The most ancient haplogroups and their modern carriers. Russian haplogroups

Each person has 23 pairs of chromosomes in which all the genetic information inherited from their parents is recorded. Chromosomes are formed at the moment of conception by crossing, each takes half from the mother's chromosome and half from the father's; what exactly will come from the mother and what from the father is not known, everything is decided by chance.

Only one male chromosome, Y, does not participate in this lottery; it is entirely passed from father to son like a relay baton. It should be noted that women do not have it at all.

With each new generation, mutations occur in some parts of the chromosome - loci, and it is thanks to these mutations that it becomes possible to reconstruct genera. There are several hundred loci on a chromosome.

It is not yet clear why, but for some reason nature repeatedly duplicates the genetic information recorded in loci. There are from 5 to 40 repeats. Once every few generations, a mutation occurs in each locus, the number of repeats suddenly decreases by 1-2 repeats or increases.

What haplogroups are most common among Russians?

20 genera of humanity: what mark does each bear within itself?

Why can’t you read about haplogroups on Wikipedia? How does DNA genealogy work? How many gene mutations have there been during the development of the human race? What was the first human ancestor like 200-250 thousand years ago? What is the difference between the 20 main DNAs - the 20 genera of humanity? Do ethnic groups, nations, and religions have anything to do with the haplogroup? How did it happen that Pushkin is a carrier of haplogroup R1a? Why are there so many representatives of haplogroup R1b in Africa? Can different races meet along the path of a clan? Why do the races continue to be kept separate? Is there a Russian genome? Anatoly Klyosov, founder of DNA genealogy, Doctor of Chemistry, vice president of the American pharmaceutical company Galectin Therapeutics, tells how anthropology is changing, but the haplogroup remains unchanged.

