Reflection of the era in I.S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons.” Essay “Turgenev’s artistic skill in revealing the ideological contradictions of the era in the novel “Fathers and Sons” The era depicted by Turgenev in Fathers and Sons
The poet must be a psychologist, but a secret one: he must know and feel the roots of phenomena, but represent only the phenomena themselves - in their flourishing or withering.
G.B. Kurlyandskaya.
Book "I. S. Turgenev and Russian literature.”
Article “Hamlet and Don Quixote”
Hamlets- egoists and skeptics, always running around with themselves and not finding anything in the world to which they could “cleave their souls.”
They are prone to analysis, but they question everything.
They are indecisive, there is no active, strong-willed principle in them.
Donquixotes - devoid of selfishness, concentration on oneself, on one’s thoughts and feelings.
The purpose and meaning of existence is seen in truth that is “outside the individual.”
Don Quixote is ready to sacrifice himself for her triumph. He captivates people's hearts with his enthusiasm.
As a historical figure, Don Quixote inevitably finds himself in a dramatic situation. The historical consequences of his activities are always at odds with the ideal he serves.
The dignity and greatness of Don Quixote “lies in the sincerity and strength of conviction itself”...
And on whose side is I.S. Turgenev?
The writer dreams of the possibility of a union of all anti-serfdom forces, of the unity of liberals with revolutionary democrats. He would like to see more courage and determination in the Hamlet nobles, and sobriety and self-analysis in the quixotic democrats.
The article reveals Turgenev’s dream of a hero without the extremes of Hamletism and quixoticism in his character.
Analysis of chapters 1-4 of the novel “Fathers and Sons”
Chapter 3. Landscape. From the words: “The places they passed through...
To the words: “...but how to fulfill them, how to start?”
- What details indicate the situation of the peasants?
- Why does the writer avoid bright, colorful epithets in this description?
- What idea does Turgenev want to lead the reader to?
Where else in this chapter is there talk about peasant Russia? About changing the relationship between landowners and ordinary men?
What troubles does Nikolai Petrovich talk to Arkady on the way home7
Why Nikolai Petrovich changed the clerk7
Why did Nikolai Petrovich sell the forest?
Group 1. Chapter 2. From the words: “Nikolai Petrovich quickly turned around...”
Until the words: “... disappeared behind the gate again..”
1. Why didn’t Bazarov immediately shake hands with Nikolai Petrovich?
3. How is he dressed? (describe)
5. Note the behavior of Peter's servant.
Group 2. Chapter 4. From the words: “...but at that moment a man entered the living room...”
Until the words: “Is this one hairy?
- Well, yes."
1. What does Turgenev emphasize in Pavel Petrovich’s clothes, in general appearance, in the portrait?
2. Why didn’t Pavel Petrovich shake hands with Bazarov?
3. How does this characterize him?
4. Note the features of his behavior.
5. Note the attitude of the peasants towards their masters (see the very beginning of Chapter 4).
Group 3 . Chapter 3. From the words: “For your arrival, my soul”
To the words: “Do you want a cigar? - Bazarov shouted again.”
1. Did Bazarov intentionally interrupt Nikolai Petrovich’s reading of poetry? Maybe he didn't hear them?
2. Assess Bazarov’s behavior.
Chapter 4. From the words: “And your uncle is eccentric...”
Until the words: “Bazarov left, and Arkady was overcome by a joyful feeling.”
1. What irritates Bazarov about Pavel Petrovich?
2. Why is Nikolai Petrovich, according to Bazarov, a nice fellow?
Signs of the era in the novel “Fathers and Sons”
I.S. Turgeneva
1. The peasants live poorly and have nothing to feed the cattle. The village is going bankrupt. The economy is falling into disrepair.
2. The age-old relationship between the landowner and the peasants is collapsing. The peasants no longer show the same respect to the master. They even try to harm the landowner.
3. Hostile relations develop between commoner Bazarov and aristocrat Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov.
Homework. 1. Reading chapters 5-10
Chapter assignment.
Ch. 6 - Bazarov’s opinion about science, judgments about aristocrats
Ch. 7 – Bazarov’s reasoning about education
Ch. 9 – Bazarov’s attitude to marriage, nature, music
Ch. 10 – Bazarov’s judgments about poetry, art, aristocracy and the Russian people
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Development of a lesson on literature
Reflection of the era in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
Teacher
Boronina Irina Armenovna
The purpose of the lesson: trace how the era is reflected in the novel, reveal the ideological and artistic originality of the novel, and develop skills in working with text.
During the classes:
Teacher's word:
When we begin work on a work, we try to comprehend the era contemporary with the author or his creation.
How important do you think such historical and cultural commentary is?
In the second half of the 19th century, rapid changes took place in the structure of society, new layers appeared (the proletariat, commoners), the Russian public was divided into several opposing camps, waging a continuous struggle with each other, constantly changing both the composition and the program of action. The concepts of conservatives, liberals and radicals, Slavophiles and Westerners appear. The ideas of socialism and nihilism excite the best minds and cause heated debate.
Literature becomes a “tribune” for preaching the social and political ideas of authors. And among this “ferment of minds” the voice of I.S. is heard especially clearly. Turgenev.
Revolutionary-democratic criticism considered Turgenev’s “lively attitude towards modernity” to be a very valuable quality. Dobrolyubov emphasized that the modernity and relevance of Turgenev’s novels is amazing. If he has already touched on a problem, then this is a sure sign that it will soon become important to everyone.
Pisarev in the article “Bazarov” noted: “Through the fabric of the story one can see the author’s personal, deeply felt attitude towards the identified phenomena of life. And these phenomena are very close to us, so close that all of our young generation, with their aspirations and ideas, can recognize themselves in the characters in this novel.”
Turgenev social pre-reform commoner
The ability to capture the movement of life, to show something new and developing. This quality of Turgenev the artist also appears in the novel “Fathers and Sons,” written in 1861.
How is the novel connected to the era?
Before answering the question of our lesson today, let's turn to the political and social problems that took place in the writer's contemporary society?
Individual assignment for students.
Question to the class:
What else do you know about this era?
Sample answer material:
The novel is set in 1855-1861. - a difficult period for Russia. In 1855, the war that Russia lost with Turkey ended; this defeat was shameful for our country. The most important event in domestic politics also took place: a change of reign.
