Monuments of Donetsk: monumental history. Monuments and historical places of Donetsk Historical monuments of Donbass briefly

Kachkovskaya Nadezhda Ivanovna

A history teacher

Efanova Tatyana Stepanovna

A history teacher

Senior teacher

Makeevka secondary school of I-III levels No. 50

Grade 10.

Macrosphere 3. “Donbass is my Motherland.”

Microsphere “I am a resident of Donbass.”

Topic 20.

Lesson - virtual excursion “Historical monuments of Donbass”.

The purpose of the lesson:

Educational – expansion and generalization of students’ knowledge about memorable places of Donbass, architectural structures and outstanding personalities;

Developmental – developing students’ interest in the historical and cultural heritage of the Donetsk region; development of imaginative thinking, memory;

Educational – instilling love and respect for the historical and cultural heritage of the native land.

Competencies: formation

Information and communication competence through the use of information and communication technologies in the classroom;

General cultural - through introducing students to the achievements of human culture;

Social – through the formation of the individual’s ability to cooperate productively in a team;

Subject - through the acquisition of certain knowledge on the topic of the lesson within the content of the subject “Civic Education”.

Lesson objectives:

- students perform independent work during the excursion;

- acquaintance with the historical monuments of Donbass, its famous architectural structures, cultural figures who have made a contribution to domestic and world culture.

Expected Result: the formation of pride in participation in the history of the native land, the ability to self-realize, awareness of responsibility for the fate of the country and interest in national history.

Lesson type: integrated lesson.

Lesson format: virtual tour.

Tools: interactive, multimedia board, presentation ( ), computers, notebooks, assignments.

During the classes:

I . Organizing time. Checking the students present in the lesson and their readiness for the lesson.

II. Main part.

1.Motivation for educational activities. ( Slide No. 1 ).

Teacher. Donbass! My Fatherland-Donbass!

Mighty land of my native state!

For centuries this layer will not become scarce

Workers' Honor, Courage and Glory!

Dear guys, today we will go on a virtual tour of the places of working honor, courage and glory of our region, we will remember those who selflessly loved our land and bequeathed to us to love it too.

2. Updating students’ knowledge.

But before we begin our excursion, I suggest you update your knowledge by completing the following tasks on your computer:

(Slide No. 2 ).1). Choose the correct statement:

A monument is everything that is done to facilitate memory, in order to remember, not to forget something;

A monument is a work of art created to capture the memory of events and people;

A monument is an object that forms part of the cultural heritage of a people or country;

All statements are true.

(Slide No. 3 ). 2). From the listed monuments, select those that relate to the types of city monuments:

Monuments of writing;

Obelisk;

Statue;

Monument of monumental art;

Bust;

Column;

Historical monument;

Architectural monument;

Archaeological site;

Plate with relief.

(Slide No. 4 ).3). An institution that collects and exhibits for public viewing works of art, objects of history, science, and everyday life, which are displayed in an exhibition according to a certain system:

Archive;

Art salon;

Museum.

Students work on computers, some of them on an interactive whiteboard.

Teacher. I'm pleased with your answers. You demonstrated the knowledge gained in artistic culture, history lessons, and the ability to work with a computer.

3. Virtual tour.

Teacher. Write down the topic of the lesson “Historical monuments of Donbass”. My assistants will be guides... Together we prepared the excursion that we present to your attention. While viewing the slides, try to complete the task in your notebook: fill out the table, indicating historical monuments, the cities where they were installed, and the events in memory of which they were erected. ( )

First student. (Slide No. 5 ).Our first stop is the Monument to the ore miner, the discoverer of the riches of Donbass Grigory Kapustin. In 1721 he discovered a coal deposit in the Donbass. Installed in the city of Makeevka.

Columbus of Donbass, Russian miner,

Peter the Great sent him on a campaign

To the Don steppes, where carbon is

Creates its own cycle in nature

And hardens into rock.

Peasant son, glorious mine explorer

I got the source material for the king, -

That is the ore that poured into metal,

And coal that no one mined,

And elements for the rarest alloys.

Since then, the Donetsk land has been boiling,

The ore bubbles and melts in the belly of her,

The titan people are crushing piles of steel.

And here they remember the hero’s difficult feat -

Envoy of the Heavenly Kremlin.

Marat Shakhmanov

(Slide No. 6 The founder of Yuzovka (present-day Donetsk), the creator of the Donetsk metallurgical industry, on which the economic power of Donbass is based, was the English industrialist John James Hughes. The monument to John James Hughes was opened in 2001 in the heart of the DNTU campus...

Donbass turned into a coal and metallurgical base of the Russian Empire.

(Slide No. 7 ).In Donetsk, on Shakhterskaya Square, a monument to miners was erected, glorifying their heroic work. The miner sculpture made for the monument was originally made in the form of a figurine as a gift to Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev. One bronze and two cast iron figurines were cast at the precision engineering plant. However, they did not make a gift and the figurines remained with the secretary of the city committee Shulgin and the head of the Council of National Economy Vladimir Ivanovich Degtyarev. On Degtyarev’s initiative, a monument was made based on this sculpture. The monument was erected in 1967.

Located: Donetsk city, Kyiv district, Artema street, 155.

(Slide No. 8 ). And in the city of Yenakievo, in gratitude to the metallurgists for their valiant work, a monument-sculpture “Steelmaker” was erected on one of the busy roads at the entrance to the city from Donetsk. For 150 years, Yenakievo has been a city of metallurgists and therefore the most famous Yenakievo “Steelmaker” was installed here.

(Slide No. 9 ).Heavy trials befell the residents of Donbass in the period 1932-1933. The memorial sign to the victims of the Holodomor, also installed in the city of Yenakievo, reminds us of this.

