Modern technologies in artistic and applied creativity. New materials and technologies in interior design

DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ARTS IN TECHNOLOGY LESSONS

Decorative arts classes in technology lessons form such personal qualities as motivation to learn, self-development, teach to understand and appreciate works of art, cultivate respect and love for work, feelings of national pride and patriotism. They help to acquire certain specific labor skills, knowledge of technological techniques, and develop personal responsibility.

Children are trained on the basis of studying various types of decorative arts. Thus, the following goals and objectives are set:

To teach students to understand the value of material culture as a form of expression of internal experience through external forms, as a dialogue between traditions and modernity;

Provide basic knowledge of artistic processing of various materials; teach children practical skills in artistic processing of various materials;

To promote the development of creative thinking and provide the opportunity for its implementation, creating conditions for free choice with the deepening of practical skills in any type of artistic processing of materials;

A popular proverb says: “Without craft, without hands.” Craft is a broad concept. I would like to draw attention to the importance of home crafts. Simple and beautiful artistic products of folk craftsmen help to instill in children a love for their native land. Teach them to see and love nature, to appreciate the traditions of their native places. Respect the work of adults, and also involve children in feasible work to create necessary and beautiful products. A.V. Lunacharsky called folk crafts “the art of creating joyful things.”

The traditions of folk craftsmen have long been passed on from generation to generation. Children, watching the work of their elders, learned the secrets of craftsmanship. If the child was still small, he simply played next to his father and older children, simultaneously watching their work. Gradually he was involved in feasible tasks. Children have been absorbing the art of their families, villages, towns, and cities since childhood. It was customary to teach one's craft from childhood.

Objects surrounding a person in everyday life not only serve him, but also cultivate his taste and influence his mood. This is why it is very important that these items are made with great taste and craftsmanship.

By studying wonderful examples of folk peasant embroidery, wood painting, weaving, and lace making, which are the national pride of our people, artists create patterns to decorate modern products.

Over many centuries, the Russian people have created wonderful types of decorative art. Residents of our country decorated their clothes and household items with embroidery, appliqué, and lace. From generation to generation, patterns, color schemes and technical techniques of one of the oldest types of decorative and applied art, embroidery, were developed and improved.

Folk artistic embroidery is a bright and unique phenomenon of national culture. The art of embroidery has been widespread among all types of our country since ancient times. Embroidery techniques were developed by many generations of craftsmen who carefully preserved everything valuable. The natural taste, talent and skill of the people were embodied in decorating everyday and festive clothing, household items - tablecloths, valances, towels - with embroidery. Folk embroidery is distinguished by the richness and variety of technical techniques, and the uniqueness of the types of patterns. Russian embroidery has its own national characteristics and is very different from the embroidery of other nations. Russian peasant embroidery can be divided into two main groups: the northern and central Russian strip. The embroidery art of the peoples of the Volga region was associated with the manufacture of clothing and household items. It became most widespread among the Mari and Chuvash; their embroidery is particularly decorative, rich in pattern and color.

Modern embroidery preserves the best traditions of folk embroidery art. Embroidery also has a new sound in modern costume. Decorating women's blouses, dresses, suits, children's clothing, embroidery gives them elegance, festivity, and emphasizes the character and individuality of the image.

Based on the study of folk art and creativity, children show their creative abilities, rich imagination, ingenuity, artistic taste, and respect for folk traditions.

Decorative and applied arts as part of the aesthetic and patriotic education of schoolchildren.

A variety of works of decorative and applied art, which schoolchildren are introduced to in class, help develop in children an aesthetic attitude towards reality and a love for their native land. The ways of aesthetic education of children through arts and crafts and folk art are surprisingly interesting and infinitely rich.
The general objectives of education and training in decorative and applied arts are the formation and development of the following personal qualities:
- introducing children to folk culture and traditional crafts;
- development of personality based on the awakening of creative abilities, enrichment of its spiritual world;
- formation of ideas about beauty and harmony;
- education of hard work, respect for working people and the older generation;
- fostering a careful, caring attitude towards native nature;
- formation of special skills in creating works of arts and crafts;
- preservation and development of the original art of the artistic traditions of the Russian people;
- developing skills to communicate in a team based on the study of folk applied art, its history and traditions.

We can distinguish the stages of aesthetic knowledge by students of folk art. From a methodological point of view, it is important that all these stages are reflected in teaching and educational work in the classroom.
First stage. Students’ emotional perception of a work of folk art.
Second phase. Students’ knowledge of the artistic qualities of folk art objects.
Third stage. Explain to students the cultural, historical meaning and scientific value of a piece of folk art.
Fourth stage. Deepening students' understanding of the artistic image.
Fifth stage. Comparison of folk items with modern works of decorative and applied art.
Sixth stage. Children's artistic practice related to students' aesthetic mastery of folk art.

