Final test on ecology for technical school students. Administrative control test in the discipline "Ecology" for first-year students
Rostov region
educational institution
Rostov region
CONSIDERED I APPROVED
Protocol No.___ dated________________ __________ /Tapsieva T.E./
Chairman of the MK: _______ /Ksenz V.A./ “______”___________2016
CONTROL AND MEASUREMENT MATERIALS
"Ecology"
:
01/23/03 “Car mechanic”
Teacher: Cherskova N.N.
Zernograd
2016 Explanatory note.
The curriculum and work program of the State Budgetary Educational Institution RO "ZTAT" provides for a form of organization of monitoring the knowledge and skills of students in the general education discipline "Ecology": differentiated credit.
Differentiated assessment is carried out at the final stage of mastering the general education discipline “Ecology”. The assessment is carried out in the form of testing students.(agreed with the methodological commission, protocol No.__ dated_________________)
A differentiated test in the general education discipline “Ecology” aims to evaluate the student’s work at the end of the course, the theoretical knowledge acquired, its strength, the development of creative thinking, the acquisition of independent work skills, and the ability to synthesize acquired knowledge.The content of the discipline “Ecology” is aimed at achieving the following goals:
- obtaining fundamental knowledge about ecological systems and the features of their functioning under conditions of increasing anthropogenic pressure; the history of the emergence and development of ecology as a natural science and social discipline, its role in shaping the picture of the world; about methods of scientific knowledge;
- mastering the skills to think logically, justify the place and roleenvironmental knowledge in the practical activities of people, in the development of modern technologies;
Determine the state of ecological systems in nature and in urban and rural settlements; conduct observations of natural and artificial ecosystems in order to describe them and identify natural and anthropogenic changes;
Development of cognitive interests, intellectual and creative abilities of students in the process of studying ecology; ways to develop environmental activities; while working with various sources of information;
Fostering confidence in the need for rational use of natural resources, careful attitude towards natural resources and the environment, and one’s own health; respect for the opponent’s opinion when discussing environmental problems;
Using acquired knowledge and skills in ecology in everyday life to assess the consequences of one’s activities (and the activities of other people) in relation to the environment, the health of other people and one’s own health; compliance with the rules of behavior in nature.
KIM materials for the general education discipline “Ecology” contain tests, standards of answers and criteria for assessing students during the test.
Annex 1
Ministry of General and Vocational Education
Rostov region
State budgetary professional
educational institution
Rostov region
"Zernograd College of Agricultural Technologies"
CONSIDERED I APPROVED
at a meeting of the methodological commission Deputy. SD Director:
Protocol No.__ dated_________________ __________/Tapsieva T.E./
FINAL TEST FOR CREDIT
IN GENERAL EDUCATION DISCIPLINE
"Ecology"
for professions of secondary vocational education
technical and natural science profile :
01/23/03 “Car mechanic”
01/08/07 “Master of general construction works”
01/35/11 “Agricultural Production Master”
01/35/23 “Mistress of the estate”
Teacher: Cherskova N.N.
Zernograd
2016
“AGREED” “APPROVED”
" " 20 " " 20
I option
Ecology is a science that studies:
the impact of pollution on the environment;
B)the impact of pollution on human health;
the impact of human activities on the environment;
G)the relationships of organisms with their environment (including the variety of their relationships with other organisms and communities).
Anthropogenic factors are:
all factors associated with human activities that influence nature;
B)xenobiotics;
components of the external environment that directly affect living nature;
D) components of the external environment that indirectly affect living nature.
When is International Environment Day celebrated?
When was the UNEP committee formed?
A) 1970; B) 1979; B) 1984; D) 1972; D) 1992
What types of pollution are there?
gases, dust, solid waste, liquid waste;
B) material and energy;
material, radioactive, gases, dust;
D) gas and dust emissions, wastewater;
D) physical, chemical, physico-chemical, biological.
How much nitrogen is there in the atmosphere?
86%; B) 70%; B) 78%; D) 68%.
7. What is the oxygen content in the atmosphere?
48%; B) 21%; B) 15%; D) 25%.
9. Nature conservation is:
A) protection from anthropogenic impact;
B) limiting the use of natural resources;
C) protection of individual natural objects;
D) compliance with environmental standards;
D) practical implementation of measures to optimize the relationship between human society and nature.
10. “Red Books” are:
A) lists of flora and fauna objects subject to protection;
B) characteristics of species requiring protection;
B) danger signals;
D) a program to save and increase the number of species of plants and animals that are in danger of extinction.
11. Types of pollution by impact scale:
A) straight; B) local; B) indirect; D) material; D) global; E) regional.
12. What percentage of the territory of the Russian Federation is occupied by specially protected natural areas:
A) 21; B) 5; AT 3;D) 1; D) 13.
13. In what year was the term monitoring introduced?
A) 1994; B) 1993; B) 1965; D) 1972;D) 1984.
14.
A) environmental struggle B) environmental consequences
C) environmental situation D) environmental monitoring
15. Types of home pollution:
“AGREED” “APPROVED”
Chairman of the MK: Deputy. SD Director:
/Ksenz V.A./ /Tapsieva T.E./
" " 20 " " 20
FINAL TEST for the course "Ecology"
II option
1.When was it created Unified State Environmental Monitoring System (USESM)?
A) 1994; B) 1993;B) 1965; D) 1972; D) 1984.
2. Who first introduced the word “ecology”:
A) V. Sukachev; B) Yu. Liebig; B) E. Haeckel;D) Jean-Jacques-Rousseau; D) V. Vernadsky.
3. Main functions of nature reserves:
A) serve as standards of nature;
B) breeding of certain species of plants and animals;
C) preserve the gene pool of nature;
D) a combination of nature conservation and recreation;
D) monitor natural processes and predict them.
4. Acid rain is associated with:
A) changes in solar radiation;
B) an increase in carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere;
C) an increase in the amount of ozone in the atmosphere;
D) emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.
5. Substances that contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer:
A) inorganic substances; B) carcinogenic substances;
B) freons; D) heavy metals; D) herbicides.
6. Solid waste is divided into:
A) industrial and non-industrial; B) industrial and municipal;
IN)industrial and radioactive; D) metal and food.
7. Types of home pollution:
A) microclimatic; B) industrial; B) physical;
D) metal; D) chemical; E) biological.
8. Which group of pollution includes electromagnetic radiation, vibration, noise:
A) microclimatic; B) industrial; B) physical;
D) metal; D) chemical; E) biological.