Nicholas I died, his death ended the era of repression, the era of suppression of public liberal thought.
During the reign of Alexander II, the education of various segments of the population flourished in Russia. The commoners become a real social force, while the aristocracy loses its leading role. Of course, the education that commoners received was fundamentally different from that of the nobility. Aristocratic youth studied “for themselves,” that is, it was education in the name of education itself.
The commoners had neither the money nor the time for such a luxury as broadening their horizons. They needed to get a profession that would feed them and bring real benefit to people.
This attitude determined the range of specialties that were predominantly chosen by commoners. These were mainly natural sciences; they completely denied the spiritual world.
At this time, capitalist relations also began to develop in Russia; their development was hampered by the rotten feudal system. The question of the peasant revolution was on the agenda. On this issue, a split occurred between the liberals, who stood for the reformist path, and the revolutionary democrats, who considered it ineffective.
At the beginning of March 1861, the tsar's manifesto of February 19 on the liberation of the peasants was published. Centuries of slavery were ended. The peasants finally received their long-awaited freedom. However, as the democratic revolutionaries expected, the reform was not carried out in the interests of the people. The land still remained in the hands of the landowners, and for those small plots that the peasants received, they were obliged to either pay quitrents or work off corvée. A wave of peasant unrest and riots swept across the country, which were suppressed by the government with incredible cruelty.
A revolutionary situation has developed in Russia. Revolutionary democrats began to prepare an uprising: a secret society “Land and Freedom” arose, the ideological inspirer of which was Chernyshevsky, proclamations were distributed calling for a decisive battle with the autocracy.
At first, Turgenev enthusiastically welcomed the liberation of the peasants. But by the end of 1861 his enthusiasm had cooled noticeably; he could not help but see that the reform had not solved the peasant question. True, he still hoped that “things would go well,” but more and more often notes of disappointment began to sound in his letters from this period. “We live in dark and difficult times,” he wrote in December 1861 to his friend N.P. Borisov, “we still won’t get out of it.”
Thus, the novel “Fathers and Sons” was written during the years of the revolutionary situation, when the serfdom system was bursting at the seams.
What main problems of the era have you identified for yourself?
Stratification of society into opposing factions.
The problem of serfdom.
The problem of changing priorities in education and the views of the new generation.
Today we will try to determine how these problems are reflected in the novel, i.e. How does the novel by I.S. Is Turgenev connected with the era? To do this, we will work on the material from chapters 1-4 of the novel. The work will take place in groups.
Group assignment:
1 group.
Why I.S. Does Turgenev give a clear dating of the events taking place?
What time of year coincides with the beginning of the novel?
How is this reflected in the theme in Chapter 1 of the novel?
Sample answer:
In the novel, Turgenev uses precise dating, wanting to evoke in the reader a specific idea of the historical situation. The action in "Fathers and Sons" begins on May 20, 1859 and ends in the winter of 1860.
These were the years when the crisis of the serfdom system was revealed, when the struggle between the camps of revolutionary democrats and liberals intensified.
In this era, a new type of progressive figure is being formed - a democrat commoner, a man of action, not phrases.
It is no coincidence, in our opinion, that the season is spring. Nature is waiting for renewal, change, revival, and this theme is continued in the further development of events - the father is waiting for his son.
Write down your conclusions.
Group 2.
Highlight key words and phrases.
What means of artistic expression help the writer create the image of a pre-reform village?
Sample answer:
Through the eyes of Bazarov’s friend Arkady Kirsanov, who returned from St. Petersburg to his father’s estate, we see a picture that makes our hearts involuntarily clench: “The places they passed through could not be called picturesque...”
Let's see how the landscape is depicted in Chapter 2 of the novel.
We see “villages with low huts under dark, often half-swept roofs” (“villages”, “huts” - the very form of these words speaks of a meager, beggarly life). It can be assumed that hungry cattle have to be fed straw from the roofs. This comparison also says a lot: “like beggars in rags, the roadside willow trees stood with stripped bark and broken branches. Peasant cows, “emaciated, rough, as if gnawed, greedily nibbled the first grass. And here are the peasants themselves - “well-worn on bad nags.” The peasants' economy is meager, miserable: "crooked threshing sheds", "empty threshing floors" ...
Turgenev will no longer depict the poverty of the people, but the picture of the pre-reform village presented in the exhibition makes such a strong impression that there is nothing to add to it.
Write down your conclusions.
Group 3.
What external changes in the relations between masters and peasants indicate the internal contradictions of the era?
Sample answer:
A few meager details convey the changes that occurred in relation to the peasants and their masters.
The servants do not meet the old and young master (remember the scenes of farewell to the leaving Pyotr Grinev, Alexander Oduev, Andrei Ivanovich Stolts - there is a crowd of servants and serfs everywhere)
The servant, to whom everything: a turquoise earring in his ear, pomaded multi-colored hair, and polite body movements, in a word, everything revealed a man of the newest, improved generation, looked condescendingly along the road and answered: “No, sir, I can’t see it.”
The conversation about the timber brought by Nikolai Petrovich is important; he needed money, but the land, alas, still had to go to the peasants.
It is no coincidence that the mention that some clerk from the bourgeoisie has to pay 250 rubles a year; the valet Peter is also free. The former faithful servants (Savelichs, Zakharovs) are now few in number.
The peasants hope for the reform and expect a lot from it. In the meantime, even on the estate of the good Nikolai Petrovich, the master’s crops are being poisoned by horses, and the barnyard is “inadvertently” set on fire.
Write down the conclusions:
And the central question of the era immediately arises: “No... this poor region, it does not amaze you with either contentment or hard work; it’s impossible, he can’t stay like this, transformations are necessary... but how to carry them out, how to start?...”
Group 4.
What is the significance of Arkady’s reflections on the life of the Russian village he saw (“No... this poor region, it does not amaze you with either contentment or hard work; it is impossible, it is impossible for him to stay like this, transformations are necessary... but how to carry them out, how to begin ...") to develop the main conflict of the novel?
How are the characters of the main characters already outlined in the exhibition? What details allow you to see this?
What relationships develop along the way between the characters?
Sample answer:
The attitude to this issue, to the fundamental problems of Russian life in the 60s determines the ideological differences between Bazarov and the rest of the characters in the novel. And the disagreement between them appears on the very first pages, in the exposition.
We have already said that the commoners were not satisfied with the reformist solution to the issue. They wanted revolutionary changes, they wanted to bring real benefits to people.
