an art direction of the early twentieth century, designed to combine the aesthetic principle in art and utilitarian expediency as the true goal of creative activity (architecture, design, painting, sculpture, photomontage, etc.) .

Counter culture – a cultural association with special norms and values ​​that are actively opposed to those accepted by the dominant culture.

Cubism(French cubism, from cub - cube) - direction of Western European art beginning of the twentieth century, transforming a work of art into a combination of elementary geometric figures. Cubism conveys not the appearance of an object, but its design, architectonics, structure, essence.

Religious cult - religious practice, activity aimed at establishing contact with the object of faith.

Culture(Latin cultura – cultivation, processing) – 1) social and creative activity of humanity in all spheres of life and consciousness, aimed at transforming reality; 2) the surrounding world created by human activity is “second nature”, in contrast to pristine nature – nature.

Cultural norm – legalized establishment, recognized mandatory order within a certain culture.

Cultural form – a set of observable signs and features of any cultural object (phenomenon), reflecting its utilitarian and symbolic functions, on the basis of which its identification in culture .

Cultural-historical type – an autonomous self-sufficient civilization, the development of which is similar to a living organism: birth - maturation - flourishing - decline.

Culturology – science that studies culture , the laws of its existence, development and methods of comprehension. K.’s tasks include understanding culture as a holistic phenomenon, determination of the most general laws of its functioning, as well as analysis culture as systems. In the 20th century, calculus established itself as an independent discipline.

Courtliness ( fr. Amour courtois - refined politeness, courtesy) - a courtly-knightly system of rules developed in the culture of the 12th-14th centuries. a medieval concept of love in which the relationship between a lover and his lady is similar to that between a vassal and his lord.

Liberalism – an ideological and socio-political movement that unites supporters of the parliamentary system, bourgeois freedoms and freedom of capitalist entrepreneurship.

Personality- a person who, in an individual measure and form, masters and develops his social essence.

Magic – everyday primitive practice, a way of manipulating hidden phenomena, the unknown world, based on a non-rational comprehension of the world and on the subject’s confidence in his abilities to influence the world.

Mandala- the sacred diagram of the Buddhist universe, a geometric symbol representing a square inscribed in a circle; In the center of the square, as a rule, the figure of Buddha is depicted.

Marginalization – the state of a person or group on the verge of two cultures (migration, interethnic marriages, etc.). They participate in the interaction of cultures, but do not completely adhere to any of them, as a result of which dual identity and mental tension arise.

Mass media ( mass media) – technologies and institutions through which information and other forms of communication are centrally distributed; one of the essential forms of distribution and existence of mass culture. "Media" (plural of "medium") is any communication tool that conveys or "meditates" meaning. Telephone, radio, film, television - they are all "media", along with print and the human voice, painting and sculpture.

Mass– designed for a wide range of viewers.

Mass culture - Mass culture is a concept that embraces the diversity and heterogeneous cultural phenomena of the 20th century, which became widespread in connection with the scientific and technological revolution and the constant renewal of mass communications. M.K. is industrial and commercial in nature. MK includes only those elements of culture that are broadcast through the mass media or channels of mass communication (radio, television, cinema, press). Focused on the “anonymous”, “atomic” individual (D. Bell), on the “man of the masses” (J. Ortega y Gasset).

Material culture – objects of second nature created by man (tools, equipment, household items, etc.), which play a dual role in human life: on the one hand, they serve practical purposes, on the other, they act as a means of storing and transmitting socially significant information.

Intercultural communication(from Latin communicatio - message) - the process of interaction between subjects of socio-cultural activity for the purpose of exchanging or transmitting messages (information, experience) through sign systems.

Mentality – These are the deep structures of a culture that determine over a long time its ethnic and national identity, a set of images and ideas that underlie a person’s understanding of the world and determine his behavior.

Messiahship- the doctrine of the special role of a given people in the destinies of humanity.

Mimesis, or mimesis- (from other Greek μίμησις - similarity, reproduction, imitation) - an aesthetic theory that explains the origin and essence of art by imitation. Aristotle wrote in “Poetics” that imitation is inherent in man from birth, which gives him pleasure.

Myth- a product of collective fantasy, a way of ordering the world in the mind, an adaptation mechanism that helped not so much to understand the world in its objective cause-and-effect relationships, but to explain it, that is, to put in order the totality of subjective images of the world, impressions of the world and place person in it. Often appears in the form of a story-answer to the question “why”. The main types of M.: anthropogonic - about the origin of man; cosmogonic - about the origin and structure of the world; cosmological - about the structure of the universe; eschatological - about the end of the world.

Mythology( from Greek mythos - legend, tale and logos - word, story) – 1) totality myths , system of myths 2) science that studies myths and their corresponding legends.

Modernism(French modernism, from Latin modernus - new, modern) - a designation of artistic movements of the early twentieth century that deny figurativeness art , “copying” nature. M. asserts the independence of art from reality and strives to depict the indescribable, the invisible spiritual side of nature.

Monotheism(from Greek μόνος, “one” and Greek θεός, “God”) - monotheism, belief in one God; recognition of a single personal, free and reasonable principle that created the world.

Multiculturalism – plurality of cultures, not only in ethnic terms, but also in terms of diversity, variability of types, forms, content, language culture .

Neolithic Revolution – The transition from an appropriating economy to a producing one, the emergence of the division of labor, took place in the 7th - 8th centuries. BC.

Nihilism(from Latin nihil nothing) - a worldview that denies all human values ​​- goodness, truth, beauty, the meaning of life. F. Nietzsche borrowed the term from J.S. Turgenev and indicated to them the desire for a revaluation of higher values.

Cultural adaptation(from lat. adaptation– adapt) – adaptation of human communities, social groups and individuals to changing natural-geographical and socio-historical living conditions by changing stereotypes of behavioral consciousness, norms and values, lifestyle, methods of livelihood, directions and technologies of activity.

Allegory(from Greek allehoria - allegory) - 1) the principle of artistic comprehension of reality and organization of material in art, in which abstract concepts, ideas, thoughts are expressed in specific artistic images and forms; 2) hidden meaning, a hint of something, allegory.

Anthropocentrism ( from Greek anthropos- Human, centrum - center, middle) - an idea of ​​the world order, which is organized around man as the center of the Universe.

Artifact(from lat. artifactum– artificially made) - any cultural product artificially created by man or society, having both certain physical characteristics and iconic or symbolic content. Cultural artifacts can be called: objects and things, equipment and tools, clothing; any phenomena of the spiritual life of society - scientific theories, superstitions, works of art and folklore.

Cultural archetypes(from Greek arthe- beginning and tupos– image) - archaic cultural prototypes, ideas; normative value orientations that set patterns of people’s life activities that have passed through centuries-old layers of history, been culturally transformed and retained their significance and meaning in modern culture.

Cultural assimilation(from lat. assimilation- assimilation, similarity, comparison) - complete or partial absorption of the culture of one, usually less civilized people, by another culture, most often through conquest, subsequent mixed marriages and the deliberate “dissolution” of the enslaved ethnic group in the enslaving ethnic group.

Vandalism(from lat. vandali – the name of the ancient Germanic tribes that conquered part of the Roman Empire and subjected Rome to defeat and plunder) - wild, merciless destruction of cultural and material values.

Barbarism(from Greek barbaroi – foreigners who spoke an incomprehensible language) – 1) ignorant attitude towards cultural values; 2) in the periodization of the history of human society (according to A. Ferguson) - the second period after savagery, before civilization.

Globalization(from Latin globus – ball) - the process of strengthening the interconnectedness of the world, characterized by the expansion of mutual influence of different countries and peoples based on modern information technologies; the process of intensification of economic, financial, political, cultural ties and dependencies between communities, which leads to the unification of the world in all areas and is reflected in the emergence of identity on a supranational scale.

Global problems- modern problems of civilization, on the solution of which the survival of humanity as a whole depends (for example, preventing a global thermonuclear war, regulating rapid population growth in developing countries, stopping catastrophic environmental pollution, preventing the negative consequences of the scientific and technological revolution, etc.). For the first time formulated and analyzed within the framework of the activities of the Club of Rome.

Dehumanization(from lat. de- a prefix denoting separation, removal and humanus - humane) - loss of spiritual and moral values ​​by society; rejection of a worldview based on justice, attention, respect for the individual, individual qualities of a person.

Dialogue of cultures(from Greek dialogos dialogue between two or more persons) is a process of interaction between cultural systems, as a result of which each culture acquires its own individual identity.

Dynamics of culture(from Greek dinamikos- related to strength, strong) - culture change, description of culture in motion; those means, mechanisms and processes that describe the transformation of culture, its change.

Cultural differentiation(from lat. differentia difference) - qualitative changes in culture associated with isolation, separation and separation of parts from the whole.

Cultural dominant(from lat. dominans - dominant) – the dominant idea, the main feature or the most important component of culture.

Spiritual culture - the sphere of human activity, covering the spiritual life of man and society; set of spiritual values .

Sign- a material object (phenomenon, event), acting as a representative of some other object, property or relationship and used for acquiring, storing, processing and transmitting messages (information, knowledge); materialized carrier of the image of an object.

Fine Arts - arts associated with visual perception, creating images of the visible world on a plane and in space (painting, graphics, sculpture).

Cultural integration(from lat. integration– recovery , replenishment) - the process of deepening cultural interaction and mutual influence between states, national-cultural groups, historical and cultural areas.

Art- the cumulative result of human activity, expressed in the practical-spiritual aesthetic development of the world in the process of artistic creativity; reflection of reality in artistic, concretely sensitive images, creativity according to the laws of beauty. Various forms of art are literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, decorative and applied arts, music, dance, theater, cinema, etc. The basis of art is the human ability to form images.

Canon(from Greek capop- rule, prescription, measure) - normative sample; in fine art, a set of artistic techniques and rules that are considered mandatory in a particular era (norms of composition and color, a system of proportions, iconography of a given type of image).

Catharsis(from Greek catharsis - purification) - spiritual purification through compassion, fear, empathy for the heroes of the tragedy; the internal liberation that a person experiences in the process of communicating with the highest examples of culture. The term was introduced by Aristotle in his work “Poetics” to denote the sublime satisfaction and enlightenment that the viewer experiences after experiencing suffering with the hero of the tragedy and being freed from it.

Culture code(from French. code)- a set of signs, symbols, meanings (and their combination) that are contained in any object of human cultural activity.

Convergence of culture(from lat. convergere- approach, converge) - the process of rapprochement, convergence of cultures.

Cultural conservatism(from lat. conservo– preserve, protect) - commitment to formulated spiritual values, norms, rules of behavior, rejection of everything new in science, literature, art, etc.

Context(from lat. contextus - connection, coordination, connection) - general meaning, socio-historical and cultural conditions that make it possible to clarify the semantic meaning of the results of human creative activity.

Counterculture(from Greek contra- against) - the direction of development of modern culture, opposed to traditional, “official” culture; a form of protest against the culture of “fathers”, which became widespread among some American youth in the 60s and early 70s. It marks an open rejection of social values, moral norms and moral ideals of consumer society, standards and stereotypes of mass culture, a way of life based on attitudes towards respectable behavior, social prestige, and material well-being.

Cult(from lat. cultus - care, veneration) - a set of actions, rites, and rituals associated with belief in the supernatural. Cult arises in traditional culture; one of the mandatory elements of any religion, expressed in special magical rituals, actions of clergy and believers in order to have the desired effect on supernatural forces. The center of worship is a temple, a house of worship with various religious objects (icons, frescoes, crucifixes, etc.). Moreover, cult is the worship of someone or something; reverence for someone or something.

