The history of the creation of the kaleidoscope. What is a kaleidoscope? The meaning of the word and the history of the toy

Kaleidoscope. The history of the creation of the kaleidoscope.

Kaleidoscopes.

Kaleidoscope - an optical toy device, most often in the form of a tube containing inside three (sometimes two or more than three) longitudinal pieces of mirror glass folded at an angle.

When the kaleidoscope tube is rotated around its longitudinal axis, the colored elements located in the illuminated cavity behind the mirrors are reflected many times and create beautiful symmetrical changing patterns.

Different relative positions of the mirrors in the kaleidoscope allow you to obtain a different number of duplicate images: 45° - 8, 60° - 6, 90° - 4.

In everyday life, the word “kaleidoscope” is also understood in the figurative sense of the word - as a rapid change of phenomena, persons, events.

The history of the creation of the kaleidoscope.

The kaleidoscope was discovered in 1816 by the Scottish physicist Sir David Brewster, during an experiment with the polarization of light, and was patented in the same year.

The entertaining device, due to its simplicity, began to quickly spread throughout almost all countries. A couple of years later he entered Russia, where he was greeted with incredible delight and admiration.

The fabulist A. Izmailov wrote about the kaleidoscope in the magazine “Blagomarnenny” for 1818:

“I look - and what’s in my eyes?

In different figures and stars

Sapphires, yachts, topazes,

And emeralds and diamonds,

And amethysts and pearls,

And mother of pearl - I suddenly see everything!

I just make a movement with my hand -

And a new phenomenon in the eyes!”

The appearance of the kaleidoscope in Russia coincided with the period of romanticism in Russian culture. At this time, stained glass came into fashion, and the Russian history of this art began. At the same time, painters became interested in depicting natural light phenomena: sunsets and sunrises, volcanic eruptions and lightning flashes were depicted on canvas with emphasized naturalism. Kaleidoscopes, with their ever-changing patterns created by an invisible force, perfectly suited the aesthetics of the Romantic era.

There is a well-known story of how one rich man ordered a kaleidoscope in which, instead of glass, the patterns were made of precious stones.

The aphaneidoscope was a type of kaleidoscope. In it, instead of transparent pieces of glass, opaque ones were used, for example, flowers, insects, colored stones, cameos. This device did not have external glass and was fixed in the tabletop, under which objects were located.

There were other versions of the kaleidoscope - debuscope and typoscope, which are known today only to historians.

Due to the beauty of the patterns formed in a kaleidoscope, they wanted to use it to compose ornaments, but this became really possible only when a camera appeared that recorded individual patterns from a continuously changing stream of bright pictures inside a tube with mirrors.

Despite the simplicity of the toy, many inventors are still improving it, adding something of their own to the simple design. Russian inventors have also patented a number of inventions in the field of creating kaleidoscopes. The peak of their activity occurred in the 1960-1970s, when several dozen improved kaleidoscope designs were patented.

Abroad, the production of kaleidoscopes has become an independent art form. In 1986, the Brewster Kaleidoscope Society was founded.

The craving for records also affected the creation of kaleidoscopes. In 2005, at the Expo exhibition in Japan, an entire pavilion the size of a fifty-meter tower was built, and once inside you could feel like you were inside a kaleidoscope.

Types of kaleidoscopes.

There are several main types of kaleidoscopes.

- Classic kaleidoscopes - these kaleidoscopes have a multi-colored backfill that moves when the kaleidoscope body rotates around its axis.

- Gel kaleidoscopes (oil kaleidoscopes) - exist in several versions. All variants of gel (oil) kaleidoscopes are united by the presence of a gel-like substance in them, which contains a multi-colored backfill, sometimes in the form of beads, colored glass, figured elements made of foil and other materials. In them, the effect of movement appears before the eyes due to the flow of a gel solution with a multi-colored backfill, which is reflected in a system of mirrors.

- Kaleidoscope with rotating rings better known in Eastern countries than in Russia. The traditional optical design of three mirrors inside reflects patterns that are created by rotating one or two rings at the end of the tube.

- Taleidoscopes (or teledoscopes ) are devices with a traditional optical design, but without color filling inside.

Their secret lies elsewhere: patterns are created from the reflection of particles of the world around us. The fragment of the image at which the teleidoscope tube is directed is repeatedly reflected from the mirror internal prism. Inside the taleidoscope, our familiar surroundings are transformed into an extraordinary world.

Kaleidoscope patterns.

Kaleidoscope patterns can be captured with a camera. This has now become possible and is used to develop various patterns and designs that can be used, for example, by textile and clothing designers.

Poems - “I look through a kaleidoscope...”

I look through a kaleidoscope.

All life is a metamorphosis.

Metaphor... And we are shards of glass.

We got to shine, laugh,

hide tears

And create...a pattern by crushing it on mirrors.

Now, for a moment, the world became holistic and rich.

It flared up... And faded away.

And eternity's hand

Rotating the kaleidoscope with a movement will be precise,

So that worlds crumble

into the bottomless darkness of the pupil.

Poems about kaleidoscope. Poems about kaleidoscope.

Poems - “The whole world is a kaleidoscope...”

The whole world around is a kaleidoscope,

Pictures of colorful toys,

You turn it a little and... Oops!

The glass pinwheels have changed.

So the thought changes every time

Colorful images of consciousness,

Moment!... and the images merged,

Left as memories.

We remember the whole world in detail,

Places, events, objects,

Of them are sometimes woven

Intricate stories.

The kaleidoscope changes them,

Like colorful pictures

We rotate it and... Stop!

The glass halves froze.

Poems about kaleidoscope. Poems about kaleidoscope.

Poems - “Kaleidoscope”

The storm of the gardens is a tiny boy,

Dumbfounded, he clung to the door

Into a transparent world. He's on the palms of his hands!

There beauty lives inside.

Echoing the tilts, turns,

Flowers and mountains, shine and color,

Like music with strange notes,

Weaved into patterned light.

Hands clenched in surprise,

I watched, holding my breath,

Movement of unprecedented beauty

And fairy tales are close to the edge.

But how does everything happen inside?

You need to understand this game!

He finds no place for himself -

How to get into this pipe?

He broke the toy - BOOM!

An inquisitive mind will win everything!!!