Anatoly Klesov: Firstly, when you ask about haplogroups, do not open Wikipedia. Wasting time and getting incorrect information. The fact is that Wikipedia is a wonderful source, but then when you are looking for established information, say, how many digits are in the number "pi", there are no questions here, or the definition of a triangle. These things have long been debugged and linked to consensus, for such things Wikipedia. When you want to look at haplogroups, I’ll say right away that these are people who write there who don’t understand anything about it. People who think, perhaps, that they understand, but in fact do not understand anything, are guided by something unclear, there is simply a dump of information that is absolutely empty and distorted. The fact is that for this purpose it will be necessary to answer the question of what a haplogroup and a genus are, and why they are completely unrelated, these are such perpendicular concepts. Let's say, ethnicity, nationality, party affiliation, profession, all these things, in fact, are not connected to the same extent with the concept of haplogroup and clan. The point is, what is a haplogroup? And there is a scientific explanation for this, there are scientific criteria. When they began to study DNA, this, I think, is a well-known concept; even people don’t know the details of what it is, but they know that DNA is something in us, in the body, that determines our anthropology and appearance, and hair color, often behavior, in short, all the characteristics that we express and show to each other, it’s all embedded in DNA. DNA is a giant molecule, there are billions of links in this DNA, and every generation it intertwines, half comes from mom, half from dad, and therefore contributes from both the male and female sides, and again a new interweaving is formed. DNA looks like a double helix. One part of the spiral is from mom, the other from dad, here it is a double helix, to some extent, this is also connected, and then the next children again come from the new mom, the dad is intertwined, so each branch is a change. However, part of the DNA is called the Y chromosome, scientifically speaking, the male sex chromosome, it is precisely the sex chromosome, because it determines gender, only men have it, women do not have it, so now archaeologists who are digging are finding the little finger, a fragment of the little finger , before, of course, it was impossible to determine male or female. And then the DNA is extracted, if it works, and there is a Y chromosome, then it is a man, a boy, if there is no Y chromosome, it is a woman. Such things are now much easier to determine in archeology, things that were practically not determined before. So, the fact is that a woman does not have a Y chromosome, and it has nothing to do with gender; she bears a child, a boy or a girl. This is actually such a function from the point of view of the DNA of things. And so a person receives DNA, that is, a man, in this case, he receives the Y chromosome only from his father, not from his mother. And the father from his father, the father from his father, and so on for millions of years without involvement. The same Y chromosome comes from the ancient ancestors of man, the most ancient ancestors of man. Moreover, its structure is almost identical to the one we have. Now, if you take a chimpanzee from a zoo, and take its Y chromosome and analyze it for DNA, then it is 98% the same as ours. Can you imagine how much time has passed? one side and 5 million years in the other direction, that is, our chimpanzee is separated by 10 million years, back to the ancestor and there, it is impossible to measure directly. And over 10 million years, 98% of the Y chromosomes remained unchanged, so the data here is reliable and can be determined, DNA is being studied. And since this is almost unchanged, the chromosome is transmitted, the Y chromosome, it is clear that there are few changes from father to son. Indeed, in the entire Y chromosome, only one mutation occurs per generation, that is, in 22 years, mathematically let’s take approximately a generation, just for the entire Y chromosome. And therefore, this is one mutation per generation, some 1000 generations, 25,000 years, only 1000 mutations are formed, which is elementarily determined by modern methods, each of them can be counted, and each one has already been counted and numbered. And it turned out that if we start from about 200,000 years ago, this was the common ancestor of Homo Sapiens, Homo sapiens, the data may be as follows - the first human ancestor lived 200,000-250,000 years ago, and before that there were already deeper, more archaic ancestors , they had a different anthropology, a different chest shape, they are no longer considered Homo Sapiens, Homo sapiens. It turned out that there are 20 lines of basic DNA, over these 200,000 years they diverged, here are 20 lines, they called it 20 human genera. And each line is determined by one specific mutation, which only this line has. Here the word “line” can be misunderstood; it’s not a line, but actually a bush. At the base of each line there is a point, that is, a person, from him a bunch of descendants, from another line, from him his own cluster of descendants, and the third has his own. These 20 bushes are all of humanity, and each has its own mark, which no other bush has, so this mark determines which bush any of us belongs to. This is a haplogroup, this bush, it’s also a genus. Why genus? The same definition, at the core there was an ancestor, a patriarch, from whom the bush was formed. The word “genus”, in everyday life it has a somewhat vague concept, let’s say. For example, I am from the Klyosov family, and before that there were no surnames, but the family continued to exist, so you can say I am from the family of my grandfather, great-grandfather, and I am from the family of Prince Golitsyn. But before that there were no princes either, so the clan, it shifts, what concept they put into the clan is what they put into it, it’s in everyday life. But this does not contradict anything with what is in science, because in science it is all one big genus, but breaks up into many small subgenera, right down to families, everyday units of humanity. Therefore, I repeat, a haplogroup is one bush, and the age of the haplogroup is often, and it happens that a bush, it then diverges into different bushes, some of which are more massive, and they cover a large part of the population, there are hundreds of millions of people in one bush. And sometimes a bush is singled out, which later formed, but is very massive, while the others almost all died out from the previous bush, so this bush, which is very massive, is called a haplogroup. Now a conditional definition has been adopted, let’s say that a haplogroup is a bush in which there are at least 100 million people, this is a genus, at the heart of this genus there was also one person. Moreover, you understand that it has nothing to do with nationality, because the haplogroup was formed according to different sources, some young 20 thousand years ago, some 40 thousand years ago, 60 thousand years ago, and the oldest 200 thousand years ago. Of course, the concept of “nationality” does not correspond in any way with the concept of “haplogroup”; nationalities were formed quite recently by historical standards. Ethnic groups quite recently too. Ethnicity is again a community of territory, language and place of residence, well, yes, territory is a place of residence, language, and often cultural things, often religion includes the concept of “ethnicity”. Let's say there is an ethnic group, a common large group of Slavs, but the ethnic groups are different. The ethnicity of the Poles, say, is not the ethnicity of the Russians. The ethnicity of Ukrainians, the ethnicity of Belarusians may well, because the language is slightly different, again they have differences in language and territory, and cultural characteristics. Therefore, ethnic groups, nationalities, religion, party affiliation have nothing to do with the haplogroup, with the clan, but it happens that it so happened that this group was formed, it lives in one place, and this ethnic group was formed just within these frameworks, and then This may be quite consistent with the haplogroup; this cannot be ruled out. For example, there are Basques, they have 90% the same haplogroup, R1B. And there is the Basque ethnicity, that is, in this case, the ethnicity and the haplogroup, they are almost simpatico, almost overlapping each other. The fact is that race is a very flexible concept, let's remember Pushkin, such a visiting example. Pushkin has haplogroup R1A, we learned this from his children, his grandchildren, great-grandchildren, this question is already clear. Moreover, Pushkin comes from such a not very important, but noble family, his long-standing ancestor was the governor Radsha, who is sometimes called Racha, and he served under Alexander Nevsky. He has just R1A, the classic Russian titular, if you like, haplogroup in terms of size. And he is R1A, but we know that he is not black, not to a small extent, he is, scientifically speaking, a mestizo, that is, he has anthropology, race, he already has somewhere at the junction between the Caucasian race and the Negroid, African . And, let’s say, he would marry a black woman again, and his children would be even more in the black direction, and they would marry again, that is, 2-3 generations, and it would no longer be distinguishable from black Africans, but the haplogroup was would be R1A, Pushkins. Here is an example that R1A, and these are Negroid. All haplogroups live in Africa, I don’t know, R1A has not yet been found, but R1B millions of people, that is, those who at one time did not come to Europe, but chose freedom, South Africa, their migration path, they settled in the Cameroon region and Chads, and there are millions of people there, they speak local Bantu languages, but they are in haplogroup R1B. Same thing, race is black and R1B. Therefore, the race changes, I repeat, literally in 2-3 generations. I have a collection of photographs, let's say one of them is Khakass. The Khakass, they are Mongoloid, a Siberian people, and he, a Khakas, purely Mongoloid in face, married a blonde Muscovite, it happened, and they had children, the children have grandchildren. And I have a photograph of my granddaughter, they are already Muscovites, as I understand it, and they are playing somewhere in the sandbox, completely blond blondes, indistinguishable from Russians, and my grandfather or great-grandfather was a complete Mongoloid. So here anthropology is changing at the moment. You will leave, I repeat, although it is already clear to everyone, you will go to the American Indians, 2-3 generations cannot be distinguished, but the haplogroup will remain. Therefore, the usual concept, they ask, how can this be, R1A in Altai, where the Mongoloids live, this cannot be, that is, people do not understand that these are different things. A genus that has been going on since ancient times, along this genus path there can be any variations in race, there is no correlation here. For the same reason that in their time the ancient Aryans, they passed through the entire Russian Plain, went further through the southern territories, passed through Central Asia and left many descendants among the Kyrgyz. Among the Kyrgyz, anyone who lived there, was there or passed by knows that there are many blue-eyed, fair-haired Kyrgyz, completely different, he is a Kyrgyz, and therefore here, again, the anthropology of the race, the shape of the eyes, etc. are in no way connected with R1A. Related, in what sense, if you go to a Russian village, of course, you are unlikely to meet many Australian aborigines, American Indians or black Africans there, everyone there will more or less look the same, they will all be fair-haired, the type is known. Why? Yes, because they marry their own people. The point is, why do the races continue to be kept separate? Because they usually marry their own people. Why would a peasant from a Russian village rush to marry the daughter of an American Indian? This happens, but extremely rarely. Firstly, this is true, purely geographically, according to possibilities, we are always on our own. Further, the Mongols have their own standards of beauty, a flat round face, they are like the moon, but for a Russian this is not included in the standard of beauty, he has his own ideas about beauties, so they choose again according to their standards of beauty. And so it turns out that he is more or less alone. If we take the genome, by the way, the question is asked, but what about the genome, is there a Russian genome? No, there is no Russian genome, but, nevertheless, because the Russian genome is again three different, as a rule, basically, three different genera put it together, and each made contributions, some more, some less, but if you take all of Russia go through, make an average genome, and then for Africa an average genome, for Australia, let’s say, an average genome for an aborigine, then, of course, it will be different, so the question always comes down to what we want to see, and what question can you answer with this answer, and what methods we work with, what we actually do. Therefore, the answer, I repeat once again, is important, a haplogroup is neither an ethnicity, nor a race, nor a nationality, and as I say, nor a party affiliation, to emphasize that this is in no way connected, and not a profession, a profession can have different types. This must be differentiated because thousands of people are mistaken in thinking that it has to do with nationalities and races.