The first and second stages of aesthetic development by students of folk art occur at the moment of direct perception by children of an artistic object. Of course, it will be more effective if it is a real object, but you can also use photos, tables or an image on a slide. The aesthetic effect of an artistic object can be enhanced by attracting literary and musical works. Researchers of folk art have repeatedly pointed out the commonality of artistic images in the songs, fairy tales and visual arts of the people.
Students’ emotional perception of a work of folk art should not be limited to the process of aesthetic cognition by schoolchildren of the artistic properties of the object. Sometimes a teacher has to overcome elements of subjectivity in assessments. In this regard, art criticism literature devoted to the analysis of the artistic image in decorative, applied and folk art can provide serious assistance. 1. The connection between the shape of an object and its purpose; 2. The relationship between the form and the material from which the thing is made; 3. The relationship between the shape of an object and its coloring.

The third and fourth stages of aesthetic assimilation of folk art are associated with the process of deepening students’ ideas about the artistic image. The teacher must prepare materials that explain to students the origin of a particular piece of art. It should help children imagine an artistic piece in the environment. Most things are created so that a person can not only admire the beauty of its form and painting, but also use it in everyday life. The proportions, color, and shape of an artistic object are connected with the general environment, with the ensemble of the objective world in which we live. If in a lesson students become acquainted with artistic objects of the 18th or 19th centuries, then it is accordingly necessary to show the environment in which these objects lived. Numerous tables related to the history course in middle grades can come to the aid of the teacher.
The process of aesthetic development by students of folk art is completed by the direct participation of children in creating a sketch of an artistic object. In the unity of students’ aesthetic knowledge and their artistic practice based on the material of folk art, we see one of the effective principles of developmental learning in fine arts lessons.
So, understanding the beauty of the world, nature, man, his multifaceted material and spiritual activity through the knowledge of national character, enduring moral and cultural values ​​is the most effective way of a full-fledged artistic education of the individual, the formation of his aesthetic tastes and moral standards. Folk traditions in our time should take the main place in the formation of a highly moral, culturally educated personality. Thanks to them, in accessible forms, on close and understandable material, children learn the musical and poetic language of their people, their morals, customs - the whole complex of spiritual values.

Development of personal results in schoolchildren during technology lessons.

One of the pedagogical tasks today is the introduction into the educational process of such methods and techniques that will help children not only master certain knowledge, skills and abilities in a particular field of activity, but also develop their creative abilities, motivation to learn, develop personal responsibility, where Technology lessons play an important role.

Practice shows that for a teacher the task of developing the creative abilities of students is the most complex and difficult to implement. On the one hand, it is necessary to create conditions for each student that will allow him to creatively approach solving various problems, on the other hand, this should happen within the framework of the program. That is why, correctly selected methods and forms of teaching help the teacher determine the possible degree of student involvement in creative activities that makes learning interesting within the framework of the curriculum.

As you know, creativity is a human activity aimed at creating some new, original product in the field of science, art, technology, production and organization. The creative process is always a breakthrough into the unknown, but it is preceded by a long accumulation of experience, knowledge, skills and abilities; it is characterized by the transition of the number of all kinds of ideas and approaches into a new unique quality.

Abilities are those psychological characteristics of a person on which the success of acquiring knowledge, skills and abilities depends, but which themselves cannot be reduced to the presence of this knowledge, skills and abilities.

Signs and criteria of creative activity : productivity, non-standardism, originality, the ability to generate new ideas, the ability to “go beyond the limits of the situation”, above-standard activity. To identify and develop abilities, work often plays a decisive role, the opportunity to acquire high skill and significant success in creativity.

Based on this, we can formulate the main goal of developing students’ creative abilities.

Involve students in creative work;

Instill interest in creativity and search;

Develop skills of creation and self-realization.

A special place in the development of creative abilities belongs to the research method, which has elements of creativity, novelty, the formation of a bank of ideas, and the acquisition of creative experience, because The manufacturing process of any product begins with sketches, sketches, selection of composition options, development of model designs, and its modeling.

It should be noted that if the activity is in the zone of optimal difficulty, that is, at the limit of the child’s capabilities, then it leads to the development of his abilities, realizing what L.S. Vygotsky called it a “zone of potential development.” And, indeed, students completing a research project develop logical thinking, imagination, and form a sustainable interest in the work and the final result (implementation of the idea).

Particular attention in classes is paid to group projects. In creative teams, relationships of friendship and mutual sympathy develop, where students are oriented towards productive forms of communication and co-creation.

We consider creative activity as “an activity that contributes to the development of a whole complex of qualities of a creative personality”; mental activity; ingenuity and creativity; desire to obtain the knowledge necessary to perform specific practical work; independence in choosing and solving problems; hard work; the ability to see what is important. This means that a creative person is a person who has mastered such activities. A creative personality is born when students learn to independently apply their previously acquired knowledge, are able to imagine the object in question, compare it with others, draw conclusions, and express their attitude towards the object. It is necessary to begin the targeted development of creative thinking as early as possible so as not to miss the very rich opportunities of childhood, writes M.N. Skatkin (Skatkin M.N. School and comprehensive development of children).

What are we doing to develop children’s abilities, to increase their creative potential?