Poems about kaleidoscope. Poems about kaleidoscope.

Poems - “Kaleidoscope”

Would you like this, a simple optical device,

so - a system of three mirrors in a cylinder,

plus colorful trifles... as you can see,

thing especially for you, runaways

secretive, prone to mirages.

Point her towards the light. Well, why don’t you tell me?

Gaze, yawn sleepily, resemble a child.

You should have a fleet for this telescope.

But you're the kind of child you can't joke with.

Why, it’s easier for me, I’m not a fugitive, I

I live here, I like misfortune...

ergo: you can ignore me from now on

just looking through this looking glass,

into this marvelous eyepiece.

What is in it... the question is not, ask

what it doesn't have...any choice

color, even a fleet, even a harbor,

in a word, refined sugar, chestnuts, childhood

in a seaside city, yachts, junks, masts, jibs...

But who, look, is there? In all respects I am myself.

I climbed into one of the junks. Neither give nor take the sailor.

At least it’s time to call the pages and drive me to hell.

But I'm the kind of child you can't take seriously.

Poems about kaleidoscope. Poems about kaleidoscope.

Poems - “Kaleidoscope”

There is a toy in the hands. World of colorful events.

And I am a magician, a magician, a magician.

In a kaleidoscope - a series of discoveries

And creativity is a misunderstood textbook.

One - turn... Flashing of fragments...

Living drops hung on the branches.

I'm going back to summer for a while

Along the secret path of thought.

Another movement - a new picture:

The city's moving train is counting.

The roads have formed a dense web,

And, as always, I don’t have enough roads.

Fun, sadness, random confessions

Mixed up in a strange mess.

Reveals the muse's outline

Mirror riddle.

Orange autumn slip

And sunbeams on the leaves.

And the infinity of the form of reflections

Now in memories and letters.

I collect not pieces of glass, but pieces of ice.

My fantasies have lost color.

I don't play with kaleidoscope anymore

Until next summer.

Poems about kaleidoscope. Poems about kaleidoscope.

Poems - “Kaleidoscope”

I searched hard for repetition

A different pattern, a different mood.

That's why I didn't stop loving him.

What an infinity of options!

A different pattern, a different mood,

A funny and sad toy!

Always a variety of toys!

Colorful endless toy!

For me he was a world secret.

What an infinity of options!

I searched hard for repetition

A pattern made from multi-colored glass.

Shake it a little - completely different colors,

A different pattern, a different mood.

I spent hours staring at this tube:

What if, what if it happens again!

But he didn't repeat himself. And probably

That's why I didn't stop loving him.

I wake up in the morning with a smile.

I look forward to new events.

What an infinity of options!

And every day there are completely different colors,

A different pattern, a different mood,

As if never from an old pipe

I couldn’t stop playing with the glass.

Here repetition is also impossible.

A funny and sad toy!

Always a variety of toys!

Colorful endless toy!

I love you more every day!

Poems about kaleidoscope. Poems about kaleidoscope.

Poems - “Kaleidoscope”

It contains the magic of mirrors and a handful of fragments.

Do it however you want, on business or without business.

The mysterious essence inside kaleidoscopes

Open only to those who looked through the glass!

Poems about kaleidoscope. Poems about kaleidoscope.

Poems - “Kaleidoscope”

I remember a childhood toy

Which is made of broken glass.

A simple, modest, ordinary turntable.

Colored pieces of glass, mirrors all around.

But how much joy she gave to the children.

We twisted and turned it.

And the miracles of the drawings were in color.

And we forgot about everything with her.

We've grown up, but it's a child's toy,

Walks next to me on the ground.

Sometimes life, of course, is not a party.

But I quite like my drawing.

I'm always on the move, always going in circles.

Rivers, mountains, cities flash by.

Maybe I’ll come to you, my friend.

After all, a meeting is always a joy for us.

Then the train rushes into the snowy distances.

And by plane, I'm flying south again.

So that you know less sorrow in life.

Live in a kaleidoscope, dear friend.

When the color kaleidoscope plays.

From bright colors, sunny paintings.

Then the fun marches with us to the beat.

And you are your own master in life.

Poems about kaleidoscope. Poems about kaleidoscope.

Poems - “Kaleidoscope”

The mind is the world of imagination...

From the colors of Light... and shadows...

In a kaleidoscope of reflections

The pattern of days is changing... Source - Esoterics. Living Knowledge

Pictures flash in the mirrors...

From situations... and problems...

The mind, turning them into epics,

It only adds more dilemmas...

Objects are born in the mind...

The whole world will be recreated...

The following effects appear in it:

From rainbows... and black holes...

The pattern is replaced by a pattern...

Kaleidoscope... rotates Life...

There is no need for heated debate here,

Where is up... and down...

There are no objects here... only Light...

And this Light... is stronger than the mind...

Let the fuss... come to naught...

Let them become... superfluous... WORDS...

Quotes about kaleidoscope.

Expressions about kaleidoscope. Quotes about kaleidoscope.

Aphorisms are a kaleidoscope of the mind from clear and deep meanings.

What an aphorism and a kaleidoscope have in common is the ability to quickly change flowery words in a kaleidoscope of thoughts and colorful pictures in a kaleidoscope of life...

The kaleidoscope of the universe swayed, and a completely different pattern took shape in it.

Sometimes you feel broken into fragments... But if you imagine that life is a kaleidoscope, then it is from the fragments that the most amazing destinies emerge.

If the stars disappear from the sky, astrologers will begin to predict the future by looking through a kaleidoscope.

What is a kaleidoscope?

Kaleidoscope is an interesting toy that develops the mind and imagination.

A kaleidoscope is a device that uses the laws of optics to multiply images.

A kaleidoscope is an opportunity to vividly demonstrate a philosophical concept - that everything changes in life!

Kaleidoscope. History of the kaleidoscope. Types of kaleidoscopes.

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I have a younger brother. I thought for a long time that I could do something nice for him. Finally, I settled on such a simple and at the same time fascinating thing as a kaleidoscope.

The kaleidoscope is not just a children's toy, it is also used in the work of designers to create new designs for fabrics, wallpaper, and carpet weaving.

Doctors note the powerful psychotherapeutic effect of the kaleidoscope. It promotes deep relaxation, stimulates the decision-making area of ​​the brain, memory and attention.