On June 22, 1941, the peaceful life of the Soviet people was interrupted. Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union. The war brought horrific destruction and the death of millions of people.

(Slide No. 10 Saur-Mogila is a mound in the Shakhtyorsky district of Donbass, one of the heights of the Donetsk Ridge (277.9 m). At the top of the mound there was a Cossack guard post and fortifications of the Mius Front. This is one of the most important lines in protecting our territory from the enemy. The legendary story of Saur-Mogila, which came to life 70 years after the victory over the Nazis, today has gaping holes in the black mourning monument. Anyone who is interested in the fate and history of Donbass should visit here.

(Slide No. 11 ).One cannot bow one’s head to the memory of the victims of the fascist occupation. I suggest going to the memorial “Pit pit No. 44-bis” in the Kalininsky district of Donetsk. It became the site of mass executions of civilians by the German occupation authorities. This is the second largest burial place for victims of fascism after Babyn Yar. The bodies of 75-100 thousand people were dumped here.

(Slide No. 12 ). Among the victims during the years of that terrible war were not only adults, but also children. In the city of Makeevka, at the cemetery in the Kirovsky district, in 2005, a monument was unveiled to the donor children who died during the occupation of the city by fascist invaders. This monument is the only one in the world.

(Slide No. 13 ). In memory of the heroic days of the struggle against the occupiers for the liberation of Donbass, in the Kiev district of Donetsk on May 8, 2012, on the eve of Victory Day, a museum of the Great Patriotic War was opened in the underground structures of the memorial complex “To Your Liberators, Donbass”. The total exhibition area of the museum is 927 square meters.

(Slide No. 14 The residents of Donbass and Afghanistan (1979-1989) fulfilled their international duty with honor. In honor of the fallen Afghan soldiers, on May 7, 1996, the sculptural composition “Monument to Afghan Soldiers” was unveiled in the Lenin Komsomol Park in the city of Donetsk. The authors of the monument are sculptor A. N. Porozhnyuk and architect E. M. Temkin. The monument is located next to the monument to the “Liberators of Donbass,” which symbolizes the connection between generations of soldiers of the Great Patriotic War and the Afghan War (1979-1989).

(Slide No. 15 ).Residents of Donbass perform feats in peacetime. The heroic work of miners is honored in all cities of Donbass. In Makeevka there are always crowds near the monument “Memorial to the Feat of the Makeevka Miners”. The monument was erected in the city center on a section of Plekhanov Street between Ostrovsky Street and Lenin Avenue. The easiest way to get to the monument is from the central bus station, going up to the street. Plekhanov.

Teacher. There are also monuments erected to people for outstanding services to the Fatherland. Our region is famous for them! During the further excursion, you need to write down in your notebook the outstanding people of Donbass and the field of activity in which they became famous. ( )

SECOND STUDENT. (Slide No. 16 ). Monument to Joseph Kobzon, People's Artist of the USSR, who was born in Donbass. Installed in 2003 in Donetsk on the square near the Youth Palace “Youth”. The opening of the monument was timed to coincide with the city's day and 66th anniversary. The idea of creating the monument belongs to the Moscow community of Donbass residents. The author of the monument is Moscow sculptor Alexander Rukavishnikov .

(Slide No. 17 ).Monument to Anatoly Borisovich Solovyanenko, an outstanding opera singer born in Donetsk. His creative career began in Donetsk. Outstanding opera singer, tenor, actor. People's Artist of the USSR, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes, Knight of the Order of the Italian Republic. Established May 31, 2002 V Voroshilovsky district of Donetsk, in Theater Square near the Donetsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater, which also bears the name of Solovyanenko. The authors of the monument are sculptor Alexander Mitrofanovich Skorykhi architect Vyazovsky.

(Slide No. 18 ). A monument to Khanzhonkov, who played an outstanding role in the development of Donbass culture, was erected in Makeyevka. Khanzhonkov showed the whole world that Donbass is a land not only of industrialists, but of outstanding people in the field of culture. Alexander Khanzhonkov is one of the legendary natives of Donbass. Russian entrepreneur, film industry organizer, producer, director, screenwriter. According to researchers, he is rightfully considered a pioneer of Russian cinema. Born in Makeevka in the village of Verkhne-Khanzheknovsky (now Khanzhonovka) on August 8, 1877. The monument to Khanzhonkov is a granite pedestal. There is a bust of the master on it, and on its left side there is a movie camera. The bust is made of concrete and covered with silver paint, just like the movie camera itself. The Khonzhonkov monument has become a landmark of the Sovetsky district of Makeyevka.

(Slide No. 19 ). In the city of Donetsk, near the Olimpiysky sports complex, a monument to Sergei Bubka was erected in 1999. The monument was erected during the life of Sergei Bubka on August 29, 1999. The authors of the monument are sculptor Nikolai Vasilyevich Yasinenko and architect Vladimir Stepanovich Buchek.

The monument is a full-length bronze sculpture of an athlete preparing to perform a jump, holding a pole high in his hands. At the right knee of the sculpture there is a flying swallow. The height of the monument is 3.5 meters. The pedestal on which the sculpture stands, 6 meters 15 centimeters high, is the record height to which Bubka jumped (in the hall, Donetsk, 1993).

THIRD STUDENT. Donbass is not only an industrial, but also a cultural center. The history of Donbass is carefully preserved by our museums.

