Any fairy tale with a saying. Features of Russian fairy tales

Understand the content, diction, spelling and logical features of sayings and fairy tales. Determine your attitude to what is being told.

Sayings

White swans are not flying across the sky, Russian people are telling fairy tales. A fairy tale is not a true story, and it is not a lie.

Believe her, don't believe her, but listen to the end. The end is the crown of the whole thing.

We have fairy tales that there are a flock of birds, but not one of them is empty. Whoever understands the hint will leave with the spoils, having heard our tale. It is good to live and grow, but to sweep away evil from the earth.

Our fairy tale begins with truth, grows on fiction, reaps it with jokes, winnows it with jokes, and sells it for a kind word to the storyteller.

Yes, it’s not a fairy tale yet, but a saying, and there will be a fairy tale ahead.

On the sea, on the ocean, on the island of Buyan, there is a tree - golden domes. A bayun cat walks along this tree: it goes up and starts a song, it goes down and tells fairy tales. Fairy tales are told in the morning after lunch, after eating soft bread. This is not a fairy tale yet, but a saying, and the whole fairy tale will come.

We ask now, honest gentlemen, to listen to our fairy tale. Soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done.

A good fairy tale begins, begins. The good story does not come from a sivka, not from a burka, not from a prophetic kaurka, not from a brave whistle, not from a woman’s cry.

This is not a fairy tale, but a saying, a fairy tale will come.

Once upon a time there lived a crane and a female crane, they put up a stack of hay - should I say it again from the end?

Here's a fairy tale for you, and for me - knitting bagels.

The story begins

From the Ivanovs' pranks,

And from sivka, and from burka,

And from the prophetic kaurka.

The goats went to the sea;

The mountains are overgrown with forest;

The horse broke from the golden bridle,

Rising straight towards the sun;

Forest standing under your feet,

To the side is a thunder cloud;

A cloud walks and sparkles,

Thunder scatters across the sky.

This is a saying: wait,

The fairy tale will be ahead.

P. Ershov.

Fairy tales5 Three sons-in-law.

There lived an old man and an old woman. And they had three daughters. Three daughters, three clever, wise women, three beauties - neither can be said in a fairy tale, nor described with a pen.

One day an old man was driving from the forest with firewood. And the night was dark. The horse walks, stumbles, and hurts itself on tree stumps. She wandered and wandered, and she became completely tired. The old man does this and that, but it doesn’t work out - he has to spend the night in the forest.

Eh,” says the old man, “if only a bright moon had appeared, I would have given him my eldest daughter!”

He just said it, and Mesyats Mesyatsovich looked out and illuminated everything around him. The old man drove quickly and arrived home well.

So the eldest daughter got dressed, dressed up, went out onto the porch - Mesyats Mesyatsovich took her to his place.

For how long or how short, in the white winter, with blue snow, the old man rode from the fair. His clothes are thin - a zip-shirt and little paws, a torn hat. Cold, chilled, teeth chattering, bones crunching.

Eh,” he says, “if only the Sun had come out, I would have given him my middle daughter!”

He just said it, and the Sun came out. It warmed the old man and melted the snow. The old man drove quickly and arrived home well.

So the middle daughter got dressed, dressed up, went out onto the porch - Sunny took her into her mansion.

Whether long or short, the old man went fishing in the warm summer. I caught a boat full of fish: ide, crucian carp, and brush. I just wanted to return home, but the wind died down. So the sail hung like a rag.

An old man sits in a boat, grieving: there are plenty of fish, but there is nothing to eat, there is water all around, but there is nothing to drink.

Eh,” he says, “if only the Wind would blow into my sail, I would give him my youngest daughter!”

I just said it, and the wind is blowing! The sail fluttered and dragged the old man to the bank.

So the youngest daughter got dressed, got dressed up, went out onto the porch - and Wind-Breeze took her into his mansion.

A year has passed, and the old man says:

Well, old woman, I’ll go and check on my eldest daughter. Is it good for her to live forever for the Month?