Culture(from lat. cultura - cultivation, education; originally – cultivation of the land) is an open category denoting the content of people’s social life, “representing biologically non-inherited, artificial, human-created objects (artifacts). Culture refers to organized collections of material objects, ideas and images; technologies for their manufacture and operation; sustainable connections between people and ways to regulate them; evaluative criteria available in society. This is an artificial environment of existence and self-realization created by people themselves, a source of regulation of social interaction and behavior.”

Organizational culture- a specific, inherent only to a given organization, self-sufficient system of connections, interactions, relationships, elements necessary for its functioning.

Personality culture - level (degree) of awareness of cultural values, which are manifested in thinking, spiritual-practical (feelings, communication) and practical (behavior) human activity; synthesis of individual personality qualities aimed at creative interaction with the environment.

Cultural-historical era- a historical period of time during which people are united by a certain cultural community, for example, antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, etc.

Cultural-historical types- integral sets of characteristic elements of the life of an ethnic group, manifested in religious, socio-economic, political and other relations. The concept of cultural-historical types was first formulated by N.Ya. Danilevsky in his work “Russia and Europe”. According to his concept, the result of the positive activity of a particular people is the creation of a unique, isolated, local cultural and historical type. Danilevsky identifies in chronological order ten cultural and historical types that have completely or partially exhausted the possibilities of their development.

Cultural universals(from lat. universalis - general, universal) - norms, values, rules, traditions, aspects of culture that are universal in nature, present at all stages of the development of the human race. Cultural universals do not depend on geographical location or historical structure of society.

Cultural pattern- a stable configuration of connections between people with each other, with the objective and natural environment, which is determined by certain types of situations, the prescribed behavior of a person in them and his connections with the outside world.

Cultural organism - perception of culture as a living biological organism, which in its development goes through the stages of origin, growth, flourishing, aging and dying. This point of view was shared by many authors, including G. Spencer, N.Ya. Danilevsky, O. Spengler, most evolutionists.

Cultural values- a system of vital (positive) objects, needs, goals for humans and society, on the basis of which the regulation of human activity is carried out; things and ideas that are positively significant for a person.

Cultural layer – a layer of earth containing the remains of human activity, ancient structures, construction and household waste.

Culturological approach to the concept of “civilization” - an approach in which civilization is considered as a special socio-cultural phenomenon, limited to a certain spatio-temporal framework. In most cases, the basis of this phenomenon is religion (M. Weber, A. Toynbee). Some scientists point to clearly defined parameters of technological development (A. Toynbee).

Cultural studies- (from lat. culture game logos - knowledge, teaching, word) is a scientific discipline that studies culture as a natural integrity through the prism of the cultural formation of society and man; "explaining culture." Culturology – This is a system of knowledge about the essence, patterns of existence and development of culture, about the mechanisms of functioning of cultural forms, phenomena and processes.

Local types of crops- closed, self-sufficient types of cultures that do not maintain dialogue with others.

Cultural marginality(from Late Lat. marginalis- located on the edge; adjective originating from margo- edge, border) - a concept indicating the intermediary, non-adaptive, “borderline” position of a person between any social groups, and, accordingly, types of culture. Cultural marginality arises as a result of changes in normative value systems under the influence of intercultural contacts, social changes and technological factors, when a person of a certain culture is forced to master other social roles, lifestyles, and cultural values ​​that are alien to him.

Mass culture(from lat. massa- lump, piece) - a set of cultural phenomena of the 20th - 21st centuries, characteristic of modern society, generated by the scientific and technological revolution, urbanization, the destruction of local communities and the blurring of territorial and social boundaries. The mass dissemination of cultural phenomena is associated with the development of systems of information, communication, radio, television, cinema, etc., which contributed to the creation of a mass audience of consumers of cultural products. Mass culture is characterized by the peculiarities of the production of cultural values ​​in a modern industrial society designed for mass consumption (mass production is understood by analogy with conveyor technology in industrial production). Popular culture initially emerged as a market for businesses specializing in entertainment. Mass culture, shallow, standard, is the culture of everyday life and is manifested in the leveling of creative individuals, in the replication and accessibility (in the sense of intelligibility to everyone) of cultural values, and the priorities of metropolitan forms of existence. It is designed for the “average” person and is formed under the influence of the mass consciousness’ perception of sociocultural stereotypes generated by the media. The authorship of the term belongs to M. Horkheimer (first used in his work “Art and Mass Culture”, 1941).

Material culture- the sphere of human activity, covering the material life of man and society; physical objects made by human hands; a set of material assets. Material culture includes:

1) culture of work and material production;

2) culture of life;

3) topos culture, i.e. place of residence (home, village, city);

4) culture of attitude towards one’s own body, etc.

Mentality (mentality)(from lat. mentalis- mental, spiritual) - attitude, worldview; mindset, mental attitude, image, way of thinking of an individual or social group; deep psychological level of collective and individual consciousness. Mentality is a set of psychological and behavioral attitudes of an individual or social group, which is formed in the depths of culture under the influence of traditions, social institutions, and the human environment. A person’s holistic way of life is determined by a mentality that unites value forms of consciousness (morality, religion, philosophy, etc.) with the world of unconscious mental states.

Myth(from Greek Mythos - legend, legend) - an archaic story about the deeds of gods and heroes, about the gods and spirits who rule the world. A myth is a person’s attempt to explain to himself the entire structure, the meaning of the universe, the cosmos, of which he is a part, in which he lives. Myth is a sensory idea of ​​the world, when a person does not oppose himself to nature, therefore a generalizing principle is always present in myth. Mythological consciousness is characteristic of man throughout history, and not only in its early stages. Modern man also creates myths, sensually generalizing the phenomena of modern life.

Modernization(from French. modernizahion, from moderne– modern) - the concept of the transition from pre-industrial to industrial society through complex reforms that take a long period of time, as a result of which the social institutions of society and the way of life of people radically change; a set of technological, economic, cultural, political changes that are aimed at improving the social system as a whole.

Modernism(from French. modernizahion, from moderne– modern) - a movement in fine arts, applied arts and architecture of the late 19th - early 20th centuries, contrasting itself with the art of the past.

Youth subculture - a set of values, traditions, customs inherent in young people, for whom leisure and recreation as the leading forms of life have replaced labor as the most important need. In this case, satisfaction with life in general depends on satisfaction with leisure. The youth subculture acts as an alternative to the existing way of life and culture. It is characterized by attempts to form one’s own worldview, one’s own manners of behavior, style of clothing and hairstyles, forms of conduct, leisure time, etc.

Moral culture - a historically established established system of normative relations between people, forming an area of ​​cultural practice. Moral culture is based on fixed norms of relationships, sanctified by tradition.

Folk culture- non-professional, anonymous, collective culture, which includes myths, legends, tales, epics, fairy tales, songs, dances.

The science - a specialized area of ​​culture focused on cognition. The main functions of science are to form a system of logically ordered knowledge based on a specially organized theoretical and empirical study of reality; constructing rational forecasts; control of the processes under study based on experiment.

Moral culture - characterization of the state of society from the point of view of its observance of moral norms and rules. The constituent elements of moral culture are customs, moral standards of behavior, mores of a given culture, and moral relations.

Ontology of culture(from Greek ontos - existence And ...logia - doctrine ) - the concept of the existence of culture; the doctrine of its essence, fundamental principles.

"Axial Age" or “axis of world history” is a term introduced into scientific circulation by Karl Jaspers (“The Origins of History and Its Purpose”). By “axial time” is meant the era of the spiritual founding of all those cultures that now make up the East-West dichotomy. The axis of world history dates back to 500 BC, to the spiritual process that took place between 800 and 200. BC. Then the most dramatic turn in history took place, a man of the type appeared that has survived to this day. This spiritual foundation of humanity took place simultaneously and independently in China, India, Persia, Palestine, and Greece. According to Jaspers, at this time the formation of human history as world history took place, whereas before the “Axial Age” there were only histories of local cultures.

Paradigm(from Greek paradeigma - example, sample) - a set of theoretical and methodological prerequisites that determine a specific scientific research and are a model, an example of setting and solving research problems. A universally recognized scientific achievement that, over a period of time, has provided the scientific community with a model for posing problems and their solutions.

Political culture - part of culture as a whole, the totality of the nature and level of political knowledge, assessments and actions of citizens, as well as the content and quality of social values, traditions and norms governing both external and internal political relations in society.

Postmodernism(literally - what follows after modernism, after modernism) - a generalized designation of trends in the culture and social life of the post-industrial, information society, formed in the 60s - 80s. XX century It was at this time that the limitations of rationalism and the fact that the results of cultural progress threatened the destruction of time and space of culture itself were realized. E. Giddens justified the emergence of postmodernism as “fatigue of progress.” As a result, postmodernism expresses attempts to establish the limits of human intervention in natural changes in nature, society and culture. Postmodernism is based on an awareness of the diversity and pluralism of life and culture, as well as the recognition of this diversity as a natural and positive state.

Legal culture - the totality of various types of human legal activity (law, legal consciousness, legal relations, legality and order, lawmaking, law enforcement, etc.) in the sphere of the functioning of law in society; a system of formalized normative relationships regulated by mandatory and state-protected laws and norms.

Cultural progress(from lat. progressus - forward movement) is the forward movement of a sociocultural system from a less to a more complex structure, from a less to a more adapted state, from a less to a more perfect form.

religious culture(from lat. religion- piety, shrine) - an integral part of the general cultural system, generated by the religious needs of people and designed to satisfy these needs. Elements of religious culture are morality (religious moral teachings), religious philosophy, politics, religious art (painting, architecture, sculpture, music, literature, etc.), scientific and educational activities (religious educational institutions - seminaries, Sunday schools, etc. .; libraries; publishing houses, etc.) and a number of others.

Ritual(from lat. ritualis- ritual) - forms of symbolic behavior of people that have developed in the process of historical development, a strictly established order of ritual actions. Through a long process of ritualization, certain behaviors were transformed into independent symbols that became accepted in the culture.

Sacral(from lat. sacer (sacri) - sacred) - related to faith, religious cult; the cultural process of uniting believers in the church-state system; the monopoly of the religious ideology of the church in the state and its influence on the social institutions of society - economics, politics, education, etc.

Secularization(from lat. saecularis- secular) - the process of liberating culture from the monopoly of religious ideology; weakening of the role of religion in public life, reducing its influence on other social institutions - economics, politics, education, etc. Historically, the process of secularization of science, art, morality, education, etc. began with the era of the Reformation.

Semiotics(from Greek semeiotike- the doctrine of signs) is the science of signs and sign systems, studying the various properties of sign systems as ways of communication between people through signs and sign systems (languages), as well as the features of various sign systems and messages.

Symbol(from Greek symbolon- sign, identification mark; etymologically related to the Greek. verb meaning “connect, compare, collide”) - an undeveloped sign, a generalization; an image that is representative of other (very diverse) images, contents, and relationships.

A symbol is always a concrete image, accessible to our imagination, meaning something in itself inaccessible to our imagination (for example, an owl is a symbol of wisdom, a dove is a symbol of peace, etc.). The language of symbols is characteristic of both scientific and artistic thinking.

Syncretism(from Greek synkretismos - connection, unification) - 1) unity, indivisibility, characterizing the original, undeveloped state of something (for example, the syncretism of primitive art characterizes the indivisibility of human activity and thinking in primitive culture); 2) a combination of heterogeneous views, views that ignore the need for their internal unity and coordination.

Slang(from English slang) - jargon, slang vocabulary. Slang is subject to frequent changes. Widespread in youth subcultures.

Socialization(from lat. socialis- social) - the process of assimilation by an individual of certain systems of norms, knowledge, skills, rules of life, which allow him to become a member of society, live in it, be a full member of it, act correctly and interact with his cultural environment.

