The ways living organisms perceive information depend on the presence of y. Human representation of information Human hearing aid

Human information processes: memory and cognition.

The capabilities of human memory significantly affect the quality of user interaction with the system.

Information storage is carried out at three main levels:

Storing information coming from the senses;

Short-term memory;

Long-term memory.

Storing information from the senses is the installation of memory buffers, which contain the results of automatic processing of information received from our senses. We process a huge amount of information without even realizing it. Buffer memory stores information (audio, visual and tactile), which can be quite large and have a high level of detail.

Think of your senses as sentinels or outposts, gathering information about the world around us. They may not be very accurate, but they are very attentive to everything that happens, and are also quite prompt. Information cannot be stored for very long; it is constantly updated and replaced by new “arrivals”. And this happens without conscious participation on your part. What is happening around only attracts our attention, but later the information is processed using higher brain functions.

Constant or repeated stimulation does tire the sensory mechanisms and they become less responsive and less able to differentiate changes. It is called addictive, which applies to any sensory information, including information on the monitor, as well as changes in the environment. All factors including light, temperature, sound, movement, and color changes also influence human attention. Therefore, all elements of a computer interface are important and must have a strictly defined meaning.

The message should remain on the screen for as long as necessary for the user to not only read it, but also understand it.

The human sensory system perceives information from everything that is on the computer display. The animation in the background is fun, but if you work with it in a window, your brain will be doing too many unnecessary things. Your information processing system will be busy with the background of the window, not with your work. This will lead to eye fatigue and strain.

Short term memory(Short-term memory - STM).

This is the second stage of information processing. Perceived and processed data moves from storage to short-term memory, which also takes information from long-term memory. Short-term memory has the smallest, so to speak, bandwidth in the entire information processing system. Buffer memory is limited in capacity to approximately seven (plus or minus two) items. New information enters short-term memory, displacing old information. If the information is not required, it is stored in this type of memory for no more than 30 seconds. Short-term memory, as the area responsible for the thinking process, is called working memory.

The properties, or more precisely the limitations, of short-term memory (STM) are very important factors when developing an interface. The fact is that all processing of incoming information is carried out in the KVP, in this short-term memory is similar to RAM in computers. The similarity, however, is not complete, so you should not think of the KVP as RAM.

If you need to multiply the numbers 232 by 538 in your head, you will do it in your short-term memory. It's quite easy to understand how it works. But besides this, we need to know what a person cannot do compared to a computer. For example, a computer easily accesses stored information, but a person sometimes finds it difficult to manage even known information.

Example with remembering a telephone number (telephone directories, address book, memory storage).

People use different ways to store information in short-term memory. The main ones are repetition and breaking information into parts. We can use one of them or a combination of them. A phone number can be repeated “in your head” or out loud, but at the moment when you repeat the number, trying to remember it, someone may say to you: “Hey, it’s 11:35, let’s go have tea!” The phone number will disappear from your memory and you will repeat “eleven thirty-five, eleven thirty-five.”

Breaking information down into chunks is an effective way to remember information. It consists of breaking up information into pieces and then grouping them according to connection, order, and meaning. Breaking down information uses both types of memory: long-term and short-term.

When designing an interface, it is necessary to know the limitations and basic characteristics of short-term memory. For example, if users cannot understand the information on the screen and ask for help on a specific topic, do not let the help window cover the information for which it is called! This kind of help is called “destructive” because it covers the subject that the user needs to focus on. Users typically use the help system two or three times until they fully understand the information.

It is very annoying to have to remember information when moving from one screen to another, as well as to redraw information within one screen and lose the old one. The computer is able to simultaneously display previous and current information.

What gets into the KVP. It is convenient, although incorrect, to assume that the KVP includes everything that seems necessary and has any meaning. Accordingly, in order for something to be included in the user’s KVP, the user must notice(for which, in fact, it is useful to design an interface taking into account the capabilities of human perception) and find it useful for myself personally. As a rule, for an experienced user, assessing usefulness does not present a problem, but inexperienced users almost always poke the most noticeable details into the KVP.

Thus, the most important thing in the interface should be the most noticeable (so we learned the theoretical basis for another obvious fact).

Change content. Another interesting feature of the CVP is that the content changes in it due to the emergence of new stimuli rather than simply from time to time. On the one hand, this means that without new incentives, the KVP remains unchanged. On the other hand, since the absence of incentives is a difficult ideal to achieve, the content of the CVP is constantly changing. The practical meaning of this observation is that the user should not be allowed to become distracted, since new stimuli, when distracted, erase the contents of the ERP. But this is just a dream. We have to be content with making it as easy as possible for the user to get back to work.