Go, father, go and take away the gifts!

The woman baked pies and pancakes. The old man took the gift and hit the road. He walks and wanders and stops: the path is not close to the Moon. He walked and walked and arrived late at night.

His daughter met him and was delighted. And the old man told her:

Oh-oh-oh, sickening! The road to you is long, daughter. He walked and walked, tired all his bones.

It’s okay,” my daughter says, “now you’ll go to the steam bath, steam the bones - everything will pass.”

What are you, what are you, daughter! It's night outside - it's dark in the bathhouse.

Nothing, father.

So they took the old man to the bathhouse. And Mesyats Mesyatsovich stuck his finger into the crack and illuminated the whole bathhouse.

Is it light for you, father?

Light, light, son-in-law.

The old man took a steam bath, stayed with his daughter and went home. He walks and wanders and stops: the way home is not close. He walked and walked and arrived late at night.

Well,” he says, “the old woman, heat the bathhouse.” And then I walked and wandered, I tired all my bones.

What are you doing, old man! It's night outside - it's dark in the bathhouse.

“Nothing,” he says, “it will be light.”

The old woman went to the bathhouse, and the old man stuck his finger into the crack:

Is it light for you, old woman?

How light - how dark - how dark!

Yes, my grandmother stumbled, she beat the gang, spilled water, and barely escaped alive. And the old man keeps his finger in the crack.

Another year has passed. The old man began to get ready for his second daughter.

I’ll go, old woman, and check on my middle daughter. Is it good for her to live forever with the Sun?

Go, father, go.

So the old man set off on his journey. He walks and wanders and stops: the path to the Sun is not close. He walked and walked and arrived late at night. His daughter met him and was delighted. And the old man told her:

Oh oh oh! - he says, - the path to you is long, daughter! He walked and wandered and wanted to eat.

“Nothing,” he says, “father.” Now I'll bake some pancakes.

What are you, what are you, daughter! It's night outside - not the time to light the stove.

And we don’t even have a stove in the hut.

The hostess dissolved the dough. The village of Sunny is in the middle of a hut, and his wife pours dough on his head and serves the old man pancakes - good, rosy and buttery.

The old man ate, got drunk and fell asleep.

The next morning I went home. He walks and wanders and stops: the way home is not close. He walked and walked and arrived late at night.

“Well,” he says, “an old woman!” I walked and wandered, I wanted to eat. Let's bake some pancakes.

What's on your mind, old man? It's night outside - not the time to light the stove.

But we don’t need a stove in the hut. You know, make the dough, and I will bake.

The old woman dissolved the dough. The old man sat down in the middle of the hut.

“Lei,” he says, “on my bald head.”

Are you sick, old man?

Know lei! - speaks.

The old woman poured some dough on his bald head. What happened here, what was going on here!.. For three days they washed the old man in the bathhouse, they washed him with force.

Well, a year has passed. The old man began to get ready to visit his youngest daughter.

I’ll go, old woman, and check on my youngest daughter. Is it good for her to live forever with the Wind?

Go, go, father.

The old man went. He walks and walks, stops, and goes around the wide river. The path right across the river is close, but it’s a long way around.

Well, I've arrived. The daughter and son-in-law were delighted. The old man stayed with them, celebrated and went home. And my daughter and son-in-law went to see him off.

We reached the river. The old man says:

I'll take a detour.

And his son-in-law:

Why bypass? Swim across the river - it will be closer here.

How can you swim? There is no boat.

Don't worry, father. Throw your handkerchief into the water, wife!

The old man's daughter threw a handkerchief into the water. The wind blew it into a bubble. The old man sat down, and the Wind instantly transported him to the other side.

Thank you, son-in-law.

Only the old man reached home, did not eat, did not drink, did not sit down, and said:

Let's go, old woman, I'll take you to the sea.

We went to the sea, and the boat was leaking.

“So,” the old woman says, “let’s go for a ride.”