But everyone is interested in the following question: “How to make a kaleidoscope?”

This is what it's all about relevance of the chosen topic.

Goal of the work: make a kaleidoscope from available materials.

Job Objectives: study and analyze the literature, study the principle of operation of a kaleidoscope, become familiar with the structure of a kaleidoscope, investigate the dependence of the number of images on the angle between flat mirrors, prepare materials and make a kaleidoscope.

Research hypothesis: The smaller the angle between plane mirrors, the more images there are in these mirrors.

An object: two flat mirrors.

Item: reflection of light.

Main results: a “Technological map for manufacturing the product” was created, a kaleidoscope was made.

Chapter 1. What is a kaleidoscope

1.1 A little history

The kaleidoscope was invented by Sir David Brewster in 1816 and patented in 1817. The device uses the imaging features of combined inclined mirrors. Depending on the number of mirrors and the angle between them, the kaleidoscope will form several symmetrical patterns.

Since its inception, the kaleidoscope has been positioned primarily as a toy, but it has also found practical application.

1.2 Design and principle of operation

Kaleidoscope - This is an optical device, the basis of which is the principle of reflection of light from flat mirrors forming an angle with each other (Figure 1).

Figure 1 - The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

A simple kaleidoscope consists of two thin wedge-shaped mirror strips mounted on a common edge, or of a single sheet of mirrored aluminum bent at an angle of 45 or 60 degrees. The mirrors are placed in a tube with a viewing eye at one end. At the other end there is a flat camera that can be rotated.

The chamber is made of two glass disks, the lower disk serves as a diffusion screen. Pieces of colored glass or beads are placed in the chamber. When rotated or shaken, the pieces inside the chamber fall in different positions and are illuminated by natural or artificial light through a diffusion screen. In this case, from six to eight different symmetrical images are possible. The number of combinations and patterns is almost endless (Figure 2).

Figure 2 - Camera design

1.3 Varieties of kaleidoscopes

There are five different types of kaleidoscopes:

1. A chamber kaleidoscope has a closed cavity with freely falling colored stones, pieces of glass, beads or other objects (Figure 3).

Figure 3 - Chamber kaleidoscope

2. In a liquid kaleidoscope, the chamber is filled, as a rule, with glycerin, in which pieces of glass and so on are suspended (Figure 4).

Figure 4 - Liquid kaleidoscope

3. A wheeled kaleidoscope is equipped with one or more wheels at the end of the viewing tube. The wheels contain pieces of glass, translucent rocks such as agates, pressed flowers, beads, gemstones or other objects. To change the pattern in a wheeled kaleidoscope, you just need to turn the wheel (Figure 5).

Figure 5 - Wheel kaleidoscope

4. The contents of the camera can change, and it is possible to experiment with your own set of colors and objects.

Figure 6 - Reusable kaleidoscope with removable camera

5. The teleidoscope uses mirrors and lenses in such a way that all the images viewed are only multiplied many times.

Figure 7- Teleidoscope

Chapter 2. Making a kaleidoscope

2.1. Description and drawing of the product

Take a tube made of thick cardboard, place 3 mirror plates into it at an angle of 60°, place colored glass between them and close the kaleidoscope with transparent lids. (Figure 8) .

Figure 8- Drawing

2.3 Technological map for the production of a kaleidoscope

We have developed a technological map for the production of a kaleidoscope, which is presented in Table 1.

Table 1 - Technological map

Here are the patterns we got (Figure 8):

Figure 8 - Patterns

Conclusion

To enjoy a fascinating, never-repeating spectacle, you can not only buy a kaleidoscope, but also make it yourself! Many of us are very inquisitive - everything is interesting, we want to touch everything, study the properties and principle of operation of an object. Knowledge comes to us through our eyes and ears. But I proved that knowledge also comes through hands! The ancient folk wisdom was confirmed: “Tell me and I will forget, show me and I will remember, let me do it myself and I will learn.

Many centuries ago, a device for obtaining symmetrical beautiful pictures was called a kaleidoscope. Now it’s no secret to me that this is achieved with the help of mirrors. I studied and analyzed the literature, found a lot of information on the topics “Kaleidoscopes”, “Mirrors” and studied the principle of operation of a kaleidoscope, became familiar with the structure of a kaleidoscope. Then I prepared the materials and made the kaleidoscope. With the help of the manager, a “Technological map for manufacturing the product” was created.

My work can be used as additional material when studying the section of physics “Optics”.

A kaleidoscope has become a subject of curiosity for me, and a hand-made one has become a source of pride! I will give this unusual gift to my brother for the New Year, and I think he will be very surprised. I have already tried this interesting device on myself, and I advise you to do the same, because a kaleidoscope is not very difficult to create, and is so interesting in practice!

List of sources and literature used

http://kalser.ru/experiences/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0% B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA %D0%BE%D0%BF

http://www.rowles.ca/art.php?artist=164&art=1712

3. Tarasov B.V. Schoolchildren’s homemade products. - M.: Education, 1977. - P. 39-42.4. Rabiza F. Collection of elusive patterns. Large kaleidoscope // Science and life. - 1999. - No. 11. - Access mode: http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/9935/

5. http://www.class-fizika.narod.ru/caled1.htm

Pinemasov Dmitry Ivanovich

In the modern world there are many wonders and novelties made by human hands. You can go to any hypermarket and buy the toy you like. But how nice it is when a toy is made by yourself. How much joy, pleasure and satisfaction it brings to the child. And if the product also brings benefits to the owner, then all the child’s potential abilities and his universal learning activities are realized.

It is always interesting to follow the path of an inventor and repeat a discovery or invention previously made by famous scientists. It is interesting to understand what knowledge should have preceded the discovery, what difficulties could be encountered, to find out whether this discovery had practical application or was useless for humans? Or maybe the benefits of the invention become clear not immediately, but after decades? The work describes how to make a kaleidoscope yourself from improvised and inexpensive materials at home.

