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Alexander Griboyedov

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov (1795-1829) - poet, playwright, pianist, composer, diplomat.

Gifted with many talents and not developing any of them, Griboedov remained for us the author of the only play “Woe from Wit.”

Lifetime portrait of Griboyedov by P.A. Karatygina was published in 1858. More precisely, not the portrait itself, but a lithograph of Munster from a drawing by P.F. Borel. The second reliable portrait of Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov is considered to be a portrait painted with colored pencil in 1824 by the artist M.I. Terebenev (1795-1864). An engraving was made based on it by N.I. Utkina.

Alexander Griboyedov, 1858
Artist P.A. Karatygin

Alexander Griboyedov, 1829
Engraving by N.I. Utkina

The most famous portrait of A.S. Griboyedov was written in 1873 by I.N. Kramskoy commissioned by P.M. Tretyakov for his art gallery.

The history of its creation was left to us by a close friend of Kramskoy, the publisher of the magazine “Russian Antiquity” M.I. Semevsky: “Guided by P.A. Karatygin’s oral story about Griboyedov’s appearance, Kramskoy wrote as if “from dictation” and resurrected the appearance of the glorious writer with a talented brush. Wanting to test himself and make sure whether he really managed to capture the similarity, color and facial expression, the artist showed the portrait on the easel to some people who personally knew Griboyedov, and all of them were struck by the amazing similarity and the expression of intelligence and grace that Griboyedov’s features breathed.”

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov. Born on January 4 (15), 1795 in Moscow - died on January 30 (February 11), 1829 in Tehran. Russian diplomat, poet, playwright, pianist and composer, nobleman. State Councilor (1828).

Griboyedov is known as homo unius libri - the writer of one book, the brilliantly rhymed play "Woe from Wit", which is still very often staged in Russian theaters. It served as the source of numerous catchphrases.

Griboedov was born in Moscow into a wealthy, noble family. His ancestor, Jan Grzybowski (Polish: Jan Grzybowski), moved from Poland to Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. The author's surname Griboyedov is nothing more than a peculiar translation of the surname Grzhibovsky. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Fyodor Akimovich Griboyedov was a clerk and one of the five compilers of the Council Code of 1649.

The writer's father is retired Second Major Sergei Ivanovich Griboedov (1761-1814). Mother - Anastasia Fedorovna (1768-1839), maiden name was also Griboedova.

According to relatives, as a child Alexander was very focused and unusually developed. There is information that he was the great-nephew of Alexander Radishchev (the playwright himself carefully hid this). At the age of 6, he was fluent in three foreign languages, and in his youth already six, in particular, fluent English, French, German and Italian. He understood Latin and ancient Greek very well.

In 1803 he was sent to the Moscow University Noble Boarding School; Three years later, Griboedov entered the literature department of Moscow University. In 1808 he received the title of candidate of literary sciences, but did not leave his studies, but entered the moral and political department, and then the physics and mathematics department.

On September 8, 1812, cornet Griboyedov fell ill and remained in Vladimir, and, presumably, until November 1, 1812, due to illness, did not appear at the regiment's location. In the winter, during the Patriotic War of 1812, when the enemy appeared on Russian territory, he joined the Moscow Hussar Regiment (a volunteer irregular unit) of Count Pyotr Ivanovich Saltykov, who received permission to form it. Arriving at his place of duty, he found himself in the company of “young cornets from the best noble families” - Prince Golitsyn, Count Efimovsky, Count Tolstoy, Alyabyev, Sheremetev, Lansky, and the Shatilov brothers. Griboyedov was related to some of them. Subsequently, he wrote in a letter to S.N. Begichev: “I was in this squad for only 4 months, and now for the 4th year I have not been able to get on the right path.”

Until 1815, Griboedov served in the rank of cornet under the command of cavalry general A. S. Kologrivov. Griboyedov’s first literary experiments - “Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher”, the essay “On the Cavalry Reserves” and the comedy “The Young Spouses” (translation of the French comedy “Le secre”) - date back to 1814. In the article “On the Cavalry Reserves” Griboyedov acted as a historical publicist.

In 1815, Griboyedov came to St. Petersburg, where he met the publisher of the magazine “Son of the Fatherland” N.I. Grech and the famous playwright N.I. Khmelnitsky.

In the spring of 1816, the aspiring writer left military service, and in the summer he published an article “On the analysis of the free translation of the Burger ballad “Lenora”” - a response to N. I. Gnedich’s critical remarks about P. A. Katenin’s ballad “Olga”. At the same time, Griboyedov’s name appears in the lists of active members of the Masonic lodge “Les Amis Reunis” (“United Friends”).

At the beginning of 1817, Griboyedov became one of the founders of the Masonic lodge "Du Bien". In the summer he entered the diplomatic service, taking the position of provincial secretary (from the winter - translator) of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. This period of the writer’s life also includes his acquaintances with A. S. Pushkin and V. K. Kuchelbecker, work on the poem “Lubochny Theater” (a response to M. N. Zagoskin’s criticism of “The Young Spouses”), and the comedies “Student” (together with P. A. Katenin), “Feigned Infidelity” (together with A. A. Gendre), “One’s own family, or the Married Bride” (co-authored with A. A. Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky).

In 1817, the famous “quadruple duel” between Zavadovsky-Sheremetev and Griboyedov-Yakubovich took place in St. Petersburg. It was Griboyedov who gave the reason for the duel, bringing the ballerina Istomin to the apartment of his friend Count Zavadovsky (Griboyedov was 22 years old at that time). Cavalry guard Sheremetev, Istomina’s lover, summoned Zavadovsky. Griboedov became Zavadovsky’s second, and Yakubovich, a cornet of the Life Ulan Regiment, became Sheremetev’s second.

