Major space records. Space records: from Gagarin to the present day

50 years ago, Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov became the first person to walk into outer space: on March 18, 1965, he, together with cosmonaut P.I. Belyaev flew into space on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft as a co-pilot. For the first time in the world, Leonov went into outer space, moved away from the ship at a distance of up to 5 m, spending 12 minutes in outer space. At the state commission after the flight, the shortest report in the history of astronautics was given: “You can live and work in outer space.”

The records of the first years of space exploration paved the way for new achievements and discoveries, allowing humanity to step far beyond the limits of the Earth and human capabilities.

Oldest man in space
The oldest person in orbit is US Senator John Glenn, who flew aboard the space shuttle Discovery in 1998. Glenn was one of America's first seven astronauts, the first American astronaut to fly into orbit on February 20, 1962. Therefore, Glenn also holds the record for the longest period between two space flights.

Youngest cosmonaut
Cosmonaut German Titov was 25 years old when he went into space on the Vostok-2 spacecraft on August 9, 1961. He became the second person to orbit the Earth, completing 17 orbits of the planet during a 25-hour flight. Titov also became the first person to sleep in space and the first to experience space sickness (decreased appetite, dizziness, headache).

Longest space flight
Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov holds the record for the longest stay in space. From 1994 to 1995, he spent 438 days at the Mir station. He also holds the record for the longest solo stay in space.

Shortest flight
On May 5, 1961, Alan Sheppard became the first American to leave Earth during a suborbital space flight. He also holds the record for the shortest flight into space, which lasted only 15 minutes. During this quarter of an hour, he flew to an altitude of 185 km. It splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean 486 km from the launch site. In 1971, Sheppard visited the Moon, where the 47-year-old astronaut became the oldest person to set foot on the Earth's moon.

Farthest flight
The record for the maximum distance of astronauts from the Earth was set by the Apollo 13 team, which in April 1970 flew over the invisible side of the Moon at an altitude of 254 km, ending up at a record distance of 400,171 km from the Earth.

Longest in space
Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev spent the longest time in space, spending more than 803 days in space during six flights. Among women, this record belongs to Peggy Whitson, who spent more than 376 days in orbit.

Krikalev also holds another, unofficial record: the last person to live under the USSR. In December 1991, when the USSR disappeared, Sergei was on board the Mir station, and in March 1992 he returned to Russia.

Longest inhabited spacecraft
This record, which is increasing every day, belongs to the ISS. The $100 billion station has been continuously inhabited since November 2000.

Longest shuttle mission
The space shuttle Columbia launched into space on November 19, 1996. The descent was originally scheduled for December 5, but weather conditions delayed the landing of the spacecraft, which spent 17 days and 16 hours in orbit.

Longest on the Moon
Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan spent the longest time on the Moon as other astronauts—75 hours. During the landing, they made three long walks totaling more than 22 hours. This was the last human flight to the Moon and beyond Earth orbit to date.

Fastest flight
The fastest people on Earth and beyond were members of the Apollo 10 mission, the last preparatory flight before landing on the Moon. Returning to Earth on May 26, 1969, their ship reached a speed of 39,897 km/h.

Most flights
Americans flew into space most often: Franklin Chang-Diaz and Jerry Ross flew into space seven times each as part of the space shuttle crews.

Maximum number of spacewalks
Cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov, during five space flights in the 80-90s, made 16 exits outside the station, spending 82 hours in outer space.

Longest spacewalk
On March 11, 2001, astronauts Jim Voss and Susan Helms spent nearly nine hours outside the Discovery shuttle and the ISS preparing the station for the arrival of the new module. To this day, that space walk remains the longest in history.

The most representative company in space
13 people gathered in space at the same time in July 2009, when the Endeavor shuttle docked at the ISS, where there were six astronauts. This meeting became the largest number of people in space at one time.

The most expensive spaceship
The International Space Station began to be assembled in 1998 and was completed in 2012. In 2011, the cost of its creation exceeded $100 billion. The station became the most expensive single technical object ever built and the largest spacecraft. 15 countries took part in its construction, its dimensions today are almost 110 m. The volume of its living quarters is equivalent to the volume of the Boeing 747 passenger cabin.

Duration of continuous stay of a person in space flight conditions:

During the operation of the Mir station, absolute world records were set for the duration of continuous human presence in space flight conditions:
1987 - Yuri Romanenko (326 days 11 hours 38 minutes);
1988 - Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov (365 days 22 hours 39 minutes);
1995 - Valery Polyakov (437 days 17 hours 58 minutes).

The total time a person spends in space flight conditions:

Absolute world records have been set for the duration of the total time a person spent in space flight at the Mir station:
1995 - Valery Polyakov - 678 days 16 hours 33 minutes (for 2 flights);
1999 - Sergey Avdeev - 747 days 14 hours 12 minutes (for 3 flights).