There are various forms of work at school: various forms of conducting lessons, involving students in the preparation of reports, abstracts on the history of the development of various sciences, the life and work of great scientists, organizing various creative activities of students: compiling crossword puzzles, quizzes, tasks, visual aids and drawings for answers , tasks, essays, fairy tales. Teachers of physics, mathematics, biology, geography, Russian language and literature, history, and computer science are working fruitfully to develop creative abilities in this direction.

In addition, each teacher in his work practice has a set of didactic techniques, creative tasks for the formation of personal results, creative thinking and the development of cognitive interest.

Individual research work with the student is aimed at developing personal results. By working independently on a pre-selected topic, selecting various materials, students can unleash their creativity. In such work, children learn to see the main thing, set a goal, and select the most interesting material on the topic from additional literature. Subject weeks, excursion work, holding festive events, participation in competitions - these and other forms of extracurricular activities are used at school to increase the creative potential of children.

Why is this form of work attractive to us? :

Firstly, the attractiveness for children and teachers of participating in less traditional activities than the lesson.

Secondly, the child is an active participant in the pedagogical process.

Thirdly, festive events are a joint activity of teachers and students; it is a creative process that captivates both one and the other. Close to this form of work are concerts inside schools, in front of parents, in front of village residents.

Subject clubs as one of the forms of developing students' creative abilities.

There are great opportunities for the development of creative abilities; students have club classes. By arousing students' interest in the subject, clubs contribute to the development of their horizons, creativity, instilling independent work skills and thereby improving the quality of preparation for academic subjects. Here, every 7-8 year old schoolchild has the opportunity to choose something he likes, identify, pose and solve problems of interest.

The development of personal results is necessary for any person. He becomes more independent in his judgments, has his own point of view and knows how to defend it with reason. He has a higher efficiency. But it seems to me that the most important thing is that the child develops his emotional sphere, his feelings, his soul. And if his emotions are developed, then his thinking will develop. And a thinking person is the person we strive to educate.

If a teacher has a passion for what he does, he will be a good teacher. If he has love for his students, like his father or mother, he will be better than that teacher who has read all the books, but has no love for either the work or the students. If a teacher combines love for his work and for his students, he is a perfect teacher. These words by L.N. Tolstoy applies to all teachers. Teaching is a state of mind, it is life. Lessons and conversations with parents, excursions and hikes, notebooks and amateur activities are a vicious circle. And you can’t break this circle, and you can’t get out of it, just like you can’t get out of the circle of responsibility of a mother who loves her children and lives for them. The basis of education is the development of creative abilities in children during technology lessons. This process is lengthy, so it is advisable to carry out the work from the first days of the child’s stay at school. But, unfortunately, reproductive methods still predominate in initial labor training. And it can be a shame for children when the child’s creative capabilities, his ability and desire to work independently and initiatively are underestimated.

There are no untalented children. It is only important to teach them, to reveal their abilities, to believe in themselves. This is the task of every teacher.

Technology lessons are life lessons. This school subject gives girls and boys the necessary knowledge and skills that are needed every day in everyday life. In our difficult age, when parents do not have enough time to sit with their children, teach or pass on their skills, this subject is simply necessary. Our school has all the conditions for conducting excellent technology lessons and developing personal results:

1. Formation of the foundations of a person’s civil identity, including

A sense of belonging and pride in one’s homeland, people and history;

Awareness of human responsibility for the well-being of society;

Perception of the world as one and holistic with a diversity of cultures, nationalities, religions;

Refusal to divide into “us” and “strangers”;

Respect for the history and culture of each people.

2. formation of psychological conditions for the development of communication, cooperation and cooperation.

Kindness, trust and attention to people,

Willingness for cooperation and friendship, providing assistance to those who need it;

Respect for others – the ability to listen and hear a partner, recognize everyone’s right to their own opinion and make decisions taking into account the positions of all participants;

3. development of the value-semantic sphere of the individual on the basis of universal morality and humanism.

Acceptance and respect for the values ​​of family and society, school and team and the desire to follow them;

Orientation in the moral content and meaning of actions, both one’s own and those around them, the development of ethical feelings - shame, guilt, conscience - as regulators of moral behavior;

Formation of a sense of beauty and aesthetic feelings based on familiarity with world and domestic artistic culture;

4. development of the ability to learn as the first step towards self-education and self-education:

Development of broad cognitive interests, initiative and curiosity, motives for knowledge and creativity;

Formation of the ability to learn and the ability to organize one’s activities (planning, control, evaluation);

5. development of independence, initiative and responsibility of the individual as a condition for his self-actualization:

Formation of self-esteem and an emotionally positive attitude towards oneself;

Willingness to openly express and defend one’s position;

criticality towards one's actions and the ability to adequately evaluate them;

Willingness to take independent action and be responsible for their results;

Determination and perseverance in achieving goals;

Willingness to overcome difficulties and optimism in life;

The ability to resist actions and influences that pose a threat to life, health and safety of the individual and society within one’s capabilities.

You should always remember that any child’s activity needs evaluation, reward, and encouragement. This is especially important in relation to a weak student: you should praise him for every success, creating a favorable attitude towards the subject.

