Cultural monuments are works of human hands. Definition of the ancient creation of mankind

Russia has always had many monuments. But only a few became the most famous, the most iconic works of art. So, our 10 most famous monuments in Russia:

1 . Monument to Peter I - Moscow

The official name is the Monument “In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of the Russian Fleet.” The author of the monument was Zurab Tsereteli. The grandiose sculptural composition was installed on an artificial island on the spit, at the confluence of the Moscow River and the Obvodny Canal, not far from the famous Red October confectionery factory. The opening of the monument was timed to coincide with the celebration of the 850th anniversary of Moscow. The total height of the monument is 98 meters, it is the tallest monument in Russia, and one of the tallest in the whole world.

2. Monument “Worker and Collective Farm Woman” - Moscow

“Worker and Collective Farm Woman” is an outstanding monument of monumental art, “an ideal and symbol of the Soviet era,” representing a dynamic sculptural group of two figures with a hammer and sickle raised above their heads. Author - Vera Mukhina; concept and compositional plan of the architect Boris Iofan. The monument is made of stainless chromium-nickel steel. The height is about 25 m. It is located on Prospekt Mira, near the Northern entrance of VDNKh.

Initially, the monument to a worker and a collective farmer was developed for an exhibition in Paris, but the resulting result stunned everyone. After all, not only fundamentally new materials were used for the monument (stainless steel had not been used before), but also new principles of construction. After all, before this, it was also not necessary to enlarge it 15 times from life; it was a grand experiment.

Remarkable facts of the monument to the worker and the collective farmer:

· The monument to a worker and a collective farmer was delivered to Paris in 28 railway cars, but even this separation was not enough, because some parts did not fit into the tunnels and had to be cut further.

· Before the opening of the monument in Paris, sabotage was noticed in time, someone cut off the cables of the crane that was assembling the monument at the exhibition, after which round-the-clock security was posted from volunteers and employees who came to assemble the monument.

· Initially, the monument to a worker and a collective farmer was assembled within 1 month; people worked in three shifts, sleeping only for three hours in a nearby barn, where a large fire was always burning in the center.

· In Paris, the monument was assembled in 11 days, although 25 days were planned.

· It is a symbol of the Mosfilm film studio.

· Dismantling, storage and restoration of the legendary sculptural composition cost the budget 2.9 billion rubles

3. Monument Motherland Calls - Volgograd

The sculpture “The Motherland Calls” in Volgograd is the compositional center of the monument-ensemble “To the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad”, located on . This statue is one of the tallest in the world, occupying 11th place in the Guinness Book of Records. At night, the monument is illuminated by spotlights. The total height of the monument is 85-87 meters. Its military name is “Height 102”. During the Battle of Stalingrad, the most fierce battles took place here. And here they later buried the dead defenders of the city. Their feat is immortalized in the unique monument-ensemble “To the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad,” erected in 1967 according to the design of the famous Soviet sculptor Yevgeny Vuchetich.

4. Monument-obelisk “To the Conquerors of Space” - Moscow

The monument to the “Conquerors of Space” was erected in Moscow in 1964 to commemorate the achievements of the Soviet people in the exploration of outer space. This is a 107m high obelisk lined with titanium panels, depicting the trail left behind by a rocket located on top of the obelisk. On the façade of the stylobate, poetic lines by Nikolai Gribachev are laid out in metal letters:

And our efforts are rewarded,
What, having overcome lawlessness and darkness,
We forged fiery wings
To your country and your age!

Initially, the option of placing the monument on the Lenin Hills (today Vorobyov Hills) between the building of Moscow State University was considered. M.V. Lomonosov and an observation deck overlooking Luzhniki. It was supposed to be made of smoky translucent glass with night lighting from the inside. The height of the monument was supposed to be 50 m. At the personal suggestion of S.P. Korolev, it was decided to cover the monument with a coating of “space” metal - titanium. The height of the grandiose monument doubled and amounted to 100 m, and the total weight of the entire structure was 250 tons. The final site for the construction of the monument was a vacant lot near the entrance to VDNKh and the metro station of the same name.

The monument became a symbol of a qualitative technological leap of its time: on October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first Artificial Earth Satellite, on April 12, 1961, the cosmos spoke the language of man - and this language was Russian.

