Special circumstances. Offers with special circumstances

(1) The distant mountains, enveloped in a bluish haze, floated and seemed to melt in languor. (2) A light wind stirred the thick grasses, full of colorful irises, porridge and some other countless yellow and white heads. (3) Our horses had only to turn their heads to grab, without even bending down, a bunch of lush grass from the interstice - and they ran on, waving the luxurious bouquets clutched in their lips. (4) Here and there small lakes suddenly opened up, like pieces of blue sky that fell to the ground and were set in emerald green... (Korolenko V.)
2. Among sentences 1-3, find a sentence with isolated circumstances. Write the number of this offer.
(1) The sun had already touched the water, and the shining strip it had laid on the sea began to turn pink. (2) The huge globe, filled with grief and hatred, turned, and with it the Black Sea rolled away from the rays of the sun. (3) A small, tiny boat, insistently humming its engines, climbed along the bulge of the Earth, stubbornly catching up with the sun, which was falling over the horizon. (Sobolev L.)
3. Among sentences 1-4, find a sentence with a separate circumstance, expressed by an adverbial phrase. Write the number of this offer.
(1) In the clearing, near a high ant heap, stood the Nanai boy Filka and beckoned her to him with his hand. (2) She approached, looking at him friendly. (3) Near Filka, on a wide stump, she saw a pot full of lingonberries. (4) And Filka himself, using a narrow hunting knife made of Yakut steel, cleared the bark of a fresh birch twig. (Fraerman R.)

Dawn rises quietly through the gardens. Despite the retreat, the soldiers were in a cheerful mood. Give an example of a sentence with a separate circumstance.

3.What are the rules of punctuation when separating definitions and applications?

4.What are the rules of punctuation when isolating circumstances?
5.Which parts of the sentence are called clarifying?

6.With what intonation are the isolated parts of the sentence pronounced?

contribute to the isolation of circumstances? 5) In what styles of speech are participial and adverbial phrases used? 6) What are the clarifying members of a sentence used for?

(1) Along the banks of Staritsa there are sand dunes overgrown with Chernobyl grass and grass. (2) Grass grows on the dunes, it is called tenacious. (3) These are dense gray-green balls, similar to a tightly closed rose. (Paustovsky K.)

2. Among sentences 1-3, find a sentence with a separate agreed upon common definition. Write the number of this offer.

(1) Acquaintance always takes place according to a once and for all established custom. (2) First we light a cigarette, then there is a polite and cunning conversation aimed at finding out who we are, after which there are a few vague words about the weather. (3) And only after this the conversation can freely move on to any topic. (Paustovsky K.)

3. Among sentences 1-4, find a sentence with a non-isolated agreed upon common definition. Write the number of this offer.

(1) It rained in September. (2) They rustled in the grass. (3) The air became warmer from them, and the coastal thickets smelled wildly and pungently, like wet animal skin. (4) At night, the rains slowly rustled in the forests along remote roads leading to no one knows where, along the plank roof of the lodge, and it seemed that they were destined to drizzle all autumn over this forested country. (Paustovsky K.)

4. Among sentences 1-3, find a sentence with a separate non-extensive circumstance.

(1) If a writer, while working, does not see behind the words what he is writing about, then the reader will not see anything behind them. (2) But if the writer sees well what he is writing about, then the simplest and sometimes even erased words acquire newness, act on the reader with striking force and evoke in him those thoughts, feelings and states that the writer wanted to convey to him. (3) This, obviously, is the secret of the so-called subtext. (Paustovsky K.)

5. Among sentences 1-3, find a sentence with a non-isolated common agreed upon definition. Write the number of this offer.

(1) People say about blind rain falling in the sun: “The princess is crying.” (2) Drops of this rain sparkling in the sun look like large tears. (3) And who should cry such shining tears of grief or joy if not the fairy-tale beauty princess! (Paustovsky K.)

6. Among sentences 1-4, find a sentence with separate additions. Write the number of this offer.

(1) All this is only a tiny part of what can be said about rain. (2) But this is enough to be indignant at the words of one writer, who told me with a sour grimace: (3) “I prefer living streets and houses to your tedious and dead nature. (4) Apart from troubles and inconveniences, rain, of course, brings nothing.” (Paustovsky K.)