A differentiated approach to students suggests the presence of a sufficient number of instructional and technological cards, task cards, handouts of varying degrees of difficulty.

decorative arts, a type of plastic arts, the works of which, along with architecture, artistically shape the material environment surrounding a person and introduce an aesthetic, ideological and figurative beginning into it.

Includes various arts that serve to decorate works of architecture and landscape art (monumental and decorative art), create artistic objects for public and private life (decorative and applied arts), and artistically design festivals, spectacles, expositions, etc. (design art).

Arts and crafts

(from Latin decoro - I decorate) - a section of fine art covering creation of artistic products, having a utilitarian and artistic purpose. A collective term that conventionally unites two broad types of arts: decorative and applied. Unlike works of fine art, intended for aesthetic pleasure and belonging to pure art, numerous manifestations arts and crafts can have practical use in everyday life.

Works of decorative and applied art form part of the objective environment surrounding a person and aesthetically enrich it.

Works of decorative and applied art meet several requirements: have aesthetic quality; designed for artistic effect; serve for . Such products are: clothing, dress and decorative fabrics, carpets, furniture, art glass, porcelain, earthenware, jewelry and other artistic products. In the scientific literature, since the second half of the 19th century, a classification of branches of decorative and applied art has been established according to material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood), according to the technique of processing the material (carving, painting, printed material, casting, embossing, intarsia, etc.) and according to the functional characteristics of the use of the item (furniture, dishes, toys). This classification is due to the important role of the design and technological principles in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production.

Having emerged in ancient times, decorative and applied art became one of the most important areas of folk art. Its history is connected with artistic craft, the artistic industry, with the activities of professional artists and folk craftsmen, and, since the beginning of the 20th century, with artistic construction and design.

History of the development of decorative arts

Arts and crafts existed already at an early stage of the development of human society and for many centuries was the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities, the main area of ​​artistic creativity. The most ancient works arts and crafts characterized by exceptional content of images, attention to the aesthetics of the material, to rational construction. In traditional folk art, this trend has persisted until the present day.

Man has long sought to decorate his home and everything he encountered in everyday life. When making any thing, the folk craftsman thought not only about its practical purpose, but also about its beauty. From the simplest materials - wood, metal, stone, clay - he created true works of art that conveyed the master’s poetic understanding of the world around him.

Native nature has always been reflected in folk art. Herbs and flowers, familiar to everyone from childhood, images of birds and animals, sky and sun, earth and water, transformed by the artist’s imagination, were transformed into a bright, expressive ornament in the product.

Over time, interest in the wealth of material and... Products that serve the purpose of representation are singled out (objects for religious rituals or court ceremonies, for decorating the houses of the nobility), in which, in order to enhance their emotional resonance, the everyday expediency of constructing the form is often sacrificed.

Modern products of decorative and applied art are created taking into account both folk traditions and today's fashion trends. Until now, the most popular objects of this art, shrouded in the haze of ancient traditions, are products made of steel and bronze, handmade carpets and decorated with traditional patterns - in eastern countries; ceramics, items made from sea shells - in the south; ritual masks - in Africa; amber products - in the Baltic region; porcelain, cloisonne enamel, fabrics painted with flowers, fruits, fantastic animals - in China and Japan, Korea.

Stylization in arts and crafts

Decorative and applied art has its own language and its own laws. Expressing the idea of ​​beauty with its specific means, it never strives to blindly copy the world around it, but conveys only the most characteristic and expressive. The artist creatively reworks forms found in nature, taking into account a specific material, its decorative advantages and technological processing features.

The language of decorative and applied art is distinguished by stylization or, on the contrary, extraordinary precision of forms; identifying and playing with the texture and plastic properties of the material; the use of ornaments, including both motifs of traditional images and avant-garde forms. The compositional construction of decor in objects of decorative and applied art is always based on the harmony of parts and the whole.

Known since ancient times. As a method of artistic creativity, it reached a high level in Assyrian-Babylonian, Persian, ancient Egyptian and ancient Greek ornaments, in which, along with geometric lines and patterns, objects of flora and fauna, both real and fictitious, were often used, stylized with high artistry and taste, and even figures of people. Nowadays, ornamental compositions with elements of stylization are widely used in wall paintings, mosaics, stucco, carved, chased and forged jewelry and products, embroidery, and fabric colors.

Creative stylization in the fine arts is necessarily of an individual nature, implying the author's vision and artistic processing of phenomena and objects of the surrounding reality and, as a result, displaying them with elements of novelty.

Along with creative stylization, there is imitative stylization, which presupposes the presence of a ready-made role model and consists of imitation of the style of a particular era, well-known artistic movements, styles and techniques of creativity of a particular people, and the styles of famous masters. However, despite the existing sample, imitative stylization should not have the nature of direct copying. Imitating a particular style, the creator of a stylized work must strive to add his own individuality to it, for example, with a chosen plot, a new vision of color, or a general compositional solution. It is the degree of this artistic novelty that will, as a rule, largely determine the value of a stylized work.