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City research competition “I am a researcher”

Section : technical creativity

Job title :

"Making a Kaleidoscope"

Pinemasov Dmitry Ivanovich

g.o. Tolyatti

MBU Lyceum No. 67

1 class

Scientific adviser:

Matyushkina Natalya Viktorovna

primary school teacher

MBU Lyceum No. 67

Tolyatti

2016

Preview:

1. Introduction. _________________________________________________ Page 3

1. Abstract______________________________________________Page 3
2. Justification of the relevance of the project_________________________Page. 3

1. Main content.________________________________________Page 5

1. What is a kaleidoscope, the history of its origin ___________Page. 5
2. How to make your own miniature kaleidoscope. Materials and manufacturing _______________________________Page. 8
3. How does a kaleidoscope work? ______________________________ Page 10

1. Conclusion . _____________________________________________ Page 12
2. List of used literature. ______________________Page 13
3. Application. _____________________________________________Page 14

1. Introduction.

1.1. Annotation.

In the modern world there are many wonders and novelties made by human hands. You can go to any hypermarket and buy the toy you like. But how nice it is when a toy is made by yourself. How much joy, pleasure and satisfaction it brings to the child. And if the product also brings benefits to the owner, then all the child’s potential abilities and his universal learning activities are realized.

It is always interesting to follow the path of an inventor and repeat a discovery or invention previously made by famous scientists. It is interesting to understand what knowledge should have preceded the discovery, what difficulties could be encountered, to find out whether this discovery had practical application or was useless for humans? Or maybe the benefits of the invention become clear not immediately, but after decades?

1.2. Justification of the relevance of the project.

Goal of the work:

Find out how you can make a kaleidoscope yourself, make a kaleidoscope that works when used.

Tasks:

1. Find out what a kaleidoscope is and how it came to be.
2. Make a miniature kaleidoscope from scrap materials.
3. Develop your creative and cognitive abilities, learn to observe the beauty of the world around you and capture it in decoration and in the work of a kaleidoscope at home.

Work plan:

1. Find information about what a kaleidoscope is and the history of its origin.
2. Find out how you can make a miniature kaleidoscope yourself.
3. Select materials for making a kaleidoscope and make it at home.
4. Find out how a kaleidoscope works correctly and try to launch it.
5. Draw conclusions.

1. Main content.

1. What is a kaleidoscope? The history of the kaleidoscope.

A kaleidoscope is a guide to a special world. Turning it, you can see amazing patterns, each time different from those you have seen before. The images inside the kaleidoscope are fantastic, although they were created only by the play of light in shards of glass.

The word "kaleidoscope" comes from the Greek words: kalos - beautiful, eidos - view and skopeo - look, observe. In Russia, a kaleidoscope was called a tube “showing beautiful views.” And Vladimir Dal in his “Explanatory Dictionary” called it very poetically: “A pattern is a tube with two wedge mirrors, where colored glass is reflected by a patterned star, variable, with every movement or revolution of the tube.”

A kaleidoscope is an opticalriborin the form of a telescope with inserted into it under a knownangle Friend to each other with mirrored glasses and placedbetween them with colored pieces of glass, piecescolor paper, beads, etc., which, when the device is turned, are reflected in mirrors and create a variety of beautiful symmetrical patterns.

The official inventor of this device is considered to be the Scottish physicist David Brewster (1781–1868), who invented it in 1816 and patented it. Brewster has been interested in the properties of glass and light since childhood. He was a child prodigy: at the age of 10 he built his first telescope, and became a student at the age of 12 (he studied at the University of Edinburgh). When Brewster was conducting experiments on the polarization of light, he noticed that shards of glass placed in a tube with mirrors created wonderful symmetrical patterns when reflected in the mirrors. The pattern varied depending on the angle at which the mirrors were placed to each other, as well as on how many mirrors were used. The kaleidoscope was originally created by Brewster as a scientific instrument, but gained widespread recognition and popularity as a toy.

The whole of Western Europe was immediately fascinated by the kaleidoscope. They quickly learned about it in Russia. Kaleidoscope became so popular that it was sung both in prose and poetry!

But the news of this wonderful European invention reached America only in 1870. American scientist Charles Bush became very interested in the new “toy”. Over the years, he created and modernized kaleidoscopes, tried to change their shape, the tilt of the mirrors, and the contents. It was Charles Bush who created the first “cabinet kaleidoscope,” which consisted of an oblong cylinder mounted on a wooden tripod. The cylinder could rotate 360 ​​degrees and had a copper drum at the end. The drum was the most striking feature in Bush's kaleidoscope. It contained glass pieces: there were 35 of them, and a third of them were filled with liquid. Air bubbles floated inside the liquid and continued to move even after the drum was stopped. All the glass had brilliant, well-matched colors and created patterns that were inaccessible to any other kaleidoscope of the 19th century.

Almost immediately after the invention of the device, the practical use of the kaleidoscope began. It was used by artists who created decorative patterns for fabrics, carpets, wallpaper, and ceramics.

Also, the variety of constantly changing pictures stimulates the brain very well and activates a person’s creative potential.

Kaleidoscopes are used by musicians and composers when tuning into a game or catching a new melody that appears in their thoughts. It is believed that each color corresponds to a musical note: observing patterns in a kaleidoscope, you see music.

Kaleidoscopes began to be used even in medicine. It is believed that looking at patterns in a kaleidoscope calms the nerves, relieves stress and improves well-being. 15 minutes of looking at kaleidoscope pictures is comparable to 5 minutes of healthy laughter. It also helps relieve fatigue of the optic nerve, which is especially important in the modern world of computers and electronics.

Abroad, kaleidoscopes became so popular that in 1986 a special society of kaleidoscope lovers, the Brewster Kaleidoscope Society, was created, uniting all collectors and professionals, artists and theorists, manufacturers and buyers.

Despite the simplicity of this toy, many inventors are still improving it, adding something of their own to the design. In the 20th century, a device was invented with which it was possible to photograph kaleidoscope patterns. And now, in the age of computerization, there are already numerous computer programs - kaleidoscope simulators. It is widely used by photographers, designers in the film industry, advertising and other fields.

A significant drawback of the kaleidoscope was that only one person could admire the patterns created by multi-colored pieces of glass. But later, inventors proposed projecting kaleidoscope patterns onto a large screen using projectors so that everyone could view them at once.