9. What is not a physical pollutant of the environment?
A) noise; B) vibration;
B) electromagnetic radiation; D) radioactive emissions.
10. Territories excluded from economic activity for the purpose of preserving natural complexes that have special ecological, historical, aesthetic value, and also used for recreation and cultural purposes:
A) reserve; B) reserve; B) botanical garden; D) national park.
11 . Regular monitoring and control of the environment; identifying changes caused by anthropogenic impact is called:
A) environmental struggle; B) environmental consequences;
B) environmental situation; D) environmental monitoring.
12. Unique or typical, scientifically, culturally, educationally or aesthetically valuable natural objects (groves, lakes, ancient parks, picturesque rocks, etc.):
A) reserve; B) reserve; B) national park; D) a natural monument.
13. Main functions of reserves:
A) serve as standards of nature; B) breeding of certain species of plants and animals;
C) preserve the gene pool of nature; D) a combination of nature conservation and recreation.
d. monitor natural processes and predict them.
14. Ecology is a science that studies:
A) the impact of pollution on the environment;
B) the impact of pollution on human health;
C) the impact of human activities on the environment;
D) the relationships of organisms with their environment (including the variety of their relationships with other organisms and communities).
15. What is the content of inert gases in the atmosphere?
A) 8%; B) 10%; IN 1%; D) 0.1%.
Appendix 2
Ministry of General and Vocational Education
Rostov region
State budgetary professional
educational institution
Rostov region
"Zernograd College of Agricultural Technologies"
CONSIDERED I APPROVED
at a meeting of the methodological commission Deputy. SD Director:
Protocol No.___from_________________ __________/Tapsieva T.E./
Chairman of the MK: _______ /Ksenz V.A./ “______”___________2016
ANSWER STANDARDS AND EVALUATION CRITERIA
FINAL TEST
IN GENERAL EDUCATION DISCIPLINE
"Ecology"
for professions of secondary vocational education
technical and natural science profile :
01/23/03 “Car mechanic”
01/08/07 “Master of general construction works”
01/35/11 “Agricultural Production Master”
01/35/23 “Mistress of the estate”
Teacher: Cherskova N.N.
Zernograd
2016
“AGREED” “APPROVED”
Chairman of the MK: Deputy. SD Director:
________/Ksenz V.A./ ________/Tapsieva T.E./
"__"___________20__ "__"___________20__
STANDARDS OF ANSWERS FOR THE FINAL TEST FOR THE COURSE “ECOLOGY”:
№ p/pCorrect answer options
Number of points for the correct answer
I option
1 .
P=2
P=2
P=2
P=2
P=2
P=2
P=2
P=2
P=2
10 .
A B C D
P=2
11.
B, D, E
P=2
12.
P=2
13.
P=2
14.
P=2
15.
A, B, D, E
P=2
II option
P=2
P=2
A, B, D
P=2
P=2
P=2
P=2
A, B, D, E
P=2
P=2
P=2
1 0 .
P=2
11.
P=2
1 2.
P=2
13.
A, B, D
P=2
14.
P=2
15.
P=2
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION:
<70% - «2» до 20 баллов - «2»
70%-80% - “3” 21 points - 24 points - “3”
80%-90% - “4” 25 points - 27 points - “4”
> 90% - “5” 28 points - 30 points - “5”
Administrative control
test in the discipline "Ecology" for first year students
1 option
1. The living shell of the Earth, i.e. a system of living organisms and the environment that functions and develops as a single whole, is
a) hydrosphere c) atmosphere b) biosphere d) lithosphere
2. Main “work”:
a) Biosphere c) Lithosphere b) Hydrosphere d) Atmosphere
3. He proposed the term “ecology”:
A) . B) E. Haeckel. C) . D) C. Darwin. E) .
4 . Ecology is a science that studies:
5. One of the tasks of ecology is to study:
A) Patterns of distribution of living organisms in space.
C) Features of the structure of a plant cell.
C) The chemical composition of natural waters.
D) Temperature regime of the lake.
E) Structures of the earth's crust.
6. Environmental factors are anthropogenic:
A) Volcanic eruption.
B) Terrain.
C) Mechanical and organic composition of the soil.
D) Construction of a hydroelectric power station.
E) Weather conditions.
7. The Red Book contains information about:
D) Climatic zones of the Earth.
E) The chemical composition of the earth's crust
8. Abiotic factors of the natural environment are:
A) Populations of hydrobionts in an aquatic ecosystem.
B) Meadow grasses.
C) Mosses and lichens of terrestrial ecosystems.
D) Chemical elements of the soil.
E) Predator population.
9. Biotic factors of the natural environment are:
A) Depth of the aquatic ecosystem.
B) Acidity of the soil environment.
C) Mammals of the tundra ecosystem.
D) Temperature regime of the aquatic ecosystem.
E) Altitude above sea level.
10 . In a forest ecosystem, biotic factors include:
A) Soil structure and acidity.
C) Terrain and altitude.
D. Level and temperature of groundwater. E). Herbaceous and shrubby vegetation.
11. Population is:
A) A group of organisms of the same species, occupying a certain space, capable of interbreeding freely and functioning as part of a biotic community.
B) A group of organisms of different species that occupy a specific space and function as part of a biotic community.
C) A collection of individuals of one community occupying a certain space and functioning as part of a biotic community.
D) A collection of individuals of one flock occupying a certain space and functioning as part of a biotic community.
E) A collection of individuals of the same family occupying a certain space and functioning as part of a biotic community.
12. The number of newly formed individuals in a population per unit of time is called:
A) Number. B) Density. C) Fertility. D) Mortality. E) Ecological niche.
13. The term “ecosystem” was first introduced by:
A) A. Tansley. B) Yu. Liebig. C) C. Darwin. D) E. Haeckel. E) V. Sukachev.
14. An ecosystem is called:
A) A community of plant organisms that provide the biocenosis as a whole with energy.
B) A set of autotrophic organisms.
C) A certain number of consumers providing energy transfer.
D) A community of decomposers that decompose dead organic matter.
E) A community of living organisms, united by the flow of energy and the circulation of substances.
15. Biotic factors of the natural environment include:
A) Chemical composition of water and temperature regime of the aquatic ecosystem.
B) Population of hares in the steppe ecosystem.
C) Climatic factors.
D) Depth of the aquatic ecosystem.
E) Ambient air humidity.
