City of Manchuria (PRC). Manchuria is the most Russian city in China

The name of the place about which this article is presented has different meanings. This concept is perceived differently by many who are not particularly keen on history.

The park was founded in 1915 and was called Manchurian until 1945. After the installation of a gigantic monument (height 19 meters) with the names of all the fallen soldiers, its name was changed to “Park of the Fallen Heroes of the Red Army.”

Frequently visited attractions:

• City Hall Square;
• state gate;
• Museum of Russian Art;
• magnificent singing fountains;
• matryoshka area;
• miniature park.

Sightseeing can be perfectly combined with shopping.

Church

The city of Manchuria has one amazing historical and architectural monument. St. Seraphim Church is a currently inactive temple, built in the name of St. Seraphim, about whom there is not much information.

It was built in 1903 by the management of the Chinese Eastern Railway specifically for the Russian military unit. The church at that time was equipped with the most valuable artistic icons (they were executed in Moscow and other cities of Russia) and regimental shrines. On October 1, 1939, the rector of the church was Archpriest T. Elizen, and the headman (ktitor) was I. Ya. Butin.

Economy

This city of Manchuria has quite a fascinating history of development. Just a little over twenty years ago there was a poor village here. Today the economy is mainly based on weekend tourism and shopping trips. There is a huge variety of shops, private boutiques, large shopping centers, hotels, restaurants and entertainment complexes concentrated here.

Manchuria began to actively develop in 1992, when it transformed into a city of open trade. Huge investments have been made here. And today it is a modern city, with a predominance of European architecture.

Among all the cities of Manchuria, this is the main one in terms of trade between China and Russia. Shopaholics from almost all of Siberia and surrounding regions make their purchases here. Cunning Chinese merchants quickly organized their warehouses and retail outlets in Manchuria with a wide variety of products popular among traders.

A little about Russians in China

The first clashes with the Russians began in 1658 (Russian-Chinese War) on the northern border with Manchuria. During the same war, they also met with the Koreans. The result of the war was the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689, thanks to which the rivers Gorbitsa, Amur and Argun began to represent the Russian-Chinese border.

This city, located near the Siberian border with Manchuria, has long become one of the favorite places of Russian citizens. The basis of the million-strong Russian diaspora in China are the builders of the famous Eastern Chinese Railway, which connected the Far East and Siberia with Manchuria. And the Great October Socialist Revolution forced many Russians to emigrate from the country. The regiments of General Semenov fled to Manchuria to escape the Red Army. Also, many nobles along with their families found refuge here.

Russian churches and schools began to be built in emigrant settlements, and several committees of Cossack elders were created. The Russian language became very widespread in Manchuria at the beginning of the last century. The Russians have developed friendly, warm relations with the local population.

The Russian diaspora suffered great damage during the civil war and the “cultural revolution” in China. Today the diaspora in Manchuria consists of 13 thousand people.

Finally

This amazing city, located right on the Russian-Chinese border, is often called “the most Russian city in the Celestial Empire” or, more interestingly, “the central Russian-Chinese department store.”

The city is widely known in the field of online trading. Every third Aliexpress store has its own warehouse here.

From Beijing we arrived in the city of Manzhouli, or as the Chinese themselves call it - Manzhouli. What I like is the opportunity to choose: you don’t have much money - ride a seated car even across the country. That’s what we did, although it’s quite tiring to sit for 34 hours, and your butt becomes really square :-) But a kaleidoscope of impressions and immersion in local life - where else can you relax like that?!

And the Beijing train station is crowded

While we were driving, we saw copies of famous architectural structures from all over the world standing alone in the steppe - the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood, the Arc de Triomphe, and so on. This is China, baby! Here they can just build an amusement park in the middle of the steppe, and local tourists will go there with great eagerness - already at the entrance, the family jumped up from their seats and began photographing something outside the window.

As if not in China

The city greeted us with twilight and Siberian cool air with the smell of smoke from chimneys. Oh, how we long for our homeland, this is such a homely smell from childhood, for more than 7 months in Asia it is so unusual to be in the cold.

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Manchuria

The city is located in the endless steppes near the border with Russia and this crossing accounts for 70% of the total trade turnover between the two countries! How did it come about? At the very beginning of the 20th century, the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway was completed, which connected the Manchuria region with the Far East. A station arose near the border and was named Manchuria. Already in 1992, the city was declared a free trade zone; several billion dollars were poured here over several years.

“Manchuria is an open city. Russians should feel at home here, and the Chinese almost like abroad,” said the general secretary of the city’s Communist Party, and indeed, this is exactly the case. In the surrounding area there is a matryoshka park with the largest collection of Russian souvenirs in the world.

Many inscriptions and signs in the city are translated into three languages: Chinese, Russian and Mongolian. Restaurants and cafes are also not far behind - here you can try both traditional Chinese dishes with rice and tofu cheese, and borscht with fried potatoes.