Griboyedov lived with Zavadovsky and, being a friend of Istomina, after the performance he brought her to his place, naturally, to Zavadovsky’s house, where she lived for two days. Sheremetev was in a quarrel with Istomina and was away, but when he returned, instigated by A.I. Yakubovich, he challenged Zavadovsky to a duel. Yakubovich and Griboyedov also promised to fight.

Zavadovsky and Sheremetev were the first to reach the barrier. Zavadovsky, an excellent shooter, mortally wounded Sheremetev in the stomach. Since Sheremetev had to be immediately taken to the city, Yakubovich and Griboedov postponed their fight. It took place the following year, 1818, in Georgia. Yakubovich was transferred to Tiflis for service, and Griboedov also happened to be passing through there, heading on a diplomatic mission to Persia.

Griboedov was wounded in the left hand. It was from this wound that it was subsequently possible to identify the disfigured corpse of Griboyedov, killed by religious fanatics during the destruction of the Russian embassy in Tehran.

In 1818, Griboyedov, having refused the position of an official of the Russian mission in the United States, was appointed to the post of secretary under the Tsar's Charge d'Affaires of Persia. Before leaving for Tehran, he completed work on “Sideshow Trials.” He left for his duty station at the end of August, two months later (with short stops in Novgorod, Moscow, Tula and Voronezh) he arrived in Mozdok, and on the way to Tiflis he compiled a detailed diary describing his travels.

At the beginning of 1819, Griboedov completed work on the ironic “Letter to the Publisher from Tiflis on January 21” and, probably, the poem “Forgive me, Fatherland!”, and then went on his first business trip to the Shah’s court. On the way to the appointed place through Tabriz (January - March), I continued to write travel notes that I started last year. In August he returned back, where he began to advocate for the fate of Russian soldiers who were in Iranian captivity. In September, at the head of a detachment of prisoners and fugitives, he set out from Tabriz to Tiflis, where he arrived the following month. Some events of this journey are described on the pages of Griboyedov’s diaries (for July and August/September), as well as in the narrative fragments “Vagin’s Story” and “Ananur Quarantine”.

In January 1820, Griboyedov went there again, adding new entries to his travel diary. Here, burdened with official chores, he spent more than a year and a half. His stay in Persia was incredibly burdensome for the writer-diplomat, and in the fall of the following year, 1821, due to health reasons (due to a broken arm), he finally managed to transfer closer to his homeland - to Georgia. There he became close to Kuchelbecker, who had arrived here for service, and began work on the draft manuscripts of the first edition of “Woe from Wit.”

Since February 1822, Griboyedov was the diplomatic secretary under General A.P. Ermolov, who commanded the Russian troops in Tiflis. The author’s work on the drama “1812” is often dated to the same year (apparently timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of Russia’s victory in the war with Napoleonic France).

At the beginning of 1823, Griboyedov left the service for a while and returned to his homeland, for more than two years he lived in Moscow, in the village. Dmitrovsky (Lakotsy) Tula province, in St. Petersburg. Here the author continued the work begun in the Caucasus with the text “Woe from Wit”, by the end of the year he wrote the poem “David”, a dramatic scene in verse “Youth of the Prophetic”, vaudeville “Who is the brother, who is the sister, or Deception after deception” (in cooperation with P. A. Vyazemsky) and the first edition of the famous waltz “e-moll”. It is customary to attribute the appearance of the first entries of his “Desiderata” - a journal of notes on controversial issues of Russian history, geography and literature - to the same period of Griboedov’s life.

The following year, 1824, dates back to the writer’s epigrams on M.A. Dmitriev and A.I. Pisarev (“And they compose - they lie! And they translate - they lie!..”, “How magazine brawls spread!..”), the narrative fragment “Character my uncle,” the essay “Special Cases of the St. Petersburg Flood” and the poem “Teleshova.” At the end of the same year (December 15), Griboyedov became a full member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

At the end of May 1825, due to the urgent need to return to his place of duty, the writer abandoned his intention to visit Europe and left for the Caucasus.

Subsequently, he will learn Arabic, Turkish, Georgian and Persian. The first teacher who taught Griboedov the Persian language was Mirza Jafar Topchibashev. On the eve of this trip, he completed work on a free translation of the “Prologue in the Theater” from the tragedy “Faust”, at the request of F.V. Bulgarin, he compiled notes to “Extraordinary Adventures and Travels...” of D.I. Tsikulin, published in the April issues of the magazine “Northern” archive" for 1825. On the way to Georgia, he visited Kiev, where he met prominent figures of the revolutionary underground (M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, A. Z. Muravyov, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol and S. P. Trubetskoy), lived for some time in Crimea, visiting the estate of his old friend A.P. Zavadovsky. On the peninsula, Griboyedov developed a plan for the majestic tragedy of the Baptism of the ancient Russians and kept a detailed diary of travel notes, published only three decades after the author’s death. According to the opinion established in science, it was under the influence of the southern trip that he wrote the scene “Dialogue of Polovtsian Husbands.”

Upon returning to the Caucasus, Griboyedov, inspired by participation in the expedition of General A. A. Velyaminov, wrote the famous poem “Predators on Chegem.” In January 1826, he was arrested in the Grozny fortress on suspicion of belonging to the Decembrists; Griboedov was brought to St. Petersburg, but the investigation could not find evidence of Griboedov’s membership in a secret society. With the exception of A.F. Brigen, E.P. Obolensky, N.N. Orzhitsky and S.P. Trubetskoy, none of the suspects testified to the detriment of Griboyedov. He was under investigation until June 2, 1826, but since it was not possible to prove his participation in the conspiracy, and he himself categorically denied his involvement in the conspiracy, he was released from arrest with a “cleansing certificate.” Despite this, Griboyedov was under secret surveillance for some time.