In the 80s of the twentieth century, in connection with the study of the structure of the genetic code, a “silent revolution” occurred in anthropology. A new branch of science has emerged called paleogenetics or molecular paleontology. It turned out that in a person himself, or more precisely, in his genotype, which is the totality of all the genes of an organism, one can find traces of the evolutionary history of the species. For the first time, genes appeared as reliable historical documents, the only difference being that they were written not in ink, but in the chemical components of the DNA molecule. Geneticists have learned to extract information literally from the “dust of the earth” - fossilized remains that belonged to very ancient creatures. The data obtained by paleogenetics radically transformed previous ideas about the early stages of “human” evolution.

Mitochondrial Eve is the name given by molecular biologists to the woman who was the last common maternal ancestor of all living humans. Since mitochondrial DNA is inherited only through the mother's line, all living humans now have such DNA from "Eve." Likewise, the DNA of the male Y chromosome in all male humans must come from the “molecular biological Adam.”

Unlike nuclear DNA, which contains the vast majority of genes and undergoes recombination during sexual reproduction, so that offspring receive half of the genes from the father and the other half from the mother, the child receives mitochondria and their DNA only from the mother's egg. Since mitochondrial DNA does not undergo recombination, changes in it can only occur through rare random mutations, approximately once every 3,000 years. By comparing the sequence of mitochondrial DNA and the mutations that have arisen in it over time, it is possible not only to determine the degree of relatedness of living people, but also to approximately calculate the time required for the accumulation of mutations in a particular population of people.

Having carried out a comparative analysis of mtDNA, in 1980 A. Wilson constructed a family tree that clearly showed the greatest differentiation of mitochondrial genes in Africa. Moreover, the entire six billion modern human population traces its origins to a single woman who once lived in eastern Africa, since all studied mtDNA samples can be traced back to a single original nucleotide sequence. A. Wilson, having found a place that is the “cradle” of humanity, moved on. Knowing the rate of mutation, he was able to determine the approximate time when “Eve” appeared on Earth. The “mitochondrial clock” showed that she lived approximately 200-150 thousand years ago (surprisingly, “Eve” turned out to be even older than the Neanderthal, whom the “evolutionary fathers” persistently imposed on her).

Data from mtDNA analysis have been independently obtained by many other researchers. “Analysis of mtDNA,” writes Satoshi Horai,- indicates that modern man arose about 200 thousand years ago in Africa, from where he moved to Eurasia, where he quickly replaced Homo erectus and presumably completely (if Bigfoot is not found) Neanderthal. At the same time, there was practically no mixing of mitochondrial genotypes.”
In 1987 Rebecca Cann and colleagues suggested that mitochondrial Eve could have lived between 140 and 280 thousand years ago. According to more recent calculations in 2004, mitochondrial Eve lived about 140 thousand years ago in East Africa. Modern MP and ME estimates from 2009 generally give an age range for Eve of 140,000-230,000 years, with a maximum probability of about 180,000-200,000 years.