We passed through this place in transit, staying only one night, and the next morning heading further into Russia, to Zabaikalsk. Manchuria immediately amazes with its scale - our first association was “Gotham City”, the neon signs on high-rise buildings are so brightly sacred. Many of the buildings have strict Western architecture, I would not be surprised to see these in New York, but in China they look quite unusual.

However, there is nothing surprising about why the city developed so quickly: most of the oil from Russia to China and timber pass through here (big advantages, but unfortunately not for Russia, except for the immediate benefit from the sale of resources). There are several processing and transport facilities located near the border, which naturally benefit from trade.

Russians also buy Chinese goods, coming here specifically on shopping tours from neighboring Zabaikalsk and Chita. We were traveling on a bus with just such people - since there is no normal work on the Russian side of the border, they earn extra money as shuttle workers, transporting bags weighing 50 kg across the border and receive about 1000 rubles for the “walk” + transportation costs and they are also paid for housing. That's how they live.

Shopping in Manzhouli

Prices in Manchuria are really encouraging, and many goods are ready to be sold to you for rubles, not to mention restaurant or hotel bills. You can exchange rubles for yuan at every step in exchange offices or banks. As elsewhere, you will have to look for a quality product, and this will not cost a penny, but it is still significantly cheaper than a similar one in Russia.

What to buy in Manzhouli?

It is recommended to buy clothes and shoes not in markets or from street vendors, but in large shopping centers, where you can find good quality. Many people buy fur coats and outerwear there, which are very cheap by Russian standards. Popular goods are also bedding, furniture, curtains, but you shouldn’t take household appliances - they are of poor quality and the price is not much cheaper than in Russia, I don’t know why. Hotel shops, as a rule, are a little more expensive than others, and “helpers” on the street charge money for their services, so it’s better to avoid them. And of course, don’t forget to bargain!

Shopping centers

A popular shopping center is “New Century”, in which the cheapest goods are located on the lower floors, and the more expensive ones are on the upper floors. The Druzhba trading house has high prices, but the quality is also high. Pay attention to the Manzhouli and Wan Jian shopping centers, where you can also buy quality goods.

Hotels in Manzhouli

There are many hotels in the city to suit every taste and budget. Some hotels are occupied entirely by groups of shopping tours, while others are inhabited primarily by private travelers. We managed to find a room for 50 yuan (or 500 rubles), we thought there would be fear there, but no! Luxurious large room with two beds, plasma, refrigerator, kettle, spacious bathroom - and all this with a cool view from the 14th floor. This is the cheapest room of all.

View from the hotel

Popular hotels in Manzhouli.

And transport links connecting it with Russia. They account for 70% of the turnover of Chinese-Russian trade.

Modern geography

Story

Ancient Manchuria

In ancient times, Manchuria was divided into many separate possessions, which were either united into one state under the rule of one conquering leader, or disintegrated again. Warlike Tungus tribes moved from the north and became dominant in northern Manchuria. In the south, Chinese colonization brought with it the beginnings of Han culture. In the 10th century, Manchuria was conquered by the Khitans. Since 1115, the Jurchens became dominant, creating the Jin dynasty, which controlled both Manchuria and almost all of northern China. In 1234, Manchuria was conquered by the Mongols.

After the overthrow of Mongol rule in China (1368), the new Ming Empire tried to conquer all of Manchuria at the beginning of the 15th century (see Ishiha's voyages). However, throughout most of the Ming era, only the extreme south of the region - the Liaodong Peninsula (modern Liaoning) - remained stably under Beijing's rule.

Qing Empire

Rumors about rich gold deposits in 1883 caused the spontaneous formation on the banks of the Zhelta River, a tributary of the Albazikha, Amur basin, of the so-called Zheltuginsk Republic, located in China. The Zheltuginsk Republic was liquidated by Chinese troops in the winter of 1885-1886.

Japan's claims to Manchuria and Korea and the refusal of the Russian Empire to withdraw Russian troops in violation of the alliance treaty from Manchuria and Korea led to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the theater of operations of which was all of southern Manchuria to Mukden.

Manchuria at the beginning of the 20th century

Former part of the Qing Empire, bordering Korea and Russia (Transbaikal, Amur and Primorsk regions), about 1 million km², 5.7 million inhabitants. With the exception of the southern part, Manchuria is a low mountainous country. In its western part, the Great Khingan ridge (Chinese: Xing-an-ling) stretches from north to south, the highest mountains in the southeastern part of the country are Changbai Shan (average height 1500-1800 m, highest 2745 m). Rivers: in addition to the Amur, which forms the border with Russia, its tributary the Sungari, merging with the Nonni-jiang, the Liaohe with many tributaries, the Yalu. The climate is harsh. Population: Chinese (mainly in the south), Manchus, Mongols, Tungus, Koreans, Japanese, ch. Occupations: agriculture, cattle breeding, mining. Administratively, Manchuria is divided into three provinces: Mukden (Chinese: Sheng-ching; main city of Mukden), Girin (main city of Girin) and Hei-longjiang (main cities of Qiqihar and Aigun). The main city of Manchuria is Mukden. The Chinese Eastern Railway passes through Manchuria, constituting an extension of the Siberian to the city of Vladivostok (1482 km) with branches Harbin - Dalniy (941 km), Nan-kuen - Lin - Port Arthur (48 km) and Tashi-jiao - Ish (22 km).