7. Among sentences 1-4, find a sentence with a common application. Write the number of this offer.

(1) Next to the lightning, in the same poetic row stands the word “dawn” - one of the most beautiful words in the Russian language. (2) This word is never spoken loudly. (3) It is impossible to even imagine that it could be shouted. (4) Because it is akin to that established silence of the night, when a clear and faint blue shines over the thickets of a village garden. (Paustovsky K.)
Help

An adverbial clause is a minor member that in a sentence answers adverbial questions and is expressed by gerunds, participial phrases, and prepositional case constructions. Circumstances characterize the action, sign, method of performing the action (How? How?), place ( Where? Where? Where?), reason ( Why?), condition ( In spite of what? Under what conditions?), target ( For what?). Based on these questions, the category of circumstance and its meaning are determined. Circumstances can be expressed by prepositional-case groups, phraseological units, and infinitives.

An isolated circumstance is a circumstance that can have different meanings and that is highlighted using intonation (in pronunciation) and punctuation (in writing).

(Stumbling, she almost fell to her knees. Rodion, jumping up and down with impatience, tried to keep pace with his father. From the blow he began to slide on the ice, like a puck. Despite the tears and worries, the day was successful.)

1. An isolated circumstance can be expressed by a single gerundial participle or a gerundial participle with dependent words. This type of circumstance is distinguished by commas, regardless of its place in the sentence. ( Lying on the shelf, he stared blankly at the ceiling of the carriage. He was sitting on the windowsill, lazily waving your legs. He, humming to yourself, walked slowly towards the alley).

2. Isolation of circumstances that are expressed by prepositional case forms of a noun is optional. Their isolation depends on the semantic load (the combination of two or more adverbial meanings), a weak syntactic connection with the predicate, expressed verb, or on the stylistic tasks set by the author.

If a circumstance has a comparative meaning and is expressed by a noun with prepositions (as if, as if, as if, exactly), then this is a separate circumstance. (He was bouncing on the trampoline, like a ball. Like a storm An annoyed Victor stormed around the room. Natalia, as if sleepy, She squinted her eyes in confusion.)

3. A circumstance that has the meaning of a concession is considered separate if it begins with a union despite. (Despite the morning rush of energy, now she felt a little dizzy).

Note

An isolated circumstance can sometimes be expressed by a group of words preceding the predicate and beginning with prepositions ( due to, in the presence of, in the absence of, thanks to, in view of, according to, contrary to, as a result). (Examples. Thanks to his strong character, Elena overcame sudden difficulties. But: Elena overcame sudden difficulties thanks to his strong character. Contrary to the Charter and the requirements of the authorities, Sergei came to the training camp in a blue shirt. But: Sergei came to the training camp in a blue shirt contrary to the requirements of the Charter.)

4. If the sentence contains a homogeneous isolated circumstance, then it is placed in the same way, with the usual homogeneous members. ( Waving your arms, bouncing awkwardly, shouting loudly for joy, he rushed down the road. He rushed down the road waving his arms, jumping high. Waving his arms and shouting loudly, he was running along the road . )

Sentences with isolated adverbials are similar in structure to other syntactic structures that do not require punctuation.

Remember! Commas are not used if circumstances

• Expressed (He approached the preparation of the project carelessly).
• Expressed by uncommon single gerunds. It is believed that these words (sitting, lying down, reluctantly, without looking, etc.) are substantivized, i.e. formed by transitioning one part of speech (adverb in this case) to another (gerund participle). (We talked sitting. But: We talked sitting in chairs.

*Note. If a circumstance is expressed by an ordinary participle formed from a verb, it is necessarily isolated. ( Turning away, she wiped away her tears).

§1. Separation. General concept

Separation- a method of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are isolated. Typically, stand-outs allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-separated members, segregation sentences have greater independence.

The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

1. Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
2. An isolated circumstance: Sashka was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
3. Isolated addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.

§2. Separate definitions

Separate definitions are divided into:

• agreed upon
• inconsistent

The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.

(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed separate definition is expressed:

• participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
• two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:

How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?

Olga, in her wedding dress, looked extraordinarily beautiful.

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:

• single definition: excited girl;
• two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
• a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl excited by the news she received...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:

She, excited, could not sleep.

(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

Excited, she could not sleep.

(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:

The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:

Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.

(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)

3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it:

The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.

