Rational use of nature and conservation in brief. Theoretical and methodological foundations of nature conservation and rational use of its resources

Nowadays, the consumer attitude towards nature, the consumption of its resources without taking measures to restore them, are becoming a thing of the past. The problem of rational use of natural resources and the protection of nature from the destructive consequences of human economic activity have acquired enormous national importance. Society, in the interests of present and future generations, takes the necessary measures to protect and scientifically based, rational use of the earth and its subsoil, water resources, flora and fauna, to maintain clean air and water, ensure the reproduction of natural resources and improve the human environment. Nature conservation and rational environmental management is a complex problem, and its solution depends both on the consistent implementation of government measures and on the expansion of scientific knowledge.

For harmful substances in the atmosphere, maximum permissible concentrations are legally established that do not cause noticeable consequences for humans. In order to prevent air pollution, measures have been developed to ensure proper combustion of fuel, the transition to gasified central heating, and the installation of treatment facilities at industrial enterprises. In aluminum smelters, installing filters on pipes prevents the release of fluoride into the atmosphere.

In addition to the construction of treatment facilities, a search is underway for a technology in which waste generation would be minimized. The same goal is served by improving the design of cars and switching to other types of fuel, the combustion of which produces fewer harmful substances. Cars with an electric motor are being developed for transportation within the city. Proper urban planning and green enjoyment are of great importance. For example, sulfur dioxide is well absorbed by poplar, linden, maple, and horse chestnut.

Domestic and industrial wastewater is subjected to mechanical, physico-chemical and biological treatment. Biological treatment involves the destruction of dissolved organic substances by microorganisms.

Wastewater treatment does not solve all problems. Therefore, more and more enterprises are switching to a new technology - a closed cycle, in which purified water is re-entered into production. New technological processes make it possible to reduce water consumption tenfold.

To increase agricultural productivity, correct agricultural technology and the implementation of special soil protection measures are of great importance. For example, the fight against ravines is successfully carried out by planting plants - trees, shrubs, grasses. Plants protect soils from being washed away and reduce the speed of water flow. The diversity of plantings and crops along the ravine contributes to the formation of persistent biocenoses. Birds settle in the thickets, which is of no small importance for pest control. Protective forest plantations in the steppes prevent water and wind erosion of fields.

The development of biological methods of pest control makes it possible to sharply reduce the use of pesticides in agriculture.

Currently, 2,000 plant species, 236 mammal species, and 287 bird species need protection. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has established a special Red Book, which provides information about endangered species and provides recommendations for their conservation. Many endangered animal species have now recovered their numbers. This applies to elk, saiga, egret, and eider.

The conservation of flora and fauna contributes to the organization of nature reserves and sanctuaries. In addition to protecting rare and endangered species, they serve as a basis for the domestication of wild animals with valuable economic properties. Reserves also serve as centers for the resettlement of animals that have disappeared in a given area, or for the purpose of enriching the local fauna. The North American muskrat has taken root well in Russia, providing valuable fur. In the harsh conditions of the Arctic, musk ox imported from Canada and Alaska successfully reproduces. The number of beavers, which almost disappeared in our country at the beginning of the century, has been restored.

Such examples show that a careful attitude based on deep knowledge of the biology of plants and animals not only preserves it, but also provides a significant economic effect.

Conclusion.

Humanity, in its desire to improve living conditions, is constantly increasing the pace of material production, without thinking about the consequences. For example, modern man has increased the volume of pollution habitual to nature so much that nature does not have time to process them. Moreover, it began to produce such contaminants for which there are no appropriate types in nature for processing, and for some contaminants, for example radioactive ones, they will never appear. Therefore, the “refusal” of the biosphere to process the fruits of human activity will inevitably act as an increasingly growing ultimatum in relation to humans. Therefore, the future of man as a biological species is predictable: an ecological crisis and a decline in numbers.

Bibliography:

General biology. Reference materials. M., Bustard, 1995.

General biology. Textbook for secondary specialized educational institutions.

S.G. Mamontov, V.B. Zakharov, M., Higher School 2000

Introduction.

Nature conservation is the most important task of humanity. The current scale of human impact on the natural environment, the commensurability of the scale of human economic activity with the potential ability of modern landscapes to assimilate its adverse consequences.

The term “environmental protection” refers to all economic, legal, socio-political and organizational-economic mechanisms that bring the environment to the “breaking point”. But you can’t wait until the pollution reaches its highest level. The threat of world destruction must be prevented.

Objects and principles of environmental protection

Environmental protection is understood as a set of international, state and regional legal acts, instructions and standards that bring general legal requirements to each specific polluter and ensure its interest in fulfilling these requirements, specific environmental measures to implement these requirements.

Only if all these components correspond to each other in content and pace of development, that is, they form a single system of environmental protection, can we count on success.

Since the task of protecting nature from the negative impact of humans was not solved in time, now the task of protecting humans from the influence of a changed natural environment increasingly arises. Both of these concepts are integrated in the term “protection of the (human) natural environment.”