Subculture(from lat. sub- under and cultura - cultivation) is an integral culture of a certain social group within the dominant culture, distinguished by its own customs and norms. So, speaking about a subculture, we are dealing with a subordinate, not the main, not the main culture. This is a partial cultural subsystem within the “official” system, the basic culture of society, which determines the lifestyle, value hierarchy and mentality of its bearers.

Type(from Greek typos- imprint, form, sample) - a kind of ideal, theoretical model, template, stencil for a group of objects, phenomena, objects, in which their common characteristics, properties, principles of existence are recorded. The identification of types is associated with the system-forming principles underlying the generalization process.

Typology of cultures(from Greek typos- form, pattern and cultura - cultivation) is a scientific method, which is based on the systematization of periods (stages) in the development of culture according to the most general characteristics, properties, as well as the differentiation of cultures on certain essential grounds.

Tolerance(from lat. tolerania patience) - a tolerant attitude towards other people's way of life, behavior, beliefs, traditions, values, ideals, political tastes and positions, ensuring the right and freedom of each person to have their own judgments and positions in the social world.

Traditional culture(from lat. traditio- transmission, narration and cultura cultivation) - a non-dynamic culture, a characteristic feature of which is that the changes occurring in it occur too slowly and therefore are practically not recorded by the collective consciousness of the bearers of this culture. Traditional culture is passed down from generation to generation through non-written and non-verbal communication.

Tradition ( from lat. traditio- transmission, narration) - historically established customs, rituals, norms of behavior, views, tastes, etc., transmitted from generation to generation, found in elements of socio-cultural heritage. Cultural traditions connect times.

Utilitarian culture- the culture of the New Age, in which utility, efficiency, and applicability dominated and determined the logic of understanding any cultural phenomenon.

Elite culture(from fr. elihe- the best, selected, chosen) - a set of cultural values ​​that are created and consumed by the cultural elite (critics, literary critics, theatergoers, artists, writers, scientists, musicians). The formula of elitist culture is “art for art’s sake.” Elite culture, according to its creators, is focused on the best, highest part of society, which has a special artistic sensibility. Elite culture includes fine arts, intellectual literature, and classical music.

Phenomenon(from Greek phainomepop- being) - 1) a phenomenon in which the essence of something is expressed, revealed; 2) any manifestation of something.

Cultural phenomena - various forms of manifestation of the essence of culture, such as morality, law, religion, art, economics, politics, science, technology, etc.

Ethnic culture - a culture of people connected by a common origin and territory, i.e. unity of “blood and soil”.

Language of culture- forms, signs, symbols, texts that allow people to enter into communication, navigate in the space and time of culture. Cultural languages ​​represent a layer of the communicative field of culture, the formation of which occurs in the process of interaction between people living together, when ideas common to them acquire a generally accepted expression and the status of shared sign units, the use of which is subject to certain, established, mandatory rules.

• Dictionaries and reference books on cultural studies and culture by year

Section Contents

Description of the section “Culturology, culture”

The word “culture” is one of those that we use quite often. It is found in almost all languages, but depending on the context it means quite different concepts. Despite lengthy debates about its content, neither in domestic nor in world science there is still no single idea about what meaning should be given to the word “culture”. True, most scientists tend to understand culture as a complex, multi-component phenomenon, meaning everything that a person has created through his labor: means of labor, various discoveries and inventions, religious, moral and political ideas, ways of communicating between people and works of art.

Here you will find a large encyclopedia of psychological tests, psychological dictionaries, popular encyclopedias, psychologist's reference books, and psychotraining manuals.

In reference books, encyclopedias and dictionaries you will find the meaning of any psychological term. You will learn about idealism, avant-garde art, verificationism, generative linguistics, intertext and intimacy.
Also immerse yourself in the culture and art of Ancient Egypt, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom, Late Period, Ancient Mesopotamia, Sumer and Akkad, Assyria, Babylon.

The culture of Russia in different periods, India, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, China, Japan, Rome, Byzantium, the Islamic world, and Arab countries will not be left without attention.

ACCULTURATION (English from Lat. – education, development) is a process of mutual influence of cultures, as a result of which the culture of one people is fully or partially perceived by the culture of another people, usually less developed, this is a variety of processes of assimilation and ethnic consolidation.

ANIMISM (from lat. – soul) is one of the primitive forms of religion, associated with belief in the existence of spirits, in the animation of all objects and phenomena, in existence; an essential element of any religion.

ARCHETYPE (Greek – beginning + image) – prototype, primary form, sample. In the analytical psychology of K. Jung, the concept of A. correlates with the unconscious activity of people. An archetype is an innate mental structure that is the result of the historical development of humanity. According to Jung, A. serve as a fertile ground for creative and productive things, incl. and artistic imagination and fantasy; are embodied in dreams, myths, fairy tales, and act as source material for fiction and art.

ARTIFACT (lat. – artificial + made) is a process or formation that is not characteristic of an object in its normal state and usually arises during its study.

BUDDHISM is one of the three world religions. Originated in Dr. India in the VI-V centuries. BC. The founder is considered to be Siddhartha Gautama. Distributed in Southeast and Central. Asia. At the center of Buddhism is the “teaching of the four noble truths”: there is suffering, its cause, the state of liberation and the path to it. In Buddhism there is no opposition between subject and object, spirit and matter, there is no God as a creator and an unconditionally supreme being.

FAITH is a special psychological state of confidence in achieving a goal, the occurrence of an event, in the expected behavior of a person, in the truth of an idea, subject to a lack of accurate information about the achievability of the goal, the outcome of the event, the implementation of the expected behavior in practice, and the result of the test. Faith arises in relation to those processes, events, ideas that have a significantly significant meaning for people and represent a fusion of emotional and volitional moments. Because belief occurs in a probabilistic situation, acting on it involves risk. Despite this, it is an important fact of integration of the individual, group, mass, and a stimulus for the determination and activity of people.

GENESIS (Greek) – origin, emergence; the process of formation and formation of a developing phenomenon.

HUMANISM (lat. – humane, humane, educated) is a progressive direction in social thought, characterized by the protection of the dignity and rights of the individual, its free development, considering the well-being of man as a criterion for evaluating social institutions, and the principles of equality, justice, humanity as the desired norm of relations between people.

HERMENEUTICS (Greek interpretive art) – traditions and methods of interpreting ambiguous or indefinable texts (mostly ancient, for example, Homer, the Bible, etc.). During the Renaissance, architecture emerged as the art of translating monuments of ancient culture into the language of living, modern culture. Philosophical philosophy, following this tradition, defines the superiority of understanding over reason, language over consciousness. This emphasizes the possibility of reconstructing the “life world” (E. Husserl) of past cultures in order to understand the meaning of their individual monuments.

SOCIO-CULTURAL DYNAMICS - changes or modification of cultural features in time and space as a result of the influence of external or internal forces.

CULTURAL DETERMINISM (lat. – define) is a philosophical concept. Considering culture as a relatively autonomous entity, independent of other spheres of public life and playing a decisive role in social development.

SIGN – a material object (phenomenon, event), acting as a representative of some other object, property or relationship and used for acquiring, storing, processing and transmitting messages (information, knowledge).

ISLAM (Muslim) is one of the world religions (along with Christianity and Buddhism), which arose in the 7th century in Arabia. The beliefs of Islam are set out in the Koran. The founder of Islam is considered to be Muhammad, whom, according to legend, Allah chose as his “messenger”, a prophet. The basis of Islamic teaching is strict monotheism (monotheism - belief in the omnipotence of one Allah), recognition of the Koran as an eternal, sacred uncreated book, belief in the resurrection of the dead and the end of the world, observance of prayer, fasting and other rituals. Islam places the search for human happiness in heaven. It does not recognize the separation of spiritual and secular functions, reinforcing the non-separation of spiritual and secular power, religion, politics and the state.

ART is an integral part of the spiritual culture of humanity, a specific kind of spiritual mastery of reality by a social person, forming and developing the ability to creatively transform the world around him and himself. Appearing at the earliest stages of the development of society, it gradually emerges as an independent form of social consciousness, a way of understanding the world and a means of spiritual development of people. Art is multifunctional, i.e. performs various social functions in society: cognitive, hedonistic (hedonism - pleasure), aesthetic, educational, communicative (means of communication), etc.

IDEAL (Greek – idea, concept, idea) – perfection; a perfect example of any object, phenomenon, event, process from the point of view of a specific person or group of people; the highest goal of activity.

GAME is a form of free self-expression of a person, which presupposes real openness to the world of the possible and unfolds either in the form of a competition or in the form of a presentation of any situations, meanings and states. Modern cultural thought puts forward play as an independent field of study (J. Huizenga, D. Likhachev) and substantiates the cross-cutting significance of play in the development of the main cultural forms of human activity: art, science, philosophy, politics, etc.

IRRATIONALISM (Latin - unreasonable, unconscious) is a philosophical direction that limits or denies the possibility of the process of rational cognition of reality.

IDEAL TYPE is a theoretical construct, an abstract model that has no direct analogue in reality and represents an image-scheme of the object being studied. Ideal typification was proposed by M. Weber for the analysis of sociocultural reality; it made it possible to organize the empirical material of specific sociocultural studies, identifying the reasons and nature of the discrepancies between real types and ideal ones.

INCULTURATION is the process of mastering by a human member of a particular society the main features and content of the culture of his society, mentality, cultural patterns and stereotypes in behavior and thinking.

CULTURAL INNOVATION (Latin – renew, update, change) – objects, institutions, features, norms, values, etc. appearing for the first time in a given culture (society). as a result of invention or borrowing from other cultures.

CULTURE – the word, term and concept of culture are multi-valued. Etymologically, it goes back to the Latin term “cultura” (cultivation, processing). In the teleological interpretation, it is correlated with “cult”, faith, believing that cult is the bud from which culture grows. K. is defined as a system of signs, a symbolic shell of human activity; how what is done by man is opposed to nature (nature), like the world of artificial facts (artifacts); as a process of progressive self-liberation of a person; as a form of traditional behavior, a lifestyle program, etc.. Many of these definitions (no matter how different they are from each other) are quite legitimate, but only in complementarity, in integrative unity, can they highlight its spherical appearance. K. in its internal essence is a technology (a method of creative activity) of a social person, it is a supra-natural way of accumulating and transmitting human generic and individual experience, its evaluation and comprehension, this is what distinguishes a person from the outside world and opens the path of original free development. K. includes both activity and its results, meanings and evaluations.

CULTURAL MYTH (from the Greek methos - “before-speech”, in contrast to logos a as “word-thought”) replaces totemistic mythology, when anthropomorphic figures take the place of animal-like figures mythology. In the new worldview, the cultural hero personifies not the elemental forces of nature, but the tribal community itself, opposing itself to the wild, i.e. uncultivated nature.

CULTURAL VALUES - culture is a concept that has two aspects: 1) desaxiological (value-free, objectivist), according to which culture includes everything created by man: both the means of creation and the instruments of destruction; and literary language, and criminal jargon, etc. 2) axiological (value-based), when the facts of culture are correlated with the accepted system of values. Sometimes they say that nature is reality without values, and culture is reality from the point of view of values.

CULTUROGENESIS is the process of the emergence of the material and spiritual culture of mankind, occurring in close connection with the formation and development of tool activity and social patterns.

COUNTERCULTURE (lat. – against) - the direction of development of modern culture, opposing the established spiritual atmosphere of modern industrial society. K. became widespread among young people in Western countries in the 60-70s. XX century K. is characterized by a rejection of established social values, moral norms and ideals, standards and stereotypes of mass culture; the cult of the unconscious manifestation of natural passions and the mystical ecstasy of the soul. K.'s theory set as its goal the overthrow of modern culture, which appears to be organized violence against the individual. In the 1970s, the K movement reached a dead end and split into many different groups.