Along with the obelisk, a new type of building structure was born - the inclined tower. History preserves in its tablets only one such structure - the famous “Leaning Tower”.

5. Monument “Millennium of Russia” - Veliky Novgorod

The Monument “Millennium of Russia” is a monument erected in Veliky Novgorod in 1862 in honor of the thousandth anniversary of the founding of the Russian state. The monument resembles a bell. Its upper part is a ball symbolizing power - the emblem of royal power. The total height of the monument is 15 meters. These are some of the most iconic monuments in Russia, learn more about them .

6. Monument to Sunken Ships - Sevastopol

The Monument to the Sunken Ships is the most famous military monument of Sevastopol, was depicted on the Soviet coat of arms of the city and is considered one of the main city symbols. The monument is located in Sevastopol Bay, near the embankment of Primorsky Boulevard. The majestic and proud monument to sunken ships is one of the most beloved by residents and guests of the city. It is a symbol and calling card of Sevastopol. Height - 16.7 meters.

There is another monument that is significant for Sevastopol - the brig "Mercury" and Captain Kazarsky. This was the first monument in the then young city. About it .

7. Monument to St. George the Victorious - Moscow

The statue of St. George the Victorious is located on the territory of Moscow’s Victory Park and is part of the memorial complex on Poklonnaya Hill. Located at the foot of the obelisk dedicated to the 1418 days and nights of the Great Patriotic War. Saint George the Victorious strikes a snake, which is a symbol of evil, with a spear. The statue of St. George the Victorious is one of the central compositions of the memorial complex.

8. Monument “Bronze Horseman” - St. Petersburg

The Bronze Horseman is a monument to Peter I on Senate Square in St. Petersburg. The opening of the monument took place in August 1782. It is the very first monument in St. Petersburg. Later it got its name thanks to the famous poem of the same name by A. S. Pushkin, although in fact it was made of bronze.

9. Monument to mammoths in Khanty Mansiysk

The sculptural composition “Mammoths” appeared in Khanty-Mansiysk in 2007. The creation of this monument was timed to coincide with the 425th anniversary of the capital of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. The sculpture is located on the territory of the famous Archeopark. The sculptural composition consists of 11 bronze monuments. The total weight of these monuments exceeds 70 tons. All monuments are set in life size. The height of the tallest mammoth exceeds 8 meters, and the smallest mammoth is only 3 meters in height.

10. Monument “Alyosha”

Memorial “To the Defenders of the Soviet Arctic during the Great Patriotic War” (“Alyosha”) is a memorial complex in the Leninsky district of the city of Murmansk. The main figure in the memorial is the figure of a soldier in a raincoat, with a machine gun over his shoulder. The height of the monument's pedestal is 7 meters. The height of the monument itself is 35.5 meters, the weight of the hollow sculpture inside is more than 5 thousand tons. The statue of “Alyosha” is second in height in Russia only to the Volgograd statue of “Motherland”. The monument is one of the highest monuments in Russia.

Hundreds of applications were received from Russian regions for the competition. Until September 29, 2013, site visitors 10russia.ru will determine the winners. It is planned that the objects that receive the most votes will be recreated in miniature in the Rossiya landscape park in the Moscow region. “AiF” took a closer look at some contenders for victory.

Kizhi (1)

Historical, cultural and natural complex. The basis of the museum collection is the ensemble of the Kizhi churchyard. It consists of two churches and a bell tower of the 18th-19th centuries, surrounded by a single fence. The Transfiguration Church was cut down without nails, using an ax and a chisel. The churchyard and the buildings of the museum exhibition are exceptional examples of traditional wooden architecture of Karelia and the north of Russia in general.

Lake Baikal (3)

The largest reservoir of fresh water on the planet, the deepest lake in the world. The area is comparable to Belgium. More than 1 thousand local species of plants and animals are found nowhere else.

Naryn-Kala (5)

A fortress in the most ancient city of Russia - Derbent. Its walls were rebuilt several times, but overall its appearance was preserved. On the territory there are the remains of an ancient Christian temple, an underground prison, a bath system, and the oldest mosque.

Mamayev Kurgan (7)

The memorial is dedicated to the heroes. The remains of 34,505 defenders are buried in the hill, and there are also 35 tombstones of Heroes of the Soviet Union. Statue “The Motherland Calls!” recognized as one of the seven wonders of Russia.