Environmental protection consists of:

legal protection that formulates scientific environmental principles in the form of legally binding laws;
material incentives for environmental activities, seeking to make them economically beneficial for enterprises;
engineering protection, developing environmental and resource-saving technology and equipment.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Natural Environment,” the following objects are subject to protection:

natural ecological systems, the ozone layer of the atmosphere;
earth, its subsoil, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation, fauna, microorganisms, genetic fund, natural landscapes.

State nature reserves, nature reserves, national natural parks, natural monuments, rare or endangered species of plants and animals and their habitats are especially protected.

The basic principles of environmental protection should be:

priority of ensuring favorable environmental conditions for life, work and recreation of the population;
scientifically based combination of environmental and economic interests of society;
taking into account the laws of nature and the possibilities of self-healing and self-purification of its resources;
avoidance of irreversible consequences for the protection of the natural environment and human health;
the right of the population and public organizations to timely and reliable information about the state of the environment and the negative impact on it and on human health of various production facilities;
the inevitability of liability for violation of environmental legislation.

Human impact on nature

The Earth's biosphere is characterized by a certain established cycle of substances and energy flow. Human impact on nature disrupts these processes.

The cycle of substances is the repeated participation of substances in processes occurring in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere, including in those layers that are part of the Earth's biosphere.

Depending on the driving force, with a certain degree of convention, within the cycle of substances one can distinguish geological, biological and anthropogenic cycles.

Before the emergence of man on Earth, there were only two cycles of substances - geological and biological. Geological cycle is the circulation of substances, the driving force of which is exogenous and endogenous geological processes. The geological circulation of substances occurs without the participation of living organisms. The biological cycle is the circulation of substances, the driving force of which is the activity of living organisms.

With the advent of man, the anthropogenic cycle or metabolism arose. Anthropogenic cycle (exchange) is the cycle (exchange) of substances, the driving force of which is human activity. It can be divided into two components: biological, associated with the functioning of humans as a living organism, and technical, associated with the economic activities of people (technogenic cycle (exchange)).

Unlike the geological and biological cycles of substances, the anthropogenic cycle of substances in most cases is open. Therefore, they often talk not about the anthropogenic cycle, but about anthropogenic metabolism. The lack of closure of the anthropogenic cycle of substances leads to the depletion of natural resources and pollution of the natural environment.

Pollution is the introduction into the environment or the emergence in it of new (usually not typical for it) harmful chemical, physical, biological agents. Pollution can occur due to natural causes (natural) or due to human activities (anthropogenic pollution).

In addition to influencing the cycle of substances, humans influence energy processes in the biosphere. The most dangerous is thermal pollution of the biosphere associated with the use of nuclear and thermonuclear energy.

Thus, the human impact on nature consists in the redistribution of substances in the environment and changes in its physical, chemical and biological characteristics.

Human impact on nature can be:

destructive;
stabilizing;
constructive.

Destructive (destructive) impact is human activity leading to the loss of the natural environment of its beneficial qualities to humans. An example of destructive human activity is the clearing of rain forests for pastures or plantations, as a result of which the biogeochemical cycle of substances is disrupted and the soil loses its fertility in 2-3 years.

Stabilizing influence is human activity aimed at slowing down the destruction (destruction) of the natural environment as a result of both human economic activity and natural processes. An example of stabilizing human activity is soil protection measures aimed at reducing soil erosion.

Constructive impact is human activity aimed at restoring the natural environment disturbed as a result of human economic activity. An example of constructive human activity is the restoration of landscapes, restoration of the number of rare species of animals and plants, etc.

direct (immediate);
indirect (mediated).

Direct (immediate) impact - a change in nature as a result of the direct impact of human economic activity on natural objects and phenomena. Indirect (mediated) impact - a change in nature as a result of chain reactions or secondary phenomena associated with human economic activity.

deliberate;
unintentional.

Unintentional impact is unconscious when a person does not anticipate the consequences of his activities. Intentional influence is conscious when a person expects certain results from his activities.

The impact of nature on humans

Man (society) is connected with nature by his origin, existence, and future. All human life and activity, territorial settlement and distribution of production forces depend on the quantity, quality and location of natural resources.

The natural environment surrounding humans has influenced and continues to influence the formation of ethnic groups. Ethnogenesis is the emergence and development of the peoples of the world under the influence of internal socio-economic mechanisms and the surrounding social and natural environments. The historical development of ethnic groups is divided into 3-4 phases: the phase of historical formation, the phase of historical existence (with a subphase of flourishing), the phase of historical inertia and the phase of ethnic relics.

History of the relationship between society and nature

Man appeared on Earth about 4.6 million years ago. At first it was a man-gatherer. About 1.6 million years ago, man learned to use fire. This allowed him to populate areas with a temperate climate and engage in hunting. The use of fire and the invention of weapons led to the mass extermination (hunting) of large mammals in the middle latitudes. This was the cause of the first environmental crisis (the consumer crisis).

This crisis forced man to move from an appropriating type of economy (hunting and gathering) to a producing one (cattle breeding and agriculture).