(Slide No. 20 ).In 1924, the Donetsk Regional (now Republican) Museum of Local Lore opened its halls for visitors. The museum is located in the Kiev district of Donetsk . IN its composition includes the Sergei Prokofiev Museum in the village of Krasnoe , Museum of Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko in the village of Neskuchnoye , Museum of Forest History in Velikoanadolskoe forestry . The museum was created on September 17, 1924. The initiator of the creation of the museum was A. A. Olshanchenko, a geography teacher at the Donetsk Mining College. The local history museum is located in a building not far from the Donbass Arena. The extensive exhibition, presented in 24 halls, includes 120 thousand exhibits. Architectural monuments are centers of culture and the decoration of our cities and streets. ( )

(Slide No. 21 ).Before you is the Donetsk Opera and Ballet Theater named after. A. Solovyanenko. The building was built according to the design of the architect L. Kotovsky in 1941, on the eve of the war. The monumental building is made in the spirit of socialist realism, crowned with bas-reliefs and three-dimensional sculpture. The auditorium, ceilings and walls of the theater are luxuriously decorated with moldings and light gilding...

(Slide number 22 ).The creative biography of the Donetsk Musical and Drama Theater began in 1927. The creators of the theater were famous directors Vasily Vasilko and Alexander Zagarov. Externally, the architecture of the theater meets all the canons of classical ancient art. It resembles an ancient Greek temple, decorated with a sculpture of the muse of tragedy Melpomene from ancient Greek mythology (sculptor Yu.I. Baldin).

(Slide No. 23 ).And in the era of information technology, a modern person cannot do without a book. The Donetsk Republican Library of N. K. Krupskaya, founded in 1926, serves as a huge repository of books, scientific, information and methodological center of the Donetsk region. The building, made in the Stalinist Empire style, amazes with its refined beauty and hidden strength, life-affirming spaciousness and unsurpassed monumentality. This perimetric layout was inherent in the building architecture of the 1930s.

(Slide No. 24).The decoration of the city of Donetsk, the pride of the residents of Donbass, the center of the sports life of the Donetsk region is the “Donbass Arena”. The football stadium in Donetsk was built in 2009, in high-tech style, designed for 52,667 spectators. Located in the park named after Lenin Komsomol. The opening of the stadium took place on August 29, 2009 - on Miner's Day and Donetsk City Day. The fifty-thousand-seat Donbass Arena is a stadium built for the 2012 European Football Championship in accordance with UEFA Elite (five star) standards. There is a fountain ball installed on the square in front of the Donbass Arena. A 28-ton ball with a diameter of 2.7 m rotates under the pressure of two jets of water. Considered to be the largest rotating granite ball in the world...

FOURTH STUDENT (Slide No. 25 ).On weekends and holidays, residents and guests of Donetsk love to walk along its well-groomed alleys. Their favorite meeting place is the Mertsalov palm tree. It was made without welding or joints from a whole piece of rail at the end of the 19th century by blacksmith Alexei Ivanovich Mertsalov with his assistant hammerman Philip Fedotovich Shkarin. The creation of the palm tree was timed to coincide with the sixteenth All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition of Industrial and Handicrafts, which took place in 1896 in Nizhny Novgorod. At this exhibition, the palm tree was exhibited as one of the exhibits of the pavilion of the Novorossiysk Society of Coal, Iron and Rail Production. (Copy, original in St. Petersburg).

(Slides No. 26-28 ).And now let's go to the final destination of our excursion - to the park of forged sculptures in Donetsk. It is located in the park behind the City Council building. The park of forged figures was founded in Donetsk a hundred years after the triumph of Palma Mertsalov in Paris. In 2001, master of decorative and applied arts Viktor Burduk initiated the creation of a park in which local blacksmiths began to display their works. Let's admire the result of their skill.

III. Consolidation and deepening of students' knowledge.

1.Checking independent work. Students voice their recordings. The teacher evaluates the students' work.

2. Homework.

Teacher. Our excursion is over. It was of a review nature. We invite you to evaluate it by leaving your reviews and impressions in a home essay - the essay “Donbass - you are my pride.” I would like to thank the guides and assistants for the great work done in preparing and conducting the excursion, you guys for your attention and interest in expanding your knowledge about your native land.

Of course, it’s difficult to imagine the entire palette of our native Donbass in 45 minutes, so I suggest:

Prepare a presentation on one of the topics:

Museums of the locality in which you live;

Outstanding architectural monuments;

Places of military and labor glory;

Cultural figures who glorified my Fatherland.

IV. Reflection .

Teacher. If you liked the excursion and would like to continue such excursions in the future, go to your computer, open the “Excursion” folder, select the emoticon that suits your desire. ( )

The lesson is over. Thanks to all.

Appendix 2.

Fill the table:

Historical monument

In which city was the monument erected?

In memory of what event was the monument erected?

Appendix 3.

Fill the table:

Personality in the history of Donbass

Field of activity

Appendix 4. From the presented architectural monuments, write down a monument that was built in high-tech style. Remember and indicate the characteristic features of this architectural style.

Appendix 5.

Literature

Gonimov I.A. Old Yuzovka. 1869 - 1905 - M: Goslitizdat, 1953. - 223s.

Eighty years of DPI - DonNTU: memories, stories, poems. - Donetsk, 2001. - 234s.

Monuments of Donetsk. - [ Electronic resource] - . - February 24, 2016

Monuments of Donbass. - [Electronic resource] - - February 24, 2016

Famous people of Donbass. - [ Electronic resource] -

Located in the east of Ukraine, the million-strong city of Donetsk is the administrative center of the region of the same name. From 1869 to 1923, in memory of its founder John Yuzovka, it was called Yuzovka. Then it was called Stalino, and since 1961 its modern name.

The city has a rich history associated with industrial development. Along with this, it became a famous cultural center. It is officially registered over 250 cultural heritage monuments. It attracts guests with the best hotels in Ukraine, the most modern sports and entertainment facilities.