Don't worry, wife. Throw your scarf into the sea!

Are you out of your mind? The scarf is expensive, sewn with wool.

Give it up, I say, it won’t go to waste! The old woman threw her handkerchief.

Jump! - says the old man.

The old woman jumped, and the old man started blowing. He blew and blew, and the old woman was already in the water up to her knees. The old man blew and blew, and the neighbors already pulled the old woman out of the water, barely alive.

From then on, the old man stopped visiting his sons-in-law. The grandfather lies on the stove, sews boots, eats pies and tells fairy tales.

The people saw shortcomings in their own lives, and fairy tales helped them eradicate them. They castigate, first of all, lazy, stupid and impractical people, empty dreamers, and ridicule stubbornness, talkativeness, and stinginess. “In them,” V. G. Belinsky wrote in the article “On Folk Tales,” one can see the way of life of the people, their home life, their moral concepts and this crafty Russian mind, so inclined to irony, so simple-minded in its craftiness.”

These are fairy tales about animals, magical and social fairy tales, which differ from each other in the nature of the fiction, in the characters, and in the events.

But they are all about the life of a common man, about the problems that worried him; they entertained, taught and educated people devoted to their native land, honest and kind people, people who can be relied on in difficult times of trials.

Fairy tales are works of great art. When you get to know them, you don’t notice their complex structure - they are so simple and natural. This is evidence of the highest skill of the performers. Taking a closer look at the fairy tales, you discover the virtuosity of their composition (composition) and the expressiveness of the language. It is no coincidence that the greatest masters of words advised young writers to learn their craft from storytellers. A. S. Pushkin wrote: “Read folk tales, young writers, to see the properties of the Russian language.”

Often fairy tales (especially fairy tales) begin with so-called sayings.

Read, for example, the saying to the fairy tale “The Crane and the Heron”. It is about an owl. The storyteller himself emphasized that we are dealing with a saying, and “the whole fairy tale lies ahead.”

The purpose of the saying is to prepare the listener for the perception of the fairy tale, to set him in the appropriate mood, to let him understand that the fairy tale will be told next. “It was at sea, on the ocean,” the storyteller begins. - On the island of Kidan there is a tree - golden domes, the cat Bayun walks along this tree: he goes up - he sings a song, and he goes down - he tells fairy tales. That would be interesting and entertaining to watch! This is not a fairy tale, but there is still a saying, and the whole fairy tale lies ahead. This tale will be told from morning until afternoon, after eating soft bread. Here we will tell a fairy tale..."

A saying can also end a fairy tale: in this case, it is not directly related to the content of the fairy tale. Most often, the storyteller himself appears in the saying, hinting, for example, at a treat - as in the fairy tale “The Fox, the Hare and the Rooster: “Here’s a fairy tale for you, and a cup of butter for me.” There are also more detailed sayings: “The whole fairy tale, more ) it’s impossible to say. Those who listened received a coon, a squirrel, a red girl, and a black horse with a golden bridle!” And in this case, the purpose of sayings is to make it clear to the listener that the fairy tale is over, to distract him from the fantasy, to cheer him up.

The traditional element of a fairy tale is the beginning. The beginning, like the saying, puts a clear line between our everyday speech and fairy-tale narration. At the same time, the beginning defines the characters of the fairy tale, the place and time of action. The most common beginning begins with the words: “Once upon a time...”, “Once upon a time...”, etc. Fairy tales have more detailed beginnings: “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state, there lived a king...” But often fairy tales begin directly with a description of the action: “A biryuk was caught in a trap...”

Fairy tales also have unique endings. Endings, as their name suggests, sum up the development of the fairy tale action. This is how, for example, the fairy tale “Winter Hut of Animals” ends: “And he is with his friends and still lives in his hut. They live, live well and make good.” The fairy tale “The Magic Ring” ends like this: “And Martynka still lives, chewing bread.” Sometimes the ending is formulated as a proverb, which expresses a general judgment about the content of the fairy tale. In the fairy tale “The Man, the Bear and the Fox,” the fox dies after sticking its tail out of the hole for the dogs. The storyteller ended the fairy tale with the following phrase: “This often happens: the head disappears from the tail.”