Spacewalks:

The Mir OS carried out 78 spacewalks (including three spacewalks into the depressurized Spektr module) with a total duration of 359 hours and 12 minutes. The following participants took part in the exits: 29 Russian cosmonauts, 3 US astronauts, 2 French astronauts, 1 ESA astronaut (German citizen). Sunita Williams, a NASA astronaut, became the world record holder among women for the longest duration of work in outer space. The American worked on the ISS for more than six months (November 9, 2007) together with two crews and made four spacewalks.

Space longevity:

According to the authoritative scientific digest New Scientist, Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev, as of Wednesday, August 17, 2005, had been in orbit for 748 days, thereby breaking the previous record set by Sergei Avdeev - during his three flights to the Mir station (747 days 14 hours 12 min). The various physical and mental stresses Krikalev endured characterize him as one of the most resilient and successfully adapting astronauts in the history of astronautics. Krikalev's candidacy was repeatedly elected to carry out rather complex missions. University of Texas physician and psychologist David Masson describes the astronaut as the best one you can find.

Duration of space flight among women:

Among women, world records for space flight duration under the Mir program were set by:
1995 - Elena Kondakova (169 days 05 hours 1 min); 1996 - Shannon Lucid, USA (188 days 04 hours 00 minutes, including at the Mir station - 183 days 23 hours 00 minutes).

The longest space flights of foreign citizens:

Among foreign citizens, the longest flights under the Mir program were made by:
Jean-Pierre Haignere (France) - 188 days 20 hours 16 minutes;
Shannon Lucid (USA) - 188 days 04 hours 00 minutes;
Thomas Reiter (ESA, Germany) - 179 days 01 hours 42 minutes.

Cosmonauts who have completed six or more spacewalks
at Mir station:

Anatoly Solovyov - 16 (77 hours 46 minutes),
Sergey Avdeev - 10 (41 hours 59 minutes),
Alexander Serebrov - 10 (31 hours 48 minutes),
Nikolay Budarin - 8 (44 hours 00 minutes),
Talgat Musabaev - 7 (41 hours 18 minutes),
Victor Afanasyev - 7 (38 hours 33 minutes),
Sergey Krikalev - 7 (36 hours 29 minutes),
Musa Manarov - 7 (34 hours 32 minutes),
Anatoly Artsebarsky - 6 (32 hours 17 minutes),
Yuriy Onufrienko - 6 (30 hours 30 minutes),
Yuri Usachev - 6 (30 hours 30 minutes),
Gennady Strekalov - 6 (21 hours 54 minutes),
Alexander Viktorenko - 6 (19 hours 39 minutes),
Vasily Tsibliev - 6 (19 hours 11 minutes).

First manned spacecraft:

The first manned space flight registered by the International Federation of Aeronautics (IFA founded in 1905) was made on the Vostok spacecraft on April 12, 1961 by USSR pilot cosmonaut Major of the USSR Air Force Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin (1934...1968). From the official documents of the IFA it follows that the ship launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 6:07 a.m. GMT and landed near the village of Smelovka, Ternovsky district, Saratov region. USSR in 108 min. The maximum flight altitude of the Vostok ship, with a length of 40868.6 km, was 327 km with a maximum speed of 28260 km/h.

First woman in space:

The first woman to fly around the Earth in space orbit was junior lieutenant of the USSR Air Force (now lieutenant colonel engineer pilot cosmonaut of the USSR) Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (born March 6, 1937), launched on the Vostok 6 spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan USSR, at 9:30 min GMT on June 16, 1963 and landed at 08:16 on June 19 after a flight that lasted 70 hours and 50 minutes. During this time, it made more than 48 complete revolutions around the Earth (1,971,000 km).

Oldest and youngest astronauts:

The oldest among the 228 cosmonauts on Earth was Karl Gordon Henitze (USA), who at the age of 58 took part in the 19th flight of the Challenger spacecraft on July 29, 1985. The youngest was a major in the USSR Air Force (currently Lieutenant General pilot USSR cosmonaut) German Stepanovich Titov (born September 11, 1935) who was launched on the Vostok 2 spacecraft on August 6, 1961 at the age of 25 years 329 days.

First spacewalk:

The first to enter outer space on March 18, 1965 from the Voskhod 2 spacecraft was Lieutenant Colonel of the USSR Air Force (now Major General, pilot cosmonaut of the USSR) Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov (born May 20, 1934). He moved away from the ship at a distance of up to 5 m and spent 12 min 9 s in open space outside the airlock chamber.

First female spacewalk:

In 1984, Svetlana Savitskaya was the first woman to go into outer space, working outside the Salyut-7 station for 3 hours and 35 minutes. Before becoming an astronaut, Svetlana set three world records in parachuting in group jumps from the stratosphere and 18 aviation records in jet aircraft.