In September 1826 he returned to service in Tiflis and continued his diplomatic activities; took part in the conclusion of the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty (1828), beneficial for Russia, and delivered its text to St. Petersburg. Appointed as Resident Minister (Ambassador) to Iran; On the way to his destination, he again spent several months in Tiflis and married there on August 22 (September 3), 1828, Princess Nina Chavchavadze, with whom he only lived for a few weeks.

Foreign embassies were not located in the capital, but in Tabriz, at the court of Prince Abbas Mirza, but soon after arriving in Persia, the mission went to present itself to Feth Ali Shah in Tehran. During this visit, Griboyedov died: on January 30, 1829 (6 Sha'ban 1244 AH), a crowd of thousands of rebellious Persians killed everyone in the embassy, except for the secretary Ivan Sergeevich Maltsov.

The circumstances of the defeat of the Russian mission are described in different ways, but Maltsov was an eyewitness to the events, and he does not mention the death of Griboedov, only writes that 15 people defended themselves at the door of the envoy’s room. Returning to Russia, he wrote that 37 people in the embassy were killed (all except him alone) and 19 Tehran residents. He himself hid in another room and, in fact, could only describe what he heard. All the defenders died, and there were no direct witnesses left.

Riza-Kuli writes that Griboyedov was killed with 37 comrades, and 80 people from the crowd were killed. His body was so mutilated that he was identified only by a mark on his left hand, received in the famous duel with Yakubovich.

Griboedov's body was taken to Tiflis and buried on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David.

The Persian Shah sent his grandson to St. Petersburg to resolve the diplomatic scandal. To compensate for the blood shed, he brought rich gifts to Nicholas I, including the Shah diamond. This magnificent diamond, framed with many rubies and emeralds, once adorned the throne of the Great Mughals. Now it shines in the collection of the Diamond Fund of the Moscow Kremlin.

At the grave, Griboyedov’s widow Nina Chavchavadze erected a monument to him with the inscription: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you!”

Yuri Tynyanov dedicated the novel “The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar” (1928) to the last years of A. S. Griboyedov’s life.

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov

Russian diplomat, poet, playwright, pianist and composer, nobleman, state councilor

Alexander Griboyedov

short biography

- a famous Russian writer, poet, playwright, brilliant diplomat, state councilor, author of the legendary play in verse “Woe from Wit”, was a descendant of an old noble family. Born in Moscow on January 15 (January 4, O.S.), 1795, from an early age he showed himself to be an extremely developed and versatile child. Wealthy parents tried to give him an excellent home education, and in 1803 Alexander became a pupil of the Moscow University Noble Boarding School. At the age of eleven he was already a student at Moscow University (literature department). Having become a candidate of literary sciences in 1808, Griboyedov graduated from two more departments - moral-political and physical-mathematical. Alexander Sergeevich became one of the most educated people among his contemporaries, knew about a dozen foreign languages, and was very gifted musically.

With the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Griboyedov joined the ranks of volunteers, but he did not have to participate directly in military operations. In 1815, with the rank of cornet, Griboyedov served in a cavalry regiment that was in reserve. The first literary experiments date back to this time - the comedy “The Young Spouses”, which was a translation of a French play, the article “On Cavalry Reserves”, “Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher”.

At the beginning of 1816, A. Griboedov retired and came to live in St. Petersburg. While working at the College of Foreign Affairs, he continues his studies in a new field of writing, makes translations, and joins theatrical and literary circles. It was in this city that fate gave him the acquaintance of A. Pushkin. In 1817, A. Griboyedov tried his hand at drama, writing the comedies “My Family” and “Student”.

In 1818, Griboyedov was appointed to the position of secretary of the tsar's attorney, who headed the Russian mission in Tehran, and this radically changed his further biography. The deportation of Alexander Sergeevich to a foreign land was regarded as punishment for the fact that he acted as a second in a scandalous duel with a fatal outcome. The stay in Iranian Tabriz (Tavriz) was indeed painful for the aspiring writer.

In the winter of 1822, Tiflis became Griboyedov’s new place of service, and the new boss was General A.P. Ermolov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Tehran, commander of the Russian troops in the Caucasus, under whom Griboedov was secretary for diplomatic affairs. It was in Georgia that he wrote the first and second acts of the comedy “Woe from Wit.” The third and fourth acts were already composed in Russia: in the spring of 1823, Griboyedov left the Caucasus on vacation to his homeland. In 1824, in St. Petersburg, the last point was put in the work, the path to fame of which turned out to be thorny. The comedy could not be published due to censorship and was sold in handwritten copies. Only small fragments “slipped” into print: in 1825 they were included in the issue of the almanac “Russian Waist”. Griboedov's brainchild was highly appreciated by A. S. Pushkin.

Griboyedov planned to take a trip to Europe, but in May 1825 he had to urgently return to service in Tiflis. In January 1826, in connection with the Decembrist case, he was arrested, kept in a fortress, and then taken to St. Petersburg: the writer’s name came up several times during interrogations, and handwritten copies of his comedy were found during searches. Nevertheless, due to lack of evidence, the investigation had to release Griboedov, and in September 1826 he returned to his official duties.

In 1828, the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty was signed, which corresponded to the interests of Russia. He played a certain role in the biography of the writer: Griboyedov took part in its conclusion and delivered the text of the agreement to St. Petersburg. For his services, the talented diplomat was awarded a new position - the plenipotentiary minister (ambassador) of Russia in Persia. Alexander Sergeevich saw his appointment as a “political exile”; plans for the implementation of numerous creative ideas collapsed. With a heavy heart, in June 1828, Griboedov left St. Petersburg.