When creating products of decorative and applied art, the most fruitful method is creative stylization. A more successful name for this important artistic method could be not stylization, but interpretation, which more accurately conveys the essence and peculiarity of this creative process: the artist looks at an object from the surrounding life, interprets it and emotionally conveys it as he feels it, senses it. In other words, he seems to re-create this natural object, but in the form of an artistic symbol. In this interpretation, it is best to follow the creative principle of the triad: “Cognize, evaluate and improve.”

A decorative composition is a composition that has a high degree of expressiveness and modified, stylized or abstract elements that, giving it a decorative appearance, enhance its sensory perception. Thus, the main goal of a decorative composition is to achieve maximum expressiveness and emotionality with a partial or complete (in non-objective compositions) rejection of authenticity, which becomes unnecessary or even disturbing.

The main common features that arise in the process of stylization among objects and elements of a decorative composition are the simplicity of forms, their generality and symbolism, eccentricity, geometricity, colorfulness, and sensuality.

Decorative stylization is characterized by generality and symbolism of the depicted objects and forms. This artistic method implies a conscious rejection of the complete authenticity of the image and its detailed detailing. The stylization method requires separating from the image everything unnecessary, secondary, interfering with clear visual perception in order to expose the essence of the depicted objects, display the most important thing in them, draw the viewer’s attention to the previously hidden beauty and evoke in him the corresponding vivid emotions.

With the development of interior design, the need arose to create works of decorative and applied art that, without stylization, would not meet modern aesthetic requirements.

Decorative and applied varieties of arts and crafts

It is necessary to distinguish between decorative and applied varieties of decorative and applied art. Thus, if objects of applied art (furniture, utensils, dishes, jewelry) turn out to be artistically expressive mainly due to the aesthetic perfection of their form (beauty of silhouette, proportions, elegance of lines, masterful processing of material, etc.), then decorative works ( painting of walls and household objects, decorative sculptural reliefs, small figurines, tapestries, embroideries, carpets, carved decorations, etc.) are inherent in pictorial, subject compositions or ornamental decorations.

To ensure that the products are not devoid of aesthetic value, an artist is invited, whose functions do not include the production of the product as a whole, but only its decoration: the artist began to “apply” his art to the finished product. Thus, with the expansion of industrial production, an art industry arises, where the method of applied art finds its place - decorating products with painting, carving, inlay, etc. But the beauty of an object is not only in decoration, although this also requires great skill. The object must be expressive in its entirety - in its design, proportions and details.

In applied art, the form of a product, its architectural design, carries within itself both the utilitarian essence of the object and its aesthetic expressiveness. At the same time, the forms of applied art products are historically changeable: in different eras they are characterized by different motives - luxury, mannerism or, on the contrary, simplicity and naturalness. Modern reality expresses a tendency towards simplicity, conciseness, refusal of excessive detail, towards small size and economy. Artistically designed things not only decorate everyday life, but also play a huge role in the formation of artistic taste.

Many beautiful examples of decorative and applied art can be seen in art, historical, ethnographic and local history museums, as well as in books, albums and on the pages of magazines. Each exhibition of folk art is always a discovery of the world of beauty and perfection. Products made by old masters and modern artists invariably arouse the admiration of visitors, and some have a desire to follow the example of folk craftsmen.

In order for an object to become a work of art, it must not only be processed “according to the laws of beauty,” but also carry a certain ideological and emotional content. For this purpose, the material is used properly, the most appropriate form of the object is taken into account (its proportions, rhythmic repetitions, tectonic structure), the ratio of scales between the individual parts of the object and the person acquires special importance, and a special method of processing the surface of the object is used - decor. Therefore, creating beautiful things is a significant manifestation of objective activity that carries deep aesthetic expressiveness. The impression made by applied art can often be as strong as that of a painting or sculpture.

Unlike faceless mass-produced products, handmade items are always unique. Masterfully crafted household utensils, furniture, and interior elements are expensive. And if in the old days such things were objects of utilitarian purpose, then in our days they have passed into the category of art. A beautiful thing made by a skilled craftsman will always be valuable.

Influx of artistic forces into applied art

Craft techniques

In Western Europe, the position of the artist began to change in the 16th century. The decline of the urban economy, which affected almost all of Western Europe, led to a crisis in artistic life. In Italy, art workshops are losing their former importance. Indeed, what could be the real power of the guild if there were such independent people as Michelangelo or Titian? In some cities, guilds are subordinated to state power, in others they are liquidated altogether, and artists find themselves without the usual class support, left to their own devices. Some of them turn into a déclasse element, a kind of predecessor of bohemia. Some try to find shelter at courts and become servants of nobles. The desire to achieve court ranks and the title of nobility is widespread.

A consequence of the difficult situation of the fine arts, created in connection with the spread of the Reformation, was the influx of artistic forces into the applied arts: jewelry, silver and carpentry, the manufacture of pottery and pewter, etc. flourished. Often (luxuriously designed watches, navigational instruments, weapons and armor). A characteristic feature of the 16th century in Northern European countries was the subordination of fine arts masters to applied craftsmen: draftsmen and engravers made special ornamental designs, sculptors made models for decorating furniture, appliances, and dishes. Craft techniques are becoming widespread: replicating sculptural samples, using etching techniques in engraving to speed up the processing of copper boards, etc.