Of particular interest is the effort undertaken L. Cavalli-Sforza an attempt to compare data from molecular genetics and linguistics. He showed that the spread of genes correlates surprisingly well with the spread of languages. Thus, the family tree constructed on the basis of genetic research corresponds to the linguistic family tree. Thus, genogeography was combined with ethnic geography.

Even during A. Wilson’s lifetime, an attempt was made to analyze the Y chromosome of men in order to trace the “line of fathers” in the pedigree of humanity. The preliminary data he reports, obtained by the French scientist J. Lucotte, also confirmed the African origin of “Adam”.

More detailed studies were conducted by a professor at Stanford University P. Underhall, who collected material for analysis in almost all regions of the world. As is known, the Y chromosome is present only in the genotype of men, and, therefore, is passed down through generations strictly from father to son. The result of studying several thousand samples taken from representatives of different nationalities showed that the birthplace of “Adam” was the same East Africa. According to researchers, the time of appearance of the male representative of Homo sapiens is about 150-160 thousand years. Some variation in the ages of “Eve” and “Adam” is within the limits of the method’s error.
Similar data were obtained by another independent group led by Michael Hammer(University of Arizona, USA). The specified age of the hypothetical “Adam” is 160-180 thousand years.

So, it was on the African continent that our ancestors appeared about 150-200 thousand years ago. About 100 thousand years ago, their descendants migrated throughout the ecumene, replacing all the other hominids who lived there, but, importantly, without interbreeding with the latter. About 40-60 thousand years ago they reached Europe.

But the surprises presented by paleogeneticists to anthropologists did not end there. To the professor Svante Paabo succeeded in extracting mtDNA from a fragment of a Neanderthal vertebra, first discovered in 1856 and living about 50 thousand years ago. This work is truly the highest peak of molecular genetic art, and its result is difficult to overestimate. As comparative studies of the mitochondrial DNA of modern humans and Neanderthals have shown, the latter is not at all our ancestor, nor even a close relative. Through a comparative analysis of “our” and “Neanderthal” genes, it was found that the differences between them are so great that the evolutionary branches of these two species could (or should have) diverged 600 thousand years ago, that is, at a time when the species themselves were still simply didn't exist.

conclusions S. Paabo are changing ideas about anthropogenesis so radically that the question arose of verifying these results by an independent group of researchers. This time I worked with a fragment of Neanderthal bone Mark Stoneking, scientist from the group A. Wilson, also the highest authority in the field of paleogenetics. Having conducted mtDNA studies from another sample (the remains of a Neanderthal child who lived 30 thousand years ago), he obtained the same data as S. Paabo, fully confirming his findings. In this regard, in an interview, S. Paabo noted: “We adhered to strict criteria of forensic medicine, as if we were preparing to present physical evidence to the court.”
A few years later, a group of German scientists also conducted an independent study of Neanderthal mtDNA, which showed: “The hypothesis that Neanderthals represent a dead-end evolutionary branch and are not the ancestors of modern humans is confirmed.”
Paleontologist Christopher Stringer This is how he sees the future: “Perhaps we are on the verge of creating a unified theory that will unite paleoanthropological, archaeological, genetic and linguistic evidence in favor of the African monogenetic model.”
Indeed, the synthesis of these sciences is likely to bring us closer to understanding the mystery of our origin.

Human mtDNA haplogroup tree

Human Y-DNA haplogroup tree(Y-DNA haplogroups by people)

Let's consider K— Y-chromosomal haplogroup with subsequent subclades (L, T, M, NO, P and S). The K - Y chromosome haplogroup appeared 40-50 thousand years ago. presumably in Western Asia.

According to the latest data, descendants:

• L haplogroup(time of appearance 25-30 thousand years in Hindustan, the predominant modern carriers are the inhabitants of India and Pakistan, the Dravidians; subclade - L1, L2 and L3).

Distribution of haplogroup L.

Average Hindu . For haplogroup L, there is a high frequency and diversity of subclasses in southwest Pakistan in Balochistan along the coast (28%). The national variety arose 24-30 thousand years ago.

• Mhaplogroup(the time of appearance is 32-47 thousand years ago, presumably Oceania or Southeast Asia, the predominant modern carriers are the inhabitants of Oceania, the subclade is the Papuans).

Papuan. The national variety arose 32-47 thousand years ago.

• Shaplogroup(the time of appearance is 28-41 thousand years ago, presumably Oceania or Southeast Asia, the predominant modern carriers are the inhabitants of Oceania, the Papuans Ekari 74%).

Papuans Ekari. The national variety arose 28-41 thousand years ago.