Getting to his place of duty, he lived for several months in Tiflis, where in August his wedding took place with 16-year-old Nina Chavchavadze. He left for Persia with his young wife. There were forces in the country and beyond its borders that were not satisfied with the growing influence of Russia, which cultivated hostility towards its representatives in the minds of the local population. On January 30, 1829, the Russian embassy in Tehran was brutally attacked by a brutal crowd, and A.S. became one of its victims. Griboyedov, who was disfigured to such an extent that he was later identified only by a characteristic scar on his hand. The body was taken to Tiflis, where its last resting place was the grotto at the Church of St. David.

Biography from Wikipedia

Origin and early years

Griboyedov born in Moscow, into a wealthy, noble family. His ancestor, Jan Grzybowski (Polish: Jan Grzybowski), moved from Poland to Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. The surname Griboedov is nothing more than a peculiar translation of the surname Grzhibovsky. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Fyodor Akimovich Griboyedov was a clerk and one of the five compilers of the Council Code of 1649.

Father - Sergei Ivanovich Griboedov (1761-1814), retired second major;
Mother - Anastasia Fedorovna (1768-1839), also maiden name Griboyedova - from the Smolensk branch of this family, and her family was richer and was considered more noble;
Sister - Maria Sergeevna Griboedova (Durnovo);
Brother - Pavel (died in infancy);
Wife - Nina Aleksandrovna Chavchavadze (Georgian: ნინო ჭავჭავაძე)(November 4, 1812 – June 28, 1857).

In 1803 he was sent to the Moscow University Noble Boarding School; Three years later, Griboedov entered the literature department of Moscow University. In 1808 (at the age of 13) he graduated from the literary department of the university with the degree of candidate of literary sciences, but did not leave his studies, but entered the ethical-political (legal) department of the Faculty of Philosophy. In 1810 he received his PhD and remained at the university to study mathematics and natural sciences.

War

On September 8, 1812, cornet Griboyedov fell ill and remained in Vladimir, and, presumably, until November 1, 1812, due to illness, did not appear at the regiment's location. In the summer, during the Patriotic War of 1812, when the enemy appeared on Russian territory, he joined the Moscow Hussar Regiment (a volunteer irregular unit) of Count Pyotr Ivanovich Saltykov, who received permission to form it. Arriving at his duty station, he found himself in the company “young cornets from the best noble families”- Prince Golitsyn, Count Efimovsky, Count Tolstoy, Alyabyev, Sheremetev, Lansky, the Shatilov brothers. Griboyedov was related to some of them. Subsequently, he wrote in a letter to S. N. Begichev: “I was in this squad for only 4 months, and now I haven’t been able to get on the right path for 4 years.”. Begichev responded to this like this:

But they had barely begun to form when the enemy entered Moscow. This regiment received orders to go to Kazan, and after the expulsion of the enemies, at the end of the same year, it was ordered to follow to Brest-Litovsk, join the defeated Irkutsk Dragoon Regiment and take the name of the Irkutsk Hussars. S. N. Begichev

Until 1815, Griboedov served in the rank of cornet under the command of cavalry general A. S. Kologrivov. Griboedov's first literary experiments - “Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher”, feature article "About cavalry reserves" and comedy "Young Spouses"(translation of the French comedy “Le secret”) - dates back to 1814. In the article "About cavalry reserves" Griboyedov acted as a historical publicist.

The enthusiastically lyrical “Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher,” published in the “Bulletin of Europe,” was written by him after Kologrivov was awarded the “Order of St. Vladimir Equal to the Apostles, 1st degree” in 1814 and the holiday of June 22 (July 4) in Brest-Litovsk , in the cavalry reserves, on this occasion.

In the capital

In 1815, Griboyedov came to St. Petersburg, where he met the publisher of the magazine “Son of the Fatherland” N.I. Grech and the famous playwright N.I. Khmelnitsky.

At the same time, Griboyedov’s name appears on the list of active members of the Masonic lodge “United Friends”. At the beginning of 1817, Griboyedov became one of the founders of the Masonic lodge "Du Bien".

In the summer he entered the diplomatic service, taking the position of provincial secretary (from the winter - translator) of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. This period of the writer’s life also includes his acquaintances with A. S. Pushkin and V. K. Kuchelbecker, work on the poem “Lubochny Theater” (a response to M. N. Zagoskin’s criticism of “The Young Spouses”), and the comedies “Student” (together with P. A. Katenin), “Feigned Infidelity” (together with A. A. Gendre), “One’s own family, or the Married Bride” (co-authored with A. A. Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky).

Duel

In 1817, the famous “quadruple duel” between Zavadovsky-Sheremetev and Griboyedov-Yakubovich took place in St. Petersburg.

Griboyedov lived with Zavadovsky and, being a friend of the famous dancer of the St. Petersburg Ballet Avdotya Istomina, after the performance he brought her to his place (naturally, to Zavadovsky’s house), where she lived for two days. Cavalry guard Sheremetev, Istomina’s lover, was in a quarrel with her and was away, but when he returned, incited by the cornet of the Life Ulan regiment A.I. Yakubovich, he challenged Zavadovsky to a duel. Griboyedov became Zavadovsky’s second, and Yakubovich became Sheremetev’s; both also promised to fight.