There are different types of kaleidoscopes:

Classic, in which patterns are created from pieces of glass and beads;

Gel (or oil), in which patterns are formed from a liquid substance;

Wheeled - in it wheels are attached to the end of the tube, which create patterns;

Taleidoscopes (or teledoscopes) - where a traditional optical design is used, but there is no colored fill, and patterns are created from the reflection of particles of the world around us;

Pneumatically, which had multi-colored feathers inside instead of the usual colored glass. A “pear” was attached to the kaleidoscope, with the help of which air is pumped into the kaleidoscope. The feathers rotate chaotically, creating a wonderful picture.

There are kaleidoscopes as works of art, decorated with precious stones, miniature and gigantic. For example, in Japan in 2005, during the World Expo, a grandiose optical attraction was presented to the public. The Earth Tower was built in the Nagoya pavilion. Water flowed down the walls of this triangular tower, 47 meters high, from top to bottom, forming different patterns, depending on the direction of the sun's rays. At the junctions of the tower walls, jets of air came out, simulating wind. Inside the tower was the world's largest kaleidoscope. From the lobby (more than 40 meters in diameter), viewers could observe the impressive patterns on the round ceiling overhead. Three huge mirror panels were placed around the perimeter of the tower. The sun's rays penetrating through the windows of the tower fell on rotating large wheels made of colored glass and created constantly updated multi-colored pictures.

1. How to make your own kaleidoscope.Materials and manufacturing.

A classic kaleidoscope can be made at home.

To make a kaleidoscope you will need:

1. a thick cardboard tube (for example, a roll of kitchen paper towels or foil) (Appendix 1);
2. cardboard with a mirror surface (if there is no mirror cardboard, you can use black cardboard, and to create the effect of a mirror surface, stick tape on the black side. Or use CDs) (Appendix 2);
3. filler (various multi-colored beads, seed beads, sequins, confetti, pebbles, pieces of multi-colored plastic, feathers, etc.) (Appendix 3);
4. thick transparent film (or transparent plastic discs, 3 pcs.) (Appendix 4);
5. ruler, pencil;
6. scissors;
7. glue or glue stick;
8. parchment (tracing paper);
9. scotch;
10. colored paper for decoration (Appendix 5).

Manufacturing stages:

1. Cut three rectangular strips from mirror cardboard. The length of the strip should be approximately 1.5-2 cm less than the length of the cardboard tube. The width of the strip is determined based on the diameter of the tube. To do this, you need to circle the circumference of the tube and draw a diagram using a protractor (Appendix 6). The length of the side of the resulting triangle will be the width for the mirror strip. (Appendix 7)
2. Place the three resulting strips on the table almost flush with the long sides facing each other and the shiny side down. Secure the joints with tape. Fold the mirror strips so that a triangular prism is formed with the mirror surfaces inward. (Appendix 8).
3. Place the prism inside the tube (Appendix 9) so that on one side their edges coincide. If the prism inside the tube is located quite loosely and hits the walls, then to fix the prism it is necessary to fill the space between the prism and the tube with some kind of filler (for example, cotton wool or napkins). (Appendix 10).
4. Cut three circles from transparent plastic with a diameter equal to the diameter of the pipe. Make one circle matte by gluing parchment on it. (Appendix 11).
5. Place one transparent circle on the prism inside the tube (on the side of the kaleidoscope where the tube is above the prism) and secure it. Pour filler onto a transparent circle (multi-colored beads, seed beads, etc.), place a matte circle on top and secure. If desired, the matte circle can be made in the form of a removable lid to be able to change the filler. (Appendix 12).
6. Cut a circle out of cardboard with a diameter equal to the diameter of the tube. Make a hole in the center with a diameter of about 1 cm. Glue one circle of transparent plastic on the other side of the kaleidoscope, and a circle of cardboard on top. (Appendix 13).
7. Decorate the outside of the kaleidoscope with colored paper or pictures if desired. The kaleidoscope is ready for use. (Appendix 14).

1. How does a kaleidoscope work?

A kaleidoscope is an optical tube device, inside of which there is a system of mirrors and colored glass, forming symmetrically arranged, beautiful color patterns, the shape of which changes when the kaleidoscope is rotated. The action of a kaleidoscope is based onprinciple of light reflection from plane mirrors, forming an angle with each other. This device uses the imaging features of inclined mirrors. Depending on the number of mirrors (minimum 2 and up to 4 or more) and the angle between them, the kaleidoscope will form several symmetrical patterns. Different positions of mirrors allow you to get different numbers of duplicate images of one object. At angles between the mirrors of 45°, 8 images are obtained, at 60° - 6 images, at 90° - 4 images.

One end of the tube is covered with frosted glass, and at the other end a small diameter hole is closed with transparent glass. A person looks at one end of the tube, light passes through the opposite hole and is reflected from a system of mirrors, due to this, symmetrically located patterns are visible. (Appendix 15).

Patterns in a kaleidoscope are almost never repeated. In the popular book by Ya.I. Perelman’s “Entertaining Physics” says: “...Suppose you hold a kaleidoscope with 20 pieces of glass in your hands and turn it 10 times a minute to get a new arrangement of reflected pieces of glass... The oceans will dry up and the mountain ranges will be erased before all the patterns are exhausted... because to implement all of them you will need at least500 billion years…».

1. Conclusion.

1. We expanded our knowledge by learning what a kaleidoscope is and how the first kaleidoscopes came to be.
2. By making a kaleidoscope ourselves, we developed our creative and cognitive abilities.
3. By making a kaleidoscope, we learned to observe the beauty of the world around us, experiment, discover new possibilities for creativity in decoration and enjoy the work of the kaleidoscope.

1. List of sources and literature used.

1. Perelman Ya.I. Entertaining physics. Book 1. M., “Science”, 1986, p.142.
2. Rabiza F. Collection of elusive patterns. Large kaleidoscope, “Science and Life”, 1999, No. 11.
3. Tarasov B.V. Schoolchild's homemade products. M., “Enlightenment”, 1977, pp. 40-42.

The work also used materials from the following websites:

1. http://class-fizika.narod.ru/caled1.htm
2. http://macrame-clot-25.ucoz.ru/publ/istorija_pojavlenija_veshhej/istorija_kalejdoskopa/6-1-0-164
3. http://kalser.ru/
4. http://delaempodarok.ru/rebenku/kak-sdelat-kalejdoskop.html
5. http://naukam.ucoz.ru/publ/tekhnicheskie/zerkala/2-1-0-44
6. http://compress.ru/article.aspx?id=16757

Preview:

1. Application.

Appendix 1. Thick cardboard tube.