MAGIC (Greek - magic, witchcraft) - a set of rituals and actions associated with the belief in the possibility of influencing the surrounding reality with the help of imaginary supernatural forces. M. is one of the forms of ancient spiritual culture.

MARGINALITY is the qualitative state of a person or group of people who, due to circumstances (migration, interethnic marriages, etc.) find themselves on the border of two cultures; they participate in the interaction of these cultures, but do not completely adhere to any of them, as a result, a dual self-awareness is formed, mental tension arises, etc.

MENTALITY – attitude, worldview, formed at the deep mental level of individual or collective consciousness; a set of psychological and behavioral attitudes of an individual or a social group. Mentality is formed in the depths of culture under the influence of traditions, social institutions, and the environment and is a very stable formation, changing slowly and imperceptibly for those who possess it.

MYTHOLOGY (Greek mythos - legend and logos - word, teaching): 1) scientific discipline that studies surviving myths; 2) these myths themselves in their totality. The set of myths included the entire spiritual and psychological life of ancient society. Every myth ascribes the content of the psyche (mythical reality) to being itself.

SCIENCE is a sphere of human activity, the function of which is the development and theoretical systematization of knowledge about reality.

NOOSPHERE (Greek – mind, mind + ball) is a new evolutionary state of the biosphere, in which intelligent human activity becomes a decisive factor in its development. IN AND. Vernadsky developed the doctrine of N. as a qualitatively new form of organization that arises from the interaction of nature and society. N. is characterized by the interrelation of the laws of nature with the laws of thinking and with socio-economic laws. These laws are embodied in human activity as a determining factor in its development, comparable in its impact on natural processes with geological disasters.

PROGRESS (Latin – movement forward) – a transition from a lower, less perfect level to a higher one.

RATIONALISM (Latin - reasonable) is a philosophical direction that recognizes reason as the basis of human cognition and behavior.

SYMBOL (Greek) – 1) a conventional material identification sign for members of a certain social group; 2) an object, action, etc., serving as symbols of some image, concept, idea; 3) an artistic image that embodies an idea.

SYNCRETISM (Greek - connection, unification) - unity, indivisibility, characterizing the original, undeveloped state of something (for example, the symbol of primitive art characterizes the indivisibility of human activity and thinking in primitive culture).

SUB-CULTURE is a set of norms, values, ideals, symbols of any social group that exists relatively, regardless of the culture of society as a whole. For example, urban and rural S., youth S., etc.

SEMIOTICS (Greek – sign) is a discipline that deals with the comparative study of sign systems from the simplest signaling systems to natural languages ​​and formalized languages ​​of science. The main functions of the sign system are: a) the function of transmitting a message or expressing meaning; b) communication function. There are three main sections of semiotics: 1) syntactics, or the study of the internal structure of sign systems regardless of the functions they perform; 2) semantics, which studies sign systems as a means of expressing meaning; 3) pragmatics, which studies the relationship of sign systems to those who use them.

TOTEMISM is a complex of beliefs and rituals of a primitive society associated with the idea of ​​kinship between groups of people (usually clans) and totems (animals or plants that are represented by a patron ancestor). Totemism was widespread among all peoples of the world, remnants of totemism were preserved in all religions.

TEXT (Latin – fabric, connection) – a sequence of symbols that form a message. There are five functions of communication (according to Yu. Lotman): 1) a message sent from the information carrier to the subject; 2) collective memory, capable of continuous replenishment and updating of some aspects of information and temporary or complete oblivion of others; 3) the reader’s communication with himself, thereby T. actualizes certain personal aspects; 4) T. becomes an interlocutor; 5) communication between T. and cultural subtext. In semiotics, symbolism represents a meaningful sequence of any signs, any form of communication; in linguistics - a sequence of verbal signs. The whole world is perceived by the subject of culture as an endless, limitless text.

TECHNOLOGY is a set of human-created tools, artifacts and methods, mechanisms for carrying out any activity, enriching and improving the content of human life, expanding the relationship between man and the environment.

TECHNOLOGY is a method, a mechanism for carrying out any activity, any action and behavior.

TECHNOLOGICAL CULTURE – the degree of technological improvement.

TECHNOCRATISM is a style of thinking and action that limits the content of technology and technology only to the technical and technological meaning, technical and technological optimality and efficiency, without taking into account (and even limiting) the humanistic and sociocultural meanings of technology and technology. This is a style of thinking and action in which technical activity turns from a means of life into the goal of life, when engineering and technical thinking and activity are unilaterally focused only on the positive results and consequences of technology and technology, and when only from these positive technological positions, outside of any “human measurements”, all other aspects of human life and society are assessed in the process of their historical development.

TECHNOGENICITY; TECHNOGENIC CHARACTER OF MODERN CIVILIZATION - the promotion of technology and technology to the fore, a priority, dominant place in the system of values ​​accumulated by humanity, constituting the spiritual, cultural content of civilization, when the dominance of technology and technology as value orientations subjugates all other aspects of people's lives, and technocratism as a style thinking becomes the main thing in determining the nature and type of civilization.

UNIVERSALIES OF CULTURE – unique invariants of development, elements of culture; These are norms, values, rules, traditions and properties that are inherent in all cultures, regardless of geographical location, historical time and social structure of society. There are more than 70 cultural universals: the manufacture of tools, joint labor, body decoration, prohibitions on incest, dancing, sports, language, education, religious rites, etc. The purpose of cultural universals is seen in the fact that various cultures should contribute to the satisfaction of basic (physiological, psychological , social) human needs.

UNIVERSALITY OF CULTURE is a historically determined system of concepts and a way of understanding the world, where the most general ideas about human activity, about man’s place in the world, etc., characteristic of a given culture, are recorded. Universals of culture ensure the reproduction of the lifestyle and person of a given culture from generation to generation.

FETISHISM - religious worship of material fetish objects, which are prescribed supernatural properties. With the help of F., a person can supposedly exercise indirect power over nature and force a deity to fulfill his desires. In world religions, religion is preserved in the veneration of relics and icons (Christianity), sacred stupas (Buddhism), holy places, and the “black stone” among Muslims.

CHRISTIANITY (Greek - “anointed one”, “messiah”) - one of the three world religions (along with Buddhism and Islam), named after its supposed founder Christ, arose at the beginning of the 1st century in Palestine. In the IV century. became the dominant religion of the Roman Empire. H., like Islam, inherits the idea of ​​a single God, matured in Judaism, the owner of absolute goodness, absolute knowledge, absolute power, having a cause in Himself; in relation to whom all beings and objects are His creations; everything was created by God out of nothing. The Christian religion is based on faith in the redemptive mission of Jesus Christ, who with his death atoned for the sins of mankind; belief in the second coming of Christ, which should take place in the future; to the Last Judgment; into heavenly reward and the establishment of the Kingdom of God.

CIVILIZATION (Latin сivis – citizen, which indicates belonging to city life). The word and concept of culture are as polysemantic as “culture.” Often “civilization” and “culture” are interpreted as synonyms; in literary and journalistic language they are often interchangeable, although stylistically they are different. For many authors, the concepts of culture and culture are separated and even opposed. Culture includes the sphere of spirituality (ideas), and civilization includes the area of ​​the results of material activity (things). The color began to be interpreted as a material apparatus of culture. Another common interpretation of color is when it is presented as a general characteristic of historically specific types sociality and culture. In this case, color is understood as a certain stage in social history, a long period of development of peoples and the world as a whole, determined by the current state of the social structure and spiritual world. The most concise definition is: “C. – socio-cultural complexes that develop at different times in different regions of the Earth and carry within themselves features of social and cultural originality. That is why the expressions “Inca civilization”, “Greek civilization”, “ancient civilization”, etc. are found.”

ETHNOS (Greek - people, tribe) is a historically established stable group of people (tribe, nationality, nation), speaking the same language, recognizing their common origin, possessing a single way of life, a set of customs, traditions and differing in all this from other peoples. The cultural community of members of an ethnic group determines the unity of their mental makeup.

LANGUAGE is a system of signs with the help of which human communication, thinking and self-expression are carried out. It is a means of understanding the world, creating, storing, processing and transmitting information. The essence of language is that it divides the world into discrete concepts, i.e. assigns certain values ​​to individual elements of the world and classifies them in a special way.

Literature

Basic educational and reference literature

1. Gurevich, P.S. Culturology / P.S. Gurevich. – M., 2005.

2. Gurevich, P.S. Philosophy of culture / P.S. Gurevich. – M., 2001.

3. Cultural studies. Theory of culture / T.G. Grushevitskaya, A.P. Sadokhin. – M., 2004.

4. Culturology / A.S. Carmine. – St. Petersburg, 2004.

5. Malyuga, Yu.A. Culturology / Yu.A. Malyuga. – M., 2006.

6. Rozin, V.M. Culturology / V.M. Rozin. – M., 2005.

7. Culturology // sub. ed. N.G. Bagdasaryan. – M., 2005.

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20. Danilevsky, N.Ya. Russia and Europe / N.Ya. Danilevsky. – M., 1991.

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Based on: Culturology: Basic course program, reader, dictionary of terms. M.: FAIR PRESS, 2000. 400 p. With. – 331 – 392.

ACCULTURATION – (eng. accul duration; from lat. ad+ cultura – education, development) – a process of mutual influence, as a rule, of cultures of different levels of development. It is expressed in the fact that a less developed culture fully or partially perceives another, more developed one. The term originated in the 30s. XX century in the USA and is used when considering the diversity of processes of assimilation and ethnic consolidation.

AXIOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE INTERPRETATION OF THE CONTENT OF THE CONCEPT “CULTURE” are two coexisting approaches, which are based on the question of the scope of the concept “culture”: whether it includes only positive aspects or both positive and negative. According to the first (value) approach, culture can only be understood as such non-biological human activity that leads to positive results; According to the second approach, the concept of “culture” extends to any (both positive and negative) non-biological human activity, as well as its results.

Proponents of the axiological approach to the interpretation of the concept of “culture” believe that it is associated only with “true humanity” and is aimed at the spiritual improvement of man. At the same time, most human creations that cannot be marked with a plus sign (a bomb aimed at destruction, military art, vandalism, etc.) are discarded. This leads to a narrowing of the content of the concept of “culture”, a reluctance to recognize the ambivalence of people’s actions, and subjectivity (since the criteria of values ​​are different for different people). In addition, with such an approach, the same human creations, depending on the situation, can act as both “culture” and “non-culture”: for example, an ax that is used in the construction of a temple should be classified under the concept of “culture”; and the same ax that will be used to destroy something or kill someone can no longer be attributed to the concept of “culture.”

Proponents of the anthropological approach to interpreting the concept of “culture” proceed from the fact that it includes all types of non-biological human activity, as well as its results (both with a plus and a minus sign). Culture is everything that is created and created by people.

ALTERNATIVE CULTURES - cultures that oppose the traditional, dominant culture in society and try to act as a more promising, “saving” alternative. These are the so-called “new cultures”. Alternative cultures include most youth subcultures.

AMBIVALENCE – (from Greek amphi – around, around, on both sides + Latin valentia – strength) – duality; recognition of presence in actions, phenomena, etc. both pros and cons.

UNDERGROUND - (from the English Under - under + ground - earth, subway, underground) - an underground, illegal (disapproved or persecuted by official authorities) movement in art, which is an unorthodox, unbiased direction, for example underground rock music. The term first began to be used in American cinema in the 40s. to designate non-commercial films created for home viewing by aspiring directors with their own money on narrow format film.