In the east

In 1818, Griboyedov, having refused the position of an official of the Russian mission in the United States, was appointed to the post of secretary under the Tsar's charge d'affaires in Persia, Simon Mazarovich. Before leaving for Tehran, he completed work on “Sideshow Trials.” He left for his duty station at the end of August, two months later (with short stops in Novgorod, Moscow, Tula and Voronezh) he arrived in Mozdok, and on the way to Tiflis he compiled a detailed diary describing his travels.

In January 1820, Griboedov again went to Persia, adding new entries to his travel diary. Here, burdened with official chores, he spent more than a year and a half. His stay in Persia was incredibly burdensome for the writer-diplomat, and in the fall of the following year, 1821, due to health reasons (due to a broken arm), he finally managed to transfer closer to his homeland - to Georgia. There he became close to Kuchelbecker, who had arrived here for service, and began work on the draft manuscripts of the first edition of “Woe from Wit.”

On South

At the end of May 1825, due to the urgent need to return to his place of duty, the writer abandoned his intention to visit Europe and left for the Caucasus. Subsequently, he will learn Arabic, Turkish, Georgian and Persian. The first teacher who taught Griboedov the Persian language was Mirza Jafar Topchibashev. On the eve of this trip, he completed work on a free translation of the “Prologue in the Theater” from the tragedy “Faust”, at the request of F.V. Bulgarin, he compiled notes to “Extraordinary Adventures and Travels...” of D.I. Tsikulin, published in the April issues of the magazine “Northern” archive" for 1825. On the way to Georgia, he visited Kiev, where he met prominent figures of the revolutionary underground (M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, A. Z. Muravyov, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol and S. P. Trubetskoy), lived for some time in Crimea, visiting the estate of his old friend A.P. Zavadovsky. Griboedov traveled through the mountains of the peninsula, developed a plan for the majestic tragedy of the Baptism of the ancient Russians and kept a detailed diary of travel notes, published only three decades after the author’s death. According to the opinion established in science, it was under the influence of the southern trip that he wrote the scene “Dialogue of Polovtsian Husbands.”

Arrest

Return to duty

Death in Persia

Foreign embassies were not located in the capital, but in Tabriz, at the court of Prince Abbas Mirza, but soon after arriving in Persia, the mission went to present itself to Feth Ali Shah in Tehran. During this visit, Griboyedov died: on January 30, 1829 (6 Sha'ban 1244 AH), a crowd of thousands of religious fanatics killed everyone in the embassy, except for the secretary Ivan Sergeevich Maltsov.

Griboedov's body was taken to Tiflis and buried on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David. In the summer of 1829, Alexander Pushkin visited the grave. Pushkin also wrote in “Travel to Arzrum” that he met a cart with the body of Griboyedov at a mountain pass in Armenia, later called Pushkinsky.

At the grave of Alexander Griboedov, his widow, Nina Chavchavadze, erected a monument with the inscription: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you!”.

Creation

According to his literary position, Griboedov belongs (according to the classification of Yu. N. Tynyanov) to the so-called “younger archaists”: his closest literary allies are P. A. Katenin and V. K. Kuchelbecker; however, he was also valued by the “Arzamas people,” for example, Pushkin and Vyazemsky, and among his friends were such different people as P. Ya. Chaadaev and F. V. Bulgarin.

Even during his years of study at Moscow University (1805), Griboyedov wrote poems (only mentions have reached us), created a parody of V. A. Ozerov’s work “Dmitry Donskoy” - “Dmitry Dryanskoy”. In 1814, two of his correspondences were published in the “Bulletin of Europe”: “On cavalry reserves” and “Letter to the editor.” In 1815, he published the comedy “Young Spouses” - a parody of the French comedies that made up the Russian comedy repertoire at that time. The author uses the very popular genre of “secular comedy” - works with a small number of characters and an emphasis on wit. In line with his polemics with Zhukovsky and Gnedich about the Russian ballad, Griboedov wrote an article “On the analysis of the free translation of “Lenora”” (1816).

In 1817, Griboyedov’s comedy “Student” was published. According to contemporaries, Katenin took a small part in it, but rather his role in creating the comedy was limited to editing. The work is polemical in nature, directed against the “younger Karamzinists,” parodying their works, a type of artist of sentimentalism. The main point of criticism is the lack of realism.

Techniques of parody: introducing texts into everyday context, exaggerated use of periphrasticism (all concepts in comedy are given descriptively, nothing is directly named). At the center of the work is a bearer of classicist consciousness (Benevolsky). All knowledge about life is gleaned from books, all events are perceived through the experience of reading. Saying “I saw it, I know it” means “I read it.” The hero strives to act out book stories; life seems uninteresting to him. Griboyedov will later repeat the lack of a real sense of reality in “Woe from Wit” - this is a trait of Chatsky.

In 1817, Griboyedov took part in writing “Feigned Infidelity” together with A. A. Gendre. The comedy is an adaptation of the French comedy by Nicolas Barthes. The character Roslavlev, Chatsky's predecessor, appears in it. This is a strange young man, in conflict with society, uttering critical monologues. The same year the comedy “One’s Own Family, or a Married Bride” was released. Co-authors: A. A. Shakhovskoy, Griboyedov, N. I. Khmelnitsky.

What was written before “Woe from Wit” was still very immature or was created in collaboration with more experienced writers at that time (Katenin, Shakhovskoy, Zhandre, Vyazemsky); conceived after “Woe from Wit” was either not written at all (the tragedy about Prince Vladimir the Great), or was not brought beyond rough sketches (the tragedy about Princes Vladimir Monomakh and Fyodor Ryazansky), or was written, but due to a number of circumstances is not known to modern science. Of Griboyedov’s later experiments, the most notable are the dramatic scenes “1812”, “Georgian Night”, “Rodamist and Zenobia”. The author’s artistic and documentary works (essays, diaries, epistolary) also deserve special attention.