• Thaplogroup(time of appearance 19-34 thousand years ago, possibly Western Asia, the predominant modern speakers are Kurru Andhra Pradesh (56%), Bauris West Bengal (53), Fulani of West Africa (18%), Somalis (10.4%), Omanis (8.3%), Egyptians (8.2%), Iraqis (7.2%). Represented in Europe, highest of all Serbs (7%). In Russians from the south-west of Russia it was found in 1.7% people, but the haplogroup was not found in anyone from the northern European part of Russia.

Distribution of haplogroup T.

The Fulbe are a people living over a vast area in West Africa: from Mauritania, Gambia, Senegal and Guinea in the west to Cameroon and even Sudan in the east. For haplogroup T, there is a high frequency and diversity of subclasses (18%). The national variety arose 19-34 thousand years ago.

• NO (and its descendants N and O), occurred in the gametes of a person who belonged to haplogroup K (XLT) and who probably lived somewhere in Asia east of the Aral Sea 34 ± 5 ​​thousand years ago. This individual became the direct male ancestor of a very large percentage of modern humans, as he is the progenitor of haplogroups N and O, which together are overwhelmingly dominant in most populations of northern and eastern Eurasia. NO itself is rare. The largest percentage - about 6% (or 2 out of 35 people) was found among the Buitians (China). Then there are Japanese Yamatos 3% (6 out of 210), among which the largest distribution is found in Tokushima Prefecture (4 out of 70). In addition, the NO haplogroup has been found in some Han Chinese, Malays, Mongols, as well as Daurs, Manchu Evenks, Nanais, Huizu, Yao and Koreans.

• N haplogroup. This haplogroup is found in Central, Northern Europe and throughout the European and Asian parts of Russia. The most genetically “pure” representatives are the Yakuts (74%), Nenets (74%), Udmurts (68%), Finns (61%), peoples of the Uralic languages, and Eskimos. The vast majority of modern representatives of this group belong to the N1 branch, the most likely place of occurrence of which is the region of Altai, the Baikal region, southern Siberia, Mongolia or northern China, and the time is between 20,000 and 15,000 years ago. It is believed that it was brought through Eurasia by a large migration of forest Siberian peoples to the west, the last phase of which - settlement in the Urals and then from there to the Volga region and north-eastern Europe (Russian North, Finland, Baltic states) - is associated with the spread of the Ural peoples in this region languages.

The Nenets are a Samoyed people inhabiting the Eurasian coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Kola Peninsula to Taimyr. Haplogroup T has the highest rate (74%) . Nationality arose 15-20 thousand years ago.

• Haplogroup O— The Y-chromosomal human haplogroup, is a descendant of the haplogroup Haplogroup NO, first appeared, according to various theories, either in Southeast Asia or East Asia 28-41 thousand years ago; characteristic of representatives Mongoloid race. Related to the "Finno-Ugric" haplogroup N. This haplogroup appears in 80-90% of the majority of the population in the region of East and Southeast Asia among the Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, Malays, Austronesians, as well as adjacent peoples influenced by them as substrate. This haplogroup is completely absent in Europe, Western Siberia, the Middle East, Africa and America. Represents about 21% of the entire global human population.

Distribution of haplogroup O.

Average Chinese - includes all 56 groups living in China and officially recognized by the government, such as the Mongols, Manchus, Tibetans, and other established ethnic groups living in China since at least the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). For haplogroup T it is observed high frequency and variety of subclasses, the highest rate (60-80%). Nationality arose 28-41 thousand years ago.

• P(and its descendants Q and R). The haplogroup appeared approximately 32 thousand years ago and was present in many of the paternal ancestors of most Europeans, among Siberian and Far Eastern peoples, almost all Indians of North and South America, about a third among various peoples of Central and South Asia, and the indigenous peoples of Oceania.

Reconstruction of the physical appearance of Neoanthropic Caucasians of the Russian Plain of the Upper Paleolithic era:
on the left is a Sungirian (settlement of Sungir, Vladimir, about 30 thousand years ago), on the right is a Kostenkovian (the settlement of Kostenki, Voronezh region, about 45 thousand years ago). Reconstructions by M.M. Gerasimova.

This haplogroup is divided into subclades Q and R:

• Q haplogroup, time of appearance 15-20 thousand years BC. e., common among some Siberian peoples, as well as among indigenous American peoples, and, to some extent, throughout Asia. It is assumed that the carriers of this haplogroup were the Huns of Siberian origin. In Eurasia it is found within a triangle with vertices in Norway, Iran and Mongolia. But basically among all these peoples it is rare. In Europe, this haplogroup is common among Hungarians (2%) and Slovaks (5%). However, it is significant among the small Siberian peoples of the Kum (95%) and Selkups (70%). Typical of Native Americans as well.

Family of Kets or Yeniseis.

Anthropology is similar for indigenous Indians and peoples of Oceania, for example, Polynesians (New Zealand). This is a possible image of a person of this haplogroup for 15-20 thousand years.

• R haplogroup, haplogroup R originated between 30,000 and 35,000 years ago. Unlike Q, it undergoes changes and has subclades, which indicates its antiquity. It is likely that it was to the group IJ belonged to the Cro-Magnons (or most of them), the first representatives

Distribution of haplogroup R across subclades R1a (lilac) and R1b (red).