The first agricultural civilizations arose in areas of insufficient moisture, which required the creation of irrigation systems. As a result of soil erosion and salinization, local environmental disasters occurred in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins, and deforestation led to the appearance of the Sahara Desert in place of fertile lands. This is how the crisis of primitive agriculture manifested itself.

Later, agriculture moved into areas of sufficient moisture, into areas of forest-steppe and forest, as a result of which intensive deforestation began. The development of agriculture and the need for wood to build houses and ships led to catastrophic destruction of forests in Western Europe.

Deforestation causes changes in the gas composition of the atmosphere, climatic conditions, water regime, and soil conditions. The massive destruction of the Earth's plant resources is characterized as a crisis of producers.

Since the 18th century, as a result of the industrial and then scientific and technological revolutions, the pre-industrial era is being replaced by the industrial era. Over the past 100 years, consumption has increased 100 times. Currently, approximately 20 tons of raw materials are mined and grown every year per inhabitant of the Earth, which are processed into final products weighing 2 tons, i.e. 90% of raw materials turn into waste. Out of 2 tons of the final product, at least 1 ton is thrown away during the same year. The appearance of a huge amount of waste, often in the form of substances unusual for nature, led to the emergence of another crisis - the crisis of decomposers. Decomposers do not have time to cleanse the biosphere of pollution; often they are simply not capable of doing this. This leads to disruption of the cycle of substances in the biosphere.

In addition to the pollution of the biosphere with various substances, its thermal pollution occurs - the addition of thermal energy to the surface layer of the troposphere as a result of the combustion of huge amounts of combustible minerals, as well as the use of atomic and thermonuclear energy. The consequence of this may be global warming. This crisis is called the thermodynamic crisis.

Another environmental crisis is the decrease in the reliability of ecological systems, in particular as a result of a decrease in their species diversity, destruction of the ozone layer, etc.

The increasing human impact on nature as a result of population growth and scientific and technological progress has not only environmental consequences. The increase in environmental tension is also reflected in social consequences. Negative social consequences include: increasing food shortages in the world, increasing morbidity in cities, the emergence of new diseases, environmental migration of the population, the emergence of local environmental conflicts due to the creation of enterprises that are environmentally dangerous in the eyes of the population, environmental aggression - the removal of toxic technological processes and waste to other countries, etc.

The evolution of attitudes towards nature. Climate change on earth

Let's consider the history of relations between nature and man: pre-industrial society (before the start of the technical revolution at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century) is characterized, if not by complete harmony with the environment, then at least by the minimal ability of humans to influence the ecosystem. Until this time, nature was self-regulating: warming periods were replaced by ice ages, and nature was constantly renewing itself. At the beginning of the 19th century, the beginning of a warming was recorded, which continued until the first half of the 19th century. The time of this warming is considered to be the beginning of the influence of industrial society on the ecological balance of nature.

Man in an industrial society strives to use nature: the rapid development of the economy requires more and more energy and raw materials, while the technical possibilities for extraction become more and more numerous. Unfortunately, at this stage of human development, in which we find ourselves now, the economy dominates the ecology, and in a few decades the ecosystem will be in danger of destruction. Only the advent of the post-industrial era, when the noosphere begins to dominate the technosphere, can prevent an inevitable catastrophe.

Some may say that at the moment we are in the post-industrial period: wastewater treatment plants are being installed, the consumption of near-depleted resources is being limited, animals that are close to extinction are being bred, and dirty water bodies are being cleaned up. But all this is not done everywhere, and under the guise of cleaning the environment, on the contrary, the situation is worsening.

Types of environmental pollution and directions for its protection

Until the 60s of our century, nature conservation was understood mainly as the protection of its flora and fauna from extermination. Accordingly, the forms of this protection were mainly the creation of specially protected areas, the adoption of legal acts limiting the hunting of individual animals, etc. Scientists and the public were concerned primarily with the biocenotic and partially stationary-destructive effects on the biosphere. Ingredient and parametric pollution, of course, also existed, especially since there was no talk of installing treatment facilities at enterprises. But it was not as diverse and massive as it is now, it practically did not contain artificially created compounds that were not amenable to natural decomposition, and nature dealt with it on its own. Thus, in rivers with an undisturbed biocenosis and a normal flow rate, not slowed down by hydraulic structures, under the influence of the processes of mixing, oxidation, sedimentation, absorption and decomposition by decomposers, disinfection by solar radiation, etc., contaminated water completely restored its properties over a distance of 30 km from the sources of pollution .

Of course, individual pockets of natural degradation have been observed in the past in the vicinity of the most polluting industries. However, by the middle of the 20th century. the rates of ingredient and parametric pollution have increased and their qualitative composition has changed so dramatically that in large areas nature’s ability to self-purify, i.e., the natural destruction of pollutants as a result of natural physical, chemical and biological processes, has been lost.

At present, self-purification does not occur even in such deep and long rivers as the Ob, Yenisei, Lena and Amur. What can we say about the long-suffering Volga, the natural flow speed of which is several times reduced by hydraulic structures, or the Tom River (Western

Siberia), all the water of which industrial enterprises manage to take for their needs and release back polluted at least 3-4 times before it gets from the source to the mouth.