ANIMISM - (from Latin anima - soul) - one of the forms of primitive beliefs. Belief in the existence of spirits, in the animation of all objects, as well as the presence of an independent soul in people, animals, and plants. The term was introduced into scientific circulation by E. B. Tylor (in his work “Primitive Culture”), who considered animism to be the most ancient basis of religion. Animism has survived to this day, being an essential element of any religion.

Antiquity - (goes back to lat. antiquitas- antiquity) a historical period that took place in the 8th century. BC. – V century AD in the Mediterranean. The era of the emergence and development of classical philosophy, anthropocentric worldview.

ANTHROPOGENIC – (from Latin anthropos – man + Greek genes – giving birth, born) – something made by people, artificial.

Anthropocentrism - (Greek. anthropos- man and lat. centrum- center) characteristic of the cultural concept, according to which man is the main subject and object of culture. It is a key basis for understanding the cultural thought of antiquity. Man was included in the Latin concept of “culture” thanks to the works of the orator and philosopher of the Roman Republic period, Marcus Tullius Cicero, who substantiated the goal of philosophy as the “cultivation” of the citizen. The anthropocentrism of ancient cultural ideas gave way to theocentrism in the Middle Ages. Man again became the basis of culture in the era of humanism, the beginning of which is associated with the work of Dante Alighieri and the influence of his “Divine Comedy”.

“APOLLONIAN” AND “DIONYSIAN” are concepts proposed by the German romantics, as well as Schiller, Schelling and others and subsequently developed by F. Nietzsche (in the work “The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music”) to metaphorically designate the two principles of being and artistic creativity, personification which the latter saw in two gods of the Greek pantheon, representing opposite symbolic types: Apollo and Dionysus. The “Apollo” beginning is bright, contemplative, rational; “Dionysian” – violent, dark, chaotic, irrational. It is with these two principles that, according to Nietzsche, the forward movement of culture is connected. Achieving an ideal, a masterpiece (in particular in art) is possible only if there is balance, harmony of these two principles.

ARTEFACT - (from Latin artefactum - artificially made) - any artificially created object (for example, objects, things, equipment, tools, clothing, artistic utensils, housing, roads, etc., created by people).

ARCHETYPE – (from grsch. Аrсе – beginning + typos – image) – the original primary form, prototype, pattern imprinted in the human soul. In the psychoanalytic concept of K. Jung, the concept of archetype correlates with the unconscious activity of people. According to Jung, an archetype is an innate psychic structure that is the result of the historical development of humanity. They are hidden in the collective, unconscious, common to all humanity and are a set of innate forms of human imagination. Archetypes appear in dreams, myths, fairy tales, and act as source material for artistic creativity.

ASPECTS OF CULTURE – (from Latin aspectus – look, appearance) – points of view from which culture is viewed. In cultural studies, the following five aspects of culture are distinguished: 1) genetic; 2) epistemological; 3) axeological; 4) normative; 5) sociological.

CULTURAL ASSIMILATION - (from the Latin assimilatio - assimilation, similarity) - mechanical assimilation of new values, absorption (full or partial) of one culture by another (as a rule, a weaker culture dissolves into a stronger one). The process of cultural assimilation is facilitated by conquest, enslavement, targeted cultural policies, mixed marriages, etc. Complete cultural assimilation ends with the loss of language and the death of the weaker culture.

BUDDHISM is one of the world religions. Originated in Ancient India in the VI-V centuries. BC. The founder is considered to be the Indian prince Sidhartha Gautama (623-544 BC), later nicknamed Buddha, i.e. enlightened. Distributed in Central and Southeast Asia.

According to Buddhism, everything in the world is transitory, impermanent, and therefore full of sorrow and dissatisfaction. Each individual being is a combination of active vital forces, which, in accordance with eternal laws, arise, interact and disappear (dharmas).

Buddhism is anthropocentric: according to its teachings, man is the most perfect being. Only he can achieve the highest state of nirvana, i.e. achieve higher spiritual development. Together with nirvana, a person achieves immortality, the end of the eternal cycle of suffering (samsara).

At the center of Buddhism is the “teaching of the four noble truths”: there is suffering, its cause, the state of liberation and the path to it. In Buddhism there is no opposition between subject and object, spirit and matter, there is no God as a creator and supreme being.

OPTIONS FOR INTERPRETING THE CONCEPT OF “CIVILIZATION” – options that were established in the second half of the 18th – early 19th centuries. and retaining their relevance in our time: local-historical, in which civilizations are considered as qualitatively different unique ethnic or historical social formations; historical-stage, in which civilizations are considered as stages of the progressive development of humanity as a single whole; and world-historical (unitary), in which civilization is viewed as the ideal of the progressive development of humanity as a single whole.

Renaissance (Renaissance) is a historical era in Europe in the XIV-XVI centuries, chronologically located between the Middle Ages and the New Age. It is characterized by the revival of ancient humanistic ideas and ideals of artistic culture.

WORLD HISTORICAL (UNITARY) INTERPRETATION OF THE CONCEPT “CIVILIZATION” is a variant whose representatives believe that at a certain stage of interaction between local civilizations, the phenomenon of world history arises and, according to some researchers, the process of formation of an ecumenical civilization begins (K. Jaspers, L. Vasiliev, A. . Toynbee).

HEDONISM - (from the Greek hedone - pleasure, fun, pleasure) - a direction in ethics, according to which the highest goal of life and the main motive of human behavior are pleasure and pleasure. A distinctive feature of beatnikism, hippieism and a number of other youth subcultures is precisely their hedonistic attitude towards the world.

GENESIS – (from the Greek genesis – origin) – origin, emergence; the process of formation and formation of a developing phenomenon.

GEOGRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE CONCEPT OF “CIVILIZATION” is an approach presented by supporters of geographical determinism, according to which the geographical environment of a particular people has a decisive impact on the nature of civilization. Thus, according to L. Mechnikov, the geographic environment primarily influences the forms of cooperation of people who gradually change nature.

HERMENEUTICS - (from the Greek hermeneutike (techne) - interpretative (art)) - tradition and methods of interpreting polysemantic or indefinable texts (mostly ancient, for example, the Bible, etc.), the art of explanation and translation.

GESTALT - (from German Geschtalt - image, form) - Gestalt psychology - a direction in Western psychology that arose in Germany in the first third of the 20th century. and put forward a program for studying the psyche from the point of view of integral structures (gestalts), primary in relation to their components (“the whole is before the part”).

GLOBAL PROBLEMS - modern problems of civilization, on the solution of which the survival of humanity as a whole depends (for example, preventing global thermonuclear war, regulating rapid population growth in developing countries, stopping catastrophic environmental pollution, preventing the negative consequences of the scientific and technological revolution, etc.). For the first time formulated and analyzed within the framework of the activities of the Club of Rome.

Humanism (from lat. humanitas- humanity) is a worldview that defines a person as the highest value. Characteristic of the ancient idea of ​​culture. The return and spread of the ideas of humanism in the late Middle Ages (XIV century) marked the beginning of the Renaissance (the so-called Renaissance humanism).

DEVIANT – (from Latin deviatio – deviation) – deviating from generally accepted norms. For example, “deviant behavior” is behavior deviating from the norm.

DEHUMANIZATION – (from Latin de – prefix denoting separation, removal, + humanus – humane) – loss of spiritual and moral values ​​by society; rejection of a worldview based on justice, attention and respect for the individual and individual qualities of a person.

DENOTATE – (from Latin denotare – to mark, designate) – an object that has a symbolic expression in the language.

DIACHRONY – (from the Greek dia – through, through + chronos – time) – historical development in time of phenomena or processes.

DIACHRONIC APPROACH TO CULTURAL ANALYSIS - (from the Greek dia - through, through + chronos - time) - a research approach, the main requirement of which is the presentation of phenomena, facts, cultural events in chronological order. The goal of D.P. is to study the changing states of culture over time.

DYNAMICS OF CULTURE – (from the Greek dinamikos – related to strength, strong) – change in culture, description of culture in motion; those means, mechanisms and processes that describe the transformation of culture, its change.

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS - the study of the processes of generation of a cultural object, its formation, changes occurring with it, up to its destruction.

DIFFUSIONISM - (from Latin diffusio - spilling, seeping) - a cultural school that for many years acted as an alternative to evolutionism. Main representatives: France - G. Tarde (1843-1904); USA - F. Boas (1858-1942); Germany - F. Graebner (1877-1934). According to diffusionism, cultural development is based on the processes of borrowing and spreading culture from one center to another. This approach made it possible to turn to the study of interaction between cultures, to reveal the mechanism for mastering the achievements of other peoples, which makes it possible for society not to go through the required stages of development (as in evolutionism). Among the means of spreading culture, diffusionism recognized conquest, trade, colonization, migration, voluntary imitation, as well as intrasystemic development factors.

CULTURAL DIFFUSION - the spread of the properties and characteristics of a given historical culture to other cultures.

“LAWS OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL-HISTORICAL TYPES” - introduced by N. Ya. Danilevsky in his work “Russia and Europe” (1861): 1. “Any tribe or family of peoples, characterized by a separate language or group of languages, quite close to each other in order to so that their kinship is felt directly, without deep philological research, constitutes an original cultural-historical type, if at all, in terms of its spiritual inclinations, it is capable of historical development and has already emerged from infancy; 2. In order for a civilization characteristic of a distinctive cultural-historical type to arise and develop, it is necessary that the peoples belonging to it enjoy political independence; 3. The beginnings of a civilization of one cultural-historical type are not transmitted to peoples of another type. Each type develops it for itself under the greater or lesser influence of alien, previous or modern civilizations; 4. Civilization, characteristic of each cultural-historical type, only reaches completeness, diversity and richness when the ethnographic elements that make it up are diverse - when they, without being absorbed into one political whole, taking advantage of their independence, constitute a federation or political system of states; 5. The course of development of a cultural-historical type is closest to those plants in which the growth period is indefinitely long, but the period of flowering and fruiting is relatively short and depletes their vitality once and for all” (Danilevsky N. Ya. “Russia and Europe”) .

SIGN – a material object (phenomenon, event), acting as a representative of some other object, property or relationship and used for acquiring, storing, processing and transmitting messages (information, knowledge).

ZOROASTRIANism is a religion named after the prophet Zoroaster (in Iran - Zarathushtra). It was widespread in antiquity and the early Middle Ages in Central Asia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan and a number of other countries of the Near and Middle East. Adherents of Zoroastrianism can now be found in the East, for example in Iran and India. The basic principles of Zoroastrianism are: the opposition of two principles - good and evil, light and darkness; faith in the victory of good. Fire plays the main role in the ritual.

GAME DIRECTION IN CULTURAL STUDY is a direction based on the interpretation of play as the most important phenomenon of human existence and the source of culture. The starting points were laid down in the works of I. Kant and W. Schiller.

Main representatives: The Netherlands - J. Huizinga (1872-1945); Spain – X. Ortega y Gasset (1883-1955); Germany - E. Fink (1905-1975), G. Gadamer (1900-2002).

IDEALISTIC TYPE OF CULTURE is a term introduced into scientific use by P. Sorokin to designate a transitional type in the dynamic model of culture (from ideational to sensual or vice versa). Being a supersystem, the idealistic type of culture is characterized by a harmonious combination of two main types, which recognizes the importance of both ideas and tangible objects. The main premise of the idealistic type of culture is the recognition that “objective reality is partly supersensible and partly sensual, it covers supersensible and superrational aspects plus the rational and, finally, the sensory aspect, forming the unity of this infinite diversity” (Sorokin P. “The Crisis of Our Time” ).

The values ​​of the idealistic type of culture belong to both Heaven and Earth. The world of the idealistic type of culture is both supersensible and sensual (but sensuality of the most sublime manifestations). Examples of the idealistic type of culture are the Golden Age of Ancient Greece (approximately from the 5th to 4th centuries BC), the era of the European Renaissance.