Appendix 2. Cardboard with a mirror surface.

Appendix 3. Filler.

Appendix 4. Thick transparent film.

Appendix 5. Ruler, pencil, scissors, glue, parchment, tape, colored paper.

Appendix 6. Scheme for finding the width of the mirror strip.

Appendix 7. Photo of finding the width of the mirror strip.

Appendix 8. Triangular prism from a mirror strip.

Appendix 9. Diagram of the position of the prism in the cylinder.

Appendix 10. Photograph of the position of the prism in the cylinder.

Appendix 11. One matte circle and two transparent plastic circles.

Appendix 12. Place a transparent circle on the prism inside the tube and secure it. Add filler.

Appendix 13. Glue a circle of transparent plastic on the other side, and cardboard on top.

Appendix 14. Decorating the kaleidoscope.

Appendix 15. Kaleidoscope (side view).

Let's look:

Slide 2

Find out how you can make a kaleidoscope yourself, make a kaleidoscope that works when used. Find out what a kaleidoscope is and how it came to be. Make a miniature kaleidoscope from scrap materials. Develop your creative and cognitive abilities, learn to observe the beauty of the world around you and capture it in decoration and in the work of a kaleidoscope at home. Purpose of the work Project objectives Work plan Find information about what a kaleidoscope is and the history of its origin. Find out how you can make a miniature kaleidoscope yourself. Select materials for making a kaleidoscope and make it at home. Find out how a kaleidoscope works correctly and try to launch it. Draw conclusions.

A kaleidoscope is a guide to a special world. Turning it, you can see amazing patterns, each time different from those you have seen before. The word "kaleidoscope" comes from the Greek words: kalos - beautiful, eidos - view and skopeo - look, observe. In Russia, a kaleidoscope was called a tube “showing beautiful views.” A kaleidoscope is an optical device in the form of a tube with mirror glasses inserted into it at an angle to each other and colored glass, beads, etc. placed between them, which, when the device is turned, are reflected in the mirrors and create a variety of beautiful symmetrical patterns.

The official inventor of this device is considered to be the Scottish physicist David Brewster (1781–1868), who invented it in 1816 and patented it. Brewster has been interested in the properties of glass and light since childhood. He was a child prodigy: at the age of 10 he built his first telescope, and became a student at the age of 12. Brewster noticed that shards of glass placed in a tube with mirrors created wonderful symmetrical patterns when reflected in the mirrors. The kaleidoscope was originally created by Brewster as a scientific instrument, but gained widespread recognition and popularity as a toy.

Almost immediately after the invention of the device, the practical use of the kaleidoscope began. It was used by artists who created decorative patterns for fabrics, carpets, wallpaper, and ceramics. The variety of constantly changing pictures stimulates the brain very well and activates a person’s creative potential. Kaleidoscopes are used by musicians and composers when tuning into a game or catching a new melody that appears in their thoughts. Kaleidoscopes began to be used even in medicine. It is believed that looking at patterns in a kaleidoscope calms the nerves, relieves stress and improves well-being. It also helps relieve fatigue of the optic nerve, which is especially important in the modern world of computers.

To make a kaleidoscope you will need: How to make a kaleidoscope yourself a thick cardboard tube; cardboard with a mirror surface; filler (various multi-colored beads, seed beads, pebbles, pieces of multi-colored plastic, etc.); thick transparent film (or transparent plastic disks, 3 pcs.); ruler, pencil; scissors; glue or glue stick; parchment (tracing paper); scotch; colored paper for decoration.

Stages of making a kaleidoscope Cut three rectangular strips from mirror cardboard. The length of the strip should be approximately 1.5-2 cm less than the length of the cardboard tube. The width of the strip is determined based on the diameter of the tube. To do this, you need to circle the circumference of the tube and draw a diagram using a protractor. The length of the side of the resulting triangle will be the width for the mirror strip.

Stages of making a kaleidoscope Place the three resulting strips on the table almost closely with the long sides facing each other and the shiny side down. Secure the joints with tape. Fold the mirror strips so that a triangular prism is formed with the mirror surfaces inward.

Stages of making a kaleidoscope Place the prism inside the tube so that on one side their edges coincide.

Cut three circles from transparent plastic with a diameter equal to the diameter of the pipe. Make one circle matte by gluing parchment on it. Place one transparent circle on the prism inside the tube (on the side of the kaleidoscope where the tube is above the prism) and secure it. Pour filler onto a transparent circle (multi-colored beads, seed beads, etc.), put a matte circle on top and secure. Stages of making a kaleidoscope

Stages of making a kaleidoscope Cut a circle out of cardboard with a diameter equal to the diameter of the tube. Make a hole in the center with a diameter of about 1 cm. Glue one circle of transparent plastic on the other side of the kaleidoscope, and a circle of cardboard on top. Decorate the outside of the kaleidoscope with colored paper if desired.

The kaleidoscope is ready for use.

Patterns in a kaleidoscope are almost never repeated. In the popular book by Ya.I. Perelman’s “Entertaining Physics” says: “...Suppose you hold a kaleidoscope with 20 pieces of glass in your hands and turn it 10 times a minute to get a new arrangement of reflected pieces of glass... The oceans will dry up and the mountain ranges will be erased before all the patterns are exhausted... because it will take at least 500 billion years to implement all of them...”

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! List of sources and literature used. Perelman Ya.I. Entertaining physics. Book 1. M., “Science”, 1986, p.142. Rabiza F. Collection of elusive patterns. Large kaleidoscope, “Science and Life”, 1999, No. 11. Tarasov B.V. Schoolchild's homemade products. M., "Enlightenment", 1977, pp. 40-42. The work also used materials from Internet sites: http:// class - fizika. people. ru / caled 1. htm http:// macrame - clot -25. ucoz. ru / publ / istorija _ pojavlenija _ veshhej / istorija _ kalejdoskopa /6-1-0-164 http://kalser.ru/ http://delaempodarok.ru/rebenku/kak-sdelat-kalejdoskop.html http:// naukam.ucoz.ru/publ/tekhnicheskie/zerkala/2-1-0-44 http://compress.ru/article.aspx?id=16757

The kaleidoscope has been known since ancient times. The prototype of the kaleidoscope is known in ancient Egypt. The Egyptians watched with admiration the symmetrical figures that appeared during the movements of the dancers between the polished limestone slabs arranged in a circle.
And only many centuries later, a device for obtaining symmetrical images using mirrors was called a kaleidoscope.
“Kaleidoscope” got its name from the Greek kalos - beautiful, eidos - view and skopeo - look, observe. And in Russia, a kaleidoscope was called a tube “showing beautiful views.”