The ability of the soil to self-purify is undermined by a sharp decrease in the amount of decomposers in it, which occurs under the influence of the excessive use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers, the cultivation of monocultures, the complete removal of all parts of grown plants from the fields, etc.

Human and nature

Everything in the world is interconnected, so you cannot use one without damaging the other. For example, gaseous compounds of the environment have always been present in the atmosphere, but today almost half of its total amount is introduced by industry. In the air of industrial areas, the volume of sulfur emissions of industrial origin is many times greater than the amount of its natural compounds. Sulfur dioxide, produced from the combustion of coal and some types of oil, is a major environmental pollutant. In humid air, sulfur dioxide combines with water to form sulfuric acid. Acid rain, falling on the earth, destroys all living things. Falling with rain or floating in the atmosphere with droplets of fog, sulfuric acid corrodes not only the lungs of people, but also metals, paints, stones, causing damage to sculptures...

Atmospheric pollution with carbon monoxide or carbon monoxide is especially dangerous. In total, the atmosphere contains 2.3 * 1012 tons of this gas, almost half of which is gas of anthropogenic origin, formed during the combustion of fuel. Carbon monoxide is dangerous for humans because when it gets into the blood during breathing, it combines with hemoglobin 200-300 times faster than with oxygen, which can cause severe poisoning, even fatal.

Nitrogen fertilizers washed away from fields end up in water bodies, causing rapid development of algae, complicating water supply. Nitrogen, entering the human body, after a series of reactions binds to hemoglobin in the blood and sharply reduces its ability to carry oxygen.

The most dangerous environmental pollution is radioactive. Containers of buried radioactive waste are gradually destroyed and radiation comes out. Radiation, when it appears in the air, is quickly accumulated by organisms, gradually killing a person and distorting his DNA.

It would seem that noise pollution is harmless. But especially often, excessive noise levels (starting from 60-70 decibels) cause hearing disorders that occur in children already at a level of 45 decibels. Noise of 80 decibels reduces mental performance, increases the range of fluctuations in blood pressure, and sharply worsens the perception of what is happening. Long-term noise causes persistent changes in the autonomic nervous system, peripheral circulatory disorders, and hypertension. Noise above 90 decibels damages the middle ear, and noise above 120 decibels causes deafness. Therefore, noise poses a significant threat to living things.

Pollutants such as soot, smoke, and soot can penetrate a person’s lungs and deposit on the surface of the alveoli. As a result, pulmonary diseases arise or worsen: chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, cancer. Every person who has a car, works at an oil factory, or even just a passerby can have all these diseases. Lead emissions from exhaust gases are even more dangerous. With chronic exposure, they have a depressant effect on red blood cells and the nervous system, causing insomnia and nightmares.

Currently, the problem of pollution of water bodies (rivers, lakes, seas, groundwater, etc.) is the most pressing, because Everyone knows the expression “water is life.” A person cannot live without water for more than three days, but even understanding the importance of the role of water in his life, he still continues to harshly exploit water bodies, irreversibly changing their natural regime with discharges and waste. There is a lot of water on Earth, but 97% is salt water of the oceans and seas, and only 3% is fresh. Of this, three quarters are almost inaccessible to living organisms, since this water is “conserved” in mountain glaciers and polar caps (glaciers of the Arctic and Antarctic). This is a fresh water reserve. Of the water available to living organisms, the bulk is contained in their tissues. The need for water among organisms is very high. For example, to form 1 kg of tree biomass, up to 500 kg of water is consumed. And therefore it must be spent and not polluted. Before the development of civilization, the water cycle in the biosphere was in equilibrium; the ocean received as much water from rivers as it consumed during its evaporation. If the climate did not change, then the rivers did not become shallow and the water level in the lakes did not decrease. With the development of civilization, this cycle began to be disrupted; as a result of irrigation of agricultural crops, evaporation from land increased. The rivers of the southern regions became shallow, the pollution of the oceans and the appearance of an oil film on its surface reduced the amount of water evaporated by the ocean. All this worsens the water supply to the biosphere. Droughts are becoming more frequent, and pockets of environmental disasters are emerging, for example, the multi-year catastrophic drought in the Sahara zone.

In addition, the fresh water itself, which returns to the ocean and other bodies of water from land, is often polluted. The water of many rivers has become practically unsuitable for drinking.

A previously inexhaustible resource - fresh, clean water - is becoming exhaustible. Today, water suitable for drinking, industrial production and irrigation is in short supply in many areas of the world. Already, thousands of people die every year due to dioxin pollution of water bodies. As a result of living in a dangerously poisoned environment, cancer and other environmentally related diseases of various organs spread. Half of the newborns who received even minor additional radiation at a certain stage of fetal formation in the mother’s body show mental retardation.

Just as we need water, air, food, we need soil, especially the top layer. Plants grow on the ground and water filters through the soil. It was from the soil that man received the materials for our life today. Soil bacteria decompose the trash we throw away. All houses and businesses are built on the soil. Soil is an equally necessary component of our life, so care should be taken to preserve it.

