Summary of educational activities on local history with children of the preparatory group “Peoples of the Middle Urals. Peoples of the Southern Urals

Features of the formation of the national composition of the Sverdlovsk region

Chapter 1. Formation of the indigenous peoples of the Urals

For many centuries, the Urals remained a crossroads for many peoples. Its geographical location at the junction of Europe and Asia largely predetermined the multi-ethnic composition of the population and its diverse and complex ethnic history. Researchers believe that the ancient Urals belong to the Ural-Altai ethnolinguistic community, and suggest that in the middle of 4 thousand BC. e ancient Ural population was divided into two branches: eastern (presumably the ancestors of the Samoyeds) and western (Finno-Ugric community). In 2 thousand BC. e. The Finno-Ugric community split into Finno-Perm (ancestors of the Komi - Permyaks and Udmurts) and Ugric (ancestors of the Khanty and Mansi) branches. It is these peoples who belong to the aboriginal population of the Urals.

1.1 Komi-Permyaks of the Kama region

The archaeological culture of the Komi - Permyaks - Rodanovskaya (9-15 centuries) - got its name from the settlement of the same name. Rodanovo ancient settlement is one of the largest and most interesting monuments. Now over 300 similar settlements have been discovered in the forested Kama region. During this period, fortified settlements became not only craft and economic centers, but also administrative centers. The economy of the Rodonov people was complex, but at the same time it differed in the ratio of industries depending on natural conditions. In the southern regions, arable farming was developed (there are many archaeological finds of millstones for grinding grain, braids for pink salmon, pits for grain storage), cattle breeding (mainly cow breeding), and less - hunting and fishing. The settlements had large and small log houses. In the northern regions, shifting agriculture was more developed, as well as commercial hunting and fishing. Of the wild animal bones found, about half belong to beavers. Metal processing reached a craft level among the Rodanites. The social structure of the autochthons of the Kama region was characterized by a transition from a tribal community to a neighboring one.

1.2 Komi - Zyryans

The origin of the Komi-Zyryans is currently associated with the Vanvizda (5th - 10th centuries) and subsequent Vym cultures. Vanvizda monuments are distributed from the Middle Pechera to the upper reaches of the river. Kama, from the Ural Mountains to the Northern Dvina. These are unfortified settlements and ground burial grounds. At the settlements, above-ground dwellings, outbuildings and production sites were excavated, including metalological ones: accumulation of slag, crucibles, foundry molds). The main occupations of the population: hunting, fishing and animal husbandry. The center of the formation of the Komi-Zyryan culture was the river valley. Vym. During the formation of the Komi-Zyryan ethnic group, the Baltic Finns and Slavs had a great influence. Monuments of the Vym culture (settlements and burial grounds) are located near modern Komi villages (the topographical position of both is the same). Residents built above-ground dwellings. The funeral rite records the connection with the river and the cult of fire. The monuments contain many metal decorations - bells, strings, etc. A large number of settlements on the river. You could have been connected with the maintenance of the trade route from Rus' to Siberia. Objects of Russian and Western European origin (German, Czech, Danish coins, Russian jewelry and ceramics) were found in the burial grounds.

1.3 Udmurts

As already mentioned, at the end of the 1st millennium AD. e. The Udmurt language stands out from the general Perm linguistic community. Different groups of the population took part in the formation of the Udmurt ethnic group (the old Russian name for the Udmurts is Otyaks or Votyaks, the Turkic ones are Ars). Several archaeological cultures are known that reflect these processes. At this time, fortified villages turned into proto-cities. One of these monuments was the Idnakar settlement on the river. Cap. Its area is about 40 thousand square meters. m. Between the outer and inner ramparts there was a populated area (like a posad in Russian cities), and the central area resembled a fortified Kremlin. This was the center of the northern Udmurts. It got its name from the name of the hero - Prince Idna.

At the site, objects made of metal and bone, made with great skill, were found. There are other known settlements associated with the names of heroes - princes - Guryakar, Vesyakar.

During this period, the Udmurt population experienced an increase in arable farming, the development of livestock farming, and crafts, including jewelry and metallurgy, which were not inferior in level to village ones. Based on the finds at the ancient settlements, we can talk about the influence and contacts of the Udmurts with the Volga Bulgars and Russia. The process of consolidation and formation of statehood among the Udmurts that had begun was disrupted in the 13th century. Due to the displacement of the population under the onslaught of the Mongol-Tatars.