Repetitions (usually not literal) are widely used in fairy tales. Each new repetition contains details that bring the fairy-tale action closer to the denouement and enhance the impression of the action. The repetition most often happens three times! So, in the fairy tale “The Master and the Carpenter,” a man beats the master three times for insulting him, in the fairy tale “Ivan Bykovich,” the hero fights to the death with Snakes for three nights in a row, and each time with a Snake with a large number of heads, etc.

In fairy tales (especially fairy tales), so-called constant (traditional) formulas are often found. They move from fairy tale to fairy tale, conveying established ideas about fairy-tale beauty, time, landscape, etc. They say about the hero’s rapid growth: “Growing by leaps and bounds”; his strength is revealed by the formula used when describing the battle: “ Turn to the right - a street, to the left - a side street." The running of a heroic horse is captured in the formula: “The horse gallops higher than a standing forest, lower than a walking cloud, passes lakes between its legs, covers fields and meadows with its tail.” Beauty is conveyed by the formula: “Neither to say in a fairy tale, nor to write with a pen.” Baba Yaga always meets the hero of a fairy tale for the first time with the same words: “Fu-fu!” Until now, the Russian spirit has never been seen, never heard of, but now the Russian spirit appears in sight and rushes to the lips! What, good fellow, are you trying to get away with it or are you torturing it?”

In many fairy tales you can find poetic parts. Most traditional formulas, sayings, beginnings and endings are created using verse, which is called tale. This verse differs from the verse by A.S. that is already familiar to us. Pushkina, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.A. Nekrasov and other poets, with a certain number of syllables and stresses in a verse. A tale verse is constructed only with the help of rhyme; Poems can have different numbers of syllables. For example:

In some kingdom

In some state

Out of the blue, like on a harrow,

Three hundred miles away,

It is precisely in this

in which we live

Once upon a time there lived a king...

In fairy tales we also encounter songs. The heroes of fairy tales express grief and joy in songs; songs reveal their characters. In the well-known fairy tale “The Cat, the Rooster and the Fox,” the rooster cries out his song in fear, having fallen into the clutches of the fox and calling for the cat’s help; the songs of Alyonushka and Ivanushka sound sadly in the fairy tale “Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka”; in the satirical fairy tale “The Illiterate Village,” the priest, the deacon and the sexton sing folk songs in an inappropriate place - in a church, during a service.

Dialogue is widely used in fairy tales - a conversation between two or more characters. Sometimes fairy tales are entirely built on dialogue, such as the fairy tale “The Fox and the Black Grouse.” The dialogues of fairy tales are living dialogues. They convey the natural intonations of the speakers, perfectly imitating the reckless speech of a soldier, the cunning speech of a peasant, the stupid, arrogant speech of a master, the flattering speech fox, rough - wolf, etc.

The language of fairy tales is rich. Animals in fairy tales have their own names: the cat is Kotofey Ivanovich, the fox is Lizaveta Ivanovna, the bear is Mikhailo Ivanovich. Animal nicknames are not uncommon: wolf - “because of the bushes”, fox - “there is beauty in the field”, bear - “oppress everyone”... Onomatopoeia is common in fairy tales: “Kuty, kuty, kuty, the fox is carrying me through the dark forests!” " Epithets (definitions), hyperboles (exaggerations), and comparisons are actively used in fairy tales. For example, epithets: good horse, brave horse, dense forests, tight bow, downy bed, black raven, self-cutting sword, harp - Samoguda, etc.

As you can see, a fairy tale is a complex, very skillfully constructed work, testifying to the great talent and skill of its creators.