Although world fame came to Griboyedov thanks to only one book, he should not be considered a “literary one-liner” who exhausted his creative powers while working on “Woe from Wit.” A reconstructive analysis of the playwright’s artistic intentions allows us to see in him the talent of the creator of a truly high tragedy worthy of William Shakespeare, and the writer’s prose testifies to the productive development of Griboyedov as an original author of literary “travels”.

"Woe from Wit"

The comedy in verse "Woe from Wit" was conceived in St. Petersburg around 1816 and completed in Tiflis in 1824 (the final edition - an authorized list left in St. Petersburg with Bulgarin - 1828). In Russia it is included in the 9th grade school curriculum (in Soviet times - in 8th grade).

The comedy “Woe from Wit” is the pinnacle of Russian drama and poetry. The bright aphoristic style contributed to the fact that she was all “dispersed into quotes.”

“Never has any people been so scourged, never has any country been dragged so much in the mud, never has so much rude abuse been thrown into the public’s face, and yet never has more complete success been achieved” (P. Chaadaev. “Apology for a Madman” ).

“His “Woe from Wit” was published without distortions or abbreviations in 1862. When Griboyedov himself, who died at the hands of fanatics in Iran, had not been in this world for more than 30 years. Written more than ever at the right time - on the eve of the Decembrist uprising - the play became a vivid poetic pamphlet denouncing the reigning regime. For the first time, poetry burst into politics so boldly and openly. And politics gave in,” she wrote in the essay “Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov. Woe from Wit" (in the author's column "100 books that shocked the world" in the magazine "Youth") Elena Sazanovich. - The play in handwritten form was circulated throughout the country. Griboyedov once again sarcastically called “Woe from Wit” a comedy. Is it a joke?! About 40 thousand copies, copied by hand. A stunning success. It was a blatant slap at high society. And high society did not laugh at comedy. It was wiped off. And Griboyedov was not forgiven..."

Musical works

The few musical works written by Griboyedov had excellent harmony, harmony and conciseness. He is the author of several piano pieces, among which the most famous are two waltzes for piano. Some works, including the piano sonata - Griboedov's most serious musical work, have not reached us. Waltz in E minor of his composition is considered the first Russian waltz that has survived to this day. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, Griboyedov was a wonderful pianist, his playing was distinguished by genuine artistry.

Other

In 1828, Griboedov completed work on the “Project for the Establishment of the Russian Transcaucasian Company.” In order to develop trade and industry in the Transcaucasus, the project envisaged the creation of an autonomous management company with extensive administrative, economic and diplomatic powers to manage the Transcaucasus. The project, as contrary to his personal power in Transcaucasia, was rejected by I. F. Paskevich.

An extensive section of Griboyedov’s creative heritage consists of his letters.

Memory

Monuments

In St. Petersburg, the monument to A. S. Griboyedov (sculptor V. V. Lishev, 1959) is located on Zagorodny Prospekt on Pionerskaya Square (opposite the Theater of Young Spectators)
In the center of Yerevan there is a monument to A. S. Griboyedov (author - Hovhannes Bejanyan, 1974), and in 1995 an Armenian postage stamp dedicated to A. S. Griboedov was issued.
In Alushta, a monument to A. S. Griboyedov was erected in 2002, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the city.
In Moscow, the monument to A. S. Griboyedov is located on Chistoprudny Boulevard.
In Veliky Novgorod, A. S. Griboedov is immortalized in the monument “Millennium of Russia”, in the group of sculptures “Writers and Artists”.
In Volgograd, at the expense of the Armenian community of the city, a bust of A. S. Griboedov was erected (on Sovetskaya Street, opposite clinic No. 3).
In Tbilisi, the monument to A. S. Griboedov is located on the Kura embankment (sculptor M. Merabishvili, architect G. Melkadze, 1961).
In Tehran, near the Russian embassy there is a monument to A. S. Griboedov (sculptor V. A. Beklemishev, 1912).

Museums and galleries

State Historical, Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve of A. S. Griboedov “Khmelita”.
In Crimea, in the Red Cave (Kizil-Koba), a gallery was named in honor of the stay of A. S. Griboedov.

Streets

Streets named after Griboyedov is in many cities of Russia and neighboring countries:

Almetyevsk,
Petrozavodsk,
Perm,
Chelyabinsk,
Krasnoyarsk,
Kaliningrad,
Surgut,
Simferopol,
Sevastopol,
Bryansk,
Yekaterinburg,
Novokuznetsk,
Novorossiysk,
Novosibirsk,
Ryazan,
Dzerzhinsk (Nizhny Novgorod region),
Irkutsk,
Makhachkala,
Gelendzhik,
Kovrov,
Tver,
Tyumen,
Kirov,
Essentuki;

in Belarus- Brest, Vitebsk, Minsk;

in Ukraine -

Khmelnitsky,
Vinnitsa,
Kharkov,
Kherson,
Irpen,
Bila Tserkva,
Chernivtsi;

in Armenia- Yerevan, Vanadzor, Gyumri, Sevan;

I know little about Griboyedov’s mother...
I will be grateful for stories about it and links - where I can read, watch