Valley of Geysers (8)

One of the largest geyser fields in the world, the only one in Eurasia. Located on the site of a disappeared lake. There are more than 20 geysers in total. Due to its inaccessibility and nature reserve regime, only a few thousand people a year visit the valley.

According to the Russian Geographical Society

1. Rurik settlement in Novgorod

More than a thousand years ago, on a low hill, not far from the center of modern Veliky Novgorod, there stood a city - a rich administrative, trade and craft center of the entire Ilmen region - Rurik's settlement. Archaeologists have discovered many things of Scandinavian origin in its cultural layer. The settlement became the predecessor of the capital of the Novgorod principality; It was here, according to legend, that the Varangian Rurik came to reign.

One of the most famous archaeological sites of the Paleolithic era is located in Russia, in the Voronezh region. The first human settlements in Kostenki appeared 45 thousand years ago. Piles of animal bones were found in Kostenki - the ancient inhabitants of these places built houses from mammoth bones. Among the 40,000 finds are tools and works of art.

3. Gnezdovo

On both sides of the Dnieper in the Smolensk region there is the largest monument dating back to the birth of the ancient Russian state - the Gnezdovo burial mound complex. Once upon a time, 3500-4000 mounds were poured here. Both Slavs and Scandinavians in the VIII-X centuries. /bm9icg===>ekakhs buried the dead in the same way: first they placed the body in a funeral pyre, and then they built a mound. Some mounds are built on burnt burial boats; such burials turned out to be especially rich. Jewelry, broken swords and other items were found in them.

Phanagoria is one of the few ancient Greek colonies on the territory of modern Russia. The large port city served as the second capital of the Bosporan kingdom after Panticapaeum (modern Kerch). On the territory of the modern city, administrative and residential buildings from the late 6th - first half of the 5th centuries were excavated. BC. The most valuable find in the history of excavations was a wooden ship. It was possible to date it thanks to a metal ram, on which a cast sign of the king of the Bosporan state Mithridates VI Eupator (star and crescent) was found. Apparently, the ship of the bireme (a rowing warship with two rows of oars on each side) was part of the royal fleet and was burned during the assault on Phanagoria in 63 BC.

In October 2015, the Tauride Chersonese Museum-Reserve passed to Russia, and although UNESCO refused to recognize this fact, the museum-reserve is now under the leadership of the Russian Ministry of Culture. The only Greek city in the Black Sea region, Chersonesus managed to be a Roman colony, become part of the Bosporan kingdom, was independent for a short time, became part of Byzantium, survived the raids of Genghis Khan's troops, was twice destroyed and plundered by Lithuanian princes, and saw Genoese merchants. Its cultural layer preserves the memory of every period of the history of the ancient city.

6. Selitrennoye settlement (Sarai-Batu)

On the territory of the Astrakhan region there is the capital of the Golden Horde, founded by Batu Khan - the city of Sarai-Batu. It became saltpeter much later, when under Peter I, saltpeter production plants were installed here.

The foundations of many buildings - public, residential and industrial - were found on the territory of the monument. The cities of Golden Orzha were built by conquered peoples, so the material culture of the village of Sarai-Batu was very eclectic.

7. Old Ryazan ancient settlement

One of the richest cities of Ancient Rus', the capital of the Ryazan principality was located completely different from where modern Ryazan stands. The settlement of Old Ryazan was discovered in 1822 thanks to an accidental find - a treasure trove of gold jewelry. After the Great Patriotic War, excavations were taken seriously. Three temples, objects of art, houses and premises where people practiced crafts, and 16 treasures with coins and valuables were found at the site.

8. Arkaim

3 thousand years BC, a huge fortified city was built on the territory of the modern Chelyabinsk region. In special workshops, its residents smelted bronze and practiced pottery. The city was strictly planned and had storm drainage.

The circular figures formed by the remains of fortifications and dwellings in the steppe have attracted not only historians, but also adherents of occultism of all kinds: they call the archaeological monument “a place of power”, “the cradle of humanity” and “the ancestral home of the Aryans”.

Architectural monuments are objects that were created, usually in honor of a significant event or an important person. The age of some is estimated at tens of years, while others remember the Egyptian pharaohs. This review contains the most famous architectural monuments about which the history of mankind can be written.