Manchukuo

From March 1 to August 19, the state of Manchukuo existed on the territory of Manchuria. The monetary unit is 1 chiao (1 chiao = 10 fen = 100 li). The capital is Xinjing, headed by Pu Yi (Supreme Ruler in - years, Emperor from 2000 to 2000). In fact, Manchukuo was controlled by Japan and entirely followed its policies. In the city, the armed forces of Manchukuo participated in the war at Khalkhin Gol (in the Japanese historiography “Incident at Nomonhan”). Manchukuo ceased to exist on August 19 when the plane carrying Emperor Pu Yi was captured at the Mukden airfield by Red Army paratroopers.

Logistics routes

The Manchurian border railway crossing "Manchuria - Zabaikalsk" is the largest in China in terms of traffic volume, and the only one operating 24 hours a day. By 2010, the railway station's freight turnover reached 70 million tons.

In July 2009, an international road border crossing opened in Manzhouli, increasing the volume of road transport to 6 million tons per year.

Currently, Manzhouli is a transshipment base for all types of cargo: timber, oil, liquid chemicals, gas, equipment, containers, making it the country's most functional land port.

Timber industry complex

60% of timber imported from Russia reaches China through Manchuria - this is 30% of the total volume of timber imported into the country. In 2012, the volume of exports through Manzhouli amounted to 8.9 million m³, which is 12.4% less than in 2011.

Border Chinese enterprises importing round timber, which subsequently export products to other countries, enjoy benefits in both foreign trade operations. These benefits and a number of other government measures significantly stimulated import and export transactions with timber. In 2014, China ranked first in the world in imports of roundwood and lumber.

The region is not only a transfer hub redirecting shipments of roundwood and lumber, but also the largest timber processing area. In 2003, as part of economic cooperation, the Manchurian Import Raw Materials Manufacturing Zone was established, covering an area of ​​about 19 km². There are over 130 large enterprises here, the raw material for which is timber imported from the Russian Federation. About 30% of them specialize in deep wood processing.

In 2012, the total annual production capacity of all wood processing enterprises in Manchuria was estimated at 7 million m³. The volume of timber processing in physical terms amounted to 4.034 million m³, which is 16.2% lower than in 2011, while in monetary terms it increased by 26.4% to $1.250 billion. This indicates that manufacturers are focusing on deeper wood processing.

The successful experience of organizing the Manchurian Industrial Imported Raw Materials Zone became the basis for the development in 2012 of a new state program “One market, two bases, three priority production areas,” which is a concept for the development of the region’s timber industry complex on the basis of a woodworking industrial park. The program includes the creation of the largest market in China for the trade of imported timber, with an area of ​​5 km², a base for the production of structural components for wooden houses and the largest trade and logistics point for processed timber.

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Notes

Literature

• Ahnert E.E. Traveling around Manchuria. - St. Petersburg, 1909
• Boloban A.P. Agriculture and grain industry of Northern Manchuria - Harbin, 1909
• Grebenshchikov A.V. Along the Amur and Sungari. Travel notes - Harbin, 1909
• Boloban A.P. Colonization problems of China in Manchuria // Bulletin of Asia. Journal of the Society of Russian Orientalists. - Harbin - 1910 - No. 3 - S. S.85 - 127
• Steinfeld N.P. Russian trade in Manchuria in the characteristics of local merchants // Bulletin of Asia. Journal of the Society of Russian Orientalists. - Harbin - 1910 - No. 3 - S. S. 128-157
• Avarin V. The national question and colonization in Manchuria // Revolution and nationalities - 1931 - No. 4

Links

• Kosinova O. A.// Electronic magazine “Knowledge. Understanding. Skill." - 2008. - No. 2 - Pedagogy. Psychology.
• Kosinova O. A.// Electronic magazine “Knowledge. Understanding. Skill." - 2008. - No. 2 - Pedagogy. Psychology.
• Kosinova O. A.// Electronic magazine “Knowledge. Understanding. Skill." - 2008. - No. 2 - Pedagogy. Psychology.