Now try yourself, when reading fairy tales, to pay attention to sayings, beginnings and endings, to songs, repetitions and constant formulas, try to find poetic passages and epithets in the texts of fairy tales - and you will feel how right A. S. Pushkin was when he called on the young writers learn the Russian language from “common folk” fairy tales, which are truly unsurpassed examples of the art of words. But not only young writers can learn the Russian language from fairy tales, isn’t it?

Fairy tales are something that helps not only develop a child’s imagination, but also expand his inner world, making it bright, exciting and full of adventure. Thanks to them, kids learn the concepts of good and evil and gain the desire to become like their favorite hero.

Each fairy tale is usually preceded by sayings. They are also present in Pushkin's works.

The concept of a saying

Since fairy tales relate to something, the approach to telling them should be appropriate. In order for a child to pay attention to the narrator, he must be intrigued and interested. That is why Russian storytellers used so-called sayings to precede the beginning of the story.

The introduction to a fairy tale is not related to its content, but at the same time it explains where or with whom the events take place. For example, “there lived a king,” “in a certain kingdom, in the thirtieth state,” and others. Also, a saying could become the end of a story, as if summing up an event or telling about the storyteller himself.

The sayings in Pushkin’s fairy tales are not accidental, since he loved this type of folklore and knew it from childhood thanks to his nanny, Arina Rodionovna.

Pushkin and fairy tales

The poet's tales are based on Russian folk tales, which he listened to and wrote down with pleasure. For example, the plot of the fairy tale about Balda, written on the Boldino estate, is based on a story heard and written down in the village of Mikhailovskoye.

Not only Russian fairy tales influenced the poet’s work. The content of “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish” is “copied” from a legend from German folklore, and the plot of “About the Dead Princess” is similar to the work of the Brothers Grimm about Snow White.

“The Legend of the Arabian Stargazer” became the impetus for the creation of “The Tale of the Golden Cockerel.” Knowing how folklore works, we can conclude that the sayings in Pushkin’s fairy tales are not accidental.

"The Tale of the Golden Cockerel"

This instructive poetic retelling of an ancient legend teaches children the importance of keeping their promises. Sayings in Pushkin's fairy tales, examples of which are present both at the beginning and at the end of his works, introduce into them the techniques of ancient storytellers.

At the beginning they attract you to the plot. In “The Tale of the Golden Cockerel” the introduction sounds like this: “In the distant kingdom, in the thirtieth state, there lived the glorious king Dadon.” This technique is accepted by most storytellers, which indicates its significance and effectiveness.

Sayings in Pushkin’s fairy tales, examples of which can be found at the end of the work, are also clearly expressed in this plot: “The fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it, a lesson for good fellows.”

In some sense, the “afterword” in this example is more like the conclusion after an instructive fable. In a sense, this work of Pushkin is really more like a valuable lesson.

"The Tale of Tsar Saltan", "Ruslan and Lyudmila"

The concept of “saying” in Pushkin’s fairy tales about Tsar Saltan includes two introductory lines about the evening work of three sisters near the window. After this, the plot can go along any line, but the intrigue is already there, now it just needs to be developed. After such a seemingly ordinary beginning, the poet creates a truly exciting story, during which the children experience an adventure and follow their heroes, who face danger, disappointment, and the fear of losing a loved one. But still, a happy ending awaits them.

As in most folklore works, the sayings in Pushkin’s fairy tales at the end of the story are short and laconic: “I was there, I drank honey, I drank beer,” and the end of the phrase depends on whether the narrator has a mustache or not.

The poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila” differs significantly from the author’s fairy tales, since his introduction in this case is quite long and detailed, although it has nothing to do with the content.

Usually, sayings in Pushkin’s fairy tales fit into 2-4 lines, when here it is a separate poem, better known as “At Lukomorye there is a green oak tree.” Narrating in it about the place of events, the poet creates a fascinating world that every child will want to get into.

The saying of the first and last chapters of this poem are the same words: “Deeds of days gone by, traditions of deep antiquity.” Thus, Pushkin, as it were, is not the author, but merely a reteller of events that occurred in ancient times and have come down to our time in the form of legends.