In the forest belt of the Urals from the river. Vishera and Lozva to Pyshma and Iset in the 10th -13th centuries. There was a Yudin culture, the main features of which coincide with the later Mansi culture. Fortifications and burial grounds of this time are known. Fortifications were built on high river banks or on relatively low terraces. They were surrounded by a 2-3 meter ditch and a rampart, in the construction of which wooden structures were used. The area of ​​the settlements ranged from 400 to 300 square meters. At the Yudinskoye settlement, parallel to the rampart, there were two types of dwellings: tent-type (light) and log houses.

In the burial rite of the Yudin people, there is a cult of the horse, extensive use of fire, and the placement of broken things in the grave (Likinsky burial ground). At the monuments of the Yudin culture, pottery and figurines of seated people, iron knives, arrowheads, fishhooks, axes, jewelry - bells, bracelets, earrings, and noisy pendants were found. Among the listed things there are Slavic, Ural and local ones. The population was engaged in hunting and fishing. The Yudin culture is genetically connected with monuments of the 6th - 9th centuries. in this territory. Based on the funeral rites, patterns, housing design, and the similarity of family signs and images on the writings, the Yudin culture can be defined as the culture of the Mansi ancestors.

1.5 Samoyeds

Polar zone of the Northern Urals and the lower reaches of the river. Ob in the 1st-2nd millennium AD. were the habitat of the ancestors of the Samoyeds. In the Ural language family, the Nenets, together with the Enets, Nganasans and Selkups, form a special Samoyedic group.

Samoidians (Russian medieval sources called them Samoyeds) is an ancient ethnonym that is repeated in different forms in the names of tribes and clans of some peoples of Siberia. Some researchers are attracted here by the name males (the Sami or Lapps currently live on the Kola Peninsula, as well as in the northern regions of Norway, Sweden and Finland).

Some scientists associate the formation of the peoples of the Samoyed group with the Kulai culture (V century BC - V century AD), which developed in the territory of the Middle Ob region. Recently, another point of view has emerged about the autochthonous origin of the ancestors of the Samoyeds in the north of Western Siberia, where the continuity of archaeological cultures from the Chalcolithic to the early Iron Age can be traced. “Stone Samoyed,” as the Russians later called the Northern Ural Samoyeds, roamed the Bolshezemelskaya tundra - from Pechora to the Ural ridge.

The formation of the Mari ethnic community on the territory of the Volga-Vyatka interfluve dates back to the 1st millennium AD. Already Jordanes, a Gothic historian of the 6th century, knew the ancient Mari under the name “Oremiscan”. In a Khazar document of the 10th century. they are referred to as “ts-r-mis”, and the ancient Russian chronicler calls them “cheremisya”. The neighboring tribes of the Udmurts and Mordovians played a major role in the ethnogenesis of the Mari. The southern Mari, who lived in the vicinity of Volga Bulgaria, experienced Turkic influence. After the defeat of the Bulgarian state by the Mongol-Tatars, the Mari began to move to the northeast, pushing the Udmurts to the upper reaches of the Vyatka.

In the economy and development of social relations among the Mari, processes similar to those observed among the Udmurts took place.

1.7 Bashkirs

The formation of the Bashkir ethnic group (self-name - “Bajgard”, “Bashkurt”) was difficult due to the high mobility of the tribes of the steppe and forest-steppe zones. According to some scientists, it was based on ancient Turkic tribes, which during the 8th-9th centuries. wandered in the Aral Sea region and in Kazakhstan. According to others, the role of the Ugric and Iranian components in the formation of the Bashkirs should be taken into account. The settlement of the ancestors of the Bashkirs into their modern territory began in the 9th century. This process was long, and at the same time there was an influx of new population groups. Perhaps in the XII-XIII centuries. The formation of the Bashkir ethnic group was influenced by the advance of the Kipchaks into this area. On a map of the 12th century. Arab geographer Idrisi identified the Bashkirs to the west of the Ural Mountains and to the east of Volga Bulgaria. The center of formation of the Bashkirs was the Belebeevskaya Upland. Their main occupations were pastoral or nomadic cattle breeding, and in the northern regions - hunting and beekeeping.