Subtly noticed details allow the writer to discover the most important things both in social views and in the mental makeup of his heroes.
Nikolai Petrovich is waiting for his son, ready to sit for 5 hours, loving, attentive, but despite Arkady’s letter, he forgot that he was coming with a friend (there is no room in the stroller for Bazarov), so the verbs in the episode “departure of the stroller” convey both the social status of the characters and their condition. Father and son "fit" in a stroller, Bazarov "jumped up" in tarantass, "buried" head...
Arkady is clearly under the influence of Bazarov. He is cheeky, familiar, condescending in conversation with his father, feels secret superiority and enjoys the “consciousness of his own development and freedom.”
Bazarov interrupts Nikolai Petrovich's reading of Pushkin. He destroys the father’s lyrical mood, and forces his son to remember how to behave according to new concepts. He is deaf to beauty and brings alienation into the relationship between father and son.
Nikolai Petrovich “had something pricked in his heart”, a pang: how would the relationship with his son work out?
In the first chapters, the main conflict of the novel is already outlined, which will further develop.
Write down your conclusions.
Lesson summary:
Discuss in groups the recorded conclusions (compare with what you wrote down yourself)
Teacher:
As you know, it is impossible to understand and evaluate the images of heroes without understanding and appreciating the situation in the country in which the characters’ views took shape and were shaped. And therefore Turgenev paints before the reader a wide panorama of contemporary Russia, conveying in detail the life, customs and descriptions of nature. In the exposition of the novel, the initial landscape depicting poverty, misery, predetermines the theme of the entire work, leads to the idea of the need to change the order that gave rise to such desolation.
The novel “Fathers and Sons” is a sharply polemical work. In it, the writer reflected not only the eternal problem of “fathers and sons” and the most important issues of human existence associated with it, but also the collision of “the present century and the past century,” i.e. social conflict, the struggle not only of two generations, but also of representatives of two camps: liberals and revolutionary democrats.
Why does the writer so consistently introduce us to three biographies of his heroes? Why questionnaire accuracy in a work of art?
What impression did Bazarov and P.P. make? Kirsanov at each other?
Compare the portraits of the heroes.
Individually:
Brief retelling of the main points of the biographies of the heroes
Compile a biography of Bazarov based on the text.
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I. S. Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" is a multi-themed work. Already in the title itself is the main theme of the novel - this is the problem of generations, the eternal problem of classical literature. In addition to this problem, the work raises other issues - the conflict of two socio-political forces operating in Russia in the 60s, liberals and democrats.
The novel depicts nobles and commoners of two generations - “fathers” and “children”. Turgenev wants to show us how a commoner democrat will behave in an environment alien to him. In Maryino, where Bazarov arrived with Arkady, Evgeny is a guest who differs in his democratic appearance from his landowner owners. And he disagrees with his friend Arkady on the main thing - his idea of life. Throughout the entire novel, we observe the subordination of a weak nature to a stronger one: Arkady to Bazarov. But still, Arkady gradually acquires his own opinion. He no longer blindly repeats Bazarov’s nihilist judgments: in the dispute, Kirsanov Jr. expresses his own point of view. One day their argument almost led to a fight.
The difference between the characters can be seen already from their behavior in Kirsanov’s house. Evgeny studies nature, and Arkady does practically nothing. Judging by the red color of Bazarov’s hand, one can guess that he is a man of action. And indeed, wherever he is, Evgeniy tries to get busy. His vocation is natural sciences. He studies nature and tests theoretical discoveries in practice.
Note that interest in science is a typical feature of the cultural life of Russia in the 60s, which means that Bazarov keeps up with the times. Arkady is the complete opposite of Bazarov. He doesn't do anything, and nothing captivates him. The main thing for Arkady is comfort and peace, and for Bazarov - to work, not to sit idly by.
Friends have different opinions regarding literature. For example, Bazarov denies Pushkin’s poetry, and completely unfoundedly. Arkady, on the contrary, admires the poet. Arkady is always well dressed and has aristocratic manners. Bazarov does not follow the rules of good manners, he simply does not consider it necessary. This is visible in all his actions, habits, manners, speeches, appearance. He does not like, for example, a “beautiful” phrase. “Oh, my friend, Arkady Nikolaevich,” he says to his young admirer, “I ask one thing, don’t talk so beautifully!”
Bazarov is shown as a simple man, alien to any brokenness and, at the same time, strong, powerful in soul and body. He is distinguished by firmness and directness of judgment.
Arkady is naive in the consciousness of his mental superiority over the concepts of his father and uncle. He good-naturedly regrets their backwardness. How quickly he resolves all issues, how easily he copes with everything, how it costs him nothing to break and destroy anything out of pure nihilism. Arkady is not the person he wants to seem. The opinions he flaunts do not penetrate deep inside him; they can disappear like the morning fog. All his impulses are explained by the desire to be like Bazarov, to be the same firm and tough person.
But gradually Arkady realizes the futility of his aspirations. The "student" leaves the power of the "teacher". Arkady's resistance to Bazarov is already evident from the conversation about the role of nature in human life.
Arkady has no enemies, but Bazarov hates many. “You, gentle soul, are a weakling,” says Bazarov, realizing that Arkady can no longer be his associate. The "disciple" cannot live without principles. In this way he is very close to his liberal father and Pavel Kirsanov. But Bazarov appears before us as a man of the new generation, which has replaced the “fathers” who were unable to solve the problems of the era. Arkady belongs to the old generation, the generation of “fathers”.
Arkady wants to be the son of his age and “puts on” Bazarov’s ideas, which absolutely cannot merge with him. He belongs to the category of people who are always looked after and who always do not notice the care. Bazarov treated him patronizingly and almost always mockingly; he understood that their paths would diverge.
In addition to the main male characters, the novel also presents female characters belonging to the generation of “children”.
So, Anna Sergeevna and Katerina Sergeevna in the novel are opposites. Anna is flirtatious and talkative, while Katerina is timid, silent, “constantly blushes and quickly takes a breath.” She loves to read, think about life, about books, about people, than to dance at balls.
Odintsova had suffered enough in life (“grated kalach”) and now it was as if she only wanted to take a break from her past. More than once in conversations with Bazarov she called herself old. Anna Sergeevna has a strong character, so she suppressed her younger sister a little. Katya is a nice girl, and although at first she is perceived as a pale shadow of Odintsova, she still has character. The individuality of this heroine is gradually revealed, and it becomes clear that in alliance with Arkady Kirsanov she will be the main one.