1. Kaaba (Masjid al-Haram)


The Kaaba (Masjid al-Haram) is a cube-shaped building located in Mecca

The Kaaba (Masjid al-Haram) is a cube-shaped building located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is considered the holiest site in Islam, as well as the oldest and most famous cultural monument in the world.


Muslim shrine of Kaba.

The Qur'an states that the Kaaba was built by Abraham (Ibrahim in Arabic) and his son Ismail after the latter settled in Arabia. A mosque, Masjid al-Haram, was built around this building. All Muslims around the world face the Kaaba during prayers, no matter where they are.


Pilgrims at Kaba.

One of the five fundamental laws of Islam requires that every Muslim perform the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once in his life. In this case, you need to walk around the Kaaba seven times counterclockwise (when viewed from above).

2. Taj Mahal


White marble mausoleum located in Agra, India.

The Taj Mahal ("Crown of Palaces") is a white marble mausoleum located in the city of Agra, India. It was built by the king of the Mughal Empire, Shah Jahan, in memory of his third wife Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is widely known as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the internationally recognized masterpieces of the world's heritage." The area of ​​the Taj Mahal is about 221 hectares (38 hectares are occupied by the mausoleum itself and 183 hectares of protected forest around it).

3. Egyptian pyramids


Egyptian pyramids.

A total of 138 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt. Most of them were built as tombs for pharaohs and their wives during the Old and Middle Kingdoms. These are some of the oldest famous cultural monuments.


View of the Egyptian pyramids from above.

The earliest known Egyptian pyramids were found at Saqqara, northwest of Memphis. And the oldest of them is the Pyramid of Djoser, built in 2630 - 2611 BC. e., during the third dynasty. This pyramid and its surrounding complex were designed by the architect Imhotep and are generally considered to be the world's oldest monumental brick-faced structures.

4. The Great Wall of China


The great Wall of China.

The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, rammed earth, wood and other materials built along China's historical northern borders to protect the country from invasion by various warlike peoples.


Sculptures on the Great Wall of China.

Several walls were built as early as the 7th century BC, and were later expanded to form what is today known as the Great Wall. Particularly famous is the part of the wall built between 220-206 BC. the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang (very little remains of her).

By the way, there are many more beautiful and interesting places in China that are worth seeing with your own eyes.

5. Angkor Thom (Greater Angkor)


Capital of the Khmer Empire

Angkor Thom is a 3 square kilometer walled royal city that was the last capital of the Khmer Empire. After Jayavarman VII recaptured Yashodharapura (the previous capital) from Champa invaders in 1181, he built a new imperial capital on the site of the destroyed city. He started with existing surviving structures such as Baphuon and Phimeanakas and built a magnificent walled city around them, adding an outer wall with a moat and some of Angkor's greatest temples. There are five entrances (gates) to the city, one for each cardinal direction and a Victory Gate leading to the Royal Palace area. Each gate is topped with four giant faces.

6. Acropolis of Athens


Acropolis of Athens

The Acropolis of Athens, also called "Cecropia" in Athens, is the most important site of the city and one of the most recognizable monuments in the world. It is a major landmark of ancient Greek culture, as well as a symbol of the city of Athens itself, as it represents the apogee of artistic development in the 5th century BC.

7. National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall


Chiang Kai-shek Memorial

The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall is a famous monument and local landmark erected in memory of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, former President of the Republic of China. It is located in the Chinese city of Taipei. The monument, surrounded by a park, was built in the eastern part of Memorial Square. To the north is the National Theater, and to the south is the National Concert Hall.

8. Potala Palace


Potala Palace

The Potala Palace is located in the city of Lhasa in Tibet. It is named after Mount Potalaka, the mythical abode of Chenrezig or Avalokiteshvara. The Potala Palace was the main residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama fled to Dharamsala, India, during the Chinese invasion of Tibet in 1959.

Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, the fifth Great Dalai Lama, began construction of the Potala Palace in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisors, Konchog Chopel, noted that the site between the Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa was an ideal location for the government. The Potala was eventually built on the remains of an earlier fortress called the White or Red Palace, built by King Songtsen Gampo of Tibet in 637. Today the Potala Palace is a museum.

9. Statue of Liberty


Statue of Liberty in the USA.

The Statue of Liberty was a gift of friendship from the people of France to the people of the United States of America, and it is a universal symbol of freedom and democracy. The Statue of Liberty was dedicated on October 28, 1886, and was designated a National Monument in 1924.