(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun)

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined:

Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.

She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning

Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by a subordinate clause of the reason with the conjunction because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although.
To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example:

Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.

(additional meaning of reason)

Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.

(additional value of concession)

Thus, various factors are important for separation:

1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

§3. Dedicated Applications

Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:

1) single: Mishka, the restless one, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:

He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:

He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:

Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain:

And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.

The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.

New Year is coming soon - children's favorite holiday.

§4. Standalone Add-ons

Objects expressed by nouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They contain inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:

No one except Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.

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§6. Isolation of comparative turnovers

Comparative turnovers are distinguished:

1) with unions: How, as if, exactly, as if, What, how, than etc., if relevant:

• simile: The rain poured down as if from a sieve.
• similes: Her teeth were like pearls.

2) with a union like:

Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.

Comparative turnover is not isolated, If:

1. are of a phraseological nature:

It stuck like a bath leaf. The rain was pouring down in buckets.

2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative phrase answers the question How?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or noun in the like:

We're walking in circles.

(We walk(How?) like in a circle. You can replace noun. in etc.: all around)

3) turnover with the union How expresses meaning "as":

It's not a matter of qualifications: I don't like him as a person.

4) turnover from How is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:

The garden was like a forest.

He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.

§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

Clarifying members refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition, or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, distinguished by intonation in oral speech, and in written speech by commas, parentheses or dashes. Example:

We stayed up late, until nightfall.

Below, in the valley stretched out in front of us, a stream roared.

The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are connected intonationally.

Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:

1) using unions: that is, namely:

I am preparing for the Unified State Examination C1 task, that is, for an essay.

2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, For example:

Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?

2. Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?

3. What can be separate definitions?

   • common and not common
   • agreed and uncoordinated

4. Are isolated definitions always expressed by participle phrases?

5. In what case are definitions standing before the word being defined isolated?

   • if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed
   • if no additional adverbial meaning is expressed

6. Is it correct to think that application is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines?

7. What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations, which are separate objects?

   • about, in, on, to, before, for, under, over, before
   • except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with

8. Is it necessary to separate gerunds and participial phrases?

9. Is it necessary to separate circumstances with a pretext? despite?

In contact with

Special circumstances

Words or groups of words isolated in a sentence that have a syntactic function are adverbials.

The isolation of circumstances is determined:

1) general conditions;

2) private

3) additional conditions, taking into account which three groups of isolated circumstances are distinguished:

1) isolated gerunds, for which the adverbial function is the main one. The relationship of gerunds with a verb is predicted by shades of time, conditions, concessions, reasons, goals. The participle does not lose the meaning of the process, which is the basis of the additional statement and the condition of isolation: Having returned home, he found everyone in good health. Participles are not isolated in case of loss of the meaning of the action: a) in phraseological units that have a frozen form of participial phrase and denote a sign of action: He doesn't like to do everything later sleeves. We headlong rushed to Magas; b) single gerunds with the meaning of a qualitative characteristic of an action, close to qualitative adverbs, are not isolated: We didn't go in a hurry;

2) common circumstances with meanings causes, conditions, concessions, time are isolated in an unusual location relative to the word being defined: a) in a position before the predicate; b) at the beginning or end of a sentence; c) in the case of a distant location relative to the main member: She made a decision and finally, after much trouble, achieved the desired result. The core of the additional message is an abstract noun troubles. Indicators of adverbial meanings are prepositions: a) causal: from, from, behind, because of, in view of, thanks to; b) conditional: at, when; c) concessional: contrary to, despite; d) temporary: By, after;

3) clarifying circumstances, isolated on the basis of the fact that one circumstance clarifies another and through its medium explains the dominant member: He started working on his dissertation in the evening, at ten o'clock. Only the meaning of clarification, realized intentionally by the speaker, determines emphasis. Without specification relations, a single adverbial group arises.




Terms and concepts of linguistics: Syntax: Dictionary-reference book. - Nazran: Pilgrim LLC. T.V. Foaling. 2011.

See what “special circumstances” are in other dictionaries:

special circumstances- Words or groups of words isolated in a sentence that have a syntactic adverbial function. The isolation of circumstances is determined by: 1) general conditions; 2) private and 3) additional conditions, taking into account three... ...