Excerpt characterizing Manchuria

At the beginning of 1806, Nikolai Rostov returned on vacation. Denisov was also going home to Voronezh, and Rostov persuaded him to go with him to Moscow and stay in their house. At the penultimate station, having met a comrade, Denisov drank three bottles of wine with him and, approaching Moscow, despite the potholes of the road, he did not wake up, lying at the bottom of the relay sleigh, near Rostov, which, as it approached Moscow, came more and more to impatience.
“Is it soon? Soon? Oh, these unbearable streets, shops, rolls, lanterns, cab drivers!” thought Rostov, when they had already signed up for their holidays at the outpost and entered Moscow.
- Denisov, we’ve arrived! Sleeping! - he said, leaning forward with his whole body, as if by this position he hoped to speed up the movement of the sleigh. Denisov did not respond.
“Here is the corner of the intersection where Zakhar the cabman stands; Here he is Zakhar, and still the same horse. Here is the shop where they bought gingerbread. Soon? Well!
- To which house? - asked the coachman.
- Yes, over there at the end, how can you not see! This is our home,” said Rostov, “after all, this is our home!” Denisov! Denisov! We'll come now.
Denisov raised his head, cleared his throat and did not answer.
“Dmitry,” Rostov turned to the footman in the irradiation room. - After all, this is our fire?
“That’s exactly how daddy’s office is lit up.”
– Haven’t gone to bed yet? A? How do you think? “Don’t forget to get me a new Hungarian at once,” Rostov added, feeling the new mustache. “Come on, let’s go,” he shouted to the coachman. “Wake up, Vasya,” he turned to Denisov, who lowered his head again. - Come on, let's go, three rubles for vodka, let's go! - Rostov shouted when the sleigh was already three houses away from the entrance. It seemed to him that the horses were not moving. Finally the sleigh took to the right towards the entrance; Above his head, Rostov saw a familiar cornice with chipped plaster, a porch, a sidewalk pillar. He jumped out of the sleigh as he walked and ran into the hallway. The house also stood motionless, unwelcoming, as if it did not care about who came to it. There was no one in the hallway. "My God! is everything alright? thought Rostov, stopping for a minute with a sinking heart and immediately starting to run further along the entryway and familiar, crooked steps. The same door handle of the castle, for the uncleanness of which the countess was angry, also opened weakly. One tallow candle was burning in the hallway.
Old man Mikhail was sleeping on the chest. Prokofy, the traveling footman, the one who was so strong that he could lift the carriage by the back, sat and knitted bast shoes from the edges. He looked at the opened door, and his indifferent, sleepy expression suddenly transformed into an enthusiastically frightened one.
- Fathers, lights! Young Count! – he cried out, recognizing the young master. - What is this? My darling! - And Prokofy, shaking with excitement, rushed to the door to the living room, probably to make an announcement, but apparently changed his mind again, returned back and fell on the young master’s shoulder.
-Are you healthy? - Rostov asked, pulling his hand away from him.
- God bless! All glory to God! We just ate it now! Let me look at you, Your Excellency!
- Is everything all right?
- Thank God, thank God!
Rostov, completely forgetting about Denisov, not wanting to let anyone warn him, took off his fur coat and ran on tiptoe into the dark, large hall. Everything is the same, the same card tables, the same chandelier in a case; but someone had already seen the young master, and before he had time to reach the living room, something quickly, like a storm, flew out of the side door and hugged and began to kiss him. Another, third, same creature jumped out of another, third door; more hugs, more kisses, more screams, tears of joy. He couldn’t make out where and who dad was, who was Natasha, who was Petya. Everyone was screaming, talking and kissing him at the same time. Only his mother was not among them - he remembered that.
- I didn’t know... Nikolushka... my friend!
- Here he is... ours... My friend, Kolya... He has changed! No candles! Tea!
- Yes, kiss me!
- Darling... and then me.
Sonya, Natasha, Petya, Anna Mikhailovna, Vera, the old count, hugged him; and people and maids, filling the rooms, muttered and gasped.
Petya hung on his legs. - And then me! - he shouted. Natasha, after she had bent him to her and kissed his entire face, jumped away from him and holding onto the hem of his Hungarian jacket, jumped like a goat all in one place and squealed shrilly.
On all sides there were eyes shining with tears of joy, loving eyes, on all sides there were lips seeking a kiss.
Sonya, red as red, also held his hand and was all beaming in the blissful gaze fixed on his eyes, which she was waiting for. Sonya was already 16 years old, and she was very beautiful, especially at this moment of happy, enthusiastic animation. She looked at him without taking her eyes off, smiling and holding her breath. He looked at her gratefully; but still waited and looked for someone. The old countess had not come out yet. And then steps were heard at the door. The steps are so fast that they couldn't be his mother's.
But it was she in a new dress, still unfamiliar to him, sewn without him. Everyone left him and he ran to her. When they came together, she fell on his chest, sobbing. She could not raise her face and only pressed it to the cold strings of his Hungarian. Denisov, unnoticed by anyone, entered the room, stood right there and, looking at them, rubbed his eyes.
“Vasily Denisov, a friend of your son,” he said, introducing himself to the count, who was looking at him questioningly.
- Welcome. I know, I know,” said the count, kissing and hugging Denisov. - Nikolushka wrote... Natasha, Vera, here he is Denisov.
The same happy, enthusiastic faces turned to the shaggy figure of Denisov and surrounded him.
- Darling, Denisov! - Natasha squealed, not remembering herself with delight, jumped up to him, hugged and kissed him. Everyone was embarrassed by Natasha's action. Denisov also blushed, but smiled and took Natasha’s hand and kissed it.
Denisov was taken to the room prepared for him, and the Rostovs all gathered in the sofa near Nikolushka.