10. Sultan Ahmed Mosque


The Sultan Ahmed Mosque is a historical mosque in Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey and the capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1453 to 1923. It is also popularly known as the Blue Mosque because of the blue tiles that line its walls.


Mosque interior.

The mosque was built from 1609 to 1616 during the reign of Ahmed I. Although it is still used as a mosque, the site has also become a popular tourist attraction.

The custom of erecting monuments, sculptures and obelisks in cities that perpetuate events or historical figures is almost as old as the rituals of holidays or funerals. The art of sculpting has been honed over thousands of years so that people passing by beautiful figures will admire human greatness. It so happened that almost all of the most grandiose Russian monuments were left to us from the Soviet era, because then the colossality of the monuments had a special political significance.

10. Monument to Lenin in Dubna (37 m)

In the famous Soviet and now Russian scientific center in Dubna, there is a huge monument to Lenin. Even without a pedestal, the height of the figure of the leader of the proletariat is 25 meters. They placed it near the lock separating the Moscow Sea from the Volga bed. A park was built around the monument, from which the panorama of the Moscow Sea is clearly visible. There also used to be a monument to I. Stalin, but under Khrushchev it was blown up.

9. Friendship forever (42 m)

This monument, inaugurated in 1983, was dedicated to Russian-Georgian friendship. That year marked the 200th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Georgievsk - that was the name of the treaty, according to which the Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti voluntarily became part of the Russian Empire and found itself under its full protection. This composition was staged on Tishinskaya Square, where the famous Georgian Settlement was located until the 19th century. From the point of view of execution, the monument is a column composed of vertically located, hard-to-distinguish letters of the Cyrillic and Georgian alphabet, from which the words “peace”, “unity”, “labor”, “brotherhood” are formed. The column is crowned with a wreath of grapes, into which ears of wheat are woven; symbolism is also visible in this: wheat is Russia, and grapes are Georgia.

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8. Monument to Yuri Gagarin (42.5 m)

At the height of the Moscow Olympics in July 1980, a new huge monument appeared in the capital - this time to the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. It was made of titanium, which is widely used in the manufacture of spacecraft. The production of the cosmonaut figure took 238 cast elements connected to each other by welding and bolts. The most difficult thing was making the face - the largest element, weighing 300 kg, although one melt of a vacuum furnace could produce much less metal. The figure of the astronaut looks very dynamic - it seems to be directed upward. The semantic part of the composition is the high ribbed pedestal - it means the launch of a spaceship.

7. Alyosha (42.5 m)

Residents of Murmansk decided to make their own monument, officially called “Defenders of the Soviet Arctic during the Second World War,” the namesake of the famous monument to the Soviet soldier-liberator in Bulgaria - “Alyosha”. The soldier is depicted here in a long overcoat. In 1975, it was installed on Cape Verde Hill so that it was visible from anywhere in the city - it was actually 173 meters higher than the average level of the urban landscape. The height of the figure is 35.5 meters, and it stands on a pedestal 7 meters high. This sculpture became part of the architectural and sculptural complex dedicated to the defenders of the Motherland. Nearby is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.

6. Monument to Vladimir Lenin in Volgograd (57 m)

At one time, this particular monument became a figure in the Guinness Book of Records as the tallest among monuments dedicated to real historical figures. Ilyich, by the way, occupied the pedestal on which his successor, I. Stalin, had previously stood, but which was later dismantled. Lenin is not very original here - he is depicted walking briskly with a cap in his hand. The monument was opened on the 103rd anniversary of the birth of the leader of the revolution, that is, in 1973. The height of the figure itself is 27 meters.

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5. Worker and Kolkhoz Woman (58 m)

This monument became a world-famous symbol of the USSR; its image could be seen on various postcards, stamps, and other Soviet products, and the Mosfilm film studio made it its screensaver. This sculptural composition was commissioned by the state to decorate the Soviet pavilion at the international exhibition held in France in 1937. Elena Mukhina portrayed the heroes of her time - young people from the leading political classes of Soviet society - a young male worker and a female collective farmer. In synchronously extended arms they hold a hammer and sickle. The sculpture seems to say that they are building a peaceful life and striving for simple happiness.
After returning from France, the monument was placed in Moscow near the entrance to VDNKh, although according to the original plan it was supposed to decorate the area in front of the lock tower of the Rybinsk Hydroelectric Power Station. But the preparatory work at the hydroelectric power station was delayed, so it was temporarily placed near VDNKh, and there it remained forever laid up. Another sculpture was made for the hydroelectric power station. For this reason, the pedestal for the monument turned out to be too low - less than what was intended by the authors, otherwise the monument would have become three times higher. Before France, the statue was transported disassembled in 28 wagons, but even in this case, some elements got stuck in narrow places on the track, so they had to be cut right on the road.