KVP volume. Almost the only rule of interface science known to the general public is bad manners, which states that a group of anything should not contain more than seven plus or minus two elements. The problem is that this rule has little relation to reality and its practical significance is small. Moreover, it is even harmful, since its knowledge by the people, aggravated by ignorance of the other rules, leads to a sincere belief that if the interface has no more than nine elements (seven plus two; people prefer to add rather than subtract), then this interface is automatically good. Which, to put it mildly, is not entirely correct. But let's start from the beginning.

It is not entirely legitimate to assess the volume of the KVP in relation to the interface as a comprehensive 7±2 elements. Firstly, as already mentioned, in the KVP information is stored primarily in audio form. This means that instead of the meaning of the elements being remembered, the KVP stores the text written on these elements. For us, this means that it is mainly those elements that contain text that should be subject to restrictions. Secondly, it is known that much more can fit into memory, but only in cases where the elements are grouped. Accordingly, you can always group elements and place more information in the user’s KVP. Thirdly, there are a certain number of people who can retain nine values ​​in the KVP, but the number of people who can only retain five or six values ​​in memory is also quite significant. This means that from a practical point of view, it is much more convenient to assume that the volume of the KVP is equal to exactly seven elements (or, if the situation allows, six), since you need to count not on the strong, but on the weak link. And finally, the most important thing. Information is not only stored in the KVP, it is also processed there. This means that one processing stage takes the place of at least one KVP element.

Moreover: the context of previous actions is also stored in the KVP, reducing the available volume.

From a practical point of view, the following is also important. If an experienced user looks at the interface, almost all the information he needs is contained not in short-term, but in long-term memory, which means there is no need to think specifically about the KVP. Moreover, often even for inexperienced users the volume of KVP is not important. Let's say such a user is looking at an expanded menu. Since the context of his previous actions has not been canceled, the user knows what he wants, but does not yet know how to achieve it. He scans the menu and, having found the most promising element, selects it, while none of the elements he does not need are included in the KVP. Problems with the CVP only begin when no element seems more desirable than the others.

In this case, the user needs to place all menu items in the KVP and make a choice. Accordingly, most of these problems can be stopped by the visual organization of elements (to make sure that the user is looking at exactly the menu that he needs) and the correct naming of individual elements (so that the text of the element makes it immediately clear its applicability). However, too large a volume of elements still harms inexperienced users: if the user scans the list for a long time in search of the desired element, some part of the list will still end up in the KVP and spoil the context, so you shouldn’t get carried away with a large set of possibilities either.

Thus, it is necessary to reduce the load on users’ memory, that is, to avoid situations where the user has to obtain information in one place and use it in another. The best way to achieve this goal is direct manipulation, which, by the way, has many other advantages.

Generally speaking, any input of parameters not by values, but by influencing control elements (i.e., verniers) greatly reduces the memory load. Another thing is that verniers take up a lot of space on the screen, are poorly suited for accurately entering values ​​and always turn out to be worse than direct manipulation, since with direct manipulation users do not even need to place the action algorithm in the KVP.

Human perception of information

Snezhana Ivanova

Perception is the process of reflection in the consciousness of a person of phenomena and objects in the sum of their properties, states, and components.

It is difficult to imagine the life of a modern person without information. The media are literally replete with all kinds of events that may interest a person. Today there is no shortage of information in any area; on the contrary, there is an excess of it. People often get confused about the same concepts because there may be conflicting information about the same subject. Therefore, in order to understand a complex issue, sometimes you have to study a bunch of different positions.

Perception– this is the process of reflection in the consciousness of the individual of phenomena and objects in the sum of their properties, states, components. This process is closely related to the senses, since we receive any information through the participation of visual, auditory and other sensations.

Process of information perception represents a highly organized internal work in which all mental processes participate: attention, imagination, memory, thinking. In order for the information entering the brain to be better absorbed, it must be realized or comprehended. Perception performs the function of a kind of conductor between new information and its awareness.

Human perception of information occurs at several levels. All of them, in one way or another, affect the senses and are associated with cognitive processes.

Channels of information perception

Under channels of perception understand the predominant orientation towards one sense organ, which ensures better assimilation of incoming information. It is worth considering the factor that each person has his own individual orientation. For some, it is enough to read the material once to master it, for others it is necessary to listen to a lecturer on the same topic, etc.