In 2001, a memorial sculpture to the English engineer John Hughes was erected on the territory of the Donetsk National Polytechnic University. A hereditary British metallurgist, at the age of 55 in 1869 he bought a plot of land from the Russian Prince Kochubey on the banks of the Kalmius River. He builds a metallurgical plant and a workers' settlement for it, called Yuzovka. Thanks to the plant, the village developed and became a city called Donetsk. The plant today is one of the leaders in the metallurgical industry.

Location: Artema street - 96.

This temple was consecrated in 1886. It was founded under him fraternal school. In the thirties of the last century, the church was destroyed for building materials. In 2006, a new cathedral of the Holy Transfiguration was built of stone on the Cathedral Square of the city.

There is a bronze statue at the entrance Archangel Michael. The Church of Sergius of Radonezh was built next to the cathedral. Its highly artistic interiors were created by the country's best artists.

Location: Artema street-1.

One of the outstanding people who left an indelible mark on the history of this city was the Englishman John Hughes. He founded this city and built a metallurgical plant that made it famous. In 1873, not far from the factory, he built a red brick house for his family. The building was decorated with a balcony with openwork metal railings and a spacious beautiful terrace. A garden was laid out around it.

After the Yuzov family returned to their homeland, it was used for the residence of the company's managers; a maternity hospital and other organizations were located here. There are plans for its restoration and display as a historical object of interest to city residents and its guests.

Location: Klinicheskaya street.

When Donetsk was called Yuzovka at the end of the 19th century, it was crossed by a single street called the First Line. In the 20s of the last century, an asphalt surface appeared on it. It was renamed the street named after the famous revolutionary Artem.

Today it is a busy ten-kilometer highway with heavy traffic. It houses theaters, educational institutions, business centers, hotels, shopping malls and other important urban infrastructure facilities. Among the most interesting objects are the opera and music-drama theaters, the building of the former Ministry of Coal Industry.

In 1938, four testers conducted experiments in the stratosphere on the effect of high altitude pressure on the human body. They flew on a special substratostat filled with hydrogen. When the oxygen equipment failed, they died from suffocation. The gondola of the device fell in a city park.

In this place in 1953, a two-meter bronze monument was erected depicting a pilot peering into the sky. Below it is a five-pointed star and a memorial plaque with bas-reliefs of four fallen stratonauts.

Location: Pushkin Boulevard-2.

In the city park of culture and recreation in 1984, the Monument to the liberators of Donbass from the Nazi invaders in 1943 was built. This is one of the largest sculptural complexes in this region of Ukraine. Next to it is a site where military equipment from the war period is exhibited.

There is a memory bell, a stele in honor of underground fighters and partisans, and a veteran's park. In the interior of the monument there is a museum of the Great Patriotic War with a rich exhibition and a hall of military newsreels, various thematic exhibitions are shown.

Location: Park of Culture and Leisure named after. Lenin Komsomol.

In the center of Donetsk, shows are regularly held at the Nemo Dolphinarium. It is part of a network of similar complexes with the same name. The performances include bottlenose dolphins - Black Sea dolphins, fur seals from South America and sea lions. The entertainment enterprise, along with making a profit, popularizes knowledge about the inhabitants of the seas.

The Dolphinarium provides adults and children with opportunities to snorkel and swim with dolphins. Dolphin therapy sessions are organized here. In the future, it should turn into a multi-level complex with underwater reservoirs, hotels and restaurants. Unfortunately, there was a fire in the dolphinarium and nothing is known about possible restoration yet.

Location: Stadionnaya street - 1D.

There are no similar museums in Ukraine. It appeared thanks to the activities of the Heritage charitable foundation. The museum's funds were replenished by exhibits received from Ukraine and Russia, gifts from photojournalists and residents of other cities. There are fascinating exhibitions about the work of journalists who captured many outstanding events with their cameras. Particular attention is paid to photojournalists of Donbass.

The museum houses their personal belongings, awards, documents and photographs. There is a unique collection of photographic equipment here, and a photography library has been created.

Location: Shakespeare street - 11.

Aquosphere" - one of the largest and most modern in Ukraine. It was opened in December 2012. Its uniqueness is that the huge dome of the room can be moved apart, and visitors spend time in the open air. Five thousand people can relax in it at the same time. There are several unique water slides here.

There is a 25-meter-high, 85-meter-long complex attraction, a calm river and a wave pool. An artificial beach and a special area for children have been created. The water park is among the ten best in Europe.

Location: Shcherbakov Park, Stadionnaya Street - 1st.

In front of the Donetsk City Council there is a copy of the Tsar Cannon located in the Moscow Kremlin. It was manufactured at one of the enterprises of the Russian Izhevsk and donated to the city by the Moscow government. This was a reciprocal gesture to the gift to the capital of Russia of a copy of the unique Mertsalov Palm.

Unlike the original, the cannon installed in Donetsk differs in that its barrel is cast from cast iron rather than bronze. It is 6 cm shorter than the original and weighs 44 tons. The cannon, along with a 20-ton carriage, was delivered to the city by two powerful tractors.

One of the most important landmarks is the stadium with that name. It was built in 2009 and is the base of the famous football club Shakhtar. It is natural that the design of the complex is made in black and yellow team colors. It is often called a flying saucer due to its special roof design and completely glass-enclosed façade.

Huge 53 thousand capacity arena amazes with the originality of the architectural solution. Those entering the stadium are greeted by a fountain, which is a 28-ton granite ball rotating in two powerful jets of water. It is a contender for inclusion in the Guinness Book of Records as the world's largest rotating ball.

Location: Chelyuskintsev street - 189e.