16. Plants in the ecosystem perform the role of:
A) Decompose organic substances into inorganic ones.
B) Synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones.
C) They are consumers of energy at trophic level II.
D) They are consumers of energy at the third trophic level.
E) They are energy consumers of the IY trophic level.
17. Sustainability of natural ecosystems Not associated with:
A) High plant productivity.
B) Intensive work of microorganisms.
C) Greater species diversity.
D) Circulation of air masses in the atmosphere.
E) High rate of circulation of nutrients.
18. The community is characterized by minimal biomass productivity:
A). A tropical forest. IN). Taiga. C).Tundra. D). Steppe. E). Deciduous forest.
19 . Communities are characterized by maximum biomass productivity:
A). A tropical forest. B).Desert. C).Alpine tundra. D). Taiga. E).Arctic tundra.
20. Plant organisms use energy in the process of their life:
A) Electric. B) Mechanical C) Thermal. D) Light. E) Sound.
21. Depletion of the ozone layer can lead to:
A) Reduction of biological diversity.
B) Increasing biological diversity.
C) Increasing the Earth's energy reserves.
D) An increase in the number of terrestrial vertebrates.
E) Global cooling.
22 . The main greenhouse gas is:
A) sulfur dioxide B) ozone C) carbon dioxide D) carbon monoxide E) methane
23. The Earth's ozone layer is located
A) troposphere B) stratosphere C) ionosphere D) lower atmosphere E) tropopause
24. Undesirable effect in the biosphere due to refrigerators:
A) To cool the climate
B) To reduce the ozone layer of the atmosphere
C) To increase oxygen in the atmosphere
D) Lakes and open ocean.
E) Taiga and steppes
2. The lowest biomass productivity is distinguished by:
A) Belovezhskaya Pushcha Nature Reserve.
B) Orchard.
C) Sahara Desert.
D) Steppes of temperate latitudes.
E) Deciduous forest.
3. Some of the main destructive agents of the planet’s ozone shield are:
A). Heavy metals. B). Methane. C). Carbon oxides. D). Freons. E). Sulfur dioxide gases.
4 . The layer that protects the Earth's surface from hard ultraviolet rays is:
A) troposphere B) tropopause C) exosphere D) ozone layer E) air layer
5. Main air pollutants:
A) Dust, gases, mists, aerosols
B) Dust, nitrogen oxides
C) Oxides of heavy metals
D) Oxides of nitrogen, sulfur, dust
E) Dust, gases
6. Ecology is a science that studies:
A) The structure of cells of living organisms and their functions.
B) Problems of the emergence and development of life on Earth.
C) The impact of human economic activity on the environment.
D) Patterns of interaction of organisms with each other and with the environment.
E) Activities aimed at restoring biodiversity.
7. Anthropogenic sources of water pollution do not include:
A) Agriculture
B) Oil fields
C) Volcanoes and geysers
D) Industrial enterprises
E) Soil pollution
8. Soil is a bioinert substance of the biosphere, because it consists of:
A) Plants.
B) Limestones.
C) Coal.
D) Dead organics and mineral particles.
E) Igneous rock
9. Abiotic factors of the natural environment include:
A) Community of living organisms in a desert ecosystem.
B) Temperature and humidity of atmospheric air.
C) Composition of the plant community of the tundra ecosystem.
D) Phytoplankton of an aquatic ecosystem.
E) Population of hares in a forest ecosystem.
10 .There was an accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant?
a) 1963 b) 1957 c) 1986 d) 1961
11. Ozone layer in the upper atmosphere:
A) Delays thermal radiation from the earth
B) Is a protective screen against ultraviolet radiation
C) Formed as a result of industrial pollution
D) Helps break down pollutants
12 . Inexhaustible natural resources:
A) Atmospheric precipitation.
B) Minerals.
C) Land resources.
D) Biological resources of the sea.
E) Terrestrial biological resources.
13. Biotic factors of the desert ecosystem:
A) Air temperature. B) Camel thorn.
C) Soil acidity. D) Wind. E) Duration of the daylight hours.
14. The causes of desertification are not:
A) overgrazing of livestock B) procurement of firewood C) salinization D) overuse of groundwater
E) forest planting
15. Lithosphere - the hard shell of the Earth, includes:
A) The Earth's crust and upper mantle
B) The earth's crust
C) The upper and lower mantle of the Earth
D) Two shells and a core
E) Solid layer 3 km deep
16. Nature conservation is:
A) A set of measures aimed at maintaining, preserving and restoring energy resources.
B) The use of natural resources to produce a certain type of final product.
C) A system of activities designed to ensure the economical exploitation of natural resources and the most effective mode of their reproduction, which does not lead to changes in the parameters of the components of the biosphere.
D) The totality of all forms of exploitation of the natural resource potential of the territories;
E) Use of natural resources in the process of social production.
17 . Urbanization is:
A) Emigration of the urban population to the countryside.
B) Increase in urban population.
C) Promotion of a healthy lifestyle.
D) Development of communications in rural areas.
18. The most important components of the ecosystem of a modern city are:
A) Well-appointed housing.
B) Roads and transport.
C) Industrial enterprises.
D) Services and entertainment sectors.
E) Green spaces.
19. One of the global environmental problems is:
A) Disposal of toxic production waste.
B) Reduction of the ozone layer.
D) Expansion of the INTERNET network.
E) Construction of high-rise buildings.
20 . Natural resources are considered exhaustible:
A) Atmospheric precipitation.
B) Earth's water resources.
C) Cosmic radiation.
D) Plant resources of the planet.
21. The most fertile soils are:
A) gray forest soils B) chestnut soils C) brown soils D) chernozems E) gray soils
27 . Exhaustible natural resources:
A). Solar radiation.
B) Wind energy.
C) Soil resources.
D) Energy of ebbs and flows.
E) Energy of the earth's interior.
28. Environmental monitoring is:
A) Continuous monitoring of the state of the natural environment.
B) Sociological survey of the population.
C) Study of the composition of the earth's crust.
D) Study of hereditary diseases.
E) Study of the species composition of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
29 . « The Red Book contains information about:
A) Rare species of living organisms.
B) Rare minerals.
C) Location of oil deposits.
D) Climatic zones of the Earth.
E) The chemical composition of the earth's crust.