The beginning of a fairy tale, a saying, an epic chorus, a prayerful introduction, an ending - these are the parts included in the structure of a folklore work. They must be distinguished from each other. The complex compositional structure of folk tales is not accidental. Each of the parts they contain plays a specific role.

What is a saying

Most fairy tales, especially fairy tales, begin with a saying. Thanks to its existence, the listener is gradually immersed in a special world and thereby prepares to perceive everything

When reading or listening to a saying, both a child and an adult create in their imagination the image of the cat Bayun, they see an island in the middle of the ocean, on it rises a mighty oak tree with golden chains and a mysterious chest on mighty branches, and in the distance a city from an unknown kingdom-state is visible.

The peculiarity that distinguishes a saying is that the beginning of a fairy tale, despite its small size (sometimes just a few words), is able to immediately immerse the reader in the world of magic and enchantment. And this is very important, because a person is determined not only to enjoy what he reads, but also to comprehend the deep folk wisdom that lies in the content of the fairy tale. And without a special attitude, it can be very difficult to achieve this.

Very often a saying has a humorous character with elements of confusion, gibberish, confusion, and puns. Thanks to this technique, it is possible to avoid excessive edification, but at the same time maintain the educational role of the work.

Functions of the initiator

To fully understand a fairy tale, you need to understand its purpose. It consists of performing several tasks at once:

• introduce the reader to the main works;
• talk about the time the described action was performed;
• give an idea of ​​the place where events take place.

Young readers should understand that the beginning of a fairy tale is very important. Already at the very beginning of the work, you can get a lot of information, which in the future will help you fully understand the image of the characters, their characters and actions.

The beginning of a fairy tale will certainly indicate that the language of the work that you are about to get acquainted with is completely different from everyday speech. An example of this can be the following expressions: “in a certain kingdom, in a certain state”, “golden domes”, “there is a tree”, “a fairy tale is told”, “sea-okiyan” and many other “fairytale” words.

The beginning of fairy tales, their diversity

The beginnings and endings of fairy tales have a huge variety; they are distinguished by structure, language, and semantic content. Only about 36% of folklore works have a traditional beginning. It is known to every person brought up on traditions. From early childhood, when a child is told a fairy tale, he hears the following words: “Once upon a time...” In total, at least nine types of openings are used when telling fairy tales.

Ending

“This is the end of the fairy tale, and whoever listened, well done!” - a traditional form of ending to many folk tales. In addition to the above example, there are at least five other options with which the storyteller can finish the story he tells. Knowing what the beginning is in a fairy tale and what it is used for, it is not difficult to guess for what purpose the ending is used. Fabulous actions must be brought to their logical conclusion. A well-composed ending to the work helps to achieve this. For example, a storyteller can end the story like this: “They live and live and make good things!”, “This often happens!”, “They live and chew bread!” Sometimes the storyteller may end the tale completely unexpectedly, but he must remember that the ending sums up everything that has been said.

Other features of the structure of a folklore work

Fairy tales, their main part, and the ending may contain repetitions. Each new repetition is somewhat different from the previous one, and thanks to this, the reader can guess how the entire story will end.

Poetic parts naturally fit into the structure of folk tales, which gives the work musicality and tunes the reader to a special poetic wave.

The poems used by the storyteller have their own characteristics. Fairy-tale narratives written entirely in such verse are of great interest to readers. Writers call it fantastic.

In the process of presenting the content of a fairy tale, the narrator sometimes has to not only speak, but even sing, since the heroes often use just that among themselves. Suffice it to recall the fairy tales “Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka”, “Cat, Rooster and Fox”, “Wolf and Seven Little Goats” and others.

Onomatopoeia, a lively dialogue between epithets, comparisons, and hyperboles make works of folk art bright and inimitable. It’s not for nothing that everyone, young and old, loves Russian fairy tales: folklore contains not only wisdom, but also the true beauty of the Russian word.