Since 2008, the city has had a renovated planetarium, which has been operating since 1962. Today it is the best of two hundred digital planetariums in the world. It is equipped with the most modern digital equipment that allows you to create three-dimensional images of the planets of the solar system, the effect of presence in space travel.

Here, unique audio and visual effects are simulated, and family viewings of films about cosmonautics and astronomy are organized. The planetarium is named after pilot-cosmonaut G.T. Beregovoy.

Location: Artema street - 46B.

Near the city administration you can see a park of metal sculptures. It represents unique works of art made by outstanding blacksmiths of Donetsk and Ukraine. It began in 2001 with a dozen forged sculptures. Now there are more than one and a half hundred of them.

Location: Artema street - 98.

Installed opposite the Olympic sports complex and depicts the great athlete Sergei Nazarovich Bubka. He is a thirty-five-time world record holder in pole vaulting, a six-time world champion and an Olympic champion. Today S.N. Bubka is a member of the International Olympic Committee, chairman of the National Olympic Committee of Ukraine, an honorary citizen of Donetsk.

The monument was erected in August 1999. It is a sculpture of an athlete with a pole preparing to jump. The height of the pedestal under the monument, 6 meters 15 centimeters, is equal to the record set by the athlete in indoor pole vaulting.

Location: Artema street - 145.

This monument to those killed in the Great Patriotic War was erected near the Palace of Culture of Metallurgists. In this place, during the occupation of Donetsk by Nazi troops, a concentration camp was created where 25 thousand Soviet prisoners of war were kept. Dead prisoners were buried in the park near the Palace of Culture.

Later, a hill was raised in this place and a small monument was erected. For the 20th anniversary of the Victory over Germany, a monument of six twelve-meter pylons was erected. They are connected at the top by a wreath welded from metal sheets. There is an eternal flame between the pylons; they are illuminated from the inside. Victory Day and the anniversary of the liberation of the city are celebrated here annually.

Location: Kuibysheva street-67.

Next to the railway station built in 1951, in the premises of a former depot, a unique museum of the history of the Donetsk Railway was opened in 2001. Its peculiarity is that here you can see rare examples of railway rolling stock. These are over fifty locomotives and carriages of different years of production, more than a thousand other rare exhibits.

These include the carriage of Marshal K.E. Voroshilov, made in 1898, and the legendary steam locomotive “Cuckoo”. In addition to archival documents and photographs, you can see here railway tools and apparatus, a Morse telegraph, and uniforms of railway workers of yesteryear.

Location: Artemovskaya street - 47.

Every city has a history and heroes. Donetsk is a young city, and therefore cannot boast of a rich past. The official date of his birth is 1869 - the beginning of construction of the metallurgical plant. Consequently, our city of Donetsk, previously called Yuzovka, then Stalino, is only 140 years old. However, even in such a short period of time, the capital of Donbass managed to capture a short history of its “life” in its open spaces. Now in Donetsk there are 16 architectural monuments and 262 historical and cultural monuments - sculptures, memorials, memorial signs, memorial plaques.

Of the main memorable places in Donetsk, the first to be highlighted is the house where the founder of the city, namely John Hughes, once lived. It’s no wonder that the house itself now bears his name and is called nothing less than.

This is Yuz's second home and was built in 1974. At first it was a one-story building consisting of 8 rooms. The façade was made of red brick and the roof was covered with iron. Behind the house there were outbuildings. Not far from the house there was a large garden. The estate itself was surrounded by a fence made of wild sandstone. In front of the house there were flower beds with flowers that decorated the entrance to the house and a path of decorative stones, which made the overall picture even more picturesque.

At first, Yuz and his sons lived in the house, but soon his wife, daughter and youngest son arrived from England. The wife wanted to make the house even more spacious and add a second floor to it. For this occasion, John hired one of the best architects from England. However, the construction of the house was repeatedly interrupted. This was due to sudden tragic events in the family: first, the youngest son of Iuz died, followed by John's wife. And a few years later he himself died.

The Yuz brothers resumed reconstruction of the house. A few years later its construction was completed. The house, built of pink and scarlet brick, was made in Renaissance style. The first floor was decorated with a terrace with a Renaissance arcade. On the second floor there was a spacious balcony, from the windows of which a wonderful view of the city and the metallurgical plant opened. A gentle staircase of small height and width led from the main entrance to the courtyard. The yard was paved with paving stones and decorated with flower beds, fountains, gazebos, twined with vines.

The brothers lived here until 1903. Then its owners were the managers Anderson, Svitsyn and other directors of the metallurgical plant.

The building was badly damaged during the Second World War. It was finally repaired only in the early 1980s. After the war, the house housed a maternity hospital, a non-alcoholic beverage production cooperative, and a deaf-mute society cooperative. However, in the late 1990s, the building was rented by a closed enterprise. The new owners do not allow strangers near the house.

Everyone knows that our city is the heart of the Donetsk coal basin and is famous for the work of its miners. That is why monument “ Glory to miners' labor” is the “calling card” of Donetsk.

The monument is located in the center of Miner's Square, right at the entrance to the city center from the north. The monument, symbolizing the main profession of Donetsk, was created by sculptor Konstantin Efimovich Rakityansky and architect Pavel Isaakovich Vigdergauz.

It is a full-length sculpture of a miner holding a piece of coal in his outstretched right hand. The material for making the sculpture was cast iron, its weight is 22 tons, and for coal - aluminum, its weight is 90 kilograms.

Boris Gorb, a molder at the foundry shop of the Donetsk regional plant “Remkommunelektrotrans”, where the figure was cast, posed for the sculpture.