• Visual channel. Aimed at assimilation of information by focusing more on visual images. A person who is dominated by this channel of perception has a high ability to absorb information through reading. In this case, it is enough for the individual to read the material, and the information will be firmly “fixed” in the brain. There is no need to retell what you read or share with others. If the information itself is contradictory, raises additional questions, or provokes a dispute, then the individual may need to familiarize himself in detail with different opinions in order to form his own point of view.
• Auditory channel. Aimed at assimilating information by concentrating primarily on auditory images. If this channel of perception predominates, a person has a high ability to remember through listening to the desired material. Students whose auditory channel dominates perfectly absorb the proposed information during a lecture and don’t have to study anything at home - everything is already easy in their head, so there are no unnecessary questions left! If difficult moments arise, the material is complex and incomprehensible, such a person usually strives to immediately clarify important details and figure it out on the spot by asking the lecturer the appropriate questions.
• Kinesthetic channel. Aimed at assimilation of information by focusing primarily on physical sensations. Kinesthetic perception is closely related to the organs of touch, so such a person must touch the interlocutor during a conversation. Smell and taste are also of paramount importance for this person - she is most attentive to details and her own feelings. If you ask a person what is happening to him, he will be able to describe his emotions in colors and recognize their true manifestations.
• Digital channel. Aimed at assimilation of information by concentrating on abstract - logical images. Such a person is inclined to look for meaning in everything, to sort his knowledge “on shelves.” It is extremely important for a digital person to know for what purpose he performs this or that action and what will follow from it. He has the ability to predict the situation, and therefore is prone to planning and in-depth analysis of current events. Most often, digital people are engaged in scientific activities throughout their lives.

The listed channels of perception are leading, but besides them there are others: gustatory, olfactory, semantic, etc. In accordance with the presented features of each channel, psychology distinguishes the following types of information perception: visual, auditory, tactile, verbal. Each of the listed types is fully correlated with the above-mentioned channels of information perception.

Properties of perception

• Objectivity. Characterized by a focus on the outside world. A person always focuses his attention on things that are reflected in the surrounding space. These may not necessarily be objects and phenomena, but also abstract concepts. In any case, there is deep mental concentration on one or another subject: everyday, artistic or scientific.
• Integrity. Unlike sensation, which reflects individual properties of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, perception constitutes its general image. It consists of a combination of different sensations and forms a holistic idea of ​​a particular object.
• Structurality. It should be noted that human perception is structured in such a way that it has the ability to systematize material in a certain order, that is, from the general flow of incoming information, select only that which will be useful in a given case.
• Constancy. This property refers to the relative constancy of perceived information under different conditions. For example, the shapes of objects, their size, and color appear the same to a person under different living conditions.
• Meaningfulness. A person not only perceives objects and phenomena, he does it meaningfully, purposefully, anticipating a certain result and striving for it. For example, students listen to a lecture in order to pass a test or exam more successfully, and attend classes on artistic culture for self-education. In every action, a person strives to act meaningfully, because otherwise no activity can be performed.

Complex forms of information perception

Forms of information perception are understood to be certain categories that are based on reflection and a focus on searching for truth.

• Perception of space. Each of us has a very individual approach to the perception of space. If we are transferred to another place, we will not be able to immediately find our way until we develop behavioral tactics and understand how best to behave. One person is able to navigate changing conditions differently than another and everyone has their own perception.
• Perception of time. Each of us has our own biological clock that reminds us to take certain actions. There is a common theory about night owls and early risers. Some find it difficult to wake up in the morning; they may stay awake during the day; others need to get up early and go to bed early. If you ask a person on the street with the question “What time is it?”, most will immediately start looking for a watch to answer you. Meanwhile, inside everyone knows approximately what time it is at the moment. This is why the process of planning any business, predicting various situations even before they happen in reality, becomes possible.
• Perception of movement. Impressions of movement are created purely individually. It is enough for someone to tilt their head forward and take the appropriate position of their body to create the illusion that they are moving in space. The perception of movement is recorded by the brain and realized by the individual through the vestibular apparatus and one’s own thoughts and subjective moods.
• Perception is intentional and unintentional. These forms differ from each other in the participation of consciousness in the perception of any objects. Otherwise, they can also be called involuntary and voluntary. In the first case, perception is carried out due to external circumstances that attracted a person’s attention, and in the second, it is guided by consciousness. Intentional perception is characterized by a clear goal, defined tasks, a clear structure and consistency in the implementation of all necessary steps.