30. AND residential development is separated from an industrial enterprise:
A) Sanitary protection zone
B) A fence
C) hedge
D) Flame transfer zone
E) Channel
Sample answers
Option 1 Option 2
1-B 1-D
2-A 2-C
3-E 3-D
4-D 4-D
5-A 5-D
6-D 6-D
7-A 7-C
8-D 8-D
9-C 9-B
10-E 10-B
11-A 11-B
12-C 12-A
13-E 13-B
14-C 14-B
15-V 15-A
16-V 16-A
17-D 17-V
18-C 18-E
19-A 19-B
20-D 20-D
21-A 21-D
22-C 22-D
23-C 23-E
24-V 24-A
25-B 25-E
26-B 26-C
27-С 27-С
28-E 28-A
29-D 29-A
30-A 30-A
Evaluation criteria:
Up to 5% - excellent
Up to 10% is good
Up to 40% - satisfactory
More than 40% - unsatisfactory
1.Who proposed the term “ecology”:
A) Aristotle;
B) E. Haeckel;
B) C. Darwin;
D) V.I. Vernadsky.
2. All factors of living and inanimate nature that affect individuals, populations, species are called:
A) biotic;
B) abiotic;
B) environmental;
B) anthropogenic.
3. The concept of “biogeocenosis” was introduced by:
A) V. Sukachev;
B) V. Vernadsky;
B) Aristotle;
B) V. Dokuchaev.
4. Mineralize organic substances of other organisms:
A) producers;
B) consumers of the 1st order;
B) consumers of the 2nd order;
B) decomposers.
5. The concept of “ecosystem” led to ecology:
A) A. Tansley;
B) E. Suess;
B) V. Sukachev;
D) V. Vernadsky.
6.Consumers in biogeocenosis:
A) consume ready-made organic substances;
B) carry out the primary synthesis of carbohydrates;
C) decompose the remains of organic substances;
D) convert solar energy.
7. Changes in the external environment lead to various changes in the population, but do not affect:
A) on the number of individuals;
B) on the age structure;
B) to the area;
D) on the sex ratio.
8.Consistently high fecundity is usually found in species:
A) well-supplied food resources;
B) the mortality rate of individuals is very high;
B) which occupy a wide range;
D) the offspring of which go through the larval stage.
9.Determine a correctly composed food chain:
A) spruce seeds – hedgehog – fox – mouse;
B) fox – hedgehog – spruce seeds – mouse;
C) mouse – spruce seeds – hedgehog – fox;
D) spruce seeds - mouse - hedgehog - fox.
10. An indicator of the prosperity of populations in an ecosystem is:
A) their high numbers;
B) connection with other populations;
B) connection between individuals of the population;
B) fluctuations in population size.
11.Organisms capable of living in various environmental conditions are called:
A) stenobionts;
B) oligobionts;
B) commensals;
B) eurybionts.
12. An abiotic environmental factor is not:
A) seasonal change in color of the white hare;
B) distribution of fruits of viburnum, rowan, oak;
C) autumn change in leaf color in deciduous trees;
D) autumn leaf fall.
13.The law of optimum means the following:
A) organisms tolerate deviations from the optimum differently;
B) any environmental factor optimally affects organisms;
C) any environmental factor has certain limits of positive influence on the body;
D) any organism optimally adapts to various environmental conditions.
14.Adaptation to the environment:
A) is the result of long-term natural selection;
B) is inherent in living organisms from the moment they are born;
C) occurs through long-term training of the body;
D) is the result of artificial selection.
15.Only in the aquatic environment did it become possible:
A) elongation of the body of organisms;
B) absorption of sunlight by organisms;
B) the appearance of five-fingered limbs;
D) the emergence of a filtration type of nutrition.
16. Of the media of life, the thinnest (in vertical distribution):
A) air;
B) soil;
B) water;
D) water and air.
A) white butterfly;
B) ladybug;
B) bark beetle;
D) wood ants.
18. Soil as a habitat includes all groups of animals, but the bulk of its biomass is formed by:
A) heterotrophic consumers of the 1st order;
B) saprophages (saprotrophs);
B) producers (autotrophs);
D) heterotrophs – consumers of the 2nd order.
19. Light-loving herbs growing under spruce are typical representatives of the following type of interactions:
A) neutralism;
B) commensalism;
B) proto-cooperation;
D) amensalism.
A) smut;
B) mistletoe;
B) broomrape;
D) dodder.
Pollution and environmental protection. Grade 11.
1. Undesirable changes in the properties of the environment as a result of anthropogenic input of various substances and compounds
A) environmental pollution B) environmental restoration
C) destruction of the environment D) exhaustion of environmental properties
2. Environmental pollution suppresses the ability to…. its properties
A) self-development B) self-purification
C) self-destruction D) self-healing
3. Returning to nature that huge mass of waste that is generated in the process of production and consumption of human society is...
A) source of environmental change
B) the main source of environmental destruction
B) the main source of environmental pollution
D) a minor source of environmental pollution
4. Environmental pollution happens
A) production and non-production B) quantitative and qualitative
C) industrial and household D) chemical and physical
5. Returning to the environment those substances and compounds that occur in nature in their natural state, but in much smaller quantities, is...
A) physical pollution of the environment
B) quantitative environmental pollution
D) industrial environmental pollution
6. The entry into the environment of substances and compounds unknown to nature, created primarily by the organic synthesis industry, is...
A) industrial environmental pollution
B) qualitative environmental pollution
B) chemical pollution of the environment
D) physical pollution of the environment
7. Complete destruction of the soil cover occurs primarily as a result of...
A) open-pit mining B) anthropogenic impact
C) closed mining D) human economic activity
8. As a result of the discharge of industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewater into rivers, lakes and seas, pollution occurs...
A) atmosphere B) cryosphere
C) lithosphere D) hydrosphere
9. What kind of pollution poses a particular threat to the ocean?
A) mineral B) petroleum
C) industrial D) household waste
10. Which ocean is most polluted with oil?
A) Arctic B) Quiet
C) Atlantic D) Indian
11. Carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are major pollutants
A) lithosphere B) atmosphere
C) troposphere D) hydrosphere
12. The main source of acid rain
A) carbon monoxide B) nitric oxide
C) sulfur oxide D) sulfur dioxide
13. What gas emissions threaten humanity with the greenhouse effect and global warming?
A) carbon B) hydrogen sulfide
C) nitrogen D) chlorine
14. Metallurgical, chemical, pulp and paper industries are what industries?
A) dirty B) energy-intensive C) clean
15. An independent public international organization founded to prevent environmental degradation
A) UN B) Greenpeace C) UNICHEL D) NATO
16. In what year was Greenpeace founded?
A) 1980 B) 2000 C) 1971 D) 1961
17. Where the first UN conference on environmental issues took place
A) Oslo B) London C) Washington D) Stockholm
18. In what year did the second conference on environment and development take place in Rio de Janeiro?
A) 1982 B) 1992 C) 1995 D) 1997
Answers: 1 A, 2 D, 3 B, 4 B, 5 B, 6 B, 7 A, 8 D, 9 B, 10 B, 11 B, 12 G, 13 A, 14 A, 15 B, 16 V, 17 G, 18 B
Choose the correct answer.