Thus, ethnic processes in the Urals proceeded in a fairly uniform manner along both slopes of the ridge, although on the eastern slope they were somewhat delayed. These processes were based on the development of the aboriginal population, into which ethnic groups of different origins and numbers were constantly being added. This happened most intensively during the era of the Great Migration of Peoples and in the subsequent period, when the development of tribal unions began. It was then that the foundations of large ethnic communities were laid, which became the direct ancestors of the modern nationalities of the Urals.

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The appearance of man in the Urals

The first man appeared in the Urals approximately 100 thousand years ago. It is possible that this happened earlier, but scientists do not yet have any finds associated with an earlier period. The oldest Paleolithic site of primitive man was discovered in the area of ​​Lake Karabalykty, not far from the village of Tashbulatovo, Abzelilovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Archaeologists O.N. Bader and V.A. Oborin, famous researchers of the Urals, claim that the Proto-Urals were ordinary Neanderthals. It has been established that people moved to this territory from Central Asia. For example, in Uzbekistan, a complete skeleton of a Neanderthal boy was found, whose life span coincided with the first exploration of the Urals. Anthropologists recreated the appearance of a Neanderthal, which was taken as the appearance of the Urals during the settlement of this territory.

Ancient people were not able to survive alone. Danger awaited them at every step, and the capricious nature of the Urals every now and then showed its obstinate disposition. Only mutual assistance and caring for each other helped primitive man to survive. The main activity of the tribes was the search for food, so absolutely everyone was involved, including children. Hunting, fishing, and gathering are the main ways to obtain food.

A successful hunt meant a lot to the entire tribe, so people sought to appease nature with the help of complex rituals. Rituals were performed before the image of certain animals. Evidence of this is the preserved rock paintings, including a unique monument - the Shulgan-tash cave, located on the banks of the Belaya (Agidel) River in the Burzyansky district of Bashkortostan.

Inside, the cave looks like an amazing palace with huge halls connected by wide corridors. The total length of the first floor is 290 m. The second floor is 20 m above the first and stretches 500 m in length. The corridors lead to a mountain lake.

It is on the walls of the second floor that unique drawings of primitive man, created using ocher, have been preserved. Figures of mammoths, horses and rhinoceroses are depicted here. The pictures indicate that the artist saw all this fauna in close proximity.

Mari (Cheremis)

The Mari (Mari) or Cheremis are a Finno-Ugric people. Settled in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. There are Mari villages in the Sverdlovsk region. How did the ethnic community develop by the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD? The neighboring tribes of the Udmurts and Mordovians played a major role in the ethnogenesis of this people. After the defeat of Volga Bulgaria by the Mongol-Tatars, the Mari began to move to the northeast, pushing the Udmurts to the upper reaches of the Vyatka River.

They were first mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic historian Jordan under the name "Oremiscan". The Tatars called these people “cheremysh,” which meant “obstacle.” Before the revolution began in 1917, the Mari were usually called Cheremis or Cheremis, but then this word was considered offensive and was removed from use. Now this name is returning again, especially in the scientific world.

Udmurts

The formation of the ancient Udmurts happened as a result of the mixing of Finno-Perm and Ugric peoples in the 9th century AD. The ancestors of the Udmurts were formed in the interfluve of the Volga and Kama rivers. They left two large groups: the southern (they lived on the right bank of the lower reaches of the Kama River and the tributaries of the Vyatka - Vale and Kilmezi) and the northern (they appeared as a result of resettlement to the Vyatka, Cheptsa and Upper Kama region after the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century). The main city of the Udmurts was, apparently, Idnakar - a fortified craft, trade and administrative center.

The ancestors of the northern Udmurts were representatives of the Chepetsk culture of the 9th-15th centuries, and the southern Udmurts were representatives of the Chumoitlin and Kochergin cultures. According to historians, by the 16th century the number of Udmurts did not exceed 3.5-4 thousand people.

Nagaibaki

There are several versions of the origin of this nation. According to one of them, they may be descendants of Naiman warriors, Turks who were Christians. The Nagaibaks are representatives of the ethnographic group of baptized Tatars of the Volga-Ural region. These are the indigenous people of the Russian Federation. Nagaibak Cossacks took part in all large-scale battles of the 18th century. They live in the Chelyabinsk region.