Thus, in Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” a whole gallery of images of “children” is presented. Each of the heroes is diverse and individual, however, they are also divided into those who accept “eternal” values and are guided by them, and those who, by denying, come to self-destruction.
On February 19, 1861, the Tsar signed a manifesto on liberation
peasants, published on March 5 of the same year. From now on Russia
entered a new – post-reform – period of its historical development.
Its beginning was marked by a new wave of peasant uprisings. Truly
the predatory nature of the tsarist reforms soon became clear to many
representatives of the progressive Russian intelligentsia. It became clear and
Turgenev. However, a lot of time passed before he finally
freed from illusions associated with his former hopes for Alexander
II. This period of evolution of his worldview was very complex and contradictory.
Turgenev is increasingly losing confidence that his hopes
will come true. How much pain there was in his letters of this period, how much
concern for the fate of his native country.
It was during this dark and difficult time that Turgenev came to even more
full understanding of the enormous significance that it had for the future of Russia
activities of revolutionaries. Then he becomes increasingly critical
attitude towards liberals.
In February 1862, Turgenev’s fourth novel, “Fathers and
children”, which most fully reflected the socio-political views
writer of that time, reflected his attitude to everything that happened in
Russia.
The theme of two generations, which predetermined the plot of the novel “Fathers and Sons,” was
prompted Turgenev by the fierce ideological struggle between liberals and
democrats, which unfolded during the preparation of the peasant reform.
While working on the novel, Turgenev took into account and reflected not only the sensational controversy
about two generations - many others are reflected in the novel
the most important events in the social and political life of that time: controversy over
issues of art and literature, disputes on issues of philosophy, history, etc.
The title of the novel “Fathers and Sons” is often understood in a very simplified way: change
social ideology of generations, conflict between aristocrats and commoners. But
Turgenev’s novel is not limited to the social sphere alone, it also has
psychological sound. And reduce the whole meaning of the work exclusively to
ideology means to understand it “in Bazarov’s way.” After all, Bazarov himself
believes that the essence of the new time is the need to sweep away from the face of the earth everything
done by the “fathers”, to discredit them, with their “principles” and morals, in
the name of the foggy “bright future”. Such a vulgar simplification of the meaning of the era
and the novel, which recreates and explores this era, is unforgivable.
The problem of fatherhood is one of the most important; it is a problem of unity of development
of all humanity. Only a person’s awareness of his roots, his deep
a spiritual connection with the past gives him the future. Generational change is always a process
not easy and not painless. “Children” receive the entire inheritance from their “fathers.”
spiritual experience of humanity. Of course, they should not slavishly copy
“fathers”, a creative rethinking of their life credo is necessary - but
rethinking based on respect for the principles of ancestors. In the era of social
shocks, such a revaluation of values by the new generation occurs much more
more harshly and cruelly than necessary. And there are always results
tragic: too much is lost in a hurry, these gaps are too complex
replenish.
In Russia in the 19th century, the strongest social upheaval was
Decembrist revolt. The generation for which the period of formation passed in
era of the Nikolaev reaction, was unable to accept the high code of honor of its
fathers, it will become the “Lost Generation” in Russian history. “In a crowd
gloomy and soon forgotten” one of the best sons of this generation will call him
M.Yu. Lermontov, who comprehended all the tragedy for the spiritual life of society
events of December 14.
The concept of “hero of the time” introduced by Lermontov means a person
most typical for a given era, the character and fate of which
formed by this era, reflect its pains and troubles, ups and downs.
Of course, a generation cannot consist of only “heroes of the time.”
The era seems to “touch the edge” of the bulk of people; they can adapt to any era
adapt. And this is wonderful - imagine a generation of only
Pechorins or Bazarovs! Impossible: life would stop.
"Air of the era"
Composition
The composition of the novel “Fathers and Sons” is monocentric: the main character is in the center, and all the “formal” elements of the work are aimed at revealing his character.
During his “wanderings,” Bazarov visits the same places twice: Maryino, Nikolskoye, Bazarova. Thus, we first get acquainted with the hero, and then we witness how, under the influence of circumstances (a duel with Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, a quarrel with Arkady, love for Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, etc.) his views and beliefs change.
The originality of the landscape in the novel "Fathers and Sons"
Compared to other novels by I.S. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons” is much poorer in landscapes. The exception is the description of the area near Maryino in Chapter 3 (the landscape serves as proof of Arkady’s thought: “transformations are necessary”). Evening landscape in Chapter 11 (shows the one-sided views of Bazarov, who believes that “nature is not a temple, but a workshop,” and N.P. Kirsanov, who, admiring nature, does not pay attention to the poverty of the peasants). The picture of an abandoned rural cemetery in chapter 28 (sets the reader up for philosophical reflection).
Features of the Turgenev landscape
1.
Turgenev’s landscape never merges with the analysis of the characters’ experiences, and this analysis itself is practically absent - the writer’s psychologism is “secret”, veiled. In this plannature in worksTurgenev not related to the characters' inner lives. At the same time, researchers have repeatedly noted that Turgenev’s pictures of nature are often given in the perception of the heroes, colored by their emotionality and subjective worldview. And in this the writer gets closer to Tolstoy and Goncharov.
2
.
The peculiarity of Turgenev’s landscape is its picturesqueness,“watercolor”, lightness. Researchers of the writer’s work have repeatedly noted that Turgenev is an artist of halftones, subtle shades, color tints, and various lighting effects. He does not use sharp, defined colors, clear, rough lines either in landscapes or in portraits. However, despite the special airiness and lightness of Turgenev’s paintings of nature, they are all very lively and realistic, tangibly concrete. This is created thanks to the sound, tactile and olfactory richness of these paintings. Turgenev's landscapes are full of natural sounds and smells; he masterfully conveys the sensations of summer morning heat and night freshness, spring wind and frosty winter air. And with these features Turgenev’s landscapes remind us of the landscapes of Lermontov and Fet.
3.
A special contemplative attitude towards nature, recognition and affirmation in creativity of its aesthetic meaning, its beauty and mystery. In the depiction of nature, Turgenev perceives accuracy and fidelity in descriptions of natural phenomena... Turgenev's landscape is psychological. Nature in Turgenev she lives, breathes, changes in every moment either harmonizing with a person’s feelings and experiences, or shading them, becoming a participant in a given moral and psychological situation.