Creativity is a process of human activity, the result of which is the creation of new quality material and spiritual values, distinguished by uniqueness, originality and originality. It originated in ancient times. Since then, there has been an inextricable connection between him and the development of society. The creative process involves imagination and skill, which a person acquires by acquiring knowledge and putting it into practice.

Creativity is an active state and a manifestation of human freedom, the result of creative activity, it is a gift given to a person from above. You don’t have to be great and talented to create, create beauty and give people love and kindness to everything around them. Today, creative activities are available to everyone, since there are different types of arts, and everyone can choose an activity to their liking.

Who is considered a creative person?

These are not only artists, sculptors, actors, singers and musicians. Any person who uses non-standard approaches in his work is creative. Even a housewife can be like that. The main thing is to love your work and put your soul into it. Rest assured: the result will exceed all your expectations!

Decorative creativity

This is a type of plastic art, which includes decorative design of the interior (decorating a room using easel painting) and exterior (using stained glass and mosaics), design art (using industrial graphics and posters), and applied art.

These types of creativity provide a unique opportunity to get acquainted with the cultural traditions of their people, foster a sense of patriotism and great respect for human work. Creating a creative product instills a love of beauty and develops technical abilities and skills.

Applied creativity

It is a folk decorative art designed to decorate people's lives and everyday life depending on their requirements. By creating things of a certain shape and purpose, a person always finds a use for them and tries to preserve the attractiveness and beauty seen in them. Objects of art are inherited, from ancestors to descendants. They reveal folk wisdom, way of life, and character. In the process of creativity, a person puts his soul, feelings, and his ideas about life into works of art. This is probably why their educational value is so great.

Carrying out archaeological excavations, scientists find various things and household items. They determine the historical era, relations in the society of that distant time, conditions in the social and natural environments, the capabilities of technology, financial situation, traditions and beliefs of the people. Types of creativity can tell us about the kind of life people led, what they did and were interested in, how they related to everything around them. The artistic features of works of applied art instill in a person respect for the culture and heritage of the nation.

Decorative and applied arts. Types of techniques

What types of applied creativity are there? There are a great many of them! Depending on the method of manufacturing a particular item and the material used, the following handicraft techniques are distinguished:

• Related to the use of paper: iris folding, or rainbow folding of paper, paper plastic, corrugated tubes, quilling, origami, papier-mâché, scrapbooking, embossing, trimming.
• Weaving techniques: ganutel, beading, macrame, bobbin weaving, tatting or knot weaving.
• Painting: Zhostovo, Khokhloma, Gorodets, etc.
• Types of painting: batik - painting on fabric; stained glass - glass painting; stamp and sponge printing; drawing with palms and leaf prints; ornament - repetition and alternation of pattern elements.
• Creating drawings and images: blowing paint through a tube; guilloche - burning a pattern onto fabric; mosaic - creating an image from small elements; thread graphics - making an image with threads on a hard surface.
• Fabric embroidery techniques: simple and Bulgarian cross stitch, straight and oblique satin stitch, tapestry, carpet and ribbon embroidery, gold embroidery, cutwork, hemstitching and many others.
• Sewing on fabric: patchwork, quilting, quilting or patchwork; artichoke, kanzashi and others.
• Knitting techniques: fork; on knitting needles (simple European); Tunisian crochet; jacquard, fillet, guipure.
• Types of creativity associated with wood processing: burning, sawing, carving.

As you can see for yourself, there are a huge number of different types of arts and crafts techniques. Just a few of them are listed here.

Folk art

In works of art created by the people, the main thing is selected and carefully preserved; there is no place for unnecessary things. Objects of folk art are endowed with the most expressive properties. This art embodies simplicity and taste. Therefore, it became understandable, loved and accessible to people.

Since ancient times, people have sought to decorate their homes with objects of folk fine art. After all, they retain the warmth of the hands of a craftsman who understands nature and skillfully selects only the most beautiful things for his objects. Failed creations are eliminated, only valuable and great ones remain alive.

Each era has its own fashion for the interior of a person’s home, which is constantly changing. Over time, strict lines and rectangular shapes become more and more preferred. But even today people draw ideas from a priceless storehouse - people's talents.

Folklore

This is folklore, which is reflected in the artistic collective creative activity of the common man. His works reflect the life, ideals and worldviews created by the people. They then exist among the masses.

Types of folk art:

• Proverbs are poetic mini-works in the form of short rhythmic sayings. The basis is conclusion, teaching and generalized morality.
• Sayings are figures of speech or phrases that reflect life phenomena. There are often humorous notes.
• Folk songs - they do not have an author or he is unknown. The words and the music chosen for them were formed during the historical development of the culture of a particular ethnic group.
• Chatushki are Russian folk songs in miniature, usually in the form of quatrains, with humorous content.
• Riddles - they are found at any stage of development of society among all peoples. In ancient times they were considered a test of wisdom.
• Pestushki - short melodies of mothers and nannies in poetic form.
• Nursery rhymes are songs and sayings that accompany games with a child’s hands and feet.
• Jokes are funny short stories in poetic form.
• It is impossible to imagine types of folk art without chants, with the help of which people during the spread of paganism turned to various natural phenomena, asking them for protection, or to animals and birds.
• Counting rhymes are small rhythmic rhymes. With their help, the leader of the game is determined.
• Tongue twisters are phrases built on a combination of sounds that make them difficult to pronounce quickly.