An interesting fact is that the miner's sculpture was originally made in the form of a figurine as a gift for Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev. True, for some reasons the gift never reached the hands of the first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and, on the initiative of Degtyarev, a monument was created on the basis of this figurine.

After the reconstruction of Shakhtarskaya Square, the monument was moved slightly, its pedestal was made higher. In addition, the miner used to have a cape around his neck, but it was removed when the monument was moved.

Monument to N.S. Bubke

Monument to N.S. Bubke. Our region is also famous for its athletes! Our fellow countryman, Sergei Nazarovich Bubka, is a 10-time world record holder and Olympic champion. A lifetime monument was erected to such an honorary citizen of Donetsk near one of the largest sports complexes, “Olympic”. The monument was erected in 1999, under the leadership of architect V.S. Buchka and sculptor N.V. Yasinenko.

It is a bronze sculpture of an athlete with a pole in his hands, who is preparing to perform a jump. At the right knee of the sculpture is a flying swallow.

The height of the monument itself is 3.5 meters. The length of the pedestal on which the sculpture stands is 6 meters 15 centimeters. Sports fans know that this is the record height of Sergei Bubka's jump.

Residents of Yuzovka also strived for education, like modern youth. One of the oldest educational institutions in Donetsk is “Brotherhood school” . It was founded by the church brotherhood of the Transfiguration Church in 1896. Just 7 years later, a three-story building was built for the school, which was one of the tallest buildings in Yuzovka.

It was a church school, but it also taught secular subjects, the same as in secondary schools. Children from families of any income could study there - from merchants to workers. A little later, in 1925, the Stalin Regional Museum of Local Lore functioned on the second floor of the school.

During the Great Patriotic War, the school building was dilapidated. While its reconstruction was carried out, the Donetsk Pedagogical Institute was located in the building. However, the building area was too small for the institute. Students studied in two shifts, evening classes were held, but this did not save the situation. Additional classes and consultations were sometimes held in the corridors and even on the stairs! Only thanks to the joint efforts of teachers and students was the building completely renovated, and in 1959 the Pedagogical Institute allowed itself to move to new academic buildings.

Then an incomplete secondary school functioned here, and a little later - an evening school for working youth. After a while, even a car driving school was organized here. The building currently hosts evening school classes.

In Donetsk there is also memorial sign “Bochum” . This gift is from the German city of Bochum. In 1997, city representatives gave us a copy of their famous bell, which was cast in 1949. The Donetsk copy, however, is 10 times smaller than the original.

The bell, installed in front of the town hall in Bochum, is the first bell in the world to be produced by shaped steel casting. It was cast by Bochum foundry Jakob Mayer in 1851. At the World Exhibition in Paris in 1867, his work was a great success. Mayer even became envious of Alfred Krupp, his competitor. He claimed that the bell was cast from cast iron. However, justice prevailed and the value of the bell was proven.

Now such an expensive gift decorates the territory near the administration building of the Donetsk City Council. The Donetsk residents appreciated the gift, and with their inherent belief in miracles, they also awarded the bell with “supernatural powers.” They say that if you make a wish near the Bochum bell while the church is ringing nearby, it will definitely come true!

Pogodin Ilya

Project Manager:

Voloshchuk Anna Nikolaevna

Institution:

Municipal educational institution "School No. 1" of the city of Zhdanovka

In the presented research project about the archaeological monuments of Donbass, the author conducts a chronology of archaeological cultures that existed on the territory of Donbass. This research work also examines archaeological sites of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic eras, and also provides information about nomads on the Donbass land.

In this research work on the history of "Archaeological monuments of Donbass", the author explores and systematizes information about the archaeological monuments of the culture of Donbass in the period from Primitive times to the times of Kievan Rus. During the preparation of the project, scientific and educational literature, articles in periodicals of Donbass and the Russian Federation were used.

In the process of a research project on history on the topic "Archaeological monuments of Donbass", historical and theoretical information about the work and research of archaeologists in Donbass is reviewed and studied, an analysis of their works is presented, as well as a description of the archaeological monuments they discovered from different eras.

Introduction
1. Archaeological sites of the Paleolithic era.
2. Archaeological sites of the Mesolithic and Neolithic era.
3. Archaeological monuments of the Cimmerian culture era.
4. Scythian burial mounds.
5. Sarmatian culture.
6. Chernyakhov archaeological culture.
7. Nomads on the territory of Donbass.
8. Reserve " Stone graves»
conclusions
Bibliography

Introduction

I think that every cultured person who loves his homeland should study its history. This is very curious and interesting.

Donetsk region– one of the most interesting historical and cultural regions of the South of Eastern Europe. The regions of the Northern Azov and Podontsovo regions have a large number of monuments of different periods. By 1985 there were over 2 thousand.

On the territory of our region, traces of not only primitive man were discovered, but also sites of people from the Mesolithic and Neolithic eras. It is also a well-known fact that the Donetsk steppes were inhabited by nomads for more than 15 centuries.

The object of my research are archaeological monuments of Donbass, and the subject is Stone Age human sites and monuments of the period of nomads on the territory of Donbass.

This topic is very relevant currently. Today, more than ever, there is a growing need to consolidate our society, strengthen spiritual unity, interethnic harmony, cultivate a sense of patriotism, and pride in our region - Donbass.

Target . In my work, I tried to research and systematize information about the archaeological monuments of the culture of Donbass in the period from Primitive times to the times of Kievan Rus. During the preparation, scientific and educational literature, articles in periodicals of Donbass and the Russian Federation were used.

Our region attracted the attention of historians back in the 19th century. Its archaeological study goes back more than a hundred years. This period of time, in terms of the scale of work and focus, can be divided into several periods related to the history of the region. It is worth highlighting the pre-revolutionary period, especially the beginning of the 20th century, when the study of ancient monuments turned the region into a kind of standard of archaeological cultures of different eras.