Tatars

The Tatars are the second largest people in the Urals (after the Russians). Most Tatars live in Bashkiria (about 1 million). There are many completely Tatar villages in the Urals. Significant migrations of Volga Tatars to the Urals were observed in the 18th century.

The Agafurovs were in the past one of the most famous merchants of the Urals among the Tatars

Culture of the peoples of the Urals

The culture of the peoples of the Urals is quite unique and original. Until the Urals ceded to Russia, many local peoples did not have their own written language. However, over time, these same peoples knew not only their own language, but also Russian.

The amazing legends of the peoples of the Urals are full of bright, mysterious plots. As a rule, the action is associated with caves and mountains, various treasures.

It is impossible not to mention the unsurpassed skill and imagination of folk craftsmen. The products of craftsmen made from Ural minerals are widely known. They can be seen in leading museums in Russia.

The region is also famous for wood and bone carvings. The wooden roofs of traditional houses, laid without the use of nails, are decorated with carved “ridges” or “hens”. Among the Komi, it is customary to place wooden figures of birds on separate poles near the house. There is such a thing as “Perm animal style”. Just look at the ancient figurines of mythical creatures cast in bronze, found during excavations.

Kasli casting is also famous. These are amazing in their sophistication creations made of cast iron. Masters created the most beautiful candelabra, figurines, sculptures and jewelry. This direction has gained authority in the European market.

A strong tradition is the desire to have your own family and love for children. For example, the Bashkirs, like other peoples of the Urals, revere their elders, so the main members of families are grandparents. Descendants know by heart the names of the ancestors of seven generations.