Who was Alexander's real father is a mystery. But, be that as it may, his mother Anastasia Fedorovna Griboyedova - a girl with a dowry and great social connections - in 1792 married a man without a fortune, an ignorant, ignorant, much older than her, and also a drunkard. But then - the namesake, Sergei Ivanovich Griboyedov (a good way out when you need to hide the fact that the son is registered in his mother’s maiden name). In this marriage, Griboyedov’s sister, Maria, was born. Soon Anastasia Fedorovna separated from her husband, fearing a bad influence on the children.
When was Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov born? This question is still open. In his service records, he indicated either 1795 or 1793, but in the end he settled on 1790. The fact is that his mother, Nastasya Fedorovna Griboyedova, got married in 1792. Thus, it becomes obvious that Griboyedov was an illegitimate child.
Griboyedov was seriously worried about his “illegitimate birth”; for a long time this topic remained closed. Griboyedov began writing the year 1790 after a duel that turned his life upside down. It was a moral action: he proved to himself his firmness in strictly following the truth.
In May 1795, reconstruction began on the house in which the Griboedovs lived in Moscow, and they moved to the village of Timirevo, which was located 19 miles from the district town of Sudogdy in the Vladimir region.
The village of Timirevo was purchased by N.F. Griboyedova on February 21, 1894; almost all the money from the family budget went towards this purchase. Judging by the “clergy records”, in this village from 1795 to 1801 there were Moscow courtyard people of the Griboedovs; obviously their owners lived right there.
In Sushnevo (owned by G.’s father), a three-story manor house with a parquet hall and high light windows was built in 1779. The walls were decorated with paintings by great Russian artists. The pride of the manor's house was its extensive library.
In 1799 (1800?) G.'s grandfather, Ivan Nikiforovich Griboedov, dies.
young Alexander and his sister Maria received from their grandmother Praskovya Vasilievna Griboedova a real estate estate in Pokrovsky district. Alexander began to own the village of Sushnevo (now Sushnevo-1 and Sushnevo-2, Petushinsky district) and part of the village of Mitrofanikha (now Sobinsky district) with all the land and fishing grounds in the Peksha River. The estate was registered in the name of Alexander Sergeevich when he was 9 years old.
Then half of the village of Fedorkovo goes to the Griboyedovs. In addition, significant monetary capital is inherited from their grandfather. 10/18/1801 Nastasya Fedorovna buys a house in Moscow on Novinsky Boulevard, where she moves with her children.
And at the age of 14, he already had to delve into issues of family inheritance and decide the fate of the Pokrovsky estates. Alexander Griboedov was not a landowner for long. In July 1809, “candidate of the Imperial Moscow University Alexander Sergeev, son of Griboyedov,” sold the village of Sushnevo and the village of Yuchmer.

Appears in the Vladimir region at the end of 1812, having fallen behind the Moscow Hussar Regiment due to illness. He lives in Sushchev, and in the summer of 1813, with his mother and sister, in Vladimir on Devicheskaya Street.

Anastasia Fedorovna began to bother about assigning her son somewhere abroad, to a diplomatic mission. Negotiations with the powers that be were conducted behind Alexander’s back. Two options were considered: overseas Philadelphia or Tehran. The second option seemed more profitable, and Griboyedov’s fate was decided.
He treated his mother rather coldly, but understood that she had already suffered enough because of his birth, and did not consider himself the right to contradict...
...

Khmelita's interiors can be seen at Olga Sviridenkova http://sviridenkova.livejournal.com/105461.html

For fifteen years, Sasha Griboyedov (before graduating from university) spent the summer months in Khmelit.
Here they not only rested, but also studied languages, took music lessons, and practiced horse riding. Performances were staged and balls were held in the large manor house.

In the summer of 1812, A.S. Griboedov joined the Moscow Hussar Regiment, but on September 8, cornet Griboyedov fell ill and remained in Vladimir, where his mother lived, who had left Moscow. In Sushchevo, one of the courtyard people brought to him the village healer Pukhova, who undertook to cure him. She treated him with infusions and herbs, with a kind look and a kind word. Griboyedov, in addition to a severe cold, also suffered from nervous insomnia, and this amazingly kind woman spent whole nights talking with him. Leaving Sushchev, Alexander Griboyedov wanted to pay her, but she replied that taking money for treatment was a sin. If she takes them, her treatment will not help him.”

According to the “Case of the Vladimir Provincial Leader of the Nobility on the condition of the 4th Regiment of the Vladimir Militia” available in the GAVO, the Griboedovs gave their serfs to the militia, without, however, delivering the ammunition they were entitled to.57 They gave their peasants to other regiments, and in addition, sold for export.
Griboyedov stayed in Vladimir until November 1813, lodging in house No. 17 on Devicheskaya Street. This two-story brick house has survived to this day.

Nastasya Fedorovna, as a mother who lost her son in public service, received assistance from the emperor - 30 thousand rubles - and soon died. Everything was left as an inheritance to the daughter...

And Alexander Griboyedov was a diplomat and linguist, historian and economist, musician and composer. But he considered literature to be the main work of his life. "Poetry!! I love her passionately, but is love enough to glorify myself? And finally, what is fame? - Alexander Griboyedov wrote in his diary.

“One of the smartest people in Russia”

Alexander Griboyedov was born into a noble family. The best teachers of that time were involved in his education and upbringing: the encyclopedist Ivan Petrosilius, the scientist Bogdan Ion, the philosopher Johann Bule.

Alexander Griboyedov spent every summer on his uncle’s family estate in the village of Khmelita. Famous writers, musicians, and artists often came here for noisy balls and dinner parties.

At an early age, Griboyedov showed an ability for foreign languages: Greek, Latin, English, German, French, Italian. He played the piano and harp, and later began composing music and poetry. Already at the age of 11, he entered Moscow University and in two years graduated from the literature department, and then the moral-political and physics-mathematical departments.

When the Patriotic War of 1812 began, 17-year-old Griboyedov enlisted as a cornet in the Moscow Hussar Regiment. He did not have time to attend battles: his unit began to form when Napoleon was already retreating. While Russian troops were liberating Europe from the French, Griboyedov served in the rear - in Belarus.