The second period can include the 20–30s. This is the time of work of enthusiastic local historians (N.V. Sibilev, S.A. Loktyushev, P.M. Pinevich, M.V. Evseev), who discovered wonderful monuments that attracted the attention of academic science to the Donbass. This is, for example, the discovery of the Mariupol burial ground and the Amvrosievskaya site.

This same period can be extended until the mid-60s, since work during the war and restoration of the national economy was stopped and resumed only in the mid-50s.

Since the mid-60s, systematic and systematic work has begun in the region. Since 1971, new construction expeditions of the Academy of Sciences have been working in the Donetsk and Lugansk regions. A notable contribution to the study of monuments in the region was made by famous Ukrainian archaeologists S. S. Berezanskaya, D. Ya. Telegin,

O.G. Shaposhnikova, V.N. Gladilin, S.N. Bratchenko, who carried out excavations of Paleolithic and Neolithic sites, settlements, and burial grounds of the Bronze Age. In the 70–80s. Donetsk, North Donetsk, Azov archaeological expeditions of the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR worked.

A significant factor that influenced the nature of archaeological work in the region was the creation of Donetsk State University in 1965. DonSU has concentrated teachers and staff who are passionate and devoted to archeology (D. S. Tsveibel, T. A. Shapovalov,

V. Ya. Ustenko, A. A. Moruzhenko). It was they who trained a group of students who launched further research into archaeological sites in the Donetsk region. Every year archaeological teams went into the field, archaeological circles and scientific seminars began to work at the department, and for many years excavations of a Timber-frame culture settlement near the village were carried out. Ilyichevka (T. A. Shapovalov).

D. S. Tsveibel discovered a number of new Stone Age monuments, research began on the remains of ancient metallurgical production on the territory of the Artemovsky district (S. I. Tatarinov), settlements of the Timber-frame culture (O. Ya. Privalova), medieval settlements (M. L. Shvetsov) .

The archaeological study of the Donetsk region has received a new impetus since 1978, when a new-building archaeological expedition began to operate at the Department of Archaeology, History of the Ancient World and the Middle Ages of Donetsk State University on the initiative of A. A. Moruzhenko and under her leadership. Its employees were actively engaged in security excavations of mounds in the construction zones of reclamation irrigation systems, structures and industrial facilities.

Over 8 years (1978–1985), 111 mounds were excavated and 535 burials were examined. Along with this, work was carried out to identify and record archaeological sites in order to register burial mounds.

The results of the work of Donetsk archaeologists were approvingly assessed by specialists at various conferences and meetings. During these years, archaeological research was also carried out by employees of the Donetsk Regional Museum of Local Lore. In parallel with field work, the painstaking collection of material for the archaeological monuments of Donbass was carried out by O. Ya. Privalova and A. I. Privalov. This work culminated in the publication of " List of monuments of Donetsk region».

In the 70s, seven archaeological expeditions (Donetsk State University, museum, society for the protection of historical and cultural monuments) worked in the territory of the Donetsk region alone. Invaluable assistance in the work was provided by archaeological circles of schools and Palaces of Pioneers. Sometimes schoolchildren turned out to be the main research force of the expedition. Archaeological specialists remember with gratitude the work of archaeological circles in the city of Novoazovsk, village. Kalchik, Volodarsky district, Donetsk, Artemovsk, Enakievo, Gorlovka, Kurakhovo. For many members of the circle, archeology has become a profession.

It should be noted that in the period 1965–1985. The Donetsk school of archaeologists was formed, uniting specialists from various fields (Paleolithics, Bronze Ages, nomads). Much credit for this belongs to the teachers of Donetsk State University.

Thanks to the wide scope of archaeological excavations during this period, colossal material was accumulated, which allows us to trace the continuous history of the tribes and peoples who lived in the Donetsk region from ancient times to the 15th–16th centuries, and to develop a number of problems of the Stone Age, Bronze Age and the Middle Ages.

1. Archaeological monuments of Donbass of the Paleolithic era

Archaeological research indicate that the territory of the Donetsk region has been inhabited since ancient times. About 150 thousand years ago, hunters of elephants and cave bears lived on the spurs of the Donetsk Ridge (confirmation of this are finds near Artemovsk and Makeevka). Ancient Stone Age sites were discovered near Amvrosievka, in the upper reaches of the Kazennaya Balka rivers, near the villages of Bogorodichnoye, Prishib and Tatyanovka.

Thanks to archaeological searches and excavations, it is known that not far from the place where the city of Khartsyzsk is located today, people appeared in the Middle Paleolithic (from “palaios” - ancient and “litos” - stone) or the Old Stone Age at the end of the Acheulean era approximately 130 thousand years before AD This is evidenced by rare finds characteristic of this cultural and chronological period of history - hand axes.

The favorite material for making stone tools was flint. It pricks easily and produces a sharp and durable edge. Flint is harder than glass and can easily be used to process wood, bone and other materials. A piece of flint was processed with a small stone chipper. Chips and cores (nuclei) were formed - what was beaten off. Then the flint chip was chipped with small chips, which are called retouch.

With its help, various products were made. The most characteristic tool of the initial period of the Middle Paleolithic are hand axes. These are large tools with a pointed end and a rounded heel for gripping in the hand. The chopper was processed on both sides. It was intended for cutting animal carcasses, cutting branches and other operations, that is, it was universal.