The old countess, without letting go of his hand, which she kissed every minute, sat next to him; the rest, crowding around them, caught his every movement, word, glance, and did not take their rapturously loving eyes off him. The brother and sisters argued and grabbed each other's places closer to him, and fought over who should bring him tea, a scarf, a pipe.
Rostov was very happy with the love that was shown to him; but the first minute of his meeting was so blissful that his present happiness seemed not enough to him, and he kept waiting for something else, and more, and more.
The next morning, the visitors slept from the road until 10 o'clock.
In the previous room there were scattered sabers, bags, tanks, open suitcases, and dirty boots. The cleaned two pairs with spurs had just been placed against the wall. Servants brought washbasins, hot water for shaving, and cleaned dresses. It smelled of tobacco and men.
- Hey, G"ishka, t"ubku! – Vaska Denisov’s hoarse voice shouted. - Rostov, get up!
Rostov, rubbing his drooping eyes, raised his confused head from the hot pillow.
- Why is it late? “It’s late, it’s 10 o’clock,” Natasha’s voice answered, and in the next room the rustling of starched dresses, the whispering and laughter of girls’ voices was heard, and something blue, ribbons, black hair and cheerful faces flashed through the slightly open door. It was Natasha with Sonya and Petya, who came to see if he was up.
- Nikolenka, get up! – Natasha’s voice was heard again at the door.
- Now!
At this time, Petya, in the first room, saw and grabbed the sabers, and experiencing the delight that boys experience at the sight of a warlike older brother, and forgetting that it was indecent for sisters to see undressed men, opened the door.
- Is this your saber? - he shouted. The girls jumped back. Denisov, with frightened eyes, hid his furry legs in a blanket, looking back at his comrade for help. The door let Petya through and closed again. Laughter was heard from behind the door.
“Nikolenka, come out in your dressing gown,” said Natasha’s voice.
- Is this your saber? - Petya asked, - or is it yours? - He addressed the mustachioed, black Denisov with obsequious respect.
Rostov hastily put on his shoes, put on his robe and went out. Natasha put on one boot with a spur and climbed into the other. Sonya was spinning and was just about to puff up her dress and sit down when he came out. Both were wearing the same brand new blue dresses - fresh, rosy, cheerful. Sonya ran away, and Natasha, taking her brother by the arm, led him to the sofa, and they began to talk. They did not have time to ask each other and answer questions about thousands of little things that could only interest them alone. Natasha laughed at every word that he said and that she said, not because what they said was funny, but because she was having fun and was unable to contain her joy, which was expressed by laughter.
- Oh, how good, great! – she condemned everything. Rostov felt how, under the influence of the hot rays of love, for the first time in a year and a half, that childish smile blossomed on his soul and face, which he had never smiled since he left home.
“No, listen,” she said, “are you completely a man now?” I'm terribly glad that you are my brother. “She touched his mustache. - I want to know what kind of men you are? Are they like us? No?
- Why did Sonya run away? - Rostov asked.
- Yes. That's another whole story! How will you talk to Sonya? You or you?
“As it will happen,” said Rostov.
– Tell her, please, I’ll tell you later.
- So what?
- Well, I’ll tell you now. You know that Sonya is my friend, such a friend that I would burn my hand for her. Look at this. - She rolled up her muslin sleeve and showed a red mark on her long, thin and delicate arm under the shoulder, much above the elbow (in a place that is sometimes covered by ball gowns).
“I burned this to prove my love to her.” I just lit the ruler on fire and pressed it down.
Sitting in his former classroom, on the sofa with cushions on his arms, and looking into those desperately animated eyes of Natasha, Rostov again entered that family, children's world, which had no meaning for anyone except for him, but which gave him some of the best pleasures in life; and burning his hand with a ruler to show love did not seem useless to him: he understood and was not surprised by it.
- So what? only? - he asked.
- Well, so friendly, so friendly! Is this nonsense - with a ruler; but we are forever friends. She will love anyone, forever; but I don’t understand this, I’ll forget now.
- Well, what then?
- Yes, that’s how she loves me and you. - Natasha suddenly blushed, - well, you remember, before leaving... So she says that you forget all this... She said: I will always love him, and let him be free. It’s true that this is excellent, noble! - Yes Yes? very noble? Yes? - Natasha asked so seriously and excitedly that it was clear that what she was saying now, she had previously said with tears.
Rostov thought about it.
“I don’t take back my word on anything,” he said. - And then, Sonya is such a charm that what fool would refuse his happiness?
“No, no,” Natasha screamed. “We’ve already talked about this with her.” We knew you would say this. But this is impossible, because, you know, if you say that - you consider yourself bound by the word, then it turns out that she seemed to say it on purpose. It turns out that you are still forcibly marrying her, and it turns out completely different.
Rostov saw that all this was well thought out by them. Sonya amazed him with her beauty yesterday too. Today, having caught a glimpse of her, she seemed even better to him. She was a lovely 16-year-old girl, obviously loving him passionately (he did not doubt this for a minute). Why shouldn’t he love her now, and not even marry her, Rostov thought, but now there are so many other joys and activities! “Yes, they came up with this perfectly,” he thought, “we must remain free.”
“Well, great,” he said, “we’ll talk later.” Oh, how glad I am for you! - he added.
- Well, why didn’t you cheat on Boris? - asked the brother.
- This is nonsense! – Natasha shouted laughing. “I don’t think about him or anyone else and I don’t want to know.”
- That's how it is! So what are you doing?
- I? – Natasha asked again, and a happy smile lit up her face. -Have you seen Duport?