1. The basic principles of the nature conservation system are:
1) scientific validity, prevention, integrated approach;
3) systematicity, summation, historicity;
2. Subsoil wealth refers to:
3) non-renewable natural resources;
4) eternal and inexhaustible natural resources.
3. Nature management, in contrast to the term “nature conservation”, means:
1) the sphere of social and production activities aimed at meeting the needs of humanity;
2) the scope of scientifically based international, state and public measures aimed at the rational use, reproduction and protection of natural resources;
3) one of the areas of environmental protection related to the mining and processing industries;
4) a system of measures that ensure normal human economic activity.
4. The system of measures that ensure the maintenance of resource and environment reproducing functions of nature and the conservation of non-renewable resources is called:
1) environmental management;
2) nature conservation;
3) environmental recreation;
4) landscape ecology.
5. Nature management is divided into:
1) resource-saving and resource-inefficient;
2) positive and negative;
3) rational and irrational;
4) closed and open.
6. The waters of the World Ocean are classified as:
1) inexhaustible natural resources;
2) renewable natural resources;
3) non-renewable (exhaustible) natural resources;
4) partially exhaustible natural resources.
7. The main environmental problems on a global scale are primarily caused by:
1) the development of civilization as a whole (at a high rate of progress);
2) factors of cosmic order;
3) natural (geological) processes of the Earth itself.
8. The main environmental principle is:
1) protection of the country’s plant and animal resources;
2) direct protection of nature in the process of using natural resources;
3) legal side of nature conservation;
4) organization of environmental education of the population.
9. Inexhaustible resources include:
1) oil, coal, various ores;
2) soil, vegetation, mineral salts;
3) water and climate resources;
4) flora and fauna.
10. The release of various pollutants into the environment is strictly regulated by legislation establishing:
1) RAP, PRK, PPP;
2) MPC, MPC, MDV;
3) PR, ICS, PKK;
4) PRI, PDU, PDO.
11. Problems of the ozone screen, desertification, and greenhouse effect are:
1) interstate problems of a regional order;
2) global problems;
3) domestic problems;
4) complex problems of a regional order.
12. More than half of all emissions into the atmosphere come from:
1) industrial enterprises;
2) energy (thermal stations, boiler houses, etc.);
3) chemical and coal industries together;
4) vehicles.
13. The atmosphere protects living organisms inhabiting the surface of the planet from the effects of:
1) high concentrations of nitrogen oxides;
2) emissions from industrial enterprises;
3) hard ultraviolet radiation;
4) unburned fuel particles.
5) highly toxic compounds;
6) emissions of sulfur dioxide;
7) small soot particles.
14. The main component of the atmosphere is:
1) oxygen;
15. Main chemical pollutant of the atmosphere:
1) carbon dioxide;
2) radioactive fallout;
3) sulfur dioxide;
4) tetraethyl lead.
16. The most common method of industrial purification of polluted air is:
1) reduction;
2) absorption;
3) sedimentation;
4) leaching.
17. The atmosphere protects living organisms inhabiting the surface of the planet from the effects of:
1) sudden temperature fluctuations;
2) moderate radioactive contamination;
3) human economic activity;
4) substances with carcinogenic properties.
18. Hard ultraviolet radiation does not reach the Earth’s surface due to the presence in the atmosphere:
1) water molecules;
3) chlorofluoromethane;
19. Gradual warming of the climate, according to many scientists, on the planet is associated with:
1) photochemical smog;
2) artificial pollution;
3) greenhouse effect.
20. The main source of fine particles of lead dust entering the atmosphere are:
1) testing of nuclear weapons;
2) strong, prolonged forest fires;
3) unregulated car engines;
4) enterprises for the production of paints and varnishes.
21. Physical methods for purifying gaseous emissions into the atmosphere are based on:
1) afterburning of toxic impurities;
2) catalytic transformation of impurities;
3) deposition of dusty substances;
4) adsorption by solids.
22. The atmosphere protects living organisms inhabiting the surface of the planet from the effects of:
1) volcanic emissions;
2) cosmic radiation;
3) greenhouse effect;
4) sulfur dioxide.
23. Most of the hard ultraviolet rays are blocked by the thin ozone layer, which is found in:
1) troposphere;
2) hydrosphere;
3) stratosphere;
4) exosphere.
24. The main reason for the gradual warming of the climate is:
1) change in natural radioactive background;
2) an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere;
3) thinning of the ozone layer in the atmosphere;
4) increase in the concentration of chlorofluorocarbons.
25. Toxic fog formed when a mixture of industrial and transport emissions is exposed to sunlight is called:
1) atmospheric smoke;
2) white smog;
3) greenhouse effect;
4) photochemical smog.
26. In large cities, a significant share of air pollution comes from:
1) construction sites;
2) light industry enterprises;
3) motor transport;
4) food industry enterprises.
27. Currently, the following part of the world's population lacks clean fresh water:
4) almost the entire population of the Earth.
28. The shortage of fresh water in recent years is caused by increased water consumption, mainly for:
1) energy industry;
2) agricultural purposes and waste dilution;
3) mining industry;
4) processing industry.
29. Eutrophication of water bodies is called:
1) rapid household pollution of water bodies with synthetic detergents;
2) rapid accumulation of organic substances, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in water bodies;
3) active pollution of water bodies with oil refining products;
4) active entry of heavy metal salts into water bodies.
30. Irrigation fields (filtration fields) are classified as one of the forms of wastewater treatment, namely:
1) mechanical;
2) chemical;
3) biological;
4) physical and chemical.
31.The increased shortage of fresh water is caused mainly by:
1) climate deterioration;
2) a sharp global decrease in the volume of groundwater;
3) pollution of water bodies;
4) global soil salinization.
32. The main pollutant of the waters of the World Ocean is:
1) household waste;
2) biological waste;
3) oil and oil products;
4) solid industrial waste.