PEOPLES OF THE MIDDLE URAL, SVERDLOVSK REGION: Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Mari, Germans, Azerbaijanis, Udmurts, Belarusians, Armenians, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Chuvash, Kyrgyz, Mordovians, Jews, Kazakhs, Gypsies, Moldavians, Chinese, Georgians, Greeks , Poles, Komi-Permyaks, Yezidis, Lezgins, Koreans, Bulgarians, Chechens, Avars, Ossetians, Lithuanians, Komi, Latvians, Ingush, Turkmens, Yakuts, Estonians, Kumyks, Dargins, Mansi Indigenous peoples of the Urals Voguls are Russian Hungarians. The original Uralian - who is he? For example, the Bashkirs, Tatars and Mari have lived in this region for only a few centuries. However, even before the arrival of these peoples, this land was inhabited. On the territory of the Sverdlovsk region, in addition to the Tatars and Mari, the Mansi have a compact settlement, whose settlements are located in the north. The Mansi are characterized by a very specific settlement network, which is a reflection of a semi-nomadic way of life - very unstable and changeable. In the Verkhoturye district of the Perm province at the beginning of the 20th century. there were 24 settlements of the Voguls (Mansi), in which about 2 thousand people lived [see: Chagin, 1995.85]. In 1928, 7 Mansi villages were noted in the Tagil district of the Ural region. But, apparently, this is an incomplete list. In archival documents, 36 nomadic villages were noted in 1930, and 28 in 1933. The indigenous people were the Mansi, called Voguls before the revolution. On the map of the Urals you can now find rivers and settlements called “Vogulka”. The Mansi are a small people, which includes 5 groups isolated from each other according to their habitat: Verkhoturye (Lozvinskaya), Cherdynskaya (Visherskaya), Kungurskaya (Chusovskaya), Krasnoufimskaya (Klenovsko-Bisertskaya), Irbitskaya. Today there are fewer and fewer Mansi left. At the same time, only a couple of dozen people live according to old traditions. Young people are looking for a better life and don’t even know the language. In search of income, young Mansi tend to go to the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug to get an education and earn money. Komi-Permyaks Komi-Permyaks living in the Perm region appeared towards the end of the first millennium. Since the 12th century, Novgorodians entered this territory, engaged in the exchange and trade of furs. Bashkirs Mentions of the Bashkirs are found in chronicles starting from the 10th century. They were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, fishing, hunting, and beekeeping. In the 10th century they were annexed to the Volga Bulgaria and during the same period Islam penetrated there. In 1229, Bashkiria was attacked by the Mongol-Tatars. In the 17th century, Russians began to actively come to Bashkiria, among whom were peasants, artisans, and traders. The Bashkirs began to lead a sedentary lifestyle. The annexation of the Bashkir lands to Russia caused repeated uprisings of the indigenous inhabitants. The Bashkirs took an active part in the Pugachev uprising (1773-1775). During this period, the national hero of Bashkiria Salavat Yulaev became famous. As punishment for the Yaik Cossacks who took part in the riot, the Yaik River received the name Ural. Mari The Mari or Cheremis are a Finno-Ugric people. Settled in Bashkiria, Tatarstan, Udmurtia. There are Mari villages in the Sverdlovsk region. They were first mentioned in the 6th century by the Gothic historian Jordan. In total, on the territory of the Sverdlovsk region in the 20th century. 39 settlements with a Mari population were noted, located on the territory of the Artinsky, Achitsky, Krasnoufimsky, Nizhneserginsky districts. Nagaibaki There are several versions of the origin of this nation. According to one of them, they may be descendants of Naiman warriors, Turks who were Christians. The Nagaibaks are representatives of the ethnographic group of baptized Tatars of the Volga-Ural region. These are the indigenous people of the Russian Federation. Nagaibak Cossacks took part in all large-scale battles of the 18th century. They live in the Chelyabinsk region. Tatars Tatars are the second largest people in the Urals (after the Russians). Most Tatars live in Bashkiria (about 1 million). There are many completely Tatar villages in the Urals. In total, 88 settlements were identified in the Sverdlovsk region in which Tatars lived, of which 12 had a mixed Bashkir-Tatar population, 42 had a Russian-Tatar population, and one had a Mari-Tatar population. Tatar villages are concentrated mainly in the southwest of the Sverdlovsk region - in the Artinsky, Achitsky, Krasnoufimsky, Nizhneserginsky districts. The nested type of settlement in general is still preserved, and a number of village councils can be identified, which mainly consist of Tatar villages: Russko-Potamsky, Talitsky, Azigulovsky, Ust-Manchazhsky, Bugalyshsky, etc. Mordva in the Middle Urals during the second half of the 20th century. is characterized by a particularly dispersed distribution. In the Sverdlovsk region in 1939 there were 10,755 people, and by 1989 - 15,453 people, and 89.7% of them were city residents. There are no areas of compact Mordovian residence in the rural areas of the Sverdlovsk region. In 1989, 2 settlements were registered here: the village. Keys of Sysertsky district and village. Khomutovka of Pervouralsk, in which a mixed composition of the population is noted, consisting of Russians and Mordovians. Of great interest is the study of the dynamics of Kazakh rural settlements. In 1959 there were 44 of them, and in 1989 - 6. In total, in the territory of the Middle Urals in the second half of the 20th century. 98 auls are registered, which is significantly more than Tatar or Mari villages. We can identify a number of regions where the largest number of Kazakh settlements is observed - the south and southeast of the Sverdlovsk region (Kamyshlovsky, Baikalovsky, Irbitsky, Pyshminsky, Sukholozhsky, Kamensky districts). In the northern and western regions of the region, Kazakh settlements are practically not found. The Middle Urals is currently a region inhabited by representatives of almost 100 nationalities. Geographically, it covers mainly the territory of the Sverdlovsk region, with the exception of its northern regions, as well as part of the Perm and southern Chelyabinsk regions.

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This lesson was developed within the framework of the “Educational and Methodological Complex” in the discipline “Artistic Culture of the Urals”, for students of specialty 072601 Decorative and applied arts and folk crafts (by type) - wood carving and painting. Enlarged group 070000 Culture and art. The discipline “Artistic Culture of the Urals” belongs to the variable part of the BOP cycles.

Lesson topic No. 1.3.:“Peoples inhabiting the Urals” - 2 hours (1 study pair).

Lesson objectives:

• To help consolidate students' knowledge in the field of folk traditions of the artistic and material culture of the peoples inhabiting the Urals (Komi, Khanty, Mansi, Mari, Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Ukrainians, etc.).
• To familiarize students with the features of traditional costume, housing, and rituals of various peoples of the Ural region.
• To promote the formation of aesthetic consciousness of students (the concept of national traditions, the artistic value of folk art; syncretism in folk art).
• To promote students’ interest in their future specialty, in the ancient roots of folk and decorative arts; love for the native land.