4.
Turgenev often depicts pictures of nature seen by a traveler, a hero who is on the road.
The functions of landscape in the novel are different. This is a transfer of the psychological state of the heroes, the characteristics of their characters. The landscape creates a mood, emphasizing the comic or tragic in situations and situations. The paintings of nature created by Turgenev are full of philosophical motifs and are associated with the ideological meaning of the work.
Genre
“Fathers and Sons” is a multifaceted novel in terms of genre. The presence of a family-beat theme allows us to call it family, the use of a socio-historical conflict as a concept - social, a deep study of human characters - psychological, and the coverage of philosophical problems - philosophical. Most often, given the degree of development of these aspects, the genre “Fathers and Sons” is defined as a socio-psychological novel.
Epoch and characters in the novel "Fathers and Sons"
Turgenev created a huge number of characters. His prose is different
large “population.” In his artistic world there were
represented by almost all the main types of Russian life, although not in
the ratio they actually had.
How Turgenev saw pre-reform Russian reality and how
did she appear in his artistic world? Turgenev's characters represent
mainly the nobility and the peasantry - the two main classes, on
which were held by the autocratic-serf state. Other
recreated in the artistic world of Turgenev very selectively.
Among the Russian people, Turgenev first of all found selfless, spiritually
pure romantics and rationalists-practitioners who do not know how to “make a living”,
thinking on an all-Russian scale, ironically minded.
The novel “Fathers and Sons” is also full of interesting images.
As is known, Turgenev usually began work on a new work with
so-called preparatory materials, and above all - from the preparation
“Formular list of characters”, where real prototypes were indicated
future heroes, their characters and biographies were studied in detail.
BAZAROV
For Turgenev, Bazarov is another denier, a denier named in novel by a nihilist, that is, a person who, as Turgenev explained, “to
treats everything from a critical point of view, which does not bow to
by what authorities, who does not accept a single principle on faith, by what
no matter how respectful this principle is.”
Having decided to embody typical features in Bazarov’s way of thinking
worldview of the “new people” of the 60s, Turgenev based his statements
on philosophy and socio-political issues laid down thoughts,
developed in a number of articles by Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, and on issues
scientific and natural – in Pisarev’s articles.
Bazarov, a nihilist, represents the “new people.” Bazarov is the grandson of the sexton,
son of the district doctor. Materialist, nihilist. He says “lazy, but
in a courageous voice”, the gait is “firm and swiftly bold”. Speaks
clear and simple. Important features of Bazarov's worldview are his atheism and
materialism. He “had a special ability to inspire confidence in people
inferiors, although he never indulged them and treated them carelessly.”
Bazarov does not deny in the name of denial alone, he denies in the name
triumph of a positive ideal. Bazarov craves useful work and is capable
surrender to him without reserve. And since now the old is in the way of building something new, he
convinced of the need to destroy it.
Bazarov inherited many of the traits from Insarov, only this time
These features were written out more clearly by Turgenev.
It is curious that the writer introduced into Bazarov traits of spiritual duality,
which arose, according to Turgenev, as a result of the inevitable in the conditions
of that time, even for revolutionaries, hesitation between faith and disbelief in
activity of the masses.
Bazarov’s attitude towards the peasants was very complex and contradictory.
He searched, but did not find a common language with them. At the same time, Bazarov didn’t even
hid that he despises the peasant, “if he deserves contempt” “in
your current position."
Note that the last words of Bazarov, the writer, obviously, according to censorship
reasons, he did not leave it in the final text of the novel, but it still contains
There are enough hints that it was serfdom that was so
depressed the Russian peasant that he now “does not understand himself” and
extremely passive. And it was precisely for this lack of understanding and passivity that he condemned
his Bazarov.
At the same time, the views of Bazarov himself, his life position were
predetermined, as emphasized in the novel, also by the modern situation
serfs in Russia. In a dispute with P.P. Kirsanov Bazarov says
to him: “You blame my direction, but who told you that it is in me
it is accidental that it is not caused by the very spirit of the people in whose name you
Is that how you stand?”
Turgenev portrayed the peasants’ relationship with Bazarov as equally complex.
He was not a gentleman to them and therefore quickly earned their favor and
confidence. And yet the peasants often shunned Bazarov;
they really couldn’t - they didn’t understand him, and sometimes he seemed funny to them,
even “something like a clown.”
And this last circumstance, perhaps, should have been
Turgenev's thoughts, bringing Bazarov even closer to Don Quixote, help to believe
that for the “nihilists” there will come a moment when “the mass of people<...>
believing wholeheartedly,” will follow them.
Bazarov is depicted in the novel as a lonely man who has no worthy
like-minded people. His tragedy is that he was “born early.” He himself is ready for
fight, but, realizing that the people are not yet ready for a fight, he tells Arkady about
future generation: “They will be smart because they will be born on time,
not like you and me.”
Bazarov is endowed not only with will, but also with intelligence, not only with enthusiasm, but
and knowledge. And therefore he is close not only to Don Quixote, but also to Hamlet.
What are the reasons for Bazarov’s cruelty?
The hero experiences an acute tragic internal conflict: the incompatibility of the demands of living human nature with nihilism; the impossibility for a strong personality to renounce his convictions and the impossibility of turning away from the demands of nature.
Bazarov is trying to resist what is happening to him, to fit his inner “I” into the framework of nihilism, the following of which he considers the meaning of his life. This forces him to commit cynical, cruel acts, and show indifference to the feelings of the people around him.
Bazarov's longing for love
Having left Nikolskoye with the thought that he would never achieve Odintsova’s love, Evgeny Vasilyevich went to Maryino in order to get distracted and do what he loved - conducting chemical experiments. But he fails to disconnect from the thought of Anna Sergeevna, then Bazarov decides to flirt with the gullible Fenechka, but at the wrong moment he is caught by Pavel Petrovich and challenges him to a duel. Evgeny Bazarov accepts the challenge.
- What is Bazarov’s attitude to the duel?
- Why does he accept Pavel Petrovich’s challenge?
Bazarov's attitude to the duel: “That’s my opinion,” he said. –
From a theoretical point of view, a duel is absurd; Well, from a practical point of view, this is a different matter.