• Haplogroup R2- found extremely rarely, mainly in Iran, India, Pakistan, and the North Caucasus.

• Haplogroup R1- the most common subgroup of Haplogroup R. Its two main subclades R1a and R1b (other variants are extremely rare) are the most common throughout Europe and western Eurasia. This is due to migrations after the Last Glacial Maximum. It is assumed that haplogroup R1 could have originated 25,000-30,000 years ago.

• Haplogroup R1a, presumably originated in the south of the Russian Plain about 10-15 thousand years ago. It is believed that on their basis, in particular, the Slavic ethnic group was formed. The distribution area is from Iceland to India, the modern center of the haplogroup is located in Poland. This haplogroup became a marker of the spread of the Kurgan culture, which, in turn, is considered by most authoritative researchers to be the core of the Proto-Indo-European culture (Kurgan hypothesis). Genetics have shown that burial mounds Scythian skeletons contain haplogroup R1a. The expansion contributed to the migration of haplogroup R1a to Iran and India, where about 30% of men in the upper castes are its carriers. It is most widespread in Eastern Europe: among Lusatians (63%), Poles (approx. 56%), Russians (53%), Belarusians (49%), Ukrainians (approx. 52%), Tatars (34%), Bashkirs ( 26%) (among the Bashkirs of the Saratov and Samara regions up to 48%); and in Central Asia: among Khujand Tajiks (64%), Kyrgyz (63%), Ishkashim (68%). Moderate distribution in Scandinavian countries (23% in Iceland, 18-22% in Sweden and Norway), in Iran (25%?). Among the Brahmins of the Indian states of West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh, this haplogroup occurs with a frequency of 72% and 67%, respectively.

The average Pole. For haplogroup R1a the highest rate is observed (56%).

• Haplogroup R1b, different authors attribute the appearance of this haplogroup to 16 - 5 thousand years BC. e.; It is most widespread in the west of the European continent; the percentage of its speakers is especially high among the peoples of western England, the Basques, Bashkirs in the Southern Urals and the Spaniards. In Eastern Europe and the east, Haplogroup R1b is found among Armenians, in Dagestan. The bearer was also Pharaoh Tutankhamun. The current concentration of R1b is maximum in areas in southern England - about 70%, in northern and western England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland - up to 90% or more, in Spain - 70%, in France - 60%, Basques - 88.1% and Spaniards - 70%. Italians - 40%, Germans - 39%, Norwegians - 25.9%

The average Englishman. For haplogroup R1b the highest rate is observed (about 70%).Nationality arose 10-15 thousand years ago.

For a complete picture of the birth of branches of modern nationalities to that described above haplogroup K We should also highlight others that define or strengthen nationality.

Along with the Kna haplogroup, several thousand years later the haplogroupIJ (and her descendants I And J ) . The time of its appearance is 38.5 (30.5-46.2) thousand years ago. It is likely that it was the combination of the group IJ and P (with the descendants of R) that belonged to the Cro-Magnons (or most of them), the first representatives people of the modern European type, who came to Europe about 40 thousand years ago, met Neanderthals there and coexisted with them for 15 thousand years until their disappearance during the last ice age. The descendants of these Cro-Magnons (haplogroup I+R) constitute the majority of the population of Europe today.

• Haplogroup I, which arose 20-25 thousand years ago, separated from the local European haplogroup IJ, thus being the only "large" haplogroup to arise in Europe, with the exception of the southern part of the European Mediterranean, namely the southern regions of Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Greece and Antalya. The predominant speakers are descendants of the Germans, Slavs (especially southern ones), Scandinavians, Sardinians, Basques, Albanians, Romanians.

Distribution of haplogroup I.

• haplogroup J- one of the human Y-DNA haplogroups, ancestor haplogroup IJ distributed mainly in the northern part of the African Mediterranean, the Arabian Peninsula, Antalya, as well as the southern regions of Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Mesopotamia and Central Asia. The predominant speakers are Arabs, residents of the Middle East, Mediterranean, and Northeast Caucasus.

Distribution of haplogroup J.

The average Arab of Media, Saudi Arabia. Haplogroup J has the highest rate (about 50%). Nationality arose 20-25 thousand years ago.

The formation of chromosomes occurs at the time of meiosis, when, in the process of crossing over, each randomly takes approximately half from the maternal chromosome and half from the paternal chromosome; which specific genes will be inherited from the mother and which from the father is not known, everything is decided by chance.

Only one male chromosome, Y, does not participate in this lottery; it is entirely passed from father to son like a relay baton. Let me clarify that women do not have this Y chromosome at all.

In each subsequent generation, mutations occur in certain areas of the Y chromosome, called loci, which will be transmitted to all subsequent generations through the male gender.

It was thanks to these mutations that it became possible to reconstruct the genera. There are only about 400 loci on the Y chromosome, but only about a hundred are used for comparative haplotype analysis and genera reconstruction.