Since the dawn of land ownership, we have been misusing this vital resource. Of course, the soil can be restored, but this process will take hundreds of years. For example, it will take from 200 to 1000 years to regenerate 3 cm of soil, depending on the climate and soil. Currently, soil abuse has reached unprecedented proportions.

The first problem, which, by the way, concerns not only the soil, is acidity. The acidity of the soil determines the presence of this or that vegetation, since its value affects the absorption of nutrients by plants. And, as everyone already knows, in our time the amount of acid rain has increased noticeably. To neutralize acidity, lime is added to the soil. However, adding lime speeds up the process of decomposition of organic matter in the soil, so manure and other organic fertilizers are added along with lime to maintain fertility.
etc.................

Protection of resources in the process of their use is the basic principle of nature conservation. “Everything is connected to everything,” says B. Commoner’s law. Therefore, the protection of one natural object means the protection of objects associated with it.

Important principles of rational use of natural resources are:

• 1) study of resources. Competent and careful use of resources is impossible without information about their volume, quality, without forecasting the consequences of their removal from natural objects and the possibility of replacing them with others;
• 2) organization of monitoring of the state of natural resources;
• 3) improvement of technologies for extraction, transportation and processing of resources, providing for their maximum use. Design, construction of new, as well as modernization of existing production facilities in order to reduce the use of natural resources. Use of alternative energy sources;
• 4) increasing agricultural productivity in developed areas, strict compliance with standards and purposes when using mineral fertilizers and pesticides;
• 5) constant search for the latest environmental technologies with mandatory environmental assessment;
• 6) reduction of production waste - wastewater, air emissions and solid waste.

Use of waste as raw material for energy and products;

• 7) restoration of natural objects after technogenic impact - land reclamation, protection against soil erosion, reforestation and organizing the fight against forest fires, etc.;
• 8) preservation of the planet's biological diversity.

Organization of protected areas, reserves, national parks. Reducing the catch of commercial and marine invertebrates. Protection and breeding of rare species of plants and animals;

• 9) open demonstration of the results of environmental activities. Environmental education of the population;
• 10) improving the environmental legislation of countries and creating effective mechanisms for its implementation.

An integral element of the natural environment and an object of protection is the animal world - the totality of living organisms of all types of wild animals that permanently or temporarily inhabit the territory of Russia and are in a state of natural freedom, as well as belonging to the natural resources of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation. The fauna is an important regulating and stabilizing component of the biosphere, fully protected and rationally used to satisfy the spiritual and material needs of citizens. The main regulation is carried out by the Federal Law “On Wildlife” of 1995. As with the protection of the entire environment and its individual parts, the protection and use of wildlife, the use of wildlife is characterized by the basic principles of the direction of this activity. Some of them are general for environmental protection, others are of a specific nature, characteristic of the protection of the animal world, the preservation and restoration of its habitat. That is why consideration of the problems of protecting individual natural resources, the use of which affects the state of the environment, and their conservation and restoration in turn depends on it, is necessary when studying the economics of environmental management. The first principle of the protection and use of wildlife is to ensure its sustainable existence. This requires stable and regular use of wildlife, state and public support for activities to protect wildlife and their habitat. In certain territories and water areas or for certain periods, certain types of use of wildlife and the removal of their objects from their habitat may be limited, suspended or prohibited. When introducing virgin lands, wetlands and coastal areas into economic circulation, grazing and running farm animals, developing tourist routes and organizing places for mass recreation of the population, measures must be taken to preserve the conditions for feeding, migration, reproduction, rearing of young animals, and wintering of fauna. When protective areas of territory are allocated with restrictions on economic activity, the owner of the areas is paid compensation.

An important principle of management activities in relation to any natural resource, including in relation to the animal world, is the inadmissibility of combining activities for the implementation of state control over the use and protection of the animal world and its habitat with activities for the use of objects of the animal world (an object of the animal world is understood to be an organism animal origin (wild animal) or their population). This problem goes back many years, since until the 80s. the main state task was the use of natural resources. And only their non-renewability and near exhaustion began to determine the need to establish control over the use of natural resources, delimitation of consumption and supervision. The difficulties of the reorganizations of the last decade have shown the difficulty of solving the problem of separating environmental management and environmental protection, but to a large extent these issues are being resolved in relation to most natural resources. The separation of the right to use the animal world from the right to use other natural resources is an equally painful principle of the protection of the animal world, inherent in activities for the use of other natural resources. We are talking about delineating the subjects of regulation of various branches of environmental legislation (including land, forestry, water and other branches of natural resource legislation - parts of environmental legislation), civil, administrative, criminal.

The principle of protecting the animal world is to use it in ways that do not allow cruelty to animals, in accordance with the general principles of humanity. This principle is implemented with the participation of civil law norms and has been repeatedly discussed in Russian society

Lesson summary on the topic:

"Rational use of nature and its protection."

date lesson: 05/12/2015. Grade: 9.

Teacher: Podshibyakina E.V.

Lesson type : combined.

Lesson objectives:

1. Form concepts:

Rational environmental management;

Biotechnology.