33. A decrease in river flow and a decrease in groundwater levels in mid-latitudes is usually caused by:
1) sudden climate change;
2) deforestation and drainage of swamps;
3) changes in the global water cycle;
4) water intake for the needs of industrial enterprises.
34. Biological wastewater treatment under artificial conditions is carried out:
1) in irrigation fields;
2) on filtration fields;
3) using settling tanks, sieves, gratings and other filters;
4) in aeration tanks.
35. Fresh drinking water reserves are concentrated mainly in:
1) lakes and ponds;
2) glaciers;
36. Modern methods of wastewater treatment make it possible to purify it:
1) by 50-55%;
2) by 70-75%;
3) by 90-95%;
4) almost 100%.
37. Non-freezing of reservoirs in northern latitudes during the cold season is one of the signs:
1) healthy condition of the reservoir;
2) thermal pollution of the reservoir;
3) pollution of the reservoir with solid household waste;
4) natural succession of the reservoir.
38. The following territories are called sewage disposal, irrigation or filtration fields:
1) intended for mechanical and physical treatment of wastewater;
2) where chemical treatment of wastewater is carried out;
3) intended for biological wastewater treatment;
4) intended for all forms of wastewater treatment.
39. Natural reservoirs capable of self-purification and regulating the water flow of rivers are:
1) large lakes;
2) swamps;
3) ponds and reservoirs;
4) inland seas.
40. Eutrophication of water bodies is most facilitated by:
1) energy;
2) communications;
3) agriculture;
4) transport.
41. Soils located on:
1) flat surface without vegetation;
2) flat surface with sparse vegetation;
3) an inclined surface overgrown with bushes;
4) an inclined surface overgrown with grass.
42. Select from the proposed terms the pair that characterizes such a soil property as the pH of the soil solution:
1) loose-dense;
2) dark - light;
3) normal - sour;
4) aerated - oxygen-free.
43. The leaching of organic substances and mineral elements from soils by salted water is called:
1) humification;
2) waterlogging;
3) mineralization;
4) leaching.
44. The substance that is formed as a result of the decomposition of organic matter of plant and animal residues is called:
2) shale;
3) mycelium;
4) humus.
45. Organic matter temporarily excluded from the cycle of substances in an ecosystem is called:
2) soil;
3) detritus;
4) podzol.
46. Organisms that convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form available for absorption by plants are called:
1) denitrifiers;
2) destructors;
3) nitrogen fixers;
4) cyanobacteria.
47. The process of soil acidification is observed in ecosystems:
1) deciduous forests;
2) steppes;
3) pine forests;
4) spruce forests.
48. After formation from soil organic matter, humus undergoes the process:
1) humification;
2) mineralization;
3) urbanization;
4) stratification.
49. Environmentally friendly methods of crop irrigation are based on:
1) supplying water directly to the roots of plants;
2) regular round-the-clock supply of water in small proportions;
3) use of special irrigation solutions;
4) supplying water at the coolest time of day.
50. A component of an ecosystem that cannot be attributed either to living organisms or to environmental conditions is considered to be:
2) carbon dioxide;
4) oxygen.
51. The process of decomposition of organic residues in the soil under the influence of a complex of biotic and abiotic factors is called:
1) destruction;
2) podzolization;
3) stratification;
4) humification.
52. In the semi-desert zone, soils contain little humus and are called:
1) podzols;
2) aluminas;
3) salt marshes;
4) gray soils.
53. The main source of energy for agroecosystems is considered to be:
1) mineral fertilizers;
2) solar radiation;
3) organic fertilizers;
4) agricultural machines.
54. The process of decomposition of complex nitrogen compounds to a molecular two-atomic state is called:
1) destruction;
2) ammonification;
3) denitrification;
4) reduction.
55. The area occupied by trees or shrubs and used for forestry purposes is called:
1) forest strip;
2) forest-steppe zone;
3) forest area;
4) forestry.
56. The most negative impact on the reproduction of forest ecosystems at all stages of their development is caused by:
1) thermal pollution;
2) atmospheric pollution;
3) photochemical smog;
4) light pollutants.
57. Destruction of forests over vast areas leads to:
1) reducing water levels in rivers;
2) increase in oxygen content;
3) formation of nitrogen oxides;
4) melting of high mountain glaciers.
58. The most important condition for the conservation of forest resources is timely:
1) adoption of relevant laws;
2) spraying liquid fertilizers;
3) elimination of radiation sources;
4) reforestation.
59. The most promising and effective methods of combating forest pests are considered to be:
1) biological methods;
2) physical methods;
3) economic measures;
4) chemical measures.
60. The totality of all forested lands, as well as lands intended for forestry, is called:
1) forest park;
2) forest strips;
3) forest fund;
4) forest zone.
61. Growing forests on previously cut down or burned forest areas is called:
1) primary succession;
2) forestry;
3) reforestation;
4) demutational change.
62. Destruction of forests over vast areas leads to:
1) reducing the transparency of the atmosphere;
2) increasing forest productivity;
3) destabilization of the atmospheric composition;
4) reducing the level of natural radiation.
63. Among the measures to protect forests, the fight against:
1) introduction of new species;
2) reserves;
3) urbanization;
4) fires.
64. The protection of economically valuable and rare plant species consists of:
1) organization of scientific and design research;
2) standardized collection, excluding depletion;
3) industrial use of natural areas;
4) use of highly effective complex fertilizers.
65. Artificial reforestation is called:
1) distribution of seeds of tree species using aircraft;
2) creating soil conditions favorable for growing tree species;
3) a set of measures to control the removal of wood;
4) planting forests with subsequent care of forest young growth.
66. Destruction of forests over vast areas leads to:
1) mitigation of climatic conditions;
2) increased soil erosion;
3) increasing species diversity;
4) reduction of evaporation.
67. A way to restore the number of rare plant species is:
1) breeding in botanical gardens;
2) breeding in forest parks;
3) cultivation in private greenhouses;
4) storage in biological museums.
68. The most sensitive to various air pollutants, primarily sulfur dioxide, are:
1) broad-leaved species;
2) perennial herbs;
3) lawn grasses;
4) coniferous species.
69. Animals that are primarily directly affected (persecution, breeding, extermination):
1) rodents;
2) predators;
3) game animals;
70. The artificial resettlement of animals in areas of their former distribution is called:
1) acclimatization;
2) reacclimatization;
3) reintroduction;
4) re-emigration.