Record for longest spacewalk among women:

NASA astronaut Sunita Lyn Williams has set a record for the longest spacewalk for women. She spent 22 hours and 27 minutes outside the station, exceeding the previous achievement by more than 21 hours. The record was set during work on the outer part of the ISS on January 31 and February 4, 2007. Williams prepared the station for continued construction along with Michael Lopez-Alegria.

First autonomous spacewalk:

US Navy Captain Bruce McCandles II (born June 8, 1937) was the first person to work in outer space without a tether. On February 7, 1984, he left the Challenger space shuttle at an altitude of 264 km above Hawaii in a spacesuit with a self-contained backpack. propulsion system. The development of this space suit cost $15 million.

Longest manned flight:

Colonel of the USSR Air Force Vladimir Georgievich Titov (born January 1, 1951) and flight engineer Musa Khiramanovich Manarov (born March 22, 1951) launched on the Soyuz-M4 spacecraft on December 21, 1987 to the Mir space station and landed on the Soyuz-TM6 spacecraft (together with French cosmonaut Jean-Loup Chrétien) at an alternate landing site near Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan, USSR, on December 21, 1988, having spent 365 days 22 hours 39 minutes 47 seconds in space.

Farthest journey in space:

Soviet cosmonaut Valery Ryumin spent almost a whole year in the spacecraft, which completed 5,750 revolutions around the Earth in those 362 days. At the same time, Ryumin traveled a distance of 241 million kilometers. This is equal to the distance from Earth to Mars and back to Earth.

The most experienced space traveler:

The most experienced space traveler is Colonel of the USSR Air Force, pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR Yuri Viktorovich Romanenko (born in 1944), who spent 430 days 18 hours 20 minutes in space in 3 flights in 1977...1978, in 1980 and in 1987 gg.

Largest crew:

The largest crew consisted of 8 astronauts (including 1 woman), who launched on October 30, 1985 on the Challenger reusable spacecraft.

Largest number of people in space:

The largest number of astronauts ever in space at the same time is 11: 5 Americans aboard Challenger, 5 Russians and 1 Indian aboard Salyut 7 in April 1984, 8 Americans aboard Challenger and 3 Russians aboard the Salyut 7 orbital station in October 1985, 5 Americans aboard the space shuttle, 5 Russians and 1 French aboard the Mir orbital station in December 1988.

Highest speed:

The highest speed at which a person has ever moved (39,897 km/h) was achieved by the main module of Apollo 10 at an altitude of 121.9 km from the surface of the Earth when the expedition returned on May 26, 1969. On board the spacecraft were the crew commander, Colonel US Air Force (now Brigadier General) Thomas Patten Stafford (b. Weatherford, Oklahoma, USA, September 17, 1930), US Navy Captain 3rd Class Eugene Andrew Cernan (b. Chicago, Illinois, USA, 14 March 1934) and US Navy Captain 3rd Class (now retired Captain 1st Class) John Watte Young (b. San Francisco, California, USA, September 24, 1930).
Of the women, the highest speed (28,115 km/h) was achieved by junior lieutenant of the USSR Air Force (now lieutenant colonel engineer, pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR) Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (born March 6, 1937) on the Soviet spaceship Vostok 6 on June 16, 1963.

Youngest cosmonaut:

The youngest astronaut today is Stephanie Wilson. She was born on September 27, 1966 and is 15 days younger than Anousha Ansari.

The first living creature to travel into space:

The dog Laika, which was launched into orbit around the Earth on the second Soviet satellite on November 3, 1957, was the first living creature in space. Laika died in agony from suffocation when the oxygen ran out.

Record time spent on the Moon:

The Apollo 17 crew collected a record weight (114.8 kg) of rock and pound samples during 22 hours 5 minutes of work outside the spacecraft. The crew included US Navy Captain 3rd Class Eugene Andrew Cernan (b. Chicago, Illinois, USA, March 14, 1934) and Dr. Harrison Schmitt (b. Saita Rose, New Mexico, USA, July 3 1935), becoming the 12th man to walk on the Moon. The astronauts were on the lunar surface for 74 hours 59 minutes during the longest lunar expedition, lasting 12 days 13 hours 51 minutes from December 7 to 19, 1972.

The first man to walk on the moon:

Neil Alden Armstrong (b. Wapakoneta, Ohio, USA, August 5, 1930, Scottish and German ancestors), commander of the Apollo 11 spacecraft, became the first person to set foot on the surface of the Moon in the region of the Sea of ​​​​Tranquility at 2 o'clock 56 minutes 15 seconds GMT July 21, 1969 Following him from the Eagle lunar module was US Air Force Colonel Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr. (b. Montclair, New Jersey, USA, January 20, 1930).