4. The Motherland is calling (87 m)

Until 1997, the largest statue in the country was the sculpture of the Motherland, installed in Volgograd on the Mamayev Kurgan. Fortunately, no one here even thought of challenging its semantic and architectural significance - in terms of the emotional impact of this sculpture there are few equals in the world, and not just in Russia. A female figure with a sword raised high in her hand and half-turned back, as if appealing to the invisible people with a call to stand up against the enemy.
This statue was installed in 1967 and for 22 years after that it was the tallest sculpture in the world, for which it was included in the Guinness Book of Records. The statue itself is made of reinforced concrete, and the 33-meter sword, which weighed 14 tons, was originally made of titanium and stainless steel (to sparkle). But it had too much windage, and transferred a significant load received from the wind to the hand holding it. Therefore, just 10 years later, the monument needed to be repaired. A sword made of a different material, equipped with holes to reduce windage, was placed in the hand.

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3. Monument to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet (98 m)

Very soon it will be 20 years since a huge monument to the work of Z. Tsereteli was erected on the Moscow River. Just as before its installation, to this day Muscovites, to put it mildly, do not like this work of the prolific Georgian. They do not like the monument both from an aesthetic point of view and from the point of view of its cost; moreover, it requires a lot of money for annual maintenance. There are still calls to dismantle this monster, which disfigures the surrounding cityscapes.
To install the monument in the middle of the Moscow River, an island was specially built. The colossal bronze figure weighs more than 2,000 tons, and the cost of installing the pedestal, the central figure on the ship with sails, exceeded $36 million. The complex structure of the monument took more than a year to assemble. Regarding the history of this “masterpiece,” there is a very popular version that the author made a monument to Columbus, who discovered America for Europeans, but could not impose his creation on either the Spaniards or anyone in both Americas, so he urgently baptized him as Peter I. In addition, , there was no connection between the formation of the Russian fleet and Moscow, since Peter was doing this when he was already rebuilding the new capital.
After the appearance of the monument, mass protests began among Muscovites, who even raised funds for its dismantling or transfer to St. Petersburg. There was even an attempt to blow up the monument. But the then mayor’s office, which patronized Tsereteli, ignored these protests, and the dark tsar continues to frighten Muscovites.

2. Monument to the Conquerors of Space (107 m)

This proud monument appeared in the capital in 1964, when the country felt real euphoria from successes in space exploration. They placed it at the end of the Alley of Cosmonauts, near the main entrance to VDNH, near the metro station of the same name, now this is the northeastern administrative district. The 107-meter obelisk, sparkling in the sun with titanium sheets, depicts a rocket heading into the sky, followed by a gas plume.
At the base of the monument there is a statue of the first ideologist of astronautics, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. The facade of the stylobate is equipped with poems by Nikolai Gribachev, laid out in metal letters, and around the stylobate are depicted high reliefs of Soviet scientists, engineers and workers - all those who turned the dream of space flight into reality.

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1. Victory Monument (141.8 m)

The tallest monument in Russia was erected after the collapse of the USSR - in 1995. It became the obelisk in Victory Park on Poklonnaya Hill, installed on Pobediteley Square. The height of 141.8 m is symbolic - if you convert it into decimeters, you get the number of military days. The obelisk is given the shape of a triangular bayonet, the edges of which are decorated to a considerable height with bronze bas-reliefs. At the 104-meter mark, a bronze sculptural group is attached to the obelisk - the goddess of victory Nike with a crown and two cupids trumpeting victory.
The opening of the memorial took place on Victory Day along with the entire memorial complex. This unique design, due to the peculiarities of its shape, even being within the framework of the architect’s plan, exhibited aerodynamic instability. Therefore, her model was repeatedly tested in the TsAGI wind tunnel in order to minimize this property.