In Russia, the kaleidoscope appeared at the end of the 18th century and was invented by the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov, who admired the beauty of glass and studied various ways of using it. In his ode “On the Benefits of Glass,” he enthuses:

“They think wrong about things, Shuvalov,
Who honor Glass below minerals,
An alluring ray shining into the eyes:
No less useful in it, no less beauty in it.
I sing praises before you in delight.
Not expensive stones, not gold, but Glass!..”

Three of his kaleidoscopes are currently kept in the Hermitage. Unfortunately, Lomonosov's invention was not patented, because The law on patents was adopted in Russia only in 1812.

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The kaleidoscope is believed to have been invented by the English physicist David Brewster. In 1816 he patented his kaleidoscope. During his experiments on the polarization of light, Brewster noticed that shards of glass placed in a tube with mirrors created wonderful symmetrical patterns when reflected in the mirrors. The pattern varied depending on the angle at which the mirrors were placed to each other, as well as on how many mirrors were used.

After the publication of A Treatise on the Kaleidoscope, written by David Brewster, the invention became extremely popular, although in its early days it was not considered a toy. After all, the kaleidoscope was originally created by Brewster as a scientific instrument.

Later, the American optician Charles Bush made improvements to the kaleidoscope device and developed the so-called “living room kaleidoscope.” Which they began to produce in the thousands. The kaleidoscope was a black oblong cylinder placed on a wooden tripod. The cylinder could rotate 360 ​​degrees, and at the end had a copper drum with spokes, by which this drum could be rotated. The drum was the most striking feature in Bush's kaleidoscope. It contained glass pieces: there were 35 of them, and a third of them were filled with liquid. Air bubbles floated inside the liquid and continued to move even after the drum was stopped. All the glass had brilliant, well-matched colors and created patterns that were inaccessible to any other kaleidoscope of the 19th century. Bush received several patents from 1873 to 1874. The first - on sealed ampoules filled with liquid, the second - on a device for replacing glass in the drum, which made the drum a reusable device; the third is to use a color wheel as a background for pictures; the fourth was mounted on a four-legged wooden tripod, which could be removed and made the kaleidoscope an easily portable device.

Here is an antique kaleidoscope consisting of only two mirrors. The angle between the mirrors could be adjusted.

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The whole of Europe was immediately fascinated by the kaleidoscope.

One of the French rich ordered a kaleidoscope for 20,000 francs. Instead of multi-colored pieces of glass, he ordered pearls and precious stones to be placed in it. Kaleidoscope was sung both in prose and poetry!

I look - and what is in my eyes?
In different figures and stars
Sapphires, yachts, topazes,
And emeralds and diamonds,
And amethysts and pearls,
And mother of pearl - I suddenly see everything!
I just make a movement with my hand -
And a new phenomenon in the eyes!
___

Almost immediately after the invention of the device, the practical use of the kaleidoscope began. It was used by artists who created decorative patterns for fabrics, wallpaper or carpets. Particularly significant advances in creating patterns for fabrics using an unusual tool occurred at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. “Kaleidoscopic” motifs are found in the works of Russian and Western European artists.

Nowadays, a device has been invented with which you can photograph kaleidoscope patterns and thus mechanically come up with all kinds of ornaments. The kaleidoscope creates patterns of amazing beauty, and perhaps even the imagination of the most prolific artists cannot compete with the ingenuity of the kaleidoscope.

Scientific supervisor: teacher of the Moscow Educational Institution

« Novoorlovskaya secondary

comprehensive school"

Bolshukhina N. V.

Novoorlovsk

Introduction……………………………………………………………..3

Theoretical part……………………………………………………………..5

Practical part……………………………………………………6

Research results and conclusions………………………………….7

Literature……………………………………………………………...8

Appendix……………………………………………………………………………… 9

Introduction

Relevance:

This summer my mother bought a kaleidoscope for my brother. I'm familiar with this toy. I remembered that when I looked into it I would see patterns... But when I looked into it this time everything was different. I could not take my eyes off these unique patterns, colors, bright colors. How is it possible to achieve such miracles in a small tube? I didn't sleep all night, I was worried about one thing - the kaleidoscope. What is this? How is it built? Is it possible to do this miracle yourself?

Object of study: Kaleidoscope

Subject of study: kaleidoscope device

Research objectives:

1.Study the history of the kaleidoscope.

2. Find out what physical phenomena are used in kaleidoscopes.

3. Make a kaleidoscope.

Target: Find out how a kaleidoscope works.

Hypothesis: Is it possible to make a kaleidoscope yourself?

Methods:

1. Search: Collecting material for work by viewing literature data on the Internet.

2. Practical work: Make a kaleidoscope.

3. Analysis: Formulation of conclusions based on the results of observations.

The history of the creation of the kaleidoscope.

“Kaleidoscope” got its name from the Greek (kalos) - beautiful, (eidos) - view and (skopeo) - looking, observing. And in Russia, a kaleidoscope was called a tube “showing beautiful views.”

In Russia, the kaleidoscope appeared at the end of the 18th century and invented it th great Russian scientist who admired the beauty of glass and studied its various uses.

Three of his kaleidoscopes are currently kept in the Hermitage. Unfortunately, Lomonosov's invention was not patented, since the law on patents was adopted in Russia only in 1812.
It is believed that invented the kaleidoscope English physicist David Brewster.

In 1816 he patented his kaleidoscope. During his experiments on the polarization of light, Brewster noticed that shards of glass placed in a tube with mirrors created wonderful symmetrical patterns when reflected in the mirrors.

Types of kaleidoscopes

Kaleidoscope by engineer K. Petkūnas .

In it, patterns are created not only by transparent pieces of glass, but also by small rings, chains, etc. The end of the tube was covered with transparent plexiglass, and its end was covered with a replaceable opaque lid.