- So you want to say, if I just understood you, that whatever your theoretical view of a duel, in practice you would not allow yourself to be insulted without demanding satisfaction?
- You completely guessed my thought.
- Very good, sir. I am very pleased to hear this from you. Your words bring me out of obscurity...
- Out of indecision, you want to say.
Bazarov accepts Pavel Petrovich’s challenge only because he was going to hit him with a stick if he refused.
What is the behavior of opponents during a fight?
“Bazarov quietly moved forward, and Pavel Petrovich walked towards him, putting his left hand in his pocket and gradually raising the muzzle of the pistol... “He’s aiming right at my nose,” thought Bazarov, “and how diligently he squints, the robber!” However, this is an unpleasant feeling I’ll start looking at the chain of his watch...” Something made a sharp noise right next to Bazarov’s ear, and at the same instant a shot rang out. “I heard, so it’s nothing,” managed to flash through his head. He stepped again and, without aiming, suppressed the spring. Pavel Petrovich trembled slightly and grabbed his thigh with his hand. A trickle of blood flowed down his white trousers."Bazarov behaves calmly and courageously. After Pavel Petrovich is wounded, he instantly turns from a duelist into a doctor,
assisting the wounded.
Pavel Petrovich looks inappropriately pompous and funny,
until he receives a wound, which Bazarov heals.
Bazarov and social activities
I.S. Turgenev wrote about his hero: “If he is called a nihilist, then it should be read: revolutionary.” In fact, the political program of Bazarov, who claims that his job is to “clear the place” and others will build, is very vague and strange. Rejecting old theories, he does not intend to trust new ones: will they turn into dogmas that demand obedience?Unlike the populists (real revolutionaries of that time), Evgeniy Vasilyevich does not think of winning the people to his side. Thus, he bears little resemblance to a revolutionary, but the author of the novel captured in him the very spirit of revolutionary populism of those years, with its hatred of the existing order of things and renunciation of all public and civil benefits.
Relations with the people
On the one hand, closeness to ordinary people, the servants' sympathy for Bazarov, a true educational view of the people.On the other hand, there is the inability to find a common language with men: on his parents’ estate it turns out that the people whose interests he defends are incomprehensible to him.
And Evgeny himself, in the eyes of the peasants, is “something like a clown.”
The symbolism of Bazarov's death
The death of the hero is deeply symbolic. He dies senselessly: even without fulfilling his medical duty, but only while practicing, he becomes infected, falls ill and dies.Why did the author need such a death of the hero?
To bring out all the strength and power of the individual in him. Unable to realize himself in life, Bazarov, in the face of death, shows his nobility, height of spirit, and perseverance. The dying Bazarov is simple and humane: there is no longer any need to hide his “romanticism.” An absurd death does not embitter the hero. He sincerely tries to console his parents, not to show his suffering, not to prevent them from seeking solace in religion. He finds simple and eternal words when saying goodbye to his only love, Anna Sergeevna Odintsova.
PAVEL PETROVICH KIRSANOV
Pavel Petrovich is the son of a military general in 1812. Graduated from page school
frame. He had a pleasant, handsome face and youthful slimness. Aristocrat,
An Anglomaniac, he was funny, self-confident, and indulged himself. Living in a village 
brother, retained aristocratic habits.
According to Pavel Petrovich, nihilists simply do not recognize anything and
they don't respect anything. The question is what to admit, on what basis, on what grounds
build your beliefs - is extremely important for Pavel Petrovich. That's what
represent the principles of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov: the right to lead
aristocrats gained their position in society not by origin, but
moral virtues and deeds (“The aristocracy gave freedom to England and
supports it”), i.e. moral standards developed by aristocrats -
support of the human personality. Only the immoral can live without principles
People. Pavel Petrovich’s “principles” do not correlate in any way with his activities
for the benefit of society.
Evgeny Bazarov's denial of the state system leads Pavel
Petrovich is confused (he “turned pale”).
Pavel Petrovich is undoubtedly an educated and interesting person.
It was Turgenev who contrasted him with Bazarov’s “machine” of denial; he was called upon
balance the nihilist, his image helps the reader understand all
subtleties of the situation, draw your own conclusions about the positive
sides of nihilism and the old order.
Portrait characteristics
NIKOLAI PETROVICH
Kirsanov Nikolai Petrovich - nobleman, father of Arkady Kirsanov, widower. N.K. - a weak person, but kind, sensitive, delicate and noble. This hero strives to realize his romantic ideal in life - to work and seek happiness in love and art. N.K. trying to keep up with the times. He, to the best of his ability, transforms the estate and establishes new relations with the peasantry. He has a wife, a young girl Fenechka, and a small child.
N.K. treats young people kindly and sympathetically who are trying to live and think differently. But Bazarov perceives N.K. as a “retired man” (“his song is sung”). Even his own son, whom the hero loves very much and sees as his heir, tries to re-educate his father and often offends him. But the loving patience of the father and the maturation of the son allow them to become closer at the end of the novel. Both Kirsanovs are united in common life values and a common cause (household management).
Odintsova
Anna Sergeevna Odintsova is an aristocrat whom Bazarov fell in love with. O. displays features characteristic of the new generation of nobles: the absence of snobbery and arrogance, freedom of judgment and democracy. O. is smart and proud. Her deceased old husband left O. a huge inheritance. This allows the heroine to live independently and do as she pleases. Only O. hasn’t wanted anything for a long time. She tells Bazarov: “I’m very tired, I’m old, it seems to me that I’ve been living for a very long time... There are a lot of memories, but there’s nothing to remember, and there’s a long, long road ahead, in front of me, but there’s no goal... I don’t even want to go.” Behind the serene calm and measured existence of the heroine lies her spiritual coldness, inability to engage in hobbies, indifference, and selfishness. Bazarov himself tells O. that she wants to fall in love, but is not capable of it. And in this spiritual coldness lies her misfortune. But O. herself chose the path “without emotions.” This is a calm and comfortable path that does not bring joy, but also does not make you suffer. At the end of the novel, the heroine marries “not out of love, but out of conviction” in order to ensure a prosperous life until old age.SITNIKOV, KUKSHINA
Sitnikov is a pseudo-nihilist who considers himself a student of Bazarov. He tries, just like his idol, to be free and daring. However, his imitation looks comical. S. understands “nihilism” as overcoming one’s complexes. He is ashamed, for example, of his father, a tax farmer, who makes money by getting people drunk, and suffers from the insignificance and worthlessness of his personality. And “nihilism” allows the hero to feel his significance, his involvement in a “great” cause. S. is characterized by “anxious and dull tension” and dog-like devotion to the leader, Bazarov, despite the fact that he openly despises him. Bazarov believes that the Sitnikovs are needed for dirty work: “It’s really not for the gods to burn pots!” Kukshina Avdotya Nikitishna is an emancipated landowner and pseudo-nihilist. K. is very harsh in her assessments and irreconcilable in her views. She is interested in the situation of women around the world (“the women’s issue”) and is interested in natural sciences. This heroine is cheeky, vulgar, stupid. In addition, she is sloppy and unkempt. K. has an unhappy fate as a woman: she is ugly, does not enjoy success with men, and is abandoned by her husband. In “nihilism” she finds relaxation, a feeling of being busy with “important work.” In the novel, this image is presented in satirical tones.Social atmosphere
The world is structured in such a way that “youth” and “old age” mutually balance each other in it: old age restrains the impulses of inexperienced youth, youth overcomes the excessive caution and conservatism of old people, pushing life forward. This is the ideal harmony of existence in Turgenev’s imagination.