In the so-called loci, or they are also called STR markers, there are from 7 to 42 tandem repeats, the overall pattern of which is unique for each person. After a certain number of generations, mutations occur and the number of tandem repeats changes up or down, and thus on the general tree it will be seen that the more mutations, the older the common ancestor for a group of haplotypes.

The haplogroups themselves do not carry genetic information, because Genetic information is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. You can see the distribution of genetic components in Europe. Haplogroups are just markers of days gone by, at the dawn of the formation of modern peoples.

What haplogroups are most common among Russians?

Checheno-Ingush haplogroups: J2, J1, F, L3

An attempt to create a DNA genealogy of Joseph, the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ

According to the Holy Books, about 4000 years ago, the common ancestor of the future Jews and Arabs was born in Mesopotamia, and according to the Bible (Old Testament), Torah and Koran, his name was Abraham (Ibrahim). Strictly speaking, it is not known which haplogroup Abraham belonged to, but since the late 1990s Jewish population geneticists have actually postulated that he belonged to haplogroup J1.

In principle, as the author of this study previously showed, the common ancestors of Jews and Arabs of haplogroups J2 and R1a also lived between 4000 and 5000 years ago (Klyosov A.A. Slavs, Caucasians, Jews from the point of view of DNA genealogy. M., Book World , 2015, 351 pp.), but no matter which haplogroup of the three (J1, J2 or R1a) you take, this will not change the conclusions of this study. Therefore, we will assume that this was haplogroup J1, and keep the other options “in reserve.”

So, almost 4000 years ago, one of the owners of haplogroup J1, a resident of the ancient city of Ur, one of the oldest cities in Sumer, left the city with his family and went to the northwest, to Canaan, on the Mediterranean coast. His name was Abram, and he was a descendant of Eber, the great-great-grandson of Shem, the first son of Noah, as the Bible tells. With him were his father Terah, his wife Sarai, and his nephew Lot. The reasons why he left his hometown are unknown. But it is known that at that time Ur fell into economic decline, and many inhabitants who were not engaged in agricultural labor and were not tied to their land holdings migrated from Ur.

Now let us recall why Abraham is preferably classified as haplogroup J1. In fact, at first it was classified as haplogroup J, without detailing the subclade. But then it turned out that it was the J1 haplogroup that was most represented among the Kohanim, they are also Kohanim (which means “priests” in Hebrew), and was most represented in the J1a2b-P58 subclade, namely in the number of 99 people out of 215 tested Kohanim (46% of all ) (Hammer M.F., Behar D.M., Karafet T.M., Mendez F.L., Hallmark B., Erez T., Zhivotovsky L.A., Rosset S., Skorecki K. (2009) Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. Hum Genet. 126, 707-717). Another 63 Cohens tested haplogroup J2 with subclades, 29%), of which almost half, 31 people, are in the J2a-M410 subclade. Haplogroup R1a had 5 Kohanim, that is, 2.3%.

It is clear that the Kohanim, descendants of Aaron, in turn, a direct descendant of Abraham, if we follow biblical history, can only belong to one subclade, since each subclade of those noted is many thousands of years old. One ancient subclade and only one can be the “subclade of Abraham” and then the “subclade of the 12 tribes of Israel,” that is, the descendants of Abraham, his son Isaac and his grandson (son of Isaac) Jacob. Based on the maximum number of Kohanim, almost half, in the J1-P58 haplogroup, we will further assume that the probability of the “Abraham haplogroup”, and therefore the 12 tribes of Israel (including the tribe of Judah, his descendant King David, and his descendant Joseph Plotnik, which will be discussed below) is maximum for this haplogroup.

John the Baptist is the son of Elizabeth and Zechariah, a priest from the Aaronic family (haplogroup J1), and they gave birth to him at an old age.

Anatoly A. Klyosov,
Doctor of Chemical Sciences, Professor

Haplogroup J2 originated approximately 35,000 years ago in the Middle East (Sumer, Akkad, Elam, Babylon, Assyria)
The world's highest frequency of haplogroup J2 is found among Ingush (88% of the male population) and Chechen (56%) men in the Northeast Caucasus.

Not only the Old Testament, the Psalter, the Gospel tell about these generations of the progenitors of humanity

Ingush - 90%
Chechens - 60%
Jews - 40%
Mishari - 40%
Krits - 40%

Three J2s found at Merovingian burial site (Romano-Frankish transition period)

Merovingians (descendants of Jesus Christ) (French Mérovingiens, German Merowinger or Merovinger) - the first dynasty of Frankish kings in the history of France. The kings of this dynasty ruled from the end of the 5th to the middle of the 8th century in the territory of modern France and Belgium.