71. The indirect influence of humans on animals is manifested when:
1) their death from pesticides (used in agriculture);
2) their poisoning by emissions from industrial enterprises;
3) their relocation or displacement from their habitats;
4) cutting down the forest where they live.
72. The correct sequence in the ratio of the number of reserves, customers and national parks (downward):
1) national parks - reserves - nature reserves;
2) reserves - nature reserves - national parks;
3) reserves - sanctuaries - national parks;
4) reserves, and the number of reserves and national parks is the same.
73. The indirect influence of humans on animals is manifested when:
1) relocation and persecution of them;
2) construction of cities, towns, dams, roads;
3) exterminating them or catching them;
4) breeding them.
74. For the first time, the international Red Book was published in:
75. Destruction of forests over vast areas leads to disruption of:
1) mineral nutrition;
2) ozone layer;
3) water regime;
4) atmospheric pressure.
76. Chemical wastewater treatment consists of:
1) use of filters, sieves and settling tanks;
2) adding reagents that form precipitates from solutions;
3) use of aeration tanks;
4) use of irrigation fields.
77. Hard ultraviolet radiation does not reach the Earth’s surface due to:
1) vaporous moisture;
2) greenhouse effect;
3) ozone screen;
4) molecular nitrogen.
78. The main type of specially protected areas are:
1) reserves;
2) natural parks;
3) biosphere reserves;
4) national parks.
79. Minerals refer to resources that are considered:
1) inexhaustible;
2) secondary;
3) non-renewable;
4) energy.
80. Improper and excessive watering in areas of irrigated agriculture, as a rule, leads to erosion, which is called:
1) gully;
2) superficial;
3) jet;
4) irrigation.
81. In Russia, protected natural areas predominate, having the status:
1) biosphere reserves;
2) reserves and natural monuments;
3) national parks;
4) natural parks.
82. One of the reasons for the greater sensitivity of coniferous forests compared to deciduous forests to the effects of toxicants is considered to be:
1) the thickness of the wood at the base of the trunk;
2) life expectancy of leaf plates;
3) the shape of the crowns of coniferous trees;
4) structural features of the root system.
83. Select a series in which the rate of resource recovery consistently decreases:
1) soils - animals - forests;
2) animals - forests - soils;
3) forests - soils - animals
4) forests - animals - soils.
84. Water is used to the greatest extent for the needs of industry and agriculture:
1) lakes and ponds;
2) reservoirs;
4) swamps and canals.
85. The main reason for the gradual warming of the climate, according to many scientists, is:
1) decrease in oxygen content in the atmosphere;
2) an increase in the number of dust particles;
3) reduction of radioactive background;
4) an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
86. Climatic resources are classified as:
1) inexhaustible;
2) exhaustible, renewable;
3) exhaustible non-renewable;
4) inexhaustible cosmic.
87. Natural objects and phenomena that humans use in production are called:
1) minerals;
2) natural resources;
3) potential minerals;
4) irreplaceable resources.
88. A set of measures aimed at restoring the productivity of disturbed lands and improving environmental conditions is called:
1) degradation;
2) introduction;
3) reclamation;
4) land reclamation.
89. Erosion caused by the gradual washout of the surface layer of soil by melt water and rain into depressions is called:
1) planar;
2) wind;
3) streamy;
4) gully.
90. Irrigation erosion can occur in areas:
1) cutting down mountain forests;
2) intensive irrigated agriculture;
3) cultivation of row crops;
4) growing perennial grasses.
91. At the stage of biological land reclamation, the first to be planted are:
1) tree species with low-value wood;
2) industrial crops with low growth rates;
3) low-demanding crops with large plant mass;
4) food crops with a short growing season.
92. The basic principles of environmental protection are set out:
1) in the Forest Code;
2) in the Land Code;
3) in the Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Protection”;
4) in all the above documents.
93. The ozone shield is destroyed, according to many scientists, due to:
1) release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere;
2) increasing the concentration of sulfur dioxide;
3) leaks of chlorofluorocarbons (freons);
4) hard ultraviolet radiation.
94. Deforestation, plowing of floodplains, and drainage of swamps cause:
1) increasing groundwater levels;
2) reduction of surface runoff;
3) increase in surface runoff;
4) increase in river water content.
95. The characteristics of the rationality of the work of a mining enterprise are considered to be:
1) the cost of extracted minerals;
2) the rate of withdrawal of mineral raw materials;
3) speed of delivery of extracted raw materials;
4) completeness of field development.
96. The people who suffer most from acid rain are:
1) northern ecosystems;
2) tropical ecosystems;
3) alpine ecosystems;
4) equatorial ecosystems.
97. The use of water resources without withdrawal of water from water bodies is called:
1) water use;
2) water consumption;
3) water supply;
4) water retention.
98. The ecosystems of taiga forests are characterized by:
1) peat bogs;
2) gray soils;
3) podzolic soils;
4) chestnut soils.
99. Pollution associated with changes in the physical parameters of the environment is called:
1) ingradient;
2) biological;
3) parametric.
100. Soil density affects the distribution of terrestrial animals that use the soil:
1) as a refuge from predators;
2) to evaporate excess moisture;
3) for intrapopulation contacts;
4) when removing toxic metabolic products.
101. The most dangerous industries in terms of impact on the environmental situation are:
1) carpentry shops, brick factories;
2) production of porcelain and ceramics;
3) chemical and pulp and paper mills;
102. D. Allen’s rule speaks of the pattern according to which:
1) the size of animals in the north is larger than their relatives in the south;
2) the color of animals to the south becomes brighter;
3) the size of the protruding parts of the body of warm-blooded animals increases to the south;
4) the length and density of wool and feathers in animals increase to the north.
103. Pollution of the natural environment by living organisms that cause various diseases in humans is called:
1) radioactive;
2) biological;
3) chemical;
4) noise.
104. Poor quality drinking water can cause infection:
1) tuberculosis, cholera;
2) cholera, leptospirosis;
3) leptospirosis, influenza;
4) flu, hepatitis.
105. Under natural conditions, natural carriers of the plague pathogen are:
1) wolves, foxes;
3) rodents;
4) person.
106. Carcinogens are substances that cause:
1) cancer;
2) allergic diseases;
3) chronic poisoning;
4) infectious diseases.
107. The causative agents of tetanus and botulism live in:
2) air;
4) in the animal body.