Lesson Plan

Control questions:

1. Which peoples inhabiting the Urals are indigenous, and which ones moved to the Urals from other places?
2. What do they call “Ostyaks” and “Voguls” nowadays?
3. Which peoples' music was dominated by wind instruments, which by plucked instruments, and which by strings?
4. Which peoples had permanent dwellings, and which had portable ones (temporary, for nomadic conditions)?
5. What do all the peoples inhabiting the Urals have in common?

Practical task:

Exercise:

1. Using the appliqué method, create a Bashkir striped ornament using the above elements (ram horns, heart, rhombus, wave, fence).
2. Make the elements of the ornament using the technique of cutting out colored paper, contrasting with the background of the ornament.
3. The size of the base for the applique is a sheet of A8 paper (15x20 cm).

• The above elements of the ornament are all mirror symmetrical.
• When cutting out each of them, you need to fold the colored paper in half (A), in four (B) or like an accordion (C).

As a result of mastering the academic discipline, the student should be able to:

• Recognize the studied objects and phenomena of the artistic culture of the Urals and correlate them with a certain era, style, direction;
• Establish stylistic and plot connections in works of folk and academic art of the Ural region;
• Use various sources of information about world artistic culture, incl. artistic culture of the Urals;
• Complete educational creative tasks (reports, messages);
• Use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life to: choose the paths of your cultural development; organizing personal and collective leisure; expressing one’s own judgment about works of classic and contemporary art of the Urals; independent artistic creativity.

As a result of mastering the academic discipline, the student should know:

• The main types and genres of folk and academic art presented in the Urals;
• The main monuments of artistic culture of the Urals;
• Features of the figurative language of various types of art presented in the Urals.

At the end of this course, an in-class test is carried out. The form of the in-class test is: independent work with sources of information, development of a creative essay on a chosen topic.

List of topics to be tested (classroom test)
in the discipline: Artistic culture of the Urals”
For the study group_________

1. The Urals are the border of Europe and Asia.
2. Ural crafts (including artistic ones).
3. Primitive culture of the Urals.
4. Arkaim is an ancient city in the Urals.
5. Culture of the peoples inhabiting the Urals (Khanty, Mansi, Udmurts, Komi, Russians, Tatars, Bashkirs, Ukrainians, etc.).
6. Development of the Urals by Ermak.
7. Wooden architecture of the Urals.
8. My small homeland (Aramil, Sysert, Yekaterinburg, etc.).
9. Artistic crafts of the Urals.
10. Architecture of the mining Urals.
11. Verkhoturye is the spiritual center of the Urals.
12. Literary heritage of the Urals (writers, poets).
13. Artists and sculptors of the Urals.

Sample outline for an essay on the above topics.

1. Introduction (goals, objectives, introduction).
2. Main part.
   1. History of the phenomenon (object, person).
   2. Artistic and cultural signs of a phenomenon (object, person).
   3. Interesting Facts.
   4. Dictionary on the topic.
   5. Personal attitude towards a phenomenon (object, person).
3. Conclusion (formation of conclusions).

Literature for the course “Artistic culture of the Urals”.

1. Murzina I.Ya. Artistic culture of the Urals. Ekaterinburg. Teacher's House Publishing House. 1999 + CD “Artistic culture of the Urals. Murzina I.Ya.”
2. Borodulin V.A. Ural folk painting. Sverdlovsk Middle Ural book publishing house. 1982
3. Voroshilin S.I. Temples of Yekaterinburg. Ekaterinburg. 1995.
4. Zakharov S. It was recently... Notes of an old Sverdlovsk resident. Sverdlovsk Middle Ural book publishing house. 1985
5. Ivanova V.V. and others. Faces and secrets of the “foggy land”. Chronicle of the city of Sysert. Ekaterinburg. 2006.
6. Kopylova V.I. Sverdlovsk Museum of History and Local Lore. Ekaterinburg. Middle Ural book publishing house. 1992
7. Koretskaya T.L. The past should not be forgotten. Chelyabinsk. Publishing house ChSPI “Fakel”. 1994
8. Korepanov N.S. Essays on the history of Yekaterinburg 1781–1831. Ekaterinburg. “Basco Publishing House”. 2004
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