IDEAL TYPE is a concept introduced by the German sociologist Max Weber (1864-1920). An ideal type is a theoretical construct obtained as a result of emphasizing, strengthening, and logical linking of phenomena occurring in different eras in different cultures; a kind of simplification, an image-scheme, and not an objectively existing (existing) sociocultural reality, since it has no direct analogue in the real history of culture. An example of an ideal type from other fields of knowledge can be such an abstract theoretical construct as the “ideal gas” in physics, i.e. a gas characterized by certain ideal parameters, a gas that does not actually exist. By ideal types we mean important scientific abstractions that make it possible to study many phenomena of real cultures on a quantitative basis. The ideal typification methodology makes it possible to organize empirical material. Used by M. Weber to study the causes and nature of the deviation of real cultural types from ideal ones.

IDEAL TYPE OF CULTURE – a type of culture capable of forming and perceiving ideas. The concept was introduced into scientific use by P. Sorokin (“The Crisis of Our Time”). The basis of the ideational type of culture is the Absolute, the principle of the supersensibility and superintelligence of God as the only reality and value. In the ideational type of culture, according to Sorokin, “the dominant morals and customs, way of life, thinking supported their unity with God as the only and highest goal, as well as their negative or impersonal attitude towards the sensory world, its wealth, joys and values.” Sorokin considers the European culture of the Middle Ages, the culture of Brahman India, Buddhist and Laoist cultures, and Greek culture from the 8th to the end of the 6th century to the ideal type of culture. BC. The style of the ideational type of culture is symbolic, art is religious, its heroes are gods, angels, saints, sinners; little attention is paid to the individual, its goal is to bring the believer closer to God.

INCULTURATION – entry into culture; the process by which an individual acquires the traditional ways of thinking and acting characteristic of the culture to which he belongs.

INNOVATION – (from Latin innovatio – renewal, innovare – to update) – the emergence and spread of an object or trait that was not previously available within a given culture; modernization; reform. Innovation can be the result of intracultural invention or intercultural borrowing.

ART is a process and the total result of human activity, expressed in the practical and spiritual development of the world. Various forms of art are literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, decorative and applied arts, music, dance, theater, cinema, etc. The basis of art is the human ability to form images.

ISLAM, MUSLIM – one of the world religions that arose in the 7th century. in Arabia. The founder of Islam is considered to be Muhammad, whom, according to legend, Allah chose as his messenger and prophet. The basis of the teachings of Islam is strict monotheism (monotheism - belief in Allah). According to Islam, Allah is one, omnipotent, and the creator of the universe; The Koran is an eternal, uncreated holy book; one must believe in the resurrection of the dead and the end of the world, observe prayers, fasting and other rituals. Islam places the search for human happiness in heaven; does not recognize the separation of spiritual and secular functions, reinforcing the non-separation of spiritual and secular power, religion, politics and the state.

HISTORICAL-STADIAL INTERPRETATION OF THE CONCEPT “CIVILIZATION” - an option within which oral, written, book and screen are distinguished; cosmogenic, technogenic and anthropogenic; traditional and modern (liberal); evolutionary and innovative types of civilizations. The technocratic variety of this option includes agrarian (pre-industrial), industrial (industrial) and information (post-industrial) civilizations.

CANON - (from the Greek kapop - rule, norm, measure) - normative model; in fine art, a set of artistic techniques and rules that are considered mandatory in a particular era (norms of composition and color, a system of proportions, iconography of a given type of image).

CATHARISS - (from the Greek katharsis - purification) - spiritual cleansing and internal liberation that a person experiences in the process of communicating with the highest examples of culture. The term was introduced by Aristotle in his work “Poetics” to denote the sublime satisfaction and enlightenment that the viewer experiences after experiencing suffering with the hero of the tragedy and being freed from it.

KITCH, KITCH - (from German kitsch - hack-work, bad taste) - a cheap, hack-work picture, a literary craft, a tasteless film. A specific phenomenon belonging to the lowest layers of mass culture; a synonym for stereotypical pseudo-art, devoid of artistic and aesthetic value and overloaded with primitive details designed for external effect. The term originated at the beginning of the 20th century. in the circles of Munich artists.

CULTURE CODE - (from the French Code) - a set of signs, symbols, meanings (and their combination) that are contained in any subject of human cultural activity.

COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS - universal human prototypes-archetypes (for example, the image of mother earth, a wise old man, a demon, etc.). Archetypes are expressed in myths, fairy tales, magic, alchemy, etc. The term was introduced into scientific use by the German psychologist C. Jung (1875-1961).

CONNOTATION – (from connotare – (to) mean) – individual semantic coloring of the original, dictionary meanings of words. Since each speaker has his own, different from others, experience of contact with things and phenomena, he gives each dictionary meaning his own coloring.

CONTEXT - (from Latin contextus - connection, coordination, connection) - general meaning, socio-historical and cultural conditions that make it possible to clarify the semantic meaning of the results of human creative activity.

CONTENT ANALYSIS – (from the English content analysis, content – ​​content, essence + analysis – analysis) – a method for identifying and assessing the specific characteristics of information carriers, texts. In cultural studies, with the help of machine processing of large arrays of texts, the frequency of use of a concept over a long period of time is determined, as a result of which the trend in the development of the topic is revealed.

COUNTERCULTURE - (from the Greek contra - against) - the direction of development of modern culture, opposing traditional, “official” culture; a form of protest against the culture of “fathers”, which became widespread among some American youth in the 60s and early 70s. It marks an open rejection of social values, moral norms and moral ideals of consumer society, standards and stereotypes of mass culture, a way of life based on respectability, social prestige, and material well-being.

The term “counterculture” was created by Theodor Rojak during the student revolution of the 60s. in USA. The only positive slogan of that revolution - “Creating a counterculture” - suggested three main points: 1) the education of a new type of personality with new forms of consciousness and action; 2) the formation of new relationships between people; 3) the formation and acceptance of new values, the development of new social, moral norms, principles, ideals, ethical and aesthetic criteria.

One of the ways to create and develop counterculture provisions was the communitarian movement (creation of communes). The components of the counterculture are drug culture and the sexual revolution.

Classic counterculture is characterized by a rejection of established social values, moral norms and ideals, standards and stereotypes of mass culture, and a way of life based on respectability, social prestige, and material well-being. Refusal, as a rule, was expressed in negativity towards the cultural achievements of mankind and an extravagant manner of thinking, feeling, and communicating. The cult of reason and science was replaced by the cult of the unconscious manifestation of natural passions and the mystical ecstasy of the soul, Puritan morality - by the openness of intimate relationships, work - by mass orgies, drug addiction, etc. The protest against “mass society” and mass culture received practical completion in the organization of various communes, in which the manifestation of a person’s truly humane attitude towards the world, other people and himself was to be realized.

Counterculture brought together concepts that were an eclectic mixture of various positions of existentialism, Freudianism, vulgarized Marxism, Rousseauism, anarchism, cynicism, Eastern philosophy and religion.

Currently, counterculture, in addition to a form of expression of spiritual protest against modern bourgeois culture, which became widespread among part of the youth of the West in the 60-70s, has come to be understood as any cultural forms of deviant behavior.

CONFORMISM - (from Late Latin conformis - similar, similar, conformable) - socio-psychological orientation of the individual, which does not develop as a result of an independent choice of cultural values, but only as a passive, adaptive acceptance of the existing order of things, prevailing opinions, opportunism, lack of one’s own position, unprincipled and uncritical adherence to any model that has the greatest pressure.

CONFORMITY is the voluntary consent of an individual to choose behavior that is fully consistent with generally accepted social norms, standards, principles, values, views or requirements of other members of the community; a person’s readiness to yield to real or imagined group pressure, which manifests itself in the fact that he accepts the position of the majority that is not initially shared by him.

CREATIONISM is a theological version of the emergence of culture and man, their creation by God.

CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS is a comparative method of studying cultures used within the framework of social and cultural anthropology. Originated within the framework of classical evolutionism, which argued that all societies and cultures go through the same stages of progressive development.

Cross-cultural analysis is based on the existence of universal cultural models (patterns). At the same time, those applying this analysis proceed from the fact that similarities and differences in cultural models can be identified by comparing their statistical data.

Cross-cultural analysts take the view that, firstly, it is impossible to truly understand a culture without comparing it with another, and, secondly, any theories and hypotheses must be tested.

The main scientists who used cross-cultural analysis: E. B. Tylor, J. P. Murdock, A. L. Kroeber and others.

CULT - (from Latin cultus - care, veneration) - a set of actions, rites, rituals associated with belief in the supernatural. Occurs in traditional culture. One of the obligatory elements of any religion, expressed in special magical rituals, actions of clergy and believers in order to have the desired effect on supernatural forces. The center of worship is a temple, a house of worship with various religious objects (icons, frescoes, crucifixes, etc.). In addition, cult is worship of someone or something; reverence for someone or something.

CULTURE – (from Latin – cultura) – an open category denoting the content of people’s social life, “representing biologically non-inherited, artificial, human-created objects (artifacts). Culture refers to organized collections of material objects, ideas and images; technologies for their manufacture and operation; sustainable connections between people and ways to regulate them; evaluative criteria available in society. This is an artificial environment of existence and self-realization created by people themselves, a source of regulation of social interaction and behavior.”

THE CULTURE OF AN ORGANIZATION is a specific, inherent only to a given organization, a self-sufficient system of connections, interactions, relationships, elements necessary for its functioning.

“CULTURE AS AN ORGANISM” is a cultural school that considers society and culture as an organism in which social institutions are likened to organs and parts of the body, and sociocultural processes are like physiological processes. So, for example, G. Spencer, who said: “Society is an organism. Culture is an organism,” he identified three systems in society: “nutritional” (production), “distributive” (trade) and “regulatory” (state apparatus).

The understanding of culture and society as an organism was due to the fact that, firstly, social and cultural institutions are interconnected like the organs of the body, and their renewal is similar to the renewal of cells in the body; and, secondly, by the fact that it is possible to draw an analogy between the social division of labor and the specialization of the functions of various organs of a living organism. At the same time, organicists noted that, unlike organisms, cultures do not reproduce, and their structures and functions are not so closely related.

The significance of this cultural school is that it made it possible to understand culture as an integral system.

Main representatives: England - G. Spencer (1820-1903); Germany - W.F. Ostwald (1853-1932).

CULTURAL HOMOGENEOUSNESS – homogeneity in the composition of a culture.

CULTURAL EVOLUTION OF LESLIE WHITE is a concept of an American cultural anthropologist, author of the term “cultural studies,” which is one of the varieties of the modern materialist approach to the study of culture.

For L. White, ever-increasing complexity and integration as the main direction of evolution was not an end in itself, but a means of achieving the real goal of evolution: the maximum possible and most efficient use of energy. He viewed culture as a specific “thermodynamic” mechanism for the accumulation, storage, transmission and transformation of the energy of society.

White argued that energy use was a universal measure of cultural evolution, and expressed this in the formula:

Energy ×Technology → Culture,

where energy is understood as the totality of wealth, natural resources and factors, human energy, etc.

White divided culture into 4 subsystems:

· main: technological (tools of production, means of subsistence, means of defense and attack, materials for building homes, etc.);

· and 3 derivatives: social (including relations between people, political, economic systems, systems of equality, etc.);

ideological (ideas, beliefs, knowledge);

· behavioral (covering types of collective and individual behavior).

In L. White's understanding, culture is a way of mastering the world, transforming and regulating natural processes with the help of symbols. Marxism had a great influence on White's views, so material and technical culture plays the main role in his concept among the diverse components. It is the basis of any culture, which determines the spiritual, intellectual, and social levels.