Peculiarities of information perception

Each person approaches the perception of the same events and phenomena very individually. After all, one will see a blessing for himself in what is happening, while the other will consider it a punishment for himself in these circumstances. In addition, people also differ in the leading channels of information perception. If someone needs to read the material being studied, then it is very important for another to listen to it by ear.

For the visual it is extremely important that all information is within his field of vision. It is great if you have the opportunity to become familiar with the material through reading. Only when the visual sees what it looks like that he needs to remember, he is able to truly perceive.

For auditory It is always better to hear the material once than to read it several times. This is the type of perception when a word spoken live acquires enormous significance. People who have a leading auditory channel of perception always find it easier to absorb information in lectures or participate in seminars.

A distinctive feature of kinesthetics There is a natural need to touch everything with your hands. Otherwise, the process of holistic perception cannot proceed. Only with the help of emotions, reinforced by interaction with people or objects, do they understand the surrounding reality. As a rule, such people are very emotional and exposed to various areas of activity. Quite a lot of them are artists, musicians, sculptors, that is, they include those who are able to live their whole lives in contact with objects and even create their own reality.

Digitals are inclined to a deep analysis of current events. These are essentially true thinkers and philosophers. For them, new information must necessarily be the subject of abstract analytical thinking, the fruit of serious internal work associated with the logical alignment of complex structures. To know the truth is their main goal.

Thus, there are very different ways of perceiving information. Together they create a harmonious and holistic picture of the world, in which the fullness of diversity is welcomed. It is necessary to develop all channels of perception, but do this based on the leading view. Then any human activity will be successful and will lead him to new discoveries and achievements.

Most information comes to us through vision and hearing. But smells, taste and tactile sensations also carry information. For example, when you smell something burning, you find out that the lunch you forgot about was burned in the kitchen. You can easily recognize familiar food by taste and estimate the amount of sugar or salt in a dish. By touch, that is, through contact with the skin, you recognize familiar objects even in the dark, and estimate the temperature of external objects. Thus, there are different ways of perceiving information by a person, associated with different senses through which it comes:

• - through vision we receive information in the form of images;
• - information is perceived in audio form through the ear;
• - information in the form of odors is perceived through the sense of smell;
• - through taste - information from taste sensations;
• - through touch - information in the form of tactile sensations.

A person perceives information from the surrounding world with the help of his senses; there are five of them: vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch.

Most information comes to us through vision and hearing. But smells, taste and tactile sensations also carry information.

For example, when you smell something burning, you find out that the lunch you forgot about was burned in the kitchen.

You can easily recognize familiar food by taste and estimate the amount of sugar or salt in a dish. By touch, that is, through contact with the skin, you recognize familiar objects even in the dark, and estimate the temperature of external objects. Thus, there are different ways of perceiving information by a person, associated with different senses through which it comes:

through vision we receive information in the form of images;

through hearing information is perceived in audio form;

information is perceived through the sense of smell in the form of odors;

through taste - information from taste sensations; through touch - information in the form of tactile sensations.

We can say that the senses are information channels between the outside world and a person. With the loss of one of these channels (for example, vision or hearing), the informational role of other senses increases. It is known that blind people hear more acutely, and the importance of touch increases for them.

A person can remember or write down the information received, and also transfer it to another person. In what form does this happen?

Most often, people communicate with each other orally or in writing, i.e. they talk, write letters, notes, articles, books, etc. Written text consists of letters, numbers, parentheses, periods, commas and other characters. Oral speech also consists of signs. Only these signs are not written, but sound. Linguists call them phonemes. Phonemes make up words, words make up phrases. There is a direct connection between written signs and sounds. After all, speech appeared first, and only then writing. Writing is needed to record human speech on paper. Individual letters or combinations of letters indicate speech sounds, and punctuation marks indicate pauses and intonation.

The history of writing is very interesting! The writing system that we and most European countries use is called sound. What was said above applies to sound writing. But Chinese writing is called ideographic. In it, one icon (often called a hieroglyph) represents a word or a significant part of a word. And Japanese writing is called syllabic. There, one icon represents a syllable.

The most ancient form of writing, which comes from primitive people, is called pictographic. A single pictogram is a drawing that represents a concept or even an entire message. Pictographic symbolism is often used today. For example, road signs that are familiar to all of you are pictograms.

Natural and formal languages

Human speech and writing are closely related to the concept of “language”. Of course, this does not mean the organ of speech, but the way of communication between people. Spoken languages ​​have a national character. There are Russian, English, Chinese, French and other languages. Linguists call them natural languages. Natural languages ​​have oral and written forms.