Film adaptations of the novel
1915 - Fathers and Sons (dir. Vyacheslav Viskovsky)
1958 - Fathers and Sons (dir. Adolf Bergunker, Natalya Rashevskaya)
1974 - Fathers and Sons (dir. Alina Kazmina, Evgeny Simonov)
1983 - Fathers and Sons (dir. Vyacheslav Nikiforov)
2008 - Fathers and Sons (dir. Avdotya Smirnova)
Conclusion
“Fathers and Sons” is not only Turgenev’s best novel, but one of the most brilliant works of the 19th century. The novel reflects not only social, but also universal human problems. It was in “Fathers and Sons” that I.S. Turgenev managed for the first time to create a positive type of figure. The novel was completed in 1861.Development of a lesson on literature
Teacher: Boronina Irina Armenovna
Lesson #2.
Lesson topic.
I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Reflection of the era in the novel.
The purpose of the lesson:
To trace how the era is reflected in the novel, to reveal the ideological and artistic originality of the novel, to develop skills in working with text.
During the classes:
Teacher's word:
When we begin work on a work, we try to comprehend the era contemporary with the author or his creation.
^ How important do you think such historical and cultural commentary is?
In the second half of the 19th century, rapid changes took place in the structure of society, new layers appeared (the proletariat, commoners), the Russian public was divided into several opposing camps, waging a continuous struggle with each other, constantly changing both the composition and the program of action. The concepts of conservatives, liberals and radicals, Slavophiles and Westerners appear. The ideas of socialism and nihilism excite the best minds and cause heated debate.
Literature becomes a “tribune” for preaching the social and political ideas of authors. And among this “ferment of minds” the voice of I.S. Turgenev is heard especially clearly.
Revolutionary-democratic criticism considered Turgenev’s “lively attitude towards modernity” to be a very valuable quality. Dobrolyubov emphasized that the modernity and relevance of Turgenev’s novels is amazing. If he has already touched on a problem, then this is a sure sign that it will soon become important to everyone.
Pisarev in the article “Bazarov” noted: “Through the fabric of the story one can see the author’s personal, deeply felt attitude towards the identified phenomena of life. And these phenomena are very close to us, so close that all of our young generation, with their aspirations and ideas, can recognize themselves in the characters in this novel.”
The ability to capture the movement of life, to show something new and developing. This quality of Turgenev the artist also appears in the novel “Fathers and Sons,” written in 1861.
^ How is the novel connected with the era?
Before answering the question of our lesson today, let's turn to the political and social problems that took place in the writer's contemporary society?
– Individual student assignment.
^ Question to the class:
What else do you know about this era?
Sample answer material:
– The time period of the novel is 1855-1861. - a difficult period for Russia. In 1855, the war that Russia lost with Turkey ended; this defeat was shameful for our country. The most important event in domestic politics also took place: a change of reign.
Nicholas I died, his death ended the era of repression, the era of suppression of public liberal thought.
During the reign of Alexander II, the education of various segments of the population flourished in Russia. The commoners become a real social force, while the aristocracy loses its leading role. Of course, the education that commoners received was fundamentally different from that of the nobility. Aristocratic youth studied “for themselves,” that is, it was education in the name of education itself.
The commoners had neither the money nor the time for such a luxury as broadening their horizons. They needed to get a profession that would feed them and bring real benefit to people.
This attitude determined the range of specialties that were predominantly chosen by commoners. These were mainly natural sciences; they completely denied the spiritual world.
At this time, capitalist relations also began to develop in Russia; their development was hampered by the rotten feudal system. The question of the peasant revolution was on the agenda. On this issue, a split occurred between the liberals, who stood for the reformist path, and the revolutionary democrats, who considered it ineffective.
– At the beginning of March 1861, the tsar’s manifesto of February 19 on the liberation of the peasants was published. Centuries of slavery were ended. The peasants finally received their long-awaited freedom. However, as the democratic revolutionaries expected, the reform was not carried out in the interests of the people. The land still remained in the hands of the landowners, and for those small plots that the peasants received, they were obliged to either pay quitrents or work off corvée. A wave of peasant unrest and riots swept across the country, which were suppressed by the government with incredible cruelty.
A revolutionary situation has developed in Russia. Revolutionary democrats began to prepare an uprising: a secret society “Land and Freedom” arose, the ideological inspirer of which was Chernyshevsky, proclamations were distributed calling for a decisive battle with the autocracy.
At first, Turgenev enthusiastically welcomed the liberation of the peasants. But by the end of 1861 his enthusiasm had cooled noticeably; he could not help but see that the reform had not solved the peasant question. True, he still hoped that “things would go well,” but more and more often notes of disappointment began to sound in his letters from this period. “We live in dark and difficult times,” he wrote in December 1861 to his friend N.P. Borisov, “we still won’t get out of it.”
Thus, the novel “Fathers and Sons” was written during the years of the revolutionary situation, when the serfdom system was bursting at the seams.
What main problems of the era have you identified for yourself?
Stratification of society into opposing factions.
The problem of serfdom.
The problem of changing priorities in education and the views of the new generation.