Travel notes of the secretary of the Russian embassy

In 1815, Griboyedov left military service and moved to St. Petersburg. His mother, Anastasia Griboyedova, insisted that he get a job as an official in some ministry. However, public service did not attract Griboyedov at all; he dreamed of literature and theater. In the same year, Griboyedov wrote the comedy “Young Spouses,” which was later staged by court actors at the St. Petersburg theater.

Unknown artist. Alexander Griboyedov. 1820s

In St. Petersburg, Alexander Griboedov led a secular lifestyle: he was a member of two Masonic lodges, was friends with members of the Southern and Northern secret societies, and communicated with writers and actors. Theatrical hobbies and intrigues involved Griboedov in a scandalous story: he became a second in the duel between Vasily Sheremetev and Alexander Zavadovsky. To save her son from prison, Griboyedov’s mother used all her connections and got him a job as secretary of the Russian embassy in Persia.

In 1818, Alexander Griboyedov went to work; along the way, he described in detail his southern journey in his diary. A year later, Griboyedov went on his first business trip to the Shah's court in Persia, where he continued to write travel notes. He described the events of his service in small narrative fragments - this is how “Vagin’s Tale” was based on the real story of a Russian prisoner whom Griboyedov returned to his homeland from Persia.

"Not a comedy" banned by censorship

Alexander Griboyedov spent more than a year and a half in the diplomatic service in Persia. His stay in this country depressed him: he often thought about his homeland, friends and theater, and dreamed of returning home.

In the fall of 1821, Griboedov achieved a transfer to Georgia. There he began writing a draft of the first edition of “Woe from Wit” - he dreamed of publishing the play and seeing it staged.

In 1823, the writer-diplomat asked General Alexei Ermolov for leave and went to Moscow. Here he continued to work on the play “Woe from Wit”, wrote the poem “David”, composed a dramatic scene in verse “Youth of the Prophet” and created the first edition of the famous waltz in E minor. Together with Pyotr Vyazemsky, Griboyedov wrote a comedy play with songs, couplets and dances, “Who is Brother, Who is Sister, or Deception after Deception.”

When Alexander Griboedov finished the comedy “Woe from Wit,” he decided to present it to the already elderly fabulist Ivan Krylov. The author read his work to Krylov for several hours. He listened silently, and then said: “The censors won’t let this pass. They make fun of my fables. And this is much worse! In our time, the empress would have escorted this play along the first route to Siberia.”.

In many ways, Krylov’s words turned out to be prophetic. Griboyedov was refused a request to stage “Woe from Wit” at the theater; moreover, the comedy was forbidden to publish. The play was copied by hand and secretly passed from house to house - literary scholars counted 45,000 handwritten copies throughout the country.

The topical play, in which Griboedov described the struggle of revolutionary youth against an obsolete society, caused heated debate. Some considered it a frank and revealing description of modern high society, others - a pathetic parody that only denigrated the capital's aristocrats.

“This is not a comedy, because it has no plan, no plot, no denouement... It’s just a proverb in action, in which Figaro is resurrected, but, like a copy, is far from the original... There is no other purpose in the play itself to to make contemptible not a vice, but to arouse contempt for only one class of society... He wanted to express his philosophical and political concepts, but he did not think about anything else.”
Dmitry Runich, trustee of the St. Petersburg educational district

Peter Karatygin. Alexander Griboyedov. 1858

Many contemporaries believed that the prototypes of the heroes were representatives of famous noble families whom Griboedov met at balls and celebrations at his uncle’s estate as a child. The owner of the estate, Alexei Griboyedov, was seen in Famusov; in Skalozub - General Ivan Paskevich; in Chatsky - Decembrist Ivan Yakushkin.

Writer-diplomat

In 1825, Alexander Griboedov returned to serve in the Caucasus at Ermolov’s headquarters. Here the writer learned about the Decembrist uprising. Many of the conspirators were friends and relatives of Griboyedov, so he himself came under suspicion of involvement in the uprising. In January 1826, Griboedov was arrested, but the investigation was unable to prove his membership in a secret society.

In September 1826, Alexander Griboedov returned to Tiflis and continued his service: he attended diplomatic negotiations with Persia in Deykargan, corresponded with military leader Ivan Paskevich, and together they thought through military actions. In 1828, Griboedov participated in the conclusion of the Turkmanchay Peace Treaty with Persia, which was beneficial for Russia.

“During this war, his enormous talents, fully developed by his multifaceted correct education, his diplomatic tact and dexterity, his ability to work, enormous, complex and requiring great considerations, appeared in all their splendor.”
From “Conversations in the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature”

Alexander Griboyedov delivered the text of the agreement to St. Petersburg. In the capital, Nicholas I himself received him with honor. The emperor awarded the writer-diplomat with the rank of state councilor, the Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree, and appointed him minister plenipotentiary in Persia.

Returning to serve in a new position, Griboyedov again stopped in Tiflis, where he married Princess Nina Chavchavadze. They met back in 1822 - then he gave the girl music lessons. Griboedov lived with his young wife for only a few weeks, as he was forced to return to Persia.

In 1829, during a diplomatic visit to Tehran, 34-year-old Alexander Griboyedov died: a house occupied by the Russian embassy was attacked by a huge crowd, incited by religious fanatics. They did not write about Alexander Griboedov and his death in Russia for almost 30 years. Only when “Woe from Wit” was staged for the first time without censorship edits did people start talking about him as a great Russian poet. The first information about Griboyedov’s diplomatic role in relations between Russia and Persia and his death began to appear in the press.