In addition to spoken (natural) languages, there are formal languages. As a rule, these are the languages ​​of some profession or field of knowledge. For example, mathematical symbolism can be called the formal language of mathematics; musical notation - the formal language of music.

Language is a symbolic way of representing information. Communication in languages ​​is the process of transmitting information in symbolic form.

So, a person presents information using different languages. We can give examples of different methods of symbolic representation of information that replace speech. For example, deaf and mute people replace speech with gestures. The conductor's gestures convey information to the musicians. The referee on the sports ground uses a certain sign language that is understandable to the players.

Another common form of presenting information is graphical form. These are drawings, diagrams, drawings, maps, graphs, diagrams. When studying many school subjects, you actively use such graphic information. The clarity of graphic information makes it easier to understand the content contained in it. Let us summarize the forms of information presentation.

Forms of information presentation by a person:

• - text in natural language in oral or written form;
• - graphic form: drawings, diagrams, drawings, maps, graphs, diagrams;
• - formal language symbols: numbers,

mathematical formulas, notes, chemical formulas, road signs, etc.

A person perceives information from the outside world using all his senses. Sense organs are “information channels” connecting a person with the outside world.

Language is a symbolic form of representing information. Languages ​​can be natural or formal.

A person stores information or exchanges it with other people in natural languages, formal languages, and in graphic form.

Writing is the most important way of preserving and transmitting information. In the history of mankind, the following forms of writing have been formed: sound, syllabic, ideographic, pictographic.

Section name: Fundamentals of information theory Subsection: Information, its classification

Information concepts: technical, biological, social

The concept of “information” was already discussed in the “Introduction” lecture. Biological information concept Receiving and transforming information is a condition

vital activity of any organism. Even the simplest single-celled organisms constantly perceive and use information, for example, about the temperature and chemical composition of the environment to select the most favorable living conditions. Biologists figuratively say that “living things feed on information,” creating, accumulating and actively using it.

Fig.1. Groundhog threat poses of varying degrees of intensity

Any living organism, including humans, is a carrier of genetic information that is inherited. Genetic information is stored in every cell of the body in DNA molecules, which consist of individual sections (genes). Each gene is “responsible” for certain features of the structure and functioning of the body and determines both its capabilities and predisposition to various hereditary diseases. The more complex and highly organized the organism, the greater the number of genes contained in the DNA molecule.

A person perceives the world around him (receives information) with the help of his senses. A person receives the largest amount of information (about 90%) through vision, about 9% through hearing, and only 1% through other senses (smell, touch and taste). The information received by a person in the form of visual, auditory and other images is stored in his memory. Human thinking can be viewed as processes information processing in the human brain. Based on information obtained through the senses and theoretical knowledge acquired during the learning process, a person creates information models of the surrounding world. Such models allow a person to navigate the world around him and make the right decisions to achieve his goals.

Social information concept In the process of communicating with other people, a person conveys

receives information. Information exchange between people can be carried out in various forms (written, oral or using gestures). A specific language is always used to exchange information (Russian, Morse code, and so on). In order for information to be understood, the language must be known to all people participating in the communication. The more languages ​​you know, the wider your circle of communication.

Fig.2. Flag semaphore

The history of human society is, in a certain sense, the history of the accumulation and transformation of information. The entire process of cognition is a process of obtaining, transforming and accumulating information (knowledge). The received information is stored on various types of storage media (books, etc.), and more and more recently on electronic storage media in digital form (magnetic and laser disks, etc.).

The integration of computers into the global Internet network has made it possible for every person to have the potential for quick access to the entire amount of information accumulated by humanity throughout its history.

Technical information concept In technology, information is understood as messages transmitted

in the form of signs or signals; in this case there is a source of messages, a recipient (message receiver), and a communication channel.

Information is transmitted in the form of messages from some source of information to its receiver through a communication channel between

them. The source sends a transmitted message, which is encoded into a transmitted signal. This signal is sent over a communication channel. As a result, a received signal appears at the receiver, which is decoded and becomes the received message.

The transmission of information over communication channels is often accompanied by interference that causes distortion and loss of information.

In cases where they talk about automated work with information using any technical devices, they are usually primarily interested not in the content of the message, but in how many characters this message contains.

In relation to computer data processing, information is understood as a certain sequence of symbolic designations (letters, numbers, encoded graphic images and sounds, etc.), carrying a semantic load and presented in a form understandable to the computer. Each new character in such a sequence of characters increases the information volume of the message.