Highest space flight altitude:

The crew of Apollo 13 reached the highest altitude, being in apopulation (i.e. at the farthest point of its trajectory) 254 km from the lunar surface at a distance of 400187 km from the Earth’s surface at 1 hour 21 minutes Greenwich Mean Time on April 15, 1970. The crew included US Navy Captain James Arthur Lovell Jr. (b. Cleveland, Ohio, USA, March 25, 1928), Fred Wallace Hayes Jr. (b. Biloxi, Missouri, USA, November 14, 1933). ) and John L. Swigert (1931...1982). The altitude record for women (531 km) was set by American astronaut Katherine Sullivan (born in Paterson, New Jersey, USA, October 3, 1951) during a flight on a reusable spacecraft on April 24, 1990.

Highest speed of a spacecraft:

The first spacecraft to reach escape velocity 3, allowing it to go beyond the solar system, was Pioneer 10. The Atlas-SLV ZS launch vehicle with a modified 2nd stage Centaur-D and 3rd stage Thiokol-Te-364-4 left the Earth on March 2, 1972 at an unprecedented speed of 51682 km/ h. The spacecraft speed record (240 km/h) was set by the American-German solar probe Helios-B, launched on January 15, 1976.

Maximum approach of the spacecraft to the Sun:

On April 16, 1976, the Helios-B automatic research station (USA - Germany) approached the Sun at a distance of 43.4 million km.

The first artificial satellite of the Earth:

The first artificial Earth satellite was successfully launched on the night of October 4, 1957 into an orbit at an altitude of 228.5/946 km and at a speed of more than 28,565 km/h from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, north of Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, USSR (275 km east of the Aral Sea). The spherical satellite was officially registered as the “1957 Alpha 2” object, weighed 83.6 kg, had a diameter of 58 cm and, having supposedly existed for 92 days, burned up on January 4, 1958. The launch vehicle, modified R 7, 29.5 m long, was developed under the leadership of Chief designer S.P. Korolev (1907...1966) who also led the entire IS3 launch project.

Most distant man-made object:

Pioneer 10 launched from Cape Canaveral Space Center. Kennedy, Florida, USA, crossed the orbit of Pluto on October 17, 1986, which is 5.9 billion km from Earth. By April 1989 it was beyond the farthest point of Pluto's orbit and continues to move into space at a speed of 49 km/h. In 1934 e. it will approach the minimum distance to the star Ross-248, which is 10.3 light years away from us. Even before 1991, the Voyager 1 spacecraft, moving at a higher speed, will be further away than Pioneer 10.

One of the two space “Travelers” Voyager, launched from Earth in 1977, moved 97 AU from the Sun during its 28-year flight. e. (14.5 billion km) and is today the most remote artificial object. Voyager 1 crossed the boundary of the heliosphere, the region where the solar wind meets the interstellar medium, in 2005. Now the path of the device, flying at a speed of 17 km/s, lies in the shock wave zone. Voyager-1 will be operational until 2020. However, it is very likely that information from Voyager-1 will stop coming to Earth at the end of 2006. The fact is that NASA plans to cut the budget by 30% in terms of research of the Earth and the solar system.

The heaviest and largest space object:

The heaviest object launched into low-Earth orbit was the 3rd stage of the American Saturn 5 rocket with the Apollo 15 spacecraft, which weighed 140,512 kg before entering the intermediate selenocentric orbit. The American radio astronomy satellite Explorer 49, launched on June 10, 1973, weighed only 200 kg, but the span of its antennas was 415 m.

Most powerful rocket:

The Soviet space transport system "Energia", first launched on May 15, 1987 from the Baikonur cosmodrome, has a full load weight of 2400 tons and develops a thrust of more than 4 thousand tons. The rocket is capable of delivering a payload weighing up to 140 m into low-Earth orbit, maximum diameter - 16 m. Basically a modular installation used in the USSR. 4 accelerators are attached to the main module, each of which has 1 RD 170 engine running on liquid oxygen and kerosene. A modification of the rocket with 6 accelerators and an upper stage is capable of placing a payload weighing up to 180 tons into low-Earth orbit, delivering a payload weighing 32 tons to the Moon and 27 tons to Venus or Mars.

Flight range record among solar-powered research vehicles:

The Stardust space probe set a kind of flight range record among all solar-powered research vehicles - it is currently 407 million kilometers away from the Sun. The main purpose of the automatic device is to approach the comet and collect dust.