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And finally, you can get to the village of Zabaikalsk and transfer there to a bus, the stop of which is located next to the station - the journey will take about 2 hours, including the time needed to cross the border.

The last bus leaves at 15:10, and Zabaikalsk is most likely not a place where it would be interesting to spend the whole day, so it’s worth calculating your route so that you get there early.

Search for air tickets to Beijing (the closest airport to Manzhouli)

Popular hotels in Manzhouli

Shopping in Manzhouli

For many people, shopping in China is associated exclusively with goods, the quality of which can only be lowered by their price. This is not to say that this has nothing to do with the truth - there are plenty of markets here selling not very well made things that cost pennies. However, even with them, some manage to find something interesting - although this usually requires spending quite a lot of time. But here you can buy quality items at relatively high prices for China - it will still be much cheaper than in Russia.

There are quite a few street vendors in Manchuria, but there is simply no point in buying anything from them, because they usually sell things purchased in the same stores that you can go to yourself - only with them, of course, it is more expensive .

Quite often, goods of both types coexist quite successfully in one place - for example, at the New Century market. The higher the floor, the higher the price and quality of the things sold there, so you can already make a lot of successful purchases at the top. True, you still shouldn’t let your guard down; just because the item you’ve chosen is on one of the upper floors does not mean that it’s not necessary to give it a thorough check. There are not many large shopping centers selling only high-quality goods here, only 3 or 4 in the entire city.

There is one simple way to increase your chances of finding good things even among cheap goods - find wholesale buyers among your buyers and see where and what exactly they buy.

What to buy

If you are looking for clothes or shoes, you still shouldn’t pay much attention to the markets - it’s better to go straight to local shopping centers or stroll through individual shops of various companies, where in most cases they sell high-quality items from brands unknown outside of China.

Separately, it is worth noting the local fur coats. Their selection here is simply huge, and they cost almost the same as a coat of similar quality would cost in Russia. The cheapest way to buy fur coats is not in stores, but directly at the factory where they are produced. The only problem is that getting there is not that easy. You can either find someone in advance who will be willing to take you to the factory, or try to negotiate with the sellers.

Another interesting local product is curtains. Even if you don’t plan to change them, take your measurements before leaving just in case, because here you will encounter such an extraordinary variety that you may not be able to resist - and it will cost at least 5 times less than in Russia.

Household appliances, computers and telephones are not worth buying in Manzhouli. The quality often leaves much to be desired, the choice here is not very large, the prices are often not that low, and you will have to pay extra at customs for every extra kilogram.

It is better to exchange money in advance - or at least pay in dollars. Rubles are also accepted everywhere here, but the sellers’ rate will always be higher than at the exchange office.

And, of course, you should bargain always and everywhere - even if the goods have price tags, if you want, you can certainly reduce the price by at least half.

The name comes from the name of the Manchu people (of Southern Tungus origin) at the beginning of the 17th century, who in the past had their own statehood.

• 1 Modern geography
• 2 History
  • 2.1 Ancient Manchuria
  • 2.2 Qing Empire
  • 2.3 Russians in Manchuria
  • 2.4 Manchuria at the beginning of the 20th century
  • 2.5 Manchukuo
• 3 See also
• 4 Notes
• 5 Literature
• 6 Links

Modern geography

Currently, the plains of Chinese Manchuria are occupied by the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning. The Greater Khingan Range is located in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

Story

Ancient Manchuria

In ancient times, Manchuria was divided into many separate possessions, which were either united into one state under the rule of one conquering leader, or disintegrated again. Warlike Tungus tribes moved from the north and became dominant in northern Manchuria. In the south, Chinese colonization brought with it the beginnings of Han culture. In the 10th century, Manchuria was conquered by the Khitans. Since 1115, the Jurchens became dominant, creating the Jin dynasty, which controlled both Manchuria and almost all of northern China. In 1234, Manchuria was conquered by the Mongols.