Today we will try to determine how these problems are reflected in the novel, i.e. How is I. S. Turgenev’s novel connected with the era? To do this, we will work on the material from chapters 1-4 of the novel. The work will take place in groups.
Group assignment:
Why does I.S. Turgenev give a clear dating of the events taking place?
What time of year coincides with the beginning of the novel?
How is this reflected in the theme in Chapter 1 of the novel?
Sample answer:
In the novel, Turgenev uses precise dating, wanting to evoke in the reader a specific idea of the historical situation. The action in "Fathers and Sons" begins on May 20, 1859 and ends in the winter of 1860.
These were the years when the crisis of the serfdom system was revealed, when the struggle between the camps of revolutionary democrats and liberals intensified.
In this era, a new type of progressive figure is being formed - a democrat commoner, a man of action, not phrases.
It is no coincidence, in our opinion, that the season is spring. Nature is waiting for renewal, change, revival, and this theme is continued in the further development of events - the father is waiting for his son.
Write down your conclusions.
Group 2.
Highlight key words and phrases.
What means of artistic expression help the writer create the image of a pre-reform village?
^ Sample answer:
Through the eyes of Bazarov’s friend Arkady Kirsanov, who returned from St. Petersburg to his father’s estate, we see a picture that makes our heart involuntarily clench: “The places they passed through could not be called picturesque...”
Let's see how the landscape is depicted in Chapter 2 of the novel.
We see “villages with low huts under dark, often half-swept roofs” (“villages”, “huts” - the very form of these words speaks of a meager, beggarly life). It can be assumed that hungry cattle have to be fed straw from the roofs. This comparison also says a lot: “like beggars in rags, the roadside willow trees stood with stripped bark and broken branches. Peasant cows, “emaciated, rough, as if gnawed, greedily nibbled the first grass. And here are the peasants themselves - “well-dressed on bad nags.” The peasants' economy is meager, miserable: "crooked threshing sheds", "empty threshing floors" ...
Turgenev will no longer depict the poverty of the people, but the picture of the pre-reform village presented in the exhibition makes such a strong impression that there is nothing to add to it.
Write down your conclusions.
Group 3.
What external changes in the relations between masters and peasants indicate the internal contradictions of the era?
Sample answer:
A few meager details convey the changes that occurred in relation to the peasants and their masters.
The servants do not meet the old and young master (remember the scenes of farewell to the leaving Pyotr Grinev, Alexander Oduev, Andrei Ivanovich Stolts - everywhere there is a crowd of servants and serfs)
The servant, for whom everything: the turquoise earring in his ear and the pomaded multi-colored hair, and the polite movements, in a word, everything exposed a man of the newest, improved generation, looked condescendingly along the road and answered: “No way, no way.”
The conversation about the timber brought by Nikolai Petrovich is important; he needed money, but the land, alas, still had to go to the peasants.
It is no coincidence that the mention that some clerk from the bourgeoisie has to pay 250 rubles a year; the valet Peter is also free. The former faithful servants (Savelichs, Zakharovs) are now few.
The peasants hope for the reform and expect a lot from it. In the meantime, even on the estate of the good Nikolai Petrovich, the master’s crops are being poisoned by horses, and the barnyard is “inadvertently” set on fire.
Write down the conclusions:
And the central question of the era immediately arises: “No... this poor region, it does not amaze you with either contentment or hard work; it’s impossible, he can’t stay like this, transformations are necessary... but how to carry them out, how to start?...”
Group 4.
What is the significance of Arkady’s reflections on the life of the Russian village he saw (“No... this poor region, it does not amaze you with either contentment or hard work; it is impossible, it is impossible for him to stay like this, transformations are necessary... but how to carry them out, how to begin ...") to develop the main conflict of the novel?
How are the characters of the main characters already outlined in the exhibition? What details allow you to see this?
What relationships develop along the way between the characters?
^ Sample answer:
The attitude to this issue, to the fundamental problems of Russian life in the 60s determines the ideological differences between Bazarov and the rest of the characters in the novel. And the disagreement between them appears on the very first pages, in the exposition.
We have already said that the commoners were not satisfied with the reformist solution to the issue. They wanted revolutionary changes, they wanted to bring real benefits to people.
Subtly noticed details allow the writer to reveal the most important things both in social views and in the soulful disposition of his heroes.
Nikolai Petrovich is waiting for his son, ready to sit for 5 hours, loving, attentive, but despite Arkady’s letter, he forgot that he was coming with a friend (there is no room in the stroller for Bazarov), so the verbs in the episode “departure of the stroller” convey both the social status of the characters and their condition. Father and son “fit” in the stroller, but Bazarov “jumped” into the tarantass and “buried” his head….
Arkady is clearly under the influence of Bazarov. He is cheeky, familiar, condescending in conversation with his father, feels secret superiority and enjoys the “consciousness of his own development and freedom.”
Bazarov interrupts Nikolai Petrovich's reading of Pushkin. He destroys the father’s lyrical mood, and forces his son to remember how to behave according to new concepts. He is deaf to beauty and brings alienation into the relationship between father and son.
Nikolai Petrovich “had something pricked in his heart”, a pang: how would the relationship with his son work out?
In the first chapters, the main conflict of the novel is already outlined, which will further develop.
Write down your conclusions.
Lesson summary:
Discuss in groups the recorded conclusions (compare with what you wrote down yourself)
As you know, it is impossible to understand and evaluate the images of heroes without understanding and appreciating the situation in the country in which the characters’ views took shape and were shaped. And therefore Turgenev paints before the reader a wide panorama of contemporary Russia, conveying in detail the life, customs and descriptions of nature. In the exposition of the novel, the initial landscape depicting poverty, misery, predetermines the theme of the entire work, leads to the idea of the need to change the order that gave rise to such desolation.
The novel “Fathers and Sons” is a sharply polemical work. In it, the writer reflected not only the eternal problem of “fathers and sons” and the most important issues of human existence associated with it, but also the collision of “the present century and the past century,” i.e. social conflict, the struggle not only of two generations, but also of representatives of two camps: liberals and revolutionary democrats.
Why does the writer so consistently introduce us to three biographies of his heroes? Why questionnaire accuracy in a work of art?
What impression did Bazarov and P.P. make? Kirsanov at each other?
Compare the portraits of the heroes.
Individually:
Brief retelling of the main points of the biographies of the heroes
Compile a biography of Bazarov based on the text.