The first self-propelled vehicle on extraterrestrial space objects:

The first self-propelled vehicle designed to operate on other planets and their satellites in automatic mode was the Soviet "Lunokhod 1" (weight - 756 kg, length with open lid - 4.42 m, width - 2.15 m, height - 1, 92 m), delivered to the Moon by the Luna 17 spacecraft and began moving into the Mare Monsim on command from the Earth on November 17, 1970. In total, it traveled 10 km 540 m, overcoming climbs of up to 30°, until it stopped on October 4, 1971. , having worked 301 days 6 hours 37 minutes. The cessation of work was caused by the depletion of the resources of its isotope heat source. Lunokhod-1 examined in detail the lunar surface with an area of ​​80 thousand m2, transmitted to Earth more than 20 thousand of its images and 200 telepanoramas.

Record for speed and distance of movement on the Moon:

The record for speed and range of movement on the Moon was set by the American wheeled lunar rover Rover, delivered there by the Apollo 16 spacecraft. He reached a speed of 18 km/h down the slope and traveled a distance of 33.8 km.

Most expensive space project:

The total cost of the American human spaceflight program, including the last mission to the Moon, Apollo 17, was approximately $25,541,400,000. The first 15 years of the USSR space program, from 1958 to September 1973, according to Western estimates, cost $45 billion. The cost of NASA's Shuttle program (launching reusable spacecraft) before the launch of Columbia on April 12, 1981 was 9.9 billion dollars

The most interesting human records in space

On April 12, 1961, humanity witnessed cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin go into orbit for a 108-minute flight high above the Earth.

Then Gagarin set a kind of record - he was the first man in space. Over the past 50 years, people have made many space records that have expanded human capabilities in the cold depths of space.

Below we list just a few of them, starting with the oldest man in space to the present day.

The oldest in space

US Senator John Glenn was 77 years old when he flew aboard the STS-95 Discovery mission in October 1998. This mission was Glenn's second. In the first, in February 1962, he became the first American to orbit the Earth.

Glenn has another record - the maximum difference between which was 36 years.

Youngest in space

Cosmonaut German Titov was just 26 years old when he first entered orbit aboard the Soviet Vostok 2 spacecraft in August 1961. He was the second person in Earth orbit to complete 17 orbits around our planet during his 25-hour flight.

Titov was the first person to sleep in outer space, and, according to data obtained, the first to suffer from “space sickness” (sickness in space)

Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov spent 438 days aboard the Mir space station, from January 1994 to March 1995. This is an undefeated record for the longest human spaceflight.

Shortest space flight

On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American to fly into space. He set a record in this mission that has not been broken to this day: the Sami's shortest human space flight into space.

Shepard's suborbital flight lasted only 15 minutes, taking the astronaut to an altitude of 115 miles (185 km). It landed in the Atlantic Ocean just 302 miles (486 km) from the Florida launch site.

Later, Shepard went to the Moon with NASA's Apollo 14 mission. During this flight, the 47-year-old astronaut set another record, becoming the oldest person to set foot on the surface of the Moon.

Longest flight

The record for the greatest distance from Earth has been unattainable for more than forty years. In April 1970, the crew of Apollo 13 set course for the Moon at an altitude of 158 miles (254 km), thereby paving the way 248,655 miles (400,171 km) from Earth. This is the longest flight ever flown from Earth.

Longest total time spent in space

Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev still holds this record, with more than 803 days accrued during his six space flights. He spent two years and two months in total flying around the Earth.

For women, a similar record belongs to NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson, who spent more than 376 days in space.

Krikalev has another interesting achievement: He is the last citizen and cosmonaut of the Soviet Union. When the Mir space station ceased to exist in December 1991, the cosmonaut returned to Earth to Russia rather than the USSR.

Question No. 1: Which astronaut spent the longest time in space orbit and when?

Answer: Valery Vladimirovich Polyakov holds the record for the duration of work in space. From January 8, 1994 to March 22, 1995, he made his second space flight as a doctor-cosmonaut-researcher on the spacecraft and the Mir orbital complex, lasting 437 days 18 hours. For the successful implementation of the flight on April 10, 1995, he was awarded the title of Hero of Russia.

Question No. 2: Representatives of which countries visited the International Space Station (ISS)?

Over the course of 10 years and 5 months, representatives visited the International Space Station (ISS) 12 states:

Russia:

1. Sergey Krikalev (Flight engineer, Long-term crew of ISS-1; Commander, ISS-11),

2. Yuri Gidzenko (Commander, Long-term crew of ISS-1),

3. Yuri Usachev (Commander, Long-term crew of the ISS - 2),

4. Mikhail Tyurin (Flight engineer, Long-term crew of ISS-3, ISS-14),

5. Vladimir Dezhurov (Pilot, Long-term crew of the ISS-3),

6. Yuri Onufrienko (Commander, Long-term crew of ISS-4),

7. Valery Korzun (Commander, pilot, Long-term crew of ISS-5),

8. Sergey Treshchev (Flight Engineer-2, Long-term crew of ISS-5),

9. Nikolay Budarin (Flight Engineer-1, Long-term crew of ISS-6)

10. Yuri Malenchenko (Commander, Long-term crew of ISS-7; flight engineer, ISS-16),

11. Alexander Kaleri (Flight engineer, Long-term crew of ISS-8; flight engineer 4, ISS-25),

12. Gennady Padalka (Commander, Long-term crew of ISS-9, ISS-19, ISS-20),

13. Yuri Shargin (Participant of the visiting expedition program),

14. Salizhan Sharipov (Flight engineer, Long-term crew of ISS-10)

15. Valery Tokarev (Flight engineer, Long-term crew of ISS-12),

16. Pavel Vinogradov (Commander, Long-term crew of ISS-13),

17. Fedor Yurchikhin (Commander, Long-term crew of ISS-15; flight engineer 2, ISS-24; flight engineer 3, ISS-25),

18. Oleg Kotov (Flight engineer 2, ISS-22; commander, ISS-23),

19. Sergei Volkov (Commander, Long-term crew of ISS-17),

20. Oleg Kononenko (Flight engineer, Long-term crew of ISS-17),

21. Yuri Lonchakov (Flight engineer, Long-term crew of ISS-18),

22. Roman Romanenko (Flight engineer 3, Long-term crew of the ISS-20; flight engineer 1, ISS-21),

23. Maxim Suraev (Flight engineer 4, Long-term crew of ISS-21; flight engineer, ISS-22),

24. Alexander Skvortsov (Flight Engineer 3, Long-term crew of ISS-23; commander, ISS-24),

25. Mikhail Kornienko (Flight engineer 4, Long-term crew of ISS-23; flight engineer 1, ISS-24),

26. Oleg Skripochka (Flight Engineer 5, Long-term crew of ISS-25).

1. William Shepherd (Commander, ISS-1),

2. Susan Helms (flight engineer, ISS-2),

3. James Voss (Flight Engineer, ISS-2),

4. Frank Culbertson (Commander, ISS-3),

5. Daniel Bursch (Flight Engineer, ISS-4),

6. Karl Walz (Flight Engineer, ISS-4),

7. Peggy Whitson (Flight Engineer, ISS-5; Commander, Flight Engineer, ISS-16),

8. Kenneth Bowersox (Commander, pilot, ISS-6),

9. Donald Pettit (Flight Engineer-2, ISS-6),

10. Edward Lu (Flight Engineer, ISS-7),

13. Lera Chiao (Commander, ISS-10),

14. John Phillips (Flight Engineer, ISS-11),

15. William MacArthur (Commander and Scientist, ISS-12),

16. Gregory Olsen (space tourist)

17. Jeffrey Williams (Flight Engineer, ISS-13; Flight Engineer 3, ISS-21 Commander, ISS-22),

19. Sunita Williams (Flight Engineer, ISS-14; Flight Engineer, ISS-15),

20. Anousheh Ansari (First female space tourist),

21. Clayton Anderson (ISS-15; flight engineer, ISS-16),

22. Charles Simonyi (space tourist),

23. Daniel Tani (Flight Engineer, ISS-16),

24. Garrett Reisman (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-16, Flight Engineer 2, ISS-17),

25. Greg Shamitoff (Flight Engineer, ISS-17; ISS-18),

26. Sandra Magnus (Flight Engineer, ISS-17; ISS-18),

28. Timothy Kopra (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-20),

29. Nicole Stott (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-20; Flight Engineer 5, ISS-21),

30. Timothy Creamer (Flight Engineer 4, ISS-22; Flight Engineer 2, ISS-23),

31. Tracy Caldwell (Flight Engineer 5, ISS-23; Flight Engineer 2, ISS-24),

32. Shannon Walker (Flight Engineer 4, ISS-24; Flight Engineer 1, ISS-25),

33. Wheelock Douglas (Flight Engineer 5, ISS-24; Commander, ISS-25),

34. Scott Kelly (Flight Engineer 3, ISS-25).

Canada:

1. Robert Thirsk (Flight Engineer 4, ISS-20; Flight Engineer 2, ISS-21).

Germany:

1. Thomas Reiter (Flight Engineer, ISS-13; ISS-14).

France:

1. Leopold Eyartz (Flight Engineer 2, ISS-13)

Italy:

1. Roberto Vittori (Participant of the visiting expedition program).

Holland:

1. Andre Kuipers (Participant in the expedition program).

Belgium:

1. Frank De Winne (Flight Engineer 5, ISS-20; Commander, ISS-21).

Japan:

1. Koichi Wakata (Flight engineer 2, ISS-18; flight engineer ISS-19; flight engineer 2, ISS-20),

2. Soichi Noguchi (Flight Engineer 3, ISS-22; Flight Engineer, ISS-23).

1. Lee So-yeon (Participant of the visiting expedition).

Brazil:

1. Marcos Pontes (Space Tourist).

Malaysia:

1. Sheikh Muzafar (Participant of the Space Expedition).

ISS in touch

Working on a station in outer space

Launch of the Shuttle to the ISS

Long-term crew of ISS-1

From left to right: S. Krikalev, W. Shepherd, Y. Gidzenko.