2. Continue to develop a caring attitude towards the environment.

3. Foster a responsible attitude towards natural resources, developing a belief in the need for their protection and rational use;
4. Develop learning skills and abilities, highlight main ideas, explain key expressions, summarize what has been said, draw conclusions, and promote the formation of your own judgments and opinions.

During the classes.

1. Checking absentees.

2. Checking homework:written survey according to paragraph 59.

3. Studying new material. The work is carried out using the 1C-Education platform. Biology. 9th grade.

3.1. The teacher asks the class questions:

1. What global environmental problems facing humanity are you aware of?
2. What natural resources do you know?
3. What is the cause of the environmental crisis on our planet?

Only a highly educated society that understands its goals and is able to balance the failures of needs with the opportunities that nature gives it can enter the era of the noosphere.

For smart managementbiosphere and transition to the level of the noosphere, it is necessary not only to know the structure and principle of “work "of this huge and complex system, but also to be able to influence the processes occurring in it in the desired direction.

And yet, even perfect knowledge of biosphere mechanisms and a clear understanding of what needs to be done will not bear real fruit in the absence of a certain level of maturity and culture of society. The most important task here is the formation of a new social and environmental morality. To replace slogans like “Man is the king of nature” or “You cannot expect favors from nature; taking them from her is our task!” There must be an attitude towards a reasonable and careful attitude towards what makes us exist, towards our common and only home - planet Earth.

It is necessary to formulate a strategy for the development of human society that would allow it to harmoniously combine its needs with the possibilities for the normal functioning of the biosphere. This means not only the widespread adoption of energy saving production methods (technologies) andresources , but also (first of all!) changing the nature of people’s needs.

We now live in what is called a “disposable society.” It is characterized by irrational wasteful exploitation of natural resources. To preserve human civilization, it is necessary to build an environmentally friendly society that wisely uses natural resources.

Natural resources are the most important components of the human environment, used to satisfy all kinds of material and cultural needs of society. They are very diverse (Fig. 112),
The limited resources of the Earth are currently becoming one of the most pressing problems of human civilization. Finding ways to rationally manage natural resources is one of the most important tasks of our time.

Limited natural resources, imperfect technology for their extraction and processing often lead to the destruction of biogeocenoses, environmental pollution, climate disturbances and the circulation of substances inecosystems e.

The overall challenge of sustainable natural resource managementconsists in finding the best (according to certain criteria), or optimal, ways of exploiting natural and artificial ecosystems.
The creation of new technologies must be combined with competent, competent environmental assessment of all, especially large-scale, projects in industry, construction, transport, agriculture and other sectors of human activity. Conducted by special independent bodies, such an examination will avoid many miscalculations and unpredictable consequences of the implementation of these projects for the biosphere.

In general, environmental protection and natural resource restoration tasks should include the following activities:

Local (local) and global environmental monitoring, i.e. measurement and control of the state of the most important environmental characteristics, concentrations of harmful substances in the atmosphere, water, soil;
- restoration and protection of forests from fires, pests, diseases;
- expansion and increase in the number of protected areas, unique natural complexes;
- protection and breeding of rare species of plants and animals;
- broad education and environmental education of the population;
- international cooperation in environmental protection.

Only active work in all areas of human activity to form a new attitude towards nature, the development of rational environmental management, and environmentally friendly technologies of the future will be able to solve the environmental problems of today and move on to harmonious cooperation with nature.

The development of perfect environmental legislation and the creation of effective mechanisms for its implementation is an indispensable element of building a society living in harmony with nature.

Awareness of common goals and difficulties standing in the way will inevitably give rise to a feeling of planetary unity of people. We need to learn to feel like members of one family, the fate of which depends on each of us. Awareness of the unity of humanity is one of the foundations of environmental morality and humanism.

1. Why can’t we say that human society has already entered the era of the noosphere?
2. Why can our society be classified as a “disposable consumption society”?
3. Do you think humanity will be able to overcome the environmental crisis?

3.2. The teacher gives a definition of science on the record:

Biotechnology - a set of industrial methods that use living organisms or biological processes. Since ancient times, humans have been using biotechnological processes to produce various substances and food products (kefir, wine, beer, coffee have their own ancient history, when biology as a science did not yet exist). “Biotechnology” (from the Greek Bios - life, Technos - art and logos - teaching) the term was introduced in the 70s. years of the XX century.

Today, various types of bacteria and fungi are used in the microbiological industry. In the food industry, highly productive strains of microorganisms make it possible to increase the production of high-quality food products (fermented milk, cheeses, beer), animal feed, and others. Biotechnological processes are also used to clean the environment. A biological treatment method based on the ability of certain types of bacteria to decompose organic compounds that enter the environment. Thanks to selection work, strains of microorganisms have been created that are capable of decomposing those compounds that natural species cannot mineralize. Their updated properties are used to purify wastewater, natural reservoirs and soil.

Task No. 1. Prepare a certificate on methods for ozonizing water during the purification process. Is it a biotechnological method? Justify your answer.

Recently, in the development of biotechnological processes, methods of genetic and cellular engineering have been increasingly used, which make it possible to obtain a variety of compounds and drugs.