Creativity related to literature

Literary creativity is represented by three types: epic, lyrical and dramatic. They were created in ancient times, but still exist today, as they determine ways to solve the problems posed to literature by human society.

The basis of the epic is the artistic reproduction of the external world, when the speaker (the author or narrator himself) reports events and their details as something past and remembered, simultaneously resorting to descriptions of the setting of the action and the appearance of the characters, and sometimes to reasoning. Lyrics are the direct expression of the writer's feelings and thoughts. The dramatic method combines the first two, when characters with very different characters are presented in one play with direct lyrical self-revelation.

Literary creativity, represented by epic, lyricism and drama, fully opens up limitless possibilities for a deep reflection of people's lives and their consciousness. Each literary genre has its own forms:

• Epic - fable, poem, ballad, story, story, novel, essay, artistic memoir.
• Lyrical - ode, elegy, satire, epigram.
• Dramatic - tragedy, comedy, drama, vaudeville, joke, stage.

In addition, individual forms of any kind of poetry are divided into groups or types. For example, the type of literary work is epic. The form is a novel. Types: socio-psychological, philosophical, family, adventure, satirical, historical, science fiction.

Folk art

This is a capacious concept that includes various genres and types of artistic creativity. They are based on original traditions and unique ways and forms of creative activity, which is associated with human labor and develops collectively, based on the continuity of traditions.

Folk art reflects the inner world of a person, his spiritual appearance, and the living memory of the people. There are several periods in its development:

• Pagan (until the 10th century).
• Christian (X-XVII centuries).
• Domestic history (XVII-XIX centuries).
• XX century.

Folk art has undergone a long development process, as a result of which the following types of artistic creativity have emerged:

• Folklore is the worldview and moral beliefs of the people, their views on man, nature and society, which are expressed in verbal, poetic, musical, choreographic, and dramatic forms.
• Decorative and applied art is designed to satisfy the aesthetic needs and everyday needs of a person.
• Everyday amateur creativity is artistic phenomena in the festive and everyday life of a person.
• Amateur artistic art is organized creativity. It is focused on teaching people artistic skills.

Creativity associated with technology

Human labor activity is constantly improving and acquiring a creative character. Many people manage to rise to the highest level in their creations and inventions. So, what is technical creativity? This is an activity whose main task is to create technical solutions that will be novel and have social significance not only in their own country, but also beyond its borders, that is, worldwide. Otherwise, this is called invention, which is equivalent to the concept of technical creativity. And it is interconnected with scientific, artistic and other types.

Great opportunities are open for our contemporaries and all conditions have been created for doing what they love. There are a huge number of specialized clubs, palaces, circles, and scientific societies. In these institutions, adults and children are engaged in aircraft and ship modeling, motorcycle sports, karting, auto design, programming, computer science, and computer technology. Such types of creativity as the development of designs for sports vehicles: mini-cars, autocars, equipment for fishermen, tourists and climbers are very popular.

Corrugated tubes are the name given to a technique for making products in which tubes of corrugated paper are used to decorate surfaces or create three-dimensional figures. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper onto a stick, pencil or knitting needle and then compressing it. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for design and use.

Modular origami - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules was invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by inserting them into each other. The friction force that appears in this case prevents the structure from falling apart.

Tsumami Kanzashi. The Tsumami technique is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the artist takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base. The hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave its name to a whole new type of decorative and applied art.

Moscow State Humanitarian University named after M.A. Sholokhov

Keywords

People creation, DPI, the region are of decorative and applied skill, highly technological machine processes, production material, bubbly aluminum film, titanium foam, grafenovyy aerogel, molecular super-Clay

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Abstract to the article

The article discusses the importance of decorative and applied arts in the modern World. The main problems of the existence of folk art are noted. New trends in the development of decorative creativity are described. Innovative materials are presented that can be used in the manufacture of DPI items.