Question No. 3. What animals participated in space experiments?

https://pandia.ru/text/78/362/images/image008_13.jpg" alt="C:\Users\Tatyana\Desktop\belka-strelka-1.jpg" align="left" width="184" height="281 src=">Собаки !}

The first experiments with sending dogs into space began in 1951. Suborbital flights were performed by the dogs Gypsy, Dezik, Kusachka, Fashionista, Kozyavka, Unlucky, Chizhik, Damka, Brave, Baby, Snowflake, Mishka, Ryzhik, ZIB, Fox, Rita, Bulba, Button, Minda, Albina, Redhead, Joyna, Palma, Brave, Motley, Pearl, Malek, Fluff, Belyanka, Zhulba, Button, Belka, Strelka and Zvezdochka. On November 3, 1957, the dog Laika was launched into orbit. On July 26, 1960, an attempt was made to launch the dogs Bars and Lisichka into space, but 28.5 seconds after launch their rocket exploded. The first successful orbital flight with a return to Earth was made by the dogs Belka and Strelka on August 19, 1960. The last test launch of an artificial Earth satellite (the fifth unmanned spacecraft “Vostok”) before Yu. A. Gagarin’s flight included the dog Zvezdochka and a dummy cosmonaut, whom the future space explorers named Ivan Ivanovich. The “dress rehearsal” was successful - after a trip around the world, the expedition returned safely to Earth: the dog was returned, the dummy was ejected and returned by parachute. Three days later, at a conference at the Academy of Sciences, all the eyes of those present were fixed on Belka, Strelka and Zvezdochka, but no one paid attention to Gagarin, who was sitting in the front row.

Laika's heroic mission has made her one of the most famous dogs in the world. Her name is indicated on a memorial table with the names of fallen cosmonauts, installed in November 1997 in Star City.

February 2010" href="/text/category/fevralmz_2010_g_/" rel="bookmark">February 2010, two turtles made a successful suborbital flight on a rocket launched by Iran.

October 12" href="/text/category/12_oktyabrya/" rel="bookmark">October 12, 1982. On September 24, 1993, the system was officially put into operation.

Owner" href="/text/category/vladeletc/" rel="bookmark">owner of a GLONASS navigator or other equipment.

Car monitoring using this satellite system is a reliable way to protect your car from theft. After all, thanks to GLONASS, you can easily determine the direction of movement or location of the vehicle.

Signals that come from satellites make it possible not only to almost instantly receive information about where the car is, but also to quickly respond to any changes that have occurred to the vehicle, and in the event of theft, even remotely blocking the engine.

GLONASS, it should be noted, is a high-tech system that is reliably protected from any failures or malfunctions. And all because initially this satellite monitoring system was created for defense needs, and that is why such a factor as reliability was given especially close attention.

Despite the fact that GPS monitoring of vehicles is the leader in the modern world market, the GLONASS system is not inferior in any respect.

The GLONASS system will allow you to plot a route through absolutely any unfamiliar area. In this case, the once laid route will be saved in the memory of the equipment and/or navigator and, if necessary, you can repeat it. Once you have made a choice in favor of the GLONASS system, you will not have to regret your decision under any circumstances.

Question No. 5: What planets were spacecraft used to study?

October 4" href="/text/category/4_oktyabrya/" rel="bookmark">October 4, 1957 - the first artificial satellite was launched Earth Sputnik-1. (THE USSR)

https://pandia.ru/text/78/362/images/image019_11.gif" align="left" width="168" height="126"> In 1974 The Mariner 10 space station was sent to Mercury. Having flown at a distance of 700 km from the surface of the planet, he took photographs from which one can judge the relief of this small planet closest to the Sun. Until then, astronomers had at their disposal photographs taken from Earth using powerful telescopes.

Note:

The most important telescope in space discoveries is the Hubble Telescope.

Important observations:

Maps of the surface of Pluto and Eris have been obtained for the first time. Ultraviolet auroras were observed for the first time on Saturn, Jupiter and Ganymede. Additional data on planets outside the solar system, including spectrometric data, were obtained.

On April 12, 1961, an account was opened for mankind's space records - Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. However, in the 55 years that have passed since that significant day, thousands of discoveries have been made in the space field and dozens of records have been set. We present to your attention the most significant of them.

Yuri Gagarin

Oldest man in space

American John Glenn is the oldest person to fly into space. At the time of his flight on the Discovery spacecraft in October 1998, Glenn was already 77 years old. In addition, Glenn, who is also the first American astronaut to complete an orbital space flight (the third person in the world after Yuri Gagarin and German Titov), ​​holds another record. His first flight into Earth orbit took place on February 20, 1962, so 36 years and 8 months passed between the astronaut’s first and second flight, a record that has not yet been broken.