Oil kaleidoscope.

The kaleidoscope is filled with an oily liquid in which small multi-colored crystals float. Pictures in such a kaleidoscope change smoothly.
Pneumatic kaleidoscope .

Instead of the usual colored glass, the pneumatic kaleidoscope has multi-colored feathers inside. A “pear” is attached to the kaleidoscope, with the help of which air is pumped into the kaleidoscope.

The feathers rotate chaotically, creating a wonderful picture.

Taleidoscope.

A taleidoscope has a lens instead of glass, and you can look through it at surrounding objects.

The images of these objects are reflected repeatedly in mirrors, and amazing pictures from the real world are obtained.

Parascope.
The parascope gives a three-dimensional picture.

Modification of a kaleidoscope with a taleidoscope.
In this case, the pattern is formed from reflected objects of the surrounding world and at the same time pieces of glass enclosed inside the kaleidoscope.

Theoretical part

Having studied the history of the creation of kaleidoscopes, I found out that mirrors were used to create toys. The teacher advised me to take glass, I didn’t believe it at first, but when they made the kaleidoscope, it worked. This is explained by the fact that glass, like a mirror, reflects light rays. Then they took other surfaces: organic glass, metal. The image did not work. The teacher explained to me: for there to be a reflection, the surface must be very smooth, then the reflection will be visible, because the rays will be directed in one direction. If the surfaces are rough, the light will be scattered.

To make the drawing, I and the teacher took not just one glass plate, but three. These plates were connected into a prism to create multiple images. We conducted an experiment, if the angle between two plates is 90º (see example No. 1), then there will be three images, if the angle is 72º (see example No. 2), then there will be four images, and if the angle between two plates is 60º (see example No. 3), then there will be five images. Therefore, we connected the plates at an angle of 60º. With this connection, the patterns are more beautiful. To obtain a pattern, they used to take colored glass, but now they use transparent plastic, beads, beads, and buttons.

One of the resulting kaleidoscopes has transparent glass, so that when we look into it, we see not only the pattern, but also everything that surrounds us.

Practical part

How was a kaleidoscope made? My dad cut me three 5x12 plates from glass. I secured these plates with tape into a prism. Then I made a tube from cardboard of such a diameter that the prism would fit tightly into it. Then I took small 3x3 plates and... And when the teacher told me that we would make round plates from these glass squares using scissors and water, I was very surprised and did not believe it. But when we placed the plate in the water and began to cut the corners with scissors, I got a round plate. I think water makes glass stronger, not brittle. Three such plates are needed for one kaleidoscope. A circle of dark paper with a round hole for the eye was glued onto one round glass and inserted into the end of the tube. A transparent round glass was inserted into the other end and then colored glass, beads, pieces of plastic, and just beads were poured in. Cover with opaque (frosted) glass, not pressing it too tightly so that when you turn the tube, the pieces of glass spill out. Cut off the rest of the tube. Wrap the tube in gift paper. The kaleidoscope is ready.

Kaleidoscope manufacturing technology.

1. Materials and accessories.

Two washed glass photographic plates measuring 9x12 cm: multi-colored pieces of glass; an opaque sheet of thick paper and a sheet of cardboard measuring 20x15 cm; a piece of tissue and black paper, each measuring 4x4 cm; emery powder, glue, adhesive plaster; glass cutter, ruler, scissors, knife.

2. Manufacturing procedure.

1. Cut three strips measuring 3x12 cm from the glass plate.

2. Glue them onto a sheet of thick paper, placing them parallel to each other at intervals that allow you to bend the sheet into a triangular prism.

3. Secure the prism with glue or adhesive tape.

4. Make a tube out of cardboard of such a diameter that the prism fits tightly into it, and secure the prism in the tube.

5. Prepare small multi-colored glass.

6. Using a glass cutter, cut one strip measuring 3.5 x 12 cm from another glass plate and cut three square plates measuring 3.5 x 3.5 cm from it.

7. Cut the corners of each square plate with scissors in water at a depth of 20-25 cm, rounding them and not worrying about the thoroughness of the cut, but trying to get round plates.

8. On one round glass, glue a circle of black paper with a round hole for the eye and insert the glass into the end of the tube.

9. Cover another round glass with tissue paper or make it matte using sandpaper moistened with water and rubbed onto the surface of the round glass with the remaining part of the glass plate.

10. Insert a transparent round glass into the other end of the tube, place multi-colored pieces of glass on it and cover them with frosted glass or glass with tissue paper; strengthen the glass so that when the tube is rotated around its longitudinal axis, the pieces of glass flow freely between the round glasses. The kaleidoscope is ready.

3. Working with a kaleidoscope

1. Light up the frosted glass. Look through the hole in the black paper and slowly rotate the kaleidoscope around its axis. Every slightest turn of the kaleidoscope will cause the movement of multi-colored and variously shaped pieces of glass, and more and more unique patterns will appear before your eyes.

2. Improve your kaleidoscope. Turn the convex lens and insert it into the eye hole and mark the frosted glass with clear glass.

3. By directing a powerful light beam onto this glass so that the light passes through the colored pieces of glass and the lens, you can get enlarged kaleidoscopic pictures on the screen that can be photographed.

Study results conclusions:

I discovered for myself: not only mirrors can reflect, but also glass, at an angle between the walls of 60º there will be a fivefold reflection, glass can be cut with scissors in water, you can make a kaleidoscope yourself.
I will give my kaleidoscope to my niece.

The kaleidoscope conquered all of Europe, England and America. This was the first optical device to come out of laboratories, become popular among the people, and become a commercial success. It was the kaleidoscope that opened the way for other optical toys, which, in turn, led subsequent generations to the invention of animation and cinema. Without the kaleidoscope and other optical toys, images might never have come to life, and our living rooms would be filled with large-format flat canvases always showing the same picture.

Literature:

1. Kaleidoscope, optical device // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional) - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.

2. Gluck I. And mirrors do it all. M., 1970. P. 37-39.

3.Ivanov B. Encyclopedia of a young master. M., 1964. S. 87-88.

4. Tarasov, a schoolboy. M., 1968. pp. 39-42.

5. Peryshkin A. In Optional physics course. ed. "enlightenment" 1980 pp. 35-36; p. 130-131.