CULTURAL-HISTORICAL SCHOOL is a direction in Western ethnography, archeology, anthropology of the early 20th century, which arose as an alternative to evolutionism. Its supporters (L. Frobenius, F. Graebner, etc.) believed that every cultural phenomenon arises once and in one place; they explained the fact that we find the same phenomenon among different peoples by its spread from one center. In a given territory, a certain combination of cultural elements is identified and a “cultural circle” is constituted. According to their concept, all history comes down to the movement and stratification of “cultural circles”, divorced from specific creators of culture. Supporters of the cultural-historical school adhered to diffusionist views on the issue of cultural dynamics.

CULTURAL-HISTORICAL ERA – a historical period of time during which people are united by a certain cultural community, for example, antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, etc.

CULTURAL-HISTORICAL TYPES are integral sets of characteristic elements of the life of an ethnic group, manifested in religious, socio-economic, political and other relations. The concept of cultural-historical types was first formulated by N. Ya. Danilevsky in his work “Russia and Europe”. According to his concept, the result of the positive activity of a particular people is the creation of a unique, isolated, local cultural and historical type. Danilevsky identifies in chronological order ten cultural and historical types that have completely or partially exhausted the possibilities of their development. These are types such as: 1) Egyptian, 2) Chinese, 3) Assyrian-Babylonian-Phoenician, 4) Indian, 5) Iranian, 6) Jewish, 7) Greek, 8) Roman, 9) Arabian, 10) Germanic Romanesque or European. To these types the author adds two more American types: Mexican and Peruvian, who died a violent death and did not have time to complete their development. Each of the ten types showed itself as a bright individuality. All 10 + 2 peoples realized themselves in cultural, and not in destructive activities and not as ethnographic material.

CULTURAL SUPERSYSTEMS – systems of cultures of the highest ranks. The concept was introduced into scientific use by P. Sorokin (work “The Crisis of Our Time”). According to Sorokin, in the course of its development, society creates various cultural systems: cognitive, religious, ethical, legal, etc. The main property of all these cultural systems is the tendency to unite them into a system of higher ranks. As a result of the development of this trend, cultural supersystems are formed. Each of these cultural supersystems, according to Sorokin, “has its own mentality, its own system of truth and knowledge, its own philosophy and worldview, its own religion and model of “holiness,” its own forms of fine literature and art, its own rights, laws, code of conduct, its own dominant forms of social relations, its own economic and political organization, and finally, its own type of personality with its own mentality and behavior.”

These cultural supersystems are not just a collection of various coexisting, but in no way connected phenomena, but represent a unity based on a fundamental principle that permeates all its component parts and expresses the basic, main value. This value constitutes the basis, the foundation of any culture, manifested in worldview, attitude, and worldview. In accordance with different types of worldviews, Sorokin identified three sociocultural systems, two of which (ideational and sensual) are basic, and the third (idealistic) is transitional.

CULTURAL UNIVERSALS - (from the Latin universalis - general, universal) - norms, values, rules, traditions, aspects of culture that are universal in nature, present at all stages of the development of the human race, and do not depend on the geographical location or historical structure of society.

CULTURAL ORGANISM – the perception of culture as a living biological organism, which in its development goes through the stages of origin, growth, flourishing, aging and dying. This point of view was shared by many authors, including G. Spencer, N. Ya. Danilevsky, O. Spengler, and most evolutionists.

CULTURE SHOCK is the result of immersion in an unfamiliar culture by an unprepared visitor. Culture shock occurs when familiar psychological factors that help a person function in society disappear and are replaced by unknown and incomprehensible ones. Culture shock reflects the conflict between the old, inherent in the individual as a representative of the society he left, and the new, i.e. representing the society in which he arrived, cultural norms and orientation; conflict of two cultures at the level of individual consciousness. The concept was introduced into scientific use by the American anthropologist F. Boas.

"CULTURAL CIRCLES" THEORY - a theory developed by Fritz Graebner (1877-1934), according to which each element of culture emanates from a single center, appears only once in history in a certain place and belongs to one "cultural circle", together with which is distributed to other countries. Graebner identified 6 such circles, including the Sumerians, Ancient Egypt, and the Yellow River Valley. Such a “cultural circle” is an artificially created combination of arbitrarily selected elements, which does not develop in time, but only interacts with other “circles” in geographical space. The spread of cultural elements or complexes in space occurs as a result of migration or displacement. In other words, elements of one "circle" can spread by diffusion and overlap with elements of another "circle". “Cultural circles” that replace each other over time form cultural layers. The entire history of culture is the history of the movement of several “cultural circles” and their mechanical interaction (“stratification”).

CULTUROLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE CONCEPT OF “CIVILIZATION” is an approach in which civilization is considered as a special socio-cultural phenomenon, limited by a certain space-time framework. In most cases, the basis of this phenomenon is religion (M. Weber, A. Toynbee). Some scientists point to clearly defined parameters of technological development (A. Toynbee).

The culturological approach to the definition of the concept of “civilization” assumes that, in a broad sense, civilization is the totality of material and spiritual achievements of society in its historical development; in the narrow sense, civilization is only material culture. Within the framework of the cultural approach, “civilization” is mainly defined as a sociocultural community with qualitative specificity; a holistic concrete historical formation, distinguished by the nature of its relationship to the natural world and the internal features of its original culture.

CULTURAL STUDY – (from Latin cultura + Greek logos – knowledge, teaching, word) – a scientific discipline that studies culture as a natural integrity through the prism of the cultural formation of society and man; "explaining culture." Culturology is an integrative field of knowledge, born of the needs of the modern era at the intersection of cultural philosophy, cultural psychology, cultural and social anthropology, ethnology, sociology of culture, history and theology of culture. The basis of cultural knowledge is the individual sciences about culture, within the framework of which the initial analytical synthesis of its various facts and phenomena is formed. Culturology is a methodological basis that combines all the diversity of aspects of the study of culture into a holistic system. Cultural research is aimed at an empirical description of culture, comparative analysis of cultures, intercultural communication, studying the origins of the general and specific, stable and changeable in culture. Culturology acts as a system-forming factor of the entire complex of cultural sciences, its methodological basis.

Culturology is characterized by integrity, systematicity and an integrated approach to the study of culture. Integrity presupposes consideration of culture (as an object of study) in its internal unity, when the properties of the whole are not reduced to the properties of its parts. The principle of systematicity allows us to analyze culture as a system that reveals integrity, to identify types of connections between cultural elements.

Culturology studies the interaction of cultural elements (traditions, norms, customs, social institutions, cultural codes, ideologies, technologies, etc.); a reasonable human form of existence, i.e. those meanings with which the world is filled for a person. The goal of cultural research is to understand both one’s own and another culture. It includes the study of the basic structures responsible for the preservation and transmission of sociocultural experience of human activity; studying the factors that weaken the “bricks” underlying cultural and historical formations, rebuilding their “code” in the process of creativity; studying the cumulative consequences of the real history of the “humanization” of the world.

The subject of cultural studies is culture, or the content of social life. Culturological knowledge is ultimately intended to provide an understanding of what a person is, what world he lives in, what he should do and what he can hope for, what should be the ways of his communication with the surrounding reality.

Culturological knowledge represents the unity of theoretical and historical approaches to understanding the forms of cultural life. But the processes of cultural and historical development are of interest to cultural studies to the extent that this allows us to understand and explain modern culture. It includes not only the construction of models, but also explores the sociodynamic processes of culture.

Culturological knowledge is systematic, that is, it is a holistic view of human existence, according to which each element acquires meaning, function and content in relation to the whole. It is theoretical in nature not only in content, but also in function, that is, it explains phenomena, their genesis, and predicts the emergence of new ones. Culturological knowledge is the result of theoretical activity, revealing the universal form of existence of cultural phenomena. This knowledge reflects the general foundations of various cultural facts, determines the order of their system formation and interaction as a form of existence, constitutes the content of the indicative basis for solving life problems, and determines methods of behavior in various situations in sociocultural practice.

Culturology is developing in the general integrative process of interaction between the socio-humanitarian, natural and technical sciences, with its ever-increasing connections with the particular sciences of culture. At the same time, cultural knowledge has a direct practical application related to planning and forecasting, regulation of social life in general, with the management of diverse areas of sociocultural practice, the activities of groups, organizations, etc.

Culturology as an integrative socio-humanitarian discipline is a necessary component of the professional training of specialists in almost all areas of human activity, since the search and adoption of adequate decisions, their optimal implementation today urgently require analysis and consideration of the entire complex of sociocultural factors, as well as knowledge of the history of their formation and development.

CULTURAL PHILOSOPHY – (from German Kulturphilosophie) – a section of philosophy that studies the essence and meaning of culture. This is an understanding of culture. Cultural philosophy denotes approaches to the study of the essence, purpose and value of culture, its conditions and forms of manifestation. The term was introduced into scientific circulation by the German romantic Adam Müller (1779-1829) at the beginning of the 19th century. The same as the philosophy of culture.

LIBIDO - (from Latin libido - attraction, desire, passion, aspiration) - mental energy, which is based on sexual need, transforming in the sphere of the unconscious into various types of mental activity. One of the main conceptual concepts of psychoanalysis. In K. Jung's interpretation, this concept is deprived of its sexual nature and is considered primarily only as psychic energy in general, hidden in the unconscious.

LIMINAL COMMUNITIES - (from the Latin limen - threshold) - communities that arise and exist in intermediate areas of social cultures. Examples of liminal communities include hippie communes. Liminal personalities are characterized by an uncertain status, usually by “dropping out” from society.

LOCAL CIVILIZATION is a region of the world that, in the sociocultural sense, develops independently, regardless of the processes occurring in other regions, on the basis of its own cultural norms and values, a special worldview, usually associated with the dominant religion.

LOCAL-HISTORICAL OPTION OF INTERPRETING THE CONCEPT OF “CIVILIZATION” is an option in which civilizations are considered as qualitatively different unique ethnic or historical social formations. Among the supporters of this option there is no unity on the question of how many civilizations there were in the past and how many exist at the present time. The criteria for identifying civilizations are: chronological order (N. Ya. Danilevsky), unity of type (according to A. Toynbee, societies of the same type “are usually called civilizations”), religious (A. Toynbee: “Orthodox-Christian”, “Islamic” ", etc.), tropical (L. White identifies types of civilizations: ironic - Western Europe, metaphorical - the Middle East, synecdotal - India and metonymic - China).

LOCAL TYPES OF CULTURES – closed, self-sufficient types of cultures that do not maintain dialogue with other types.

MAGIC - (from the Greek mageia - magic, witchcraft) - a set of rituals and actions associated with the belief in the possibility of influencing the surrounding reality with the help of imaginary supernatural forces. Magic is one of the forms of primitive religious beliefs that has survived to this day and is an integral element of all modern religions. It is expressed in a number of symbolic actions and rituals with spells and ceremonies. D. Fraser (“The Golden Bough”) noted that symbolic thinking is based on the magic of similarity (sympathetic), which manifested itself in attempts to harm the enemy by manipulating his image, and the magic of contact (contagious), which includes witchcraft techniques based on law of contact. Usually there are “white”, “black” and economic magic. The first two magics are respectively focused on “good” (removing damage, love spells, treatment, etc.) and “evil” (causing damage, injury, etc.), economic magic is aimed at success in economic activities (causing rain in drought, abundant harvest, successful completion of work, etc.).