108. Natural background noise is:
1) 20 - 30 dB;
2) 50 - 60 dB;
3) 80 - 90 dB;
4) 110 - 120 dB.
109. A person’s well-being is positively affected by:
1) complete absence of sounds (complete silence);
2) positively charged ions;
3) negatively charged ions;
4) ultra - and infrasounds.
110. The concept of “urban landscape” means:
1) a set of buildings, roads, transport, city communications;
2) green spaces, parks, squares;
3) a combination of housing, urban infrastructure and green spaces;
4) a set of industrial enterprises in the city.
111. The most important components of the ecosystem of a modern city are:
1) comfortable housing;
2) roads and transport;
3) service and entertainment sectors;
4) green spaces.
112. The following have bactericidal properties:
1) onions, bread;
2) garlic, cranberry;
3) pomegranates, meat;
4) fish, apples.
113. There are two adaptive types of people. One of them is a “sprinter”, characterized by:
1) high resistance to short-term extreme factors;
2) low resistance to short-term extreme factors;
3) the ability to withstand long-term loads;
4) the ability to perform monotonous work.
114. The most effective action by an individual to improve environmental conditions may be:
1) reuse of glass containers;
2) vegetarian food;
3) riding a bicycle instead of using a car;
4) active participation in the struggle for the adoption and implementation of environmental laws.
Choose several correct answers.
115. AIDS is transmitted:
1) by airborne droplets;
2) when using the patient’s belongings;
3) with a mosquito bite;
4) sexually;
5) when using the patient’s utensils.
116. The concept of “weather conditions” includes:
1) atmospheric pressure;
2) humidity;
3) level of air pollution;
4) oxygen concentration;
5) air movement.
117. Rational nutrition includes:
1) the need to take into account the body’s needs for various nutrients;
2) preference for higher-calorie foods;
3) assessment and accounting of the energy value of food;
4) taking into account age, activity and health status;
5) regular meals at a certain time.
118. Chemical pollution of the environment can cause a person to:
1) dizziness, nausea, cough;
2) chronic poisoning;
3) infectious diseases;
4) functional disorders of the cardiovascular system;
5) acute poisoning and even death.
119. Cancer can be caused by:
1) chemical pollution of the environment;
2) carcinogens;
3) smoking;
4) stress;
5) low-calorie diet.
120. Choose the correct judgments:
1. The body’s reaction to pollution depends on the individual characteristics of the person.
2. A person, violating the natural conditions of existence of pathogenic organisms, often himself becomes a victim of natural focal diseases.
3.Absolute silence has a beneficial effect on a person’s well-being.
4.The biorhythms of each person are individual.
5.A sudden move to a distant time zone leads to a disruption in a person’s biological rhythms.
6.Weather changes have the same effect on the well-being of different people.
7.If the product does not contain excess nitrates, then it is environmentally friendly.
8. The city should be considered as an ecosystem.
9. A significant part of human diseases is associated with deteriorating environmental conditions.
10. When tired, even in a healthy person, redistribution of the body’s reserve functions cannot occur.
121. Question with short answers.
Pollution of the natural environment has an adverse effect on the human body. Describe the various types of pollution and their possible effect on the human body. Response codes:
1) various chemicals, usually constituting industrial waste;
2) when ingested in large concentrations, they can lead to acute poisoning and even death;
3) pathogens, viruses, helminths, protozoa;
4) sounds of 20-30 dB;
5) sounds of 80 dB or more;
6) infrasounds, ultrasounds;
7) when entering the body, causing infectious diseases capable of causing typhoid, plague, malaria;
8) causing neuropsychiatric diseases, disorders of the cardiovascular system, deterioration or loss of hearing;
9) infecting the body by airborne droplets, through close contact with a patient or through vectors;
10) causing chronic poisoning of the body when systematically introduced into it even in small quantities;
11) causing chronic inflammatory diseases of various organs, changes in the nervous system, deviations in fetal development;
12) entering the human body through inhalation, food and water.
Chemical pollution-
Biological pollution-
Noise pollution-
122. Give a brief description of the chemical functions of living matter:
123. Give a brief description of the three main man-made crises:
124. Analyzing the points of view of different scientists on the problem of destruction of the ozone layer (the problem of “ozone holes”), fill out the table:
Characteristics of the environmental problem of destruction of the Earth's ozone layer.
125. Give a brief description of the environmental problem of “acid precipitation”:
126. Analyzing the points of view of different scientists on the problem of climate change (“greenhouse effect”), fill out the table:
127. In 1987, a report was published by the International Commission on Environment and Development under the leadership of G. H. Brundtland, which introduced the concept of “sustainable development”. It is interpreted as follows:
1. sustainable development means the use of natural resources, investment of capital, technological progress and institutional changes that will cover both future and existing needs;
2. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It includes two key concepts:
The concept of needs, in particular the subsistence needs of the poorest sections of the population, which should be given the highest priority;
The concept of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the ability of the environment to meet present and future needs.
In 1992, the UN Conference on Environment and Development was held, where the leaders of 179 countries on the planet adopted a new development model for the world community, based on the concept of sustainable development.
"sustainable development", which we translate as "sustainable development", should be interpreted as a strategy for the transition to such a state of nature and society, which we can characterize with the term "co-evolution" or "era of the noosphere".
Based on the analysis of the stated provisions, offer your interpretation and graphic image of the concept of “sustainable development”.
128. V.I. Vernadsky defined the biosphere as an integral ecological system in which living matter interacts with elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and technosphere.
In any natural system, A. A. Krauklis proposed to distinguish 3 principles: inert, mobile and biologically active.
The combination of mobile and inert principles gives ecosystems - components of the biosphere, at the same time the properties of a relatively separate (discrete), but at the same time - a continuous formation with “blurred” outer edges and a mobile internal structure.
What functions, in your opinion, are performed by the following components of the biosphere: mineral substrate, relief, solar energy and cosmic radiation, force fields of the Earth, air masses, hydrosphere, living matter of biota.
What principle, according to the teachings of V.I. Vernadsky, is of decisive importance in the biosphere?
129. S.B. Lavrov and Yu.N. Gladky, analyzing the global problems of our time, identify five main groups:
1 the most “universal” problems of a political and economic nature (1);
2.problems predominantly of a natural and economic nature (2);
3.problems of a predominantly social nature (3);
4. problems of a mixed nature, the failure of which often leads to mass death (4)
5. problems of a scientific nature, the unsolved nature of which does not pose an immediate threat to the future