Special circumstances

Special circumstances- 1. The participial phrase, as a rule, is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb, for example: Walking next to him, she was silent, looking at him with curiosity and surprise (Gorky); Joy, entering one... A reference book on spelling and style

special circumstances- Members of the sentence that are highlighted by intonation and punctuation, acting as functions of various circumstances. They are expressed morphologically; a) gerunds or participial phrases; b) prepositional case forms of nouns: c)… … Dictionary of linguistic terms

separate members Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Words or groups of words, isolated as part of a sentence in a rhythmic, intonation or semantic aspect, having a weakened syntactic connection with other members, expressing an additional message about one of the words or the entire sentence.... ... Syntax: Dictionary

Separate themselves	Not isolated
1. Participles with dependent words, as well as two or more participles related to one verb: 1) Holding the jug above her head, the Georgian woman walked along a narrow path to the shore. Sometimes she slid between the stones, laughing at awkwardness his. (L.); 2) The sun, hidden behind a narrow bluish cloud, gilds its edges. (New-Pr.); 3) From the Urals to the Danube, to the big river, the regiments are moving, swaying and sparkling. (L.)	1. Participles with dependent words, which have turned into stable figures of speech that have become sensible expressions (usually they come after the verb to which they refer: carelessly, rolling up sleeves, headlong, without taking a breath, etc.): 1) The boy ran headlong (very quickly); 2) We will work with our sleeves rolled up (unitedly, persistently). But: The father rolled up his sleeves and washed his hands thoroughly.
2. Single gerunds, if they do not have the meaning of an adverb (usually they come before the verb): 1) Having made some noise, the river calmed down and returned to its banks. (Floor.); 2) The roar, without stopping, rolls on. (CM.); 3) The steppe turned brown and began to smoke, drying out. (V.Sh.)	2. Single gerunds, having the meaning of a simple adverb, acting as an adverb of the manner of action (usually they come after the verb): 1) Yakov walked slowly (slowly). (M.G.); 2) He talked about the walk laughing (cheerfully).
	3. Participles with dependent words, closely merging in meaning with the verb: The old man sat with his head down. What is important here is not that the old man was sitting, but that he was sitting with his head down.
	4. Groups of homogeneous members, consisting of an adverb and a gerund: The boy answered questions frankly and without any embarrassment.
Participles and participial phrases connected by a conjunction and, like other homogeneous members, they are not separated from each other by a comma: I looked back. At the edge of the forest. With one ear attached and the other raised, the hare jumped over. (L.T.) In all other cases, gerunds and participial phrases are separated by a comma from the conjunction preceding or following them and: 1) The batteries gallop and rattle in a copper formation, and... smoking, as before a battle, the wicks burn. (L.) 2) " Eagle* finally went, having developed a move, and, having caught up with the squadron, took his place in the ranks. (New-Pr.)

Isolation of circumstances expressed by nouns

1. Circumstances of concession expressed by nouns with a preposition despite, are separated: 1) Despite the difference in characters and the apparent severity of Artyom, the brothers loved each other deeply. (BUT.); 2) The next morning, despite the owners' begging, Daria Alexandrovna got ready to go. (L. T.); 3) The day was hot, bright, radiant, despite the occasional rain. (T.)

2. Isolation of other circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions is not mandatory. Isolation depends on the intentions and goals of the author, as well as the prevalence or non-prevalence of the circumstances and their place in the sentence. More common circumstances are isolated more often than less common ones; circumstances occurring at the beginning or middle of a sentence (before the predicate) are isolated more often than those at the end of the sentence: Due to the lack of a room for those arriving at the station, we were given overnight accommodation in a smoky hut. (L.) But: He didn’t go to the cinema due to lack of time. Circumstances isolated in this way are closer in meaning to subordinate clauses.

Most often, the following circumstances are isolated: 1) circumstances of reason with prepositions thanks to, according to, in view of, as a result of or with prepositional combinations for a reason, by chance, for lack of, due to etc.: I went by postal service, and he, due to heavy luggage, couldn't follow me. (L.); 2) circumstances of the condition with prepositional combinations in the presence, in the absence, provided, etc.: Yacht racing, subject to favorable weather, will take place next Sunday; 3) the circumstances of the concession with the pretext contrary to: Our parking lot is in Kamrang Bay, contrary to the expectations of many, dragged on. (New-Pr.)