3.3. Study of B. Commoner's laws

In the 60s, with negative environmental trends emerging in the environment, a certain scientific direction was formed - “new ecology”. A typical representative of the “new” ecology is the prominent American scientist Barry Commoner. It was he who formulated the now famous four “simple” rules of the “new” ecology.

- “everything is connected to everything”;

- “everything has to go somewhere”;

- “nature knows best”;

- “nothing comes for free.”

The external simplicity and bright form of these rules have gained well-deserved popularity among ecologists and specialists in other areas of scientific knowledge, but it should be noted that this is not the main thing in the “Commoner's rules”, but their extremely high content and depth.

1. “Everything is connected to everything,” as the first of them captures the great complexity of structural and functional connections of ecological systems of any rank: local, regional, global. In particular, it is worth mentioning the transboundary nature of the transfer of pollution in the atmosphere; acid rain rarely falls over the place where sulfur dioxide is released, that is, boiler houses and thermal power plants. With the prevailing northeastern atmospheric transport in the European part of Russia, industrial air pollution from the industrial central regions is “transferred” to ecologically sensitive tundra areas.

2. “Everything must go somewhere,” as the second rule, is essentially a different statement of the fundamental physical law of conservation of matter. This rule determines the maximum permissible limits of pollution of the biosphere, which imply its homeostasis. Actually, this rule is a theoretical basis for the development and establishment of a system of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) and maximum permissible emissions (MPE). Despite the existing objections to MAC and PD, they are still one of the few quantitative environmental indicators established by law that allow specific practical environmental activities.

3. “Nature knows best” - the third rule - calls for an attentive, careful attitude towards nature. This applies, in particular, to the implementation of construction projects and is, in essence, the rationale for the environmental impact assessment (EIA) system, and determines the need for the mandatory preparation of an environmental impact statement (EPS) when implementing a project, including a construction one.

To a large extent, this rule determines the need for a thorough study of the natural and technogenic-natural situation in places of reconstruction of buildings and structures and, to an even greater extent, during their liquidation, and especially during reclamation work. If mistakes are made in the latter, the negative environmental consequences can be significantly greater than if reclamation had not been carried out at all.

4. “Nothing is given for free” - the fourth rule - describes the unity of the biosphere, its integrity, lays the foundation for understanding compensatory biosphere mechanisms. Within this framework, nothing can be won or lost, and the biosphere itself cannot serve as an object of general improvement. Everything that is extracted from the biosphere by human activity must be compensated. The biosphere will require payment, perhaps after some delay.

4. Consolidation of the studied material.

5. Grading for the lesson.

6. Recording homework: paragraph 60, notes in a notebook.

F. Engels “...at every step facts remind us that we do not at all rule over nature the way a conqueror rules over a foreign people, we don’t rule over it like someone outside nature, that we, on the contrary , with our flesh, blood and brain we belong to it and are inside it, that our entire dominion over it consists in the fact that we, unlike other creatures, know how to recognize its laws and apply them correctly.” Rational use of wildlife and its protection.

Nature conservation is a system of natural scientific, technical, industrial, economic, administrative and legal activities carried out within a given state or part of it, as well as on an international scale and aimed at preserving and controlled changes in nature in the interests of developing humanity, maintaining and increasing its productivity, ensuring rational use (including restoration) of natural resources and the environment.

Ecosystems are divided into natural, agricultural and urban. The principle of rational environmental management sounds like this: “Use by protecting, and protect by using.” You can harvest medicinal herbs and berries in the forest, hunt animals without disturbing the ecological balance. If the ecological balance is not disturbed, the forest ecosystem will be able to recover. Obtaining a high yield, high milk yield, weight gain or hair clipping of farm animals can be combined with the preservation of soil fertility, productivity and species richness of hayfields and pastures, purity of the atmosphere and water. Even the largest urban and industrial ecosystems become less dangerous to nature if low-waste technologies and reliable treatment facilities and waste storage facilities are used.

Rational use of nature is not enough; special protection of flora and fauna and all living beings is needed. In ecology, there are two levels of wildlife protection: population-species and ecosystem. At the population-species level, the objects of protection are specific species of animals or plants living in populations, therefore the protection of populations grows into the protection of species.

Population-species level of protection. In order to organize the protection of flora and fauna, objects of protection are identified and “Red Books” are created containing lists and characteristics of species that are threatened with extinction. The first “Red Book” appeared in 1966. The organizer of its creation was the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. He published 5 volumes with a list of species that are threatened with extinction. Each type was allocated a separate sheet, and the book was printed on red paper - the color of the warning. Starting this year, similar lists of endangered species began to be published all over the world, although they now use regular paper and only the binding is red. was published in 1988

Population-species level of protection. - in 1985. They included, respectively, 533 and 247 species of plants and animals. Created for many republics and regions of Russia. The protection of biological diversity in ecosystems at the population-species level is carried out by prohibiting the collection of individual beautifully flowering representatives of the orchid (lady's slipper, Lyuba bifolia) or lily (curly and tiger lilies, hazel grouse, etc.) families, and the procurement of those types of medicinal herbs whose populations are already weakened by intensive exploitation (in many areas the collection of valerian officinalis and sandy cumin is prohibited). It is also prohibited to hunt rare species of birds (cranes, swans, bustard, little bustard, etc.) or mammals (roe deer, Ussuri tiger, muskrat), catch certain types of fish (sturgeon: sterlet and sturgeon, trout, etc.) and rare species of butterflies and beetles.