Information and data

We live in a material world. Everything that surrounds us and that we encounter relates either to physical bodies or to physical fields. All physical objects are in a state of continuous movement and change, which is accompanied by the exchange of energy and its transition from one form to another. All types of energy exchange are accompanied by the appearance of signals.

The hearing organs perceive sound signals, to which are carried by sound waves. The organs of vision perceive visual signals, the nature of which is electromagnetic waves in a certain frequency range. Every signal is a change of some kind physical quantity, transmitting information to the receiving object

object (living being or technical device). Sound

the signal is associated with a change in air pressure generated by a sound wave and affecting the organ of hearing. The visual signal is associated with changes in the parameters of electromagnetic light radiation perceived by the organs of vision.

When signals interact with physical bodies, certain changes in properties occur in the latter - this phenomenon is called signal registration. Such changes can be observed, measured or recorded in other ways - in this case new signals arise and are recorded, i.e. data is generated. The physical registration method can be anything: mechanical movement of physical bodies, changes in their shape or surface quality parameters, changes in electrical, magnetic, optical characteristics, chemical composition and (or) the nature of chemical bonds, changes in the state of an electronic circuit, and much more.

Data are recorded signals.

Data carries information about events that occurred in the material world, since they are a registration of signals that arose as a result of these events. However, data is not the same as information. Let's look at an example.

While watching runners' competitions, we use a mechanical stopwatch to record the initial and final positions of the instrument's hand. As a result, we measure the amount of its movement during the race - this is data recording. However, in order to obtain information about the time to cover the distance, it is necessary to apply to the obtained data the method of converting one physical quantity into another. You need to know the value of division of the stopwatch scale (or know the method for determining it) and you also need to know that you need to multiply the value of division of the device by the amount of movement of the hand and be able to perform the multiplication.

Information is a product of the interaction of data and methods adequate to them.

Classification of information

There are various classifications of information. Here are the most famous and used ones.

Types of information by way of perception Humans have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste,

touch. With their help, he receives information about the outside world: Sense organs with types of information are correlated as follows:

1. vision - visual;

2. hearing - auditory;

3. smell - olfactory;

4. taste - gustatory;

5. touch - tactile.

According to various estimates, a person receives from 75 to 90% of information through the organs of vision. Experts who claim that 90% of information a person receives through the organs of vision refer approximately 9% to information received through the organs of hearing and 1% through the other senses (smell, taste, touch).

Types of information by presentation form

Modern computers can work with FIVE TYPES OF INFORMATION:

- numerical information (numbers);

- text information (letters, words, sentences, texts);

- graphic information (pictures, drawings, drawings);

- audio information (music, speech, sounds);

- video information (videos, cartoons, films).

All these five types of information together are called, in one word, MULTIMEDIA.

Types of information of public importance

1. personal (knowledge, abilities, skills, intuition);

2. mass (public, everyday, aesthetic);

3. special (scientific, production, technical, management).

Information properties(from the point of view of the everyday approach to defining information):

relevance - the ability of information to meet the needs (requests) of the consumer;

completeness - the property of information to exhaustively (for a given consumer) characterize the displayed object or process; in-

the formation is complete if it is sufficient for understanding and making decisions; both incomplete and redundant information inhibits decision making or may lead to errors;

timeliness- the ability of information to meet the needs of the consumer at the right time; only in a timely manner

the information obtained can bring the expected benefit; equally undesirable premature submission of information

tion (when it cannot yet be acquired), and its delay;

reliability - the property of information not to have hidden errors; reliable information may become unreliable over time if it becomes outdated and ceases to reflect the true state of affairs;

information is reliable if it reflects the true state of affairs; inaccurate information may lead to misunderstandings or poor decisions;

accessibility is a property of information that characterizes the possibility of receiving it by a given consumer; information must be presented in an accessible way(according to the level of perception) form; therefore, the same questions are presented differently in school textbooks and scientific publications;

security - a property characterizing the impossibility of unauthorized use or change of information;

ergonomics is a property that characterizes the convenience of the form or volume of information from the point of view of a given consumer.

Symbolic information is perceived by a person mainly through vision and hearing, and is transmitted in speech and written forms. Symbolic information is stored by a person in his memory and on external media, transmitted between people, and processed.

A universal device designed for automatic information processing is a computer. The operation of the computer is controlled by programs that have various functions and purposes. A set of computer programs is called software or computer software

The integration of computers into the global Internet network has made it possible to provide for each person the potential opportunity for quick access to the entire volume of information accumulated by humanity throughout its history. his story