After the overthrow of Mongol rule in China (1368), the new Ming Empire tried to conquer all of Manchuria at the beginning of the 15th century (see Ishiha's voyages). However, throughout most of the Ming era, only the extreme south of the region - the Liaodong Peninsula (modern Liaoning) - remained stably under Beijing's rule.

Qing Empire

At the end of the 16th century. one of the Jurchen leaders, Nurhatsi, united under his rule many Jurchen and Mongol aimags (tribes, possessions) and in 1616 declared himself the emperor of a new empire called “Later Jin” - as a sign of the continuation of the traditions of the Jin empire of the 12th-13th centuries. Then Liaodong, which belonged to the Ming Empire, was conquered. 1636 Nurhaci's son, Abahai, renamed the Later Jin to Qing, and the Jurchens to "Manchus".

In 1644, the Qing armies crossed the Great Wall of China and took Beijing. After a long war, the Manchus were able to finally annex all of China to their Qing state.

While remaining the dominant group in the Qing Empire, the Manchus quickly adopted Chinese culture, but their historical homeland, Manchuria, was never fully integrated with conquered inner China, maintaining legal and ethnic differences. To control the access of ethnic Chinese (Han) to central and northern Manchuria (that is, beyond Liaodong), to settle or collect ginseng and other natural resources, a special Willow Fence was even built in the mid-17th century. Only in the second half of the 19th century, after the loss of the Amur and Primorye regions, did the Qing leadership realize the need to populate the northeastern outskirts of the country and strengthen the state budget, and opened the way for the mass settlement of Manchuria by the Chinese.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, Europeans often collectively referred to the Manchus and Mongols, along with other indigenous inhabitants of northern Asia, as "Tatars". Accordingly, Manchuria and Mongolia, which were part of the Qing Empire, became known in Western Europe as “Chinese Tartary” (for example, French la Tartarie chinoise in Duald, English Chinese Tartary in Kitchen’s atlas of 1773). This is where the name Tatar Strait comes from (French: manche du Tartarie). Geographers of the early 19th century. advocated the use of the word "Manchuria" as more accurate; for example, one of the chapters of world geography published in Paris in 1804 (part of the section “Chinese Empire”) is entitled: “Dependent provinces of the north, or Manchuria, Mongolia, Kalmykia, Sifan, Little Bukharia, and other countries usually falling under the incorrect name TARTARIA “Only during the 19th century. the word "Manchuria" became commonly used.

Russians in Manchuria

Clashes with the Russians on Manchuria's northern border begin with the Russo-Chinese War of 1658, during which the Russians also encountered the Koreans for the first time.

The result of the military confrontation was the Treaty of Nerchinsk signed in 1689, according to which the Amur, Argun and Gorbitsa rivers were made the Russian-Chinese border.

Rumors about rich gold deposits in 1883 caused the spontaneous formation on the banks of the Zhelta River, a tributary of the Albazikha, Amur basin, of the so-called Zheltuginsk Republic, located in China. The Zheltuginsk Republic was liquidated by Chinese troops in the winter of 1885-1886.

During the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), part of Manchuria was occupied by the Japanese, but was returned to China under the Treaty of Shimonoseki.

The weakening of the Qing government led to increased Russian influence in Manchuria, which was gradually included in the sphere of Russian commercial and political interests. This was largely due to the allied treaty concluded in 1896, after the defeat of the troops of the Qing Empire in the Sino-Japanese War.

Since 1896, the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) was built along the shortest route to Vladivostok through Harbin. N. S. Sviyagin played a prominent role in the study of Manchuria and the construction of the road.

In 1898, under the Russo-Chinese Convention, Russia leased the Liaodong Peninsula and adjacent islands from China, fortified Port Arthur and built the commercial port of Dalniy, which were connected by rail to the East China Line to Vladivostok.

In 1900, as a result of the Boxer Uprising, the CER region in Manchuria was occupied by Russian troops.

In 1903, Russia established the Viceroyalty of the Far East in Port Arthur, and the Russian government considered the project of securing Manchuria as "Zheltorossiya", the basis of which was to be the Kwantung Region established in 1899, the exclusion zone of the Chinese Eastern Railway, the formation of a new Cossack army and the settlement of Russian colonists.

Japan's claims to Manchuria and Korea and the refusal of the Russian Empire to withdraw Russian troops in violation of the alliance treaty from Manchuria and Korea led to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, the theater of operations of which was all of southern Manchuria to Mukden.

Japanese settlement of Manchuria. 1910

According to the Treaty of Portsmouth, the Liaodong Peninsula with the Kwantung Region and the Russian Railway (SMZD) from Kuanchenzi (Changchun) to Port Arthur went to Japan. Between 1905 and 1925, Japan further strengthened its influence in Inner Manchuria, relying on economic leverage. Later, Japan did not allow Chinese control to be established over Manchuria, occupied it and created the pro-Japanese state of Manchukuo there.