Population-species level of protection. The success of protecting flora and fauna at the population-species level depends on many factors. You already know that the reason for the weakening and even destruction of populations can be excessive harvesting, habitat destruction, the introduction of new species - competitors that displace a protected species, pollution, etc. In addition, any species is associated with other organisms and, for example, to preserve population of a large predator, you need to take care of the population of its victims and the conditions for their normal life. Therefore, the protection of a species at the top of the food chain in nature will develop into the protection of the entire ecosystem in which it lives. Ecosystem protection is the most reliable way to preserve biological diversity. For this reason, the protection of populations of individual species in ecosystems exploited by humans is often ineffective, and therefore some special forms of conservation of endangered species are used, for example, breeding of species under human control, the creation of gene banks.

Species breeding under human control. Animals are bred in zoos, plants - in botanical gardens. There are also special breeding centers for rare species: Oka State Crane Nursery, Prioksko-Terrasny Bison Nursery, etc. Numerous fish factories breed rare species of fish, the young of which are released into rivers and lakes. In Sweden, Germany, Austria, France, after breeding in captivity, lynx were introduced into forests. The conservation of species is also facilitated by the activities of amateur gardeners and aquarium keepers. A number of countries have established “rehabilitation centers” to provide assistance to injured and sick animals. There are more than 20 such centers in France. After treatment, most animals are released, but some have to be left in captivity due to the inability to survive independently in nature.

Creation of gene banks. Creation of gene banks. Banks can be used to store plant seeds, tissue cultures, or germ cells (frozen sperm is often stored) from which animals or plants can be obtained. The collection of seeds of cultivated plants created by N.I. Vavilov continues to grow. Now the National Repository of World Plant Resources is located in the Kuban station of the former All-Union Institute of Plant Growing named after. N. I. Vavilova. There, in 24 rooms located underground, 400 thousand seed samples are stored at a constant temperature of +4.5 ° C. The first banks of frozen cells of endangered animal species were created in a number of scientific centers around the world (including in Pushchino-on-Oka). So far, the problem of protecting species by humans has not yet been resolved. But there are successes. In Russia, many beaver populations have been restored, which in the post-revolutionary years was almost completely exterminated as a result of predatory hunting, and then suffered for many years from land reclamation that destroyed its habitat. Now there are 150 thousand beavers and their number continues to increase. The position of the bison, gray whale, and Far Eastern walrus has also become less dangerous.

Environmental monitoring. The ecological situation in any city or rural area can change catastrophically in a very short time, often in a matter of hours, since the intensity of waste emissions from enterprises into the atmosphere or water body, the recreational load on the forest park, and the amount and type of pesticide used to treat crops change very quickly. , the intensity of livestock waste entering the river, etc. sometimes increases catastrophically. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly monitor the state of ecosystems and their elements. Constant observations of processes occurring in ecosystems are called environmental monitoring (from the Latin word monitor - one who reminds, warns). There is ground-based monitoring (they use special instruments and monitor the concentration of harmful substances in water, air, soil or food) and aerospace monitoring. In this case, changes occurring in ecosystems are assessed using instruments on satellites and aircraft, which take into account the condition of forests or crops, the degree of soil erosion, and the content of pollutants in the atmosphere.

Environmental monitoring. Based on the data obtained, forecasts are developed for further changes in the observed signs and decisions are made to improve the environmental situation - they build new treatment facilities at enterprises that pollute the atmosphere and water, change forest felling systems and plant new ones, introduce soil-protective crop rotations, etc. Monitoring is most often carried out regional and republican Committees for hydrometeorological services. Employees of these committees receive data on the state of the atmosphere through a system of special sensors installed in industrial cities, and constantly take water and soil samples for analysis.

Environmental monitoring. A special type of monitoring is biological (biomonitoring). Biomonitoring monitors the state of flora and fauna of ecosystems. To do this, every few years the territory is surveyed and species in need of protection are identified, which are included in the Red Books. Biomonitoring is also used to assess the level of environmental pollution based on the state of the organisms in their habitat. Assessment of the environment based on the state of living organisms is called biological indication, and the organisms themselves, by which the state of the environment is assessed, are called biological indicators. The use of bioindication methods for monitoring is convenient because instruments measure pollution several times a day, and plants - constantly. Instruments may not detect a one-time high emission of some gases into the atmosphere, but lichens, mosses or linden leaves will. In addition, biological indicators react not to individual pollutants, but to their entire complex, and therefore are able to give a general assessment of air or water pollution.

Conclusion Rational environmental management of any natural ecosystem, forest or swamp, is aimed at implementing the principle. Complete conservation of biological diversity, even with rational use, is impossible. In any territory where people manage, it is not possible to preserve all types of plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms. Complete preservation of biological diversity in a used ecosystem is as impossible as creating a perpetual motion machine.