It is interesting that the Vainakhs are Chechens and Ingush, the only people in which this ancient haplogroup dominates

The predominant speakers of J2 are Sicilians, Ingush, Shugnans, Chechens, Yagnobis, Dvals, Cypriots, Cretans, Macedonians, Parsis, Greeks of the Northern Black Sea region (Urums, Rumels, Hellenes).
Many ancient Mediterranean and Middle Eastern civilizations flourished in areas where haplogroup J2 was predominant. These are the Chatti, Hurrians, Hittites, Etruscans, Cretans, Greeks, Phoenicians (and their Carthaginian offshoot), Israelites, and to a lesser extent, also Romans, Assyrians and Persians.
Outside the Caucasus, the highest frequency of haplogroup J2 is observed in Cyprus (37%), Crete (34%), Northern Iraq (28%), Sicily (26.5%)
The Romans most certainly contributed to the spread of haplogroup J2 within their borders, judging by the distribution of J2 in Europe (where the frequency is more than 5%), which bears an interesting resemblance to the borders of the Roman Empire. The maximum concentration of haplogroup J2a in the world is on the island of Crete (32% of the population). Subclade J2a3d (M319) is believed to be from Crete.
Haplogroup J2a also reaches high frequencies in Anatolia, the South Caucasus, Chechnya and Ingushetia.

The Rothschild clan belongs to this haplogroup Rothschild DNA Y-J2

The interest in these chains of snips is primarily due to the fact that subclade J1-P58 was previously attributed to the Kohanim (Cohanim), direct descendants of the High Priest Aaron, brother of Moses, who led the Jews out of Egypt approximately 3600 years ago. At first, in the late 1990s, the Kohanim were simply assigned to haplogroup J1 (although the Kohanim, carriers of J2, did not agree, and believed, and continue to believe, that Aaron had a J2 haplogroup). Then, in the most detailed work of the 2000s, Hammer et al (2009) found that testing 215 Cohens diverged into 21 subclades of many haplogroups, of which:

almost half, 46% (99 people) belong to haplogroup J1-P58*,
14% (31 people) – haplogroup J2a-M410,
7% (16 people) – haplogroup J2b-M12,
6% (13 people) – haplogroup J2a-M318,
5.6% (12 people) – haplogroup R1b-M269,
4.6% (10 people) – haplogroup E1b-M123,

The Lubomirskis (Polish: Lubomirscy, Ukrainian: Lyubomirski) are a Polish princely family of the coat of arms "Szrenyava", dating back to the beginning of the 16th century.
Lubomirski Family is J2b2 +L283

According to some already established stereotype, many believe that haplogroups J1 and J2 are Jewish haplogroups. This, of course, is not the case, as can already be seen from the list of some Caucasian ethnic groups above; they are not Jews at all. The common ancestors of haplogroup J2 for many groups in the Caucasus go back to 6-8 thousand years ago, and they came partly with the so-called Uruk migrations from Mesopotamia, partly from Western Asia, partly from the Mediterranean. There were no Jews as such then; Jews and Arabs as ethno-social and religious entities appeared only 4000-3600 years ago.

INGUSH GENE L3, L1C
It is assumed that the haplogroup arose about 105-85 thousand years ago.
Speakers: Pakistanis: Kalash, Pashtuns, Burushi, Ingush, Chechens
Moreover, the haplogroup is present in the gene pool of the Caucasus among Chechens with a frequency of up to 14%, among Ingush - about 3%
There is a version about the origin of the current L3 from the pharaohs, who in turn descended from heaven to create a race of people
branch L3 e

Ingush gene F
Haplogroup F
- Y-chromosomal human haplogroup. From this haplogroup comes most other haplogroups, in total covering about 90% of the modern male population of the planet.

J2 This haplogroup is really very interesting. Firstly, it is part of the J-I cluster, which is the haplogroup of the first modern people of Europe who replaced the Neanderthals. Bratskaya I is the only one that arose in Europe among all haplogroups.
Are the GGs localized territorially among the Vainakhs? Let's say J1 is elevated in a certain territory, L3 is also high, or is everything mixed up and not connected territorially in any way?

That’s the thing: most often it’s mixed up. For example, J2, J1, L3 are distributed from Ingushetia to Dagestan, if we talk about the territory of the Nakhs. But within groups there are some nuances regarding branches. For example, the Galgaev branch is mainly localized only in the Galgaev society in the area of ​​the triangle Targim, Khamkhi and Egikal and nearby villages. The Shatoi branch is localized in the Shatoi region - Khal Keloy, Sattoy, Nuokhoy and nearby villages. I repeat, it is not the haplogroups that are localized, but the branches within the haplogroup. These are most likely teips that have one ancestor from which these branches originated. Also, naturally, in some area there is predominantly one group. For example, among Ch1anti we have so far found only J1, but this is a large society and few people are covered. For example, L3 is located more in the Galanchozhsky and Vedensky districts.

Jesus' Speech on the Cross
Eloi, Eloi! Lamma sabachthani?) One of the words of Jesus on the cross, a quotation from Psalm 21:2: “My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?” (Matt 27:46; Mark 15:34). In Hebrew this phrase sounds like: "Eli, Eli, Lama Azavtani."

Ingush language Lomma: the day after tomorrow
Chechen language the day after tomorrow (lama): lama
Ingush language Elli: prince
Ingush language Vitani: left
Ingush language az: I, azakh: me
Ingush language loam: mountain
Phoenician language Lamed: l, mountain