Manchuria at the beginning of the 20th century

Former part of the Qing Empire, bordering Korea and Russia (Transbaikal, Amur and Primorsk regions), about 1 million km², 5.7 million inhabitants. With the exception of the southern part, Manchuria is a low mountainous country. in its western part the Greater Khingan ridge (Chinese: Xing-an-lin) stretches from north to south; the highest mountains in the southeastern part of the country are Changbai Shan (average height 1500-1800 m, highest 2745 m). Rivers: in addition to the Amur, which forms the border with Russia, its tributary the Sungari, merging with the Nonni-jiang, the Liaohe with many tributaries, the Yalu. The climate is harsh. Population: Chinese (mainly in the south), Manchus, Mongols, Tungus, Koreans, Japanese, ch. Occupations: agriculture, cattle breeding, mining. Administratively, Manchuria is divided into three provinces: Mukden (Chinese Sheng-ching; the main city of Mukden), Girin (the main city of Girin) and Hei-long-jiang (the main cities of Qiqihar and Aigun). The main city of Manchuria is Mukden. The Chinese Eastern Railway passes through Manchuria, constituting an extension of the Siberian to the city of Vladivostok (1482 km) with branches Harbin-Dalniy (941 km), Nan-kuen - Lin - Port Arthur (48 km) and Tashi-jiao - Ish (22 km).

Manchukuo

From March 1, 1932 to August 19, 1945, the state of Manchukuo existed on the territory of Manchuria. The monetary unit is 1 chiao (1 chiao = 10 fen = 100 li). The capital is Xinjing, headed by Pu Yi (Supreme Ruler 1932-1934, Emperor from 1934 to 1945). In fact, Manchukuo was controlled by Japan and entirely followed its policies. In 1939, the armed forces of Manchukuo participated in the war at Khalkhin Gol (in the Japanese historiography “Incident at Nomonhan”). Manchukuo ceased to exist on August 19, 1945, when the plane carrying Emperor Pu Yi was captured at Mukden airfield by Red Army paratroopers.

see also

• Zheltuginsk Republic
• Manchukuo

Notes

1. Jean-Baptiste Du Halde: Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise (Paris: P.G. Lemercier 1735)
2. Mentelle, Edme & Brun, Malte (1804), "Géographie mathématique, physique & politique de toutes les parties du monde", vol. 12, H. Tardieu, p. 144,
3. that is, Dzungaria
4. Tibet
5. Kashgaria
6. "Les provinces tributaires du nord ou la Mantchourie, la Mongolie, la Kalmouquie, le Sifan, la Petit Bucharie, et autres pays vulgairement compris sous la fausse dénomination de TARTARIE", in Mentelle & Brun 1804, P. 144
7. Another example of early use: "Mandchourie ou pays du Mongols, mantcheoux ou orientaux" ("Manchuria, or the country of the Manchu or Eastern Mongols") in: Mentelle, Edme (1804), "Le cours complet de cosmographie, de géographie, de chronologie et d "histoire ancienne et moderne", vol. 3, Chez Bernard, p. 334,
8. Russian Archipelago - Far Eastern Project of the Russian Empire
9. Japan from the 20s to the 40s

Literature

• Ahnert E.E. Travel to Manchuria. - St. Petersburg, 1909
• Boloban A.P. Agriculture and grain industry of Northern Manchuria - Harbin, 1909
• Grebenshchikov A.V. Along the Amur and Sungari. Travel notes - Harbin, 1909
• Boloban A.P. Colonization problems of China in Manchuria // Bulletin of Asia. Journal of the Society of Russian Orientalists. - Harbin - 1910 - No. 3 - S. S.85 - 127
• Steinfeld N.P. Russian trade in Manchuria in the characteristics of local merchants // Bulletin of Asia. Journal of the Society of Russian Orientalists. - Harbin - 1910 - No. 3 - S. S. 128-157
• Avarin V. The national question and colonization in Manchuria // Revolution and nationalities - 1931 - No. 4

Links

• Agreement between Russia and China on Manchuria. Beijing, March 26/April 8, 1902
• Kosinova O. A. Oriental and local history training in educational institutions of Russian abroad in China // Electronic journal “Knowledge. Understanding. Skill". - 2008. - No. 2 - Pedagogy. Psychology.
• Kosinova O. A. Historical prerequisites for the formation of the cultural and educational space of Russia in Northern Manchuria // Electronic journal “Knowledge. Understanding. Skill". - 2008. - No. 2 - Pedagogy. Psychology.
• Kosinova O. A. Formation of the education system of Russian abroad in Northern Manchuria // Electronic journal “Knowledge. Understanding. Skill". - 2008. - No. 2 - Pedagogy. Psychology.
• Litvintsev G. Russian Manchuria, a disappeared country
• When writing this article, material was used from the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron (1890-1907).

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