CULTURAL MARGINALITY - (from Late Lat. marginalis - located on the edge; adjective originating from margo - edge, border) - a concept indicating the intermediate, non-adaptive, “borderline” position of a person between any social groups, and, accordingly, types of culture . Cultural marginality arises as a result of changes in normative value systems under the influence of intercultural contacts, social changes and technological factors. A marginal personality arises when a person of a certain culture is forced to master other social roles, lifestyles, and cultural values ​​that are alien to him. All this leaves a certain imprint on the human psyche.

The term was introduced into science by the American sociologist R. Park, who believed that the “marginal personality” has a number of characteristic traits: anxiety, aggressiveness, ambition, sensitivity, constraint, and self-centeredness.

Initially, this term was used to refer to the socio-psychological consequences of incomplete adaptation of migrants from rural areas to the demands of the urban lifestyle. Subsequently, the term acquired a broader meaning and marginal culture began to include “cultural hybrids” who find themselves between a dominant social group that does not fully accept them, and a group of origin that repels them. Marginalized people also mean individuals who have lost their former social ties and do not fit into a certain sociocultural situation.

MASS CULTURE - (from Latin massa - lump, piece) - a cultural phenomenon of the 20th century, generated by the scientific and technological revolution, urbanization, the destruction of local communities and the blurring of territorial and social boundaries. The mass dissemination of cultural phenomena is associated with the development of information and communication systems, radio, television, cinema, etc., which contributed to the creation of a mass audience of consumers of cultural products. Mass culture is characterized by the peculiarities of the production of cultural values ​​in a modern industrial society designed for mass consumption (mass production is understood by analogy with conveyor technology in industrial production). Popular culture initially emerged as a market for businesses specializing in entertainment. Mass culture, shallow, standard, is the culture of everyday life and is manifested in the leveling of creative individuals, in the replication and accessibility (in the sense of intelligibility to everyone) of cultural values, and the priorities of metropolitan forms of existence. It is designed for the “average” person and is formed under the influence of the mass consciousness’ perception of sociocultural stereotypes generated by the media.

MATERIALIST DIRECTION IN CULTURAL STUDY is a direction that began with the concepts of K. Marx and F. Engels.

K. Marx identified two levels in any society: base and superstructure. According to his concept, “being determines consciousness,” that is, “the mode of production and material life determines the basic character of the social, political and spiritual processes of life.” Thus, the economic factor is the foundation on which other aspects of society are built. Therefore, diversity and cultural change are directly related to the basis (the mode of production and the economy).

Currently, there are three types of materialist trends in the study of culture: 1) cultural materialism, the representative of which is M. Harris (b. 1927); 2) cultural evolution - Leslie White (1900-1975); 3) cultural ecology - Y. Steward (1902-1972). In all varieties it is argued that there are three levels in culture: 1) technological, 2) sociological, 3) ideological. Moreover, the technological aspect underlies, shapes and influences the other two aspects of culture. Thus, following Marx, modern materialists consider the main and fundamental “technological and economic factors” that play a major role in the creation of culture.

The main provisions of M. Harris' cultural materialism and L. White's cultural evolution somehow coincide with Marx's concept. According to the cultural ecology of Yu. Steward, the environment is an addition, a factor that contributes to giving shape to cultures.

MATERIAL CULTURE is a concept whose scope of definition includes: 1) culture of labor and material production; 2) culture of life; 3) topos culture, i.e. place of residence (home, house, village, city); 4) culture of attitude towards one’s own body, etc. According to W. Osborne, the author of the term, material culture is all material objects, as well as inventions and changes in the development of technology. The concept of “material culture” is a consequence of the philosophical tradition of dividing existence into spirit and matter. It should be noted that the division of culture into material and spiritual is very arbitrary, since any artifact is a complex combination of both material and spiritual elements of culture.

MATRIARCHAL AND PATRIARCHAL TYPES OF CULTURE – one of the classifications of cultures based on value bases. An example is the concept of I. Ya. Bachofen (1815-1887), set out in the work “Maternal Right” (1861): at the dawn of human history, blood ties could only be traced through the maternal line, so the woman-mother acted as a ruler and legislator both in family and in society as a whole. This left an imprint on the structure of the family and society, and was clearly reflected in religion. The value foundations of the matriarchal type of culture were connections with the land and blood ties. Its most important characteristic is passive perception and attitude towards nature. For a matriarchal culture, equality of people is natural, since they are all children of mothers and children of Mother Earth. Unconditional maternal love, which makes no distinction between children, despite their merits, achievements or failures, is the most important value on which this type of culture is based. For him, nothing is more important than human life, there is no other goal than the happiness of people. The long course of history has led to a change in this value paradigm: men have become the ruling force in the family and society. A patriarchal structure was established, which is characterized by a monogamous family (mainly for women), the unconditional dominance of the father in the family and a social hierarchy. In the sphere of religion, the mother goddess is replaced by gods personifying the masculine principle. They become the supreme deities. The patriarchal type of culture, in contrast to the matriarchal one, is characterized by an active principle: the desire to make efforts to change the natural environment, the predominance of rational thinking and the priority of laws. Equality is being replaced by the principle of the beloved (or eldest) son in the hierarchy; submission to authority is considered the most important value.

The concept of L. Frobenius (1873–1938) assumes the existence of two primary cultures: matriarchal, which includes Russians, Germans and African peoples, and patriarchal - Anglo-Saxons, Berber Arabs, Romanesque peoples, etc. Patriarchal peoples have a worldview “from the cave”, activity in conquering nature, animal nature, rationality, magic. The worldview of matriarchal cultures is characterized by a plant origin and unity with nature; this is a worldview of open spaces and emotions.

According to Frobenius, history is alternately dominated by either one or the other type of culture. This process of leadership change acts as a source of human development.

MATRIARCHY - (from Latin mater - mother + Greek arche - beginning, power; literally: the power of the mother) - a form of social structure characterized by the dominant position of women (matrilineal inheritance of property, social status), matrilocality or dislocality of settlements. Existed mainly at the stage of the early period of the primitive system, in some peoples it was preceded by patriarchy (“the power of the father”); sometimes persisted during the transition from the tribal system to mass society.

MEM - (short for the Greek mimeme - memory) is a culturally inherited unit of information, similar to a gene. Memes are analogues of a biological genotype. The author of the term and idea of ​​memes, R. Davkin, introduced the concept of “meme” in the book “The Selfish Gene” (1975), giving it the following definition: a meme is “a cognitive-behavioral pattern transmitted from one person to another through communication.” Davkin argues that since the person who transmitted the meme continues to be its carrier, transmission can be considered duplication (or "propagation") of memes: a copy of the meme ends up in the cognitive system of another person, turning him or her into the carrier of the meme. The process of self-reproduction, leading to the ever-increasing spread of memes, defines them as “reproducers”, similar in this respect to genes. Examples of memes include melodies, ideas, catchphrases, clothing styles, production technologies, construction technologies, etc. According to Davkin, memes "jump" from one person's brain to another's, causing a process of "imitation."

Memes are ideas that mutate and are inherited like genes and spread like viruses.

MEMETICS is a science that studies memes and their distribution in the human community; one of the branches of the modern stage of the evolutionary direction in the study of culture. Memetics has not yet developed into an exact science: it lacks formalization, definite results, and empirically verifiable hypotheses.

MENTALITY – (from Latin mentalis – mental, spiritual) – attitude, worldview; mindset, mental attitude, image, way of thinking of an individual or social group; deep psychological level of collective and individual consciousness. Mentality is a set of psychological and behavioral attitudes of an individual or social group, which is formed in the depths of culture under the influence of traditions, social institutions, and the human environment. A person’s holistic way of life is determined by a mentality that unites value forms of consciousness (morality, religion, philosophy, etc.) with the world of unconscious mental states.

MIMESIS - (from the Greek mimos - imitation, reproduction) - a method of artistic creativity (mainly in art), expressed in imitation of nature, accurate reproduction of the appearance of people and objects. The term "mimesis" was introduced by Aristotle. Democritus wrote: “Man sees that he can create the same thing that happens in nature. A swallow builds its nest - architecture appears. The spider weaves its web - weaving appears. A person hears how a nightingale sings and how a swan sings, and singing appears.”

MYTH - (from the Greek mythos - legend, legend) - an archaic story about the deeds of gods and heroes, about the gods and spirits who rule the world. A myth is a person’s attempt to explain to himself the entire structure, the meaning of the universe, the cosmos, of which he is a part, in which he lives. Myth is a sensory idea of ​​the world, when a person does not oppose himself to nature, therefore a generalizing principle is always present in myth. Mythologemic consciousness is characteristic of man throughout history, and not only in its early stages. Modern man also creates myths, sensually generalizing the phenomena of modern life.

MYTHOLOGEM – conscious borrowing of mythological motifs and transferring them into the world of modern artistic culture.

MYTHOLOGY – (from the Greek mythos – legend + logos – teaching) – a way of understanding and explaining the universe, society in the early stages of human development. In mythology, the norms and rules of political, social and industrial human activity were “coded” and consolidated.

FASHION – (from Latin modus – measure, method, rule) – change of cultural patterns; the short-term dominance of a certain taste in any area of ​​life or culture. Unlike style, fashion reflects more short-term and superficial changes in the external forms of everyday objects and works of art.

YOUTH SUB-CULTURE is a set of values, traditions, customs inherent in young people, for whom leisure and recreation as the leading forms of life have replaced work as the most important need. In this case, satisfaction with life in general depends on satisfaction with leisure. The youth subculture acts as an alternative to the existing way of life and culture. It is characterized by attempts to form one’s own worldview, one’s own manners of behavior, style of clothing and hairstyles, forms of leisure, etc.

MORAL CULTURE is a historically established system of normative relations between people, forming an area of ​​cultural practice. Moral culture is based on fixed norms of relationships, sanctified by tradition.

MORPHOLOGY OF CULTURE – (from the Greek morphe – form + logos – teaching) – the study of typical forms and structures of culture. The starting point of cultural morphology is the belief that the development of culture is determined by the internal laws of society. Within the framework of cultural morphology, with the help of comparisons and analogies, attempts are made to identify the sources and factors of the development of cultures and the stages of their existence - from birth to death. A great contribution to the morphology of culture was made by the German philosopher of cultural history Oswald Spengler (“The Decline of Europe”).

MASCULINE AND FEMALE PRINCIPLES OF CULTURE are two characteristics inherent in culture, inextricably linked, competing and mutually complementing each other. The predominance of masculinity determines the priority of power, the value of things, sovereignty and independence, ambition and representativeness. The feminine principle provides culture with values ​​of a different order: quality of life, caring, interdependence and, in the highest sense, humanity. Both principles play an equal role in the life of humanity, being realized as the desire for change, innovation and the desire for stability and sustainability. J. Bachofen viewed world history as an eternal struggle between light and darkness, heaven and earth, birth and death, male and female principles. The Earth, according to Bachofen, is “the bearer of motherhood,” while the Sun “carries out the development of the paternal principle.” N. Berdyaev reflected on the “femininity” of Russian culture and the “masculinity” of German culture.

FOLK CULTURE is a non-professional, anonymous, collective culture. Includes myths, legends, tales, epics, fairy tales, songs, dances.

SCIENCE is a specialized field of culture, oriented towards knowledge. The main functions of science are to form a system of logically ordered knowledge based on a specially organized theoretical and empirical study of reality; constructing rational forecasts; control of the processes under study based on experiment.

“THE SCIENCE OF CIVILIZATION” is an attempt by the Polish philosopher F. Konecny ​​in the 30s. XX century to create a science whose main goal is to develop a theory of civilization, to clarify the origin and nature of the diversity of civilizations. “The science of civilization” understands the latter as a social integrity, “a special form of organizing the collectivity of people,” “a method of organizing collective life.” The structure of life and the uniqueness of civilizations are determined by five categories, or factors: good, truth, health, well-being and beauty. The inner life of civilization