John Glenn. NASA

Youngest man in space

The opposite record belongs to the Soviet cosmonaut German Titov. When he found himself in Earth's orbit aboard the Soviet spacecraft Vostok 2 in August 1961, German Titov was only 25 years old. He became the second person to be in low-Earth orbit, and during a 25-hour flight he circled the planet 17 times. In addition, German Titov was the first person to sleep in space, and reportedly the first to experience "space sickness" (motion sickness in space).

German Titov, Nikita Khrushchev and Yuri Gagarin. ANEFO

Longest space flight

Russian cosmonaut Valery Polyakov holds the record for the longest continuous stay in space. Having gone into space in January 1994, the astronaut spent more than a year aboard the Mir orbital station, namely 437 days and 18 hours.

A similar record, but already on board the ISS, was set quite recently by two people at once - Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko and NASA astronaut Scott Kelly - they spent 340 days in space.

A similar record for women belongs to Italian Samantha Cristoforetti, who spent more than 199 days aboard the international space station in 2014–2015.

Valery Polyakov. NASA

Shortest space flight

Alan Shepard became the first American to fly in suborbital space on May 5, 1961. The flight of NASA's Freedom 7 spacecraft lasted only 15 minutes 28 seconds, while the device reached an altitude of 186.5 kilometers.

Ten years later, in 1971, he was able to compensate for such a short-term space mission by participating in NASA's Apollo 14 mission. During this flight, the 47-year-old astronaut set another record, becoming the oldest person to walk on the surface of the Moon.

Alan Shepard. NASA

Farthest space flight

The record for the greatest distance from Earth to which astronauts have traveled was set more than 40 years ago. In April 1970, the manned Apollo 13 spacecraft, with three NASA astronauts on board, moved a record 401,056 kilometers from Earth as a result of several unplanned trajectory adjustments.

Apollo 13 crew. From left to right: James Lovell, John Swigert, Fred Hayes. NASA

Longest stay in space

Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka holds the record for the longest total duration of stay in space; over five space flights, the cosmonaut accumulated 878 days, that is, Gennady Padalka spent 2 years 4 months 3 weeks 5 days of his life in space.

For women, a similar record belongs to NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson, who spent a total of more than 376 days in space.

Gennady Padalka. NASA

Longest manned spacecraft

This record belongs to the International Space Station, and it is increasing every day. This $100 billion orbital laboratory has had people on board continuously since November 2, 2000.

This time plus two days (the first station crew launched from Earth on October 31, 2000) also constitutes another record - the longest period of continuous human presence in space.

Longest stay on the moon

In December 1972, NASA Apollo 17 mission members Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan spent more than three days (almost 75 hours) on the surface of the Moon. The astronauts' three walks on the Moon took a total of more than 22 hours. Note that this was the last time a person set foot on the Moon and generally went beyond the limits of near-Earth orbit.

Launch of Apollo 17. NASA

Largest number of space flights

This record belongs to two NASA astronauts: Franklin Chang-Diaz and Jerry Ross. Both astronauts flew into space seven times aboard NASA space shuttles. Flights of Chang-Diaz were made in 19862002, Rossa between 1985 and 2002.

"Shuttle". NASA

Largest number of spacewalks

Russian cosmonaut Anatoly Solovyov, who flew into space five times in the 1980s and 1990s, completed 16 spacewalks. In total, he spent 82 hours and 21 minutes outside the spacecraft, which is also a record.

Anatoly Soloviev. NASA

Longest spacewalk ever

The record for the longest single spacewalk belongs to Americans Jim Voss and Susan Helms. On March 11, 2001, they spent 8 hours and 56 minutes outside the Discovery spacecraft and the International Space Station, performing maintenance work and preparing the orbital laboratory for the arrival of the next module.

ISS-2 crew: Jim Voss, Yuri Usachev, Susan Helms. NASA

Largest number of people in space

The most crowded time in Earth orbit was in July 2009, when NASA's shuttle Endeavor docked with the International Space Station. The six members of the ISS mission were then joined by seven American astronauts from the shuttle. Thus, 13 people were in space at the same time. The record was repeated in April 2010.

"Endeavour". NASA

Largest number of women in space

Four women in Earth orbit at the same time - this is the second record, set in April 2010. Then NASA representative Tracy Caldwell Dyson, who arrived at the ISS on the Russian Soyuz spacecraft, was joined by her colleagues Stephanie Wilson and Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger and the Japanese Naoko Yamazaki, who arrived to work in the orbital laboratory aboard the space shuttle Discovery as part of the mission STS-131.