Text of a scientific article

Throughout the existence of human society, the main area of ​​artistic creativity has been decorative and applied arts. Initially, it existed as folk art, and did not go beyond the scope of craft, but over time it took shape into an independent art form. This process was closely related to the class stratification of society, because art objects were created exclusively for the nobility in order to emphasize their status and high position in society. And in our time, authentic objects of decorative and applied art are available only to the elite, while the rest have to be content with mass-produced goods. The urban culture of modern Russia in the 1990-2000s formed and placed on a par with the generally recognized established areas of decorative art of the twentieth century, such types of art as fabric painting, printed material, tapestry, artistic ceramics, glass, jewelry, artistic enamel, lacquer miniature painting and artistic painting on wood and metal. Thus, the areas of creativity that previously lay on the periphery of “high” decorative art stand on a par with traditional crafts and needlework, and on top of that, they have many years of experience in non-professional amateur art and artistic craft, both in our country and abroad. Patchwork, or patchwork sewing, beading, artistic embroidery (including gold and embroidery), loop (carpet) embroidery, non-woven tapestry made using stitching and needle punching techniques, icon painting, painting of Easter eggs and matryoshka dolls, and artistic dolls have gained wide popularity. However, at the same time, the leading directions of decorative art underwent a serious evolution, and their creative spectrum expanded both due to the participation in the artistic processes of a significant number of non-professional performers, and due to the reorientation of professionals from exhibition and museum-exclusive samples to salon products, items for private interiors and art design. This phenomenon has both positive and negative sides. There is no doubt that for the development of DPI, it is necessary to move forward - the search for new ideas, plans, technologies and means of transmitting the created images. However, in the pursuit of innovation, it is very important not to lose touch with the past, with the traditions of artistic craft that have developed over centuries. And this is a very difficult task, because... In connection with the change in the World, priorities also change, which, unfortunately, are not always focused on high art and quality of applied arts products. Artists attracted by commercial gain often forget about the value of the artistic heritage of the past. However, in the 2010s, with the spread of digital technologies and the emergence of new colorful and plastic materials, including polymer ones, the fields of decorative art began to closely interact with each other and merge with sculpture and graphics. Authors began to use photographic images as artistic elements and relied on high-tech machine processes when creating decorative items. In particular, over the past few years, humanity has invented a number of different technologies and devices. However, the most important component that calls into question the very implementation of inventions in practice is the production material from which various things are made and without which it is impossible to bring certain ideas to life. Recently, materials have been invented that are poised to change the future, as their potential uses and applications are virtually limitless. Aluminum Bubble Wrap A material invented by a team of engineers at the University of North Carolina could be very useful in the production of protective equipment, product packaging and decorative products. To make it, scientists take a sheet of aluminum, roll a spiked roller over it to create uniform depressions, fill these depressions with a foaming agent like calcium carbonate or titanium hydrate, place a second sheet of the same sheet on top, roll it, and place it in an oven. Under the influence of high temperature, foaming begins and, as a result, air layers form in place of these same “bubbles”. Further production tests confirmed that this metal weighs 30 percent less than conventional sheets, while at the same time it is almost 50 percent stronger and absorbs external energy much better. In addition, the cost of producing such material is not so high compared to conventional ones. At the same time, the scope of its application is almost innumerable: from the production of shipping containers, packaging for fragile items, to the production of bicycle helmets and the creation of works of decorative art. Titanium foam By combining polyurethane foam sponge, titanium powder and special binding components, scientists have the opportunity to create a material from metal that is shaped like a sponge (or foam). During its production, the main frame made of polyurethane foam evaporates and as a result, a kind of “foam” structure is obtained from titanium, which can subsequently be endowed with the necessary properties and shapes when exposed to additional temperature. The final properties will depend on the level of porosity of such a sponge. But the most basic ones - its strength and incredible lightness - will remain. Graphene airgel Just a couple of months ago, this material won the title of the lightest material in the world. Prior to this, the palm in this property belonged to aerographite, whose density is 0.18 mg/cm3. In turn, the density of the newly developed graphene airgel is only 0.16 mg/cm3, which is lower than that of helium and only two times lower than that of hydrogen. Graphene airgel can literally “float” in the air. Artificial spider silk Silk is a surprisingly durable natural material, but it is not as easy to obtain as it seems. So Japanese startup company Spiber decided to develop a way to produce a synthetic version of this material. The company was able to identify the gene for fibroin, a key component that allows spiders to produce webs. Having identified this gene, the company bioengineered a bacterium that can produce silk incredibly quickly. Moreover, this approach opened up the opportunity for Spiber to create new types of silk in a very short period of time, literally within 10 days from the start of development to its introduction into production. At the same time, the bacterium is not very picky about food; it feeds on sugar, salt and other microelements. Afterwards, it produces a special protein, which the company’s engineers grind into powder, and then from it they create a material from which not only threads can be made, but also given any desired shape. One gram of fibroin is enough to produce 9 km of silk thread. By 2015, Spiber plans to create 10 metric tons of this miracle material. Molecular superglue A group of researchers from Oxford University, inspired by the ability of the Streptococcus pyogenes bacterium to cling to other cells, created a new molecular superglue based on this principle. To produce it, scientists took one type of protein from bacteria, the one responsible for adhesion to human cells, and based on it they came up with an adhesive that creates a connection at the atomic level upon contact with neighboring cells. The bond is so strong that during laboratory tests, the equipment on which the tests were carried out broke faster than the glue could withstand. Now scientists need to find a way to combine proteins with other selected molecular structures, which will create ultra-strong types of selective adhesives that will not stick fingers together. All these innovations are quite applicable in the manufacture of decorative and applied arts products. The main thing is not to forget about the history of folk crafts that has evolved over centuries and preserve it in new, innovative incarnations.