In terms of its scale and the number of items found, the Amvrosievskaya site, discovered near the city of Amvrosievka in the Kazennaya ravine on the banks of the Krynka River in 1935 by the remarkable Donetsk archaeologist and local historian V.M. Evseev, is the largest known Late Paleolithic monument in Europe. The parking area is about 6 hectares. One of the most unique finds of the Paleolithic era was discovered here - a stone handaxe, whose age is determined to be approximately 200 thousand years.

Amvrosievskoe chopper, like all flint products of this time, is covered with a white patina (patina on the surface). The patina testifies to the very great antiquity of the find. In 1971, not far from Khartsyzsk, in the northeast of Makeyevka, archaeologists find another silicon handaxe. It is also covered with patina. The flint handaxe from Makeevka is one of the most impressive early Middle Paleolithic finds in Donbass. Hand axes made of silicon are intended for cutting branches and cutting up animal carcasses.

When beaten, fresh silicon produces sharp cutting edges and, at the same time, is so hard that primitive man prefers it to other natural materials. Primitive man also used pieces of wood, horns, and bones as tools. Similar hand axes were found at the site of ancient camps near the city of Artemovsk. They are also covered with patina. Remains of archanthrope camps have also been preserved in Izyum, near Lugansk, near the village of Kirovo, Artemovsky district. All these finds indicate a rare but uniform settlement of the region.

Kostishche at the Amvrosievskaya site contains the bones of about 1000 bison. In ancient times, a bison path ran along the ravine, along which they climbed from the watering hole to the steppe. For many years, mostly in the fall, hunters set up an ambush on the trail and killed several steppe giants with spears. The spears were equipped with horn and wooden tips with flint inserts.

The bison were butchered here. The most valuable parts of the carcass were taken to a neighboring site, leaving heavy skulls with horns, leg bones and others at the slaughter site. Over many years of successful hunting, the ravine was almost completely filled with the bones of animals killed by hunters. Along with the remains of bison, fragments of arrowheads, flint inserts and knives were found. In total, 15,000 different flint objects were found.

In between driven collective hunts, when the whole clan gathered together, small groups of hunters wandered in search of small herds or single animals. At the places where hunters stopped for short periods, the remains of hearths, animal bones and flint products have been preserved. Traces of such short-term camps were discovered near the village of Kuibyshevo, Volodarsky district. Over many millennia, these remains (archaeologists call them the cultural layer) were covered with a layer of earth and soil and now lie at great depths.

In the more northern regions of Ukraine at that time, mammoth and reindeer dominated. Hunters specialized in hunting these animals. People learned to build round houses - semi-dugouts - from mammoth bones. The remains of such houses, in contrast to the light hut-like dwellings of buffalo hunters, have been well preserved to this day. In our region, traces of mammoth hunters were found near the village of Prishib, Slavyansky district, in the north of Lugansk region.

About 100 thousand years ago, the archanthropes were replaced by paleoanthropes (ancient people). They were more advanced ancestors of modern people. They are often called Neanderthals. Paleoanthropes knew how not only to maintain a fire, but also to start it. Their speech was still undeveloped. At the same time, the first ideological ideas and the custom of burying their dead relatives appeared among paleoanthropes.

Paleoanthropes were well adapted to the harsh conditions of the Ice Age and successfully hunted bison, saiga, cave bears, mammoths, deer and other animals. The main hunting weapons of the paleoanthropes were throwing spears with flint tips. Stone tools were made with special care. Scrapers, knives, points and other tools have a variety of shapes. Different groups of paleoanthropists made stone tools in different ways.

In Donetsk region Several dozen sites from this time are known. In terms of size and amount of household waste, they are much larger than the archanthrope camps. In 1962-1965. archaeologists carefully excavated two ancient sites of paleoanthropists near the village of Antonovka, Maryinsky district. Bison bones and many tools processed on both sides were found here.

In 1968-1970 Donetsk archaeologist D.S. Tsveibel explored a site of this era in the village of Belokuzminovka, Konstantinovsky district. Cores, flint fragments, side scrapers and tools with jagged edges were found. Another monument is known near the village of Kurdyumovka not far from Artemovsk. In the ancient layer at a depth of about 10 meters lay the bones of ancient bison and rhinoceros, flint scrapers and pointed points.

In the process of work, the stone tools of the paleoanthropes wore out, the blades became worn out and became dull. Examination of traces of work on the blades under a microscope shows that most stone tools were intended for butchering the carcasses of killed animals. In addition, traces of work on leather and wood have been preserved. This indicates the paleoanthropists’ skills in making primitive clothing from animal skins and some kind of wooden devices (spear shafts, knife handles, baskets, beaters, etc.).

Judging by the nature of the wear of stone tools, the main occupation of paleoanthropes was well-organized hunting of large animals. The harvested animal was completely eaten at the slaughter site. The main hunting object of Donbass paleoanthropes were large ungulates, mainly bison. Bones of deer, horses, and wolves were also found at sites in the Azov region.

Scientists believe that the bulk of archanthropes and paleoanthropes came to Eastern Europe from the west. The physical appearance of the paleoanthropes of Donbass is still poorly known. Judging by the discovery of a tooth at a site near the city of Taganrog in the Azov region, local paleoanthropes were close in their development to modern humans.

In 1996, not far from the city of Khartsyzsk, near the village of Proletarskoye, monuments from the Late Paleolithic period were discovered in the Quaternary deposits of an ancient ravine. They are open by G.P. Pimenov - head of the "Young Archaeologists" circle at the House of Pioneers and Schoolchildren in Khartsyzsk.

According to the definition of senior researcher of the archeology department of the Donetsk Regional Museum of Local Lore, Yu.G. Koval's collected material (prismatic plates) is typical for Late Paleolithic sites in the steppe zone. In this era, a person of a modern physical type appears for the first time - a non-anthrope or Cro-Magnon man (Homo sapiens).

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