Settlements and dwellings of the Chuvash. Food

The main types of settlements are villages and hamlets. The earliest types of settlement are riverine and ravine, the layouts are cumulus-cluster (in the northern and central regions) and linear (in the south). In the north, the village is typically divided into ends, usually inhabited by related families. The street layout extends from the 2nd floor. 19th century

The traditional hut was placed in the center of the front yard with an entrance to the east and windows to the south, heated with a black adobe stove near the rear blank wall. There were bunks along the walls. From the 2nd half of the 19th century. Dwellings of the Central Russian type with a three-part structure are spreading: hut - canopy - cage. Windows are cut into 3 walls; the internal layout is similar to Russian: red corner, bunk, benches along the walls; The kitchen is separated by a partition. To the beginning XX century the chicken stove is replaced by a Russian stove with a chimney and plates, while the traditional hearth with a suspended or embedded boiler is preserved. Later, Dutch ovens became widespread. The roof is 2-, in the south often 4-slope, covered with straw, shingles or planks. The house is decorated with polychrome painting, saw-cut carvings, applied decorations, the so-called. “Russian” gate with a gable roof on 3-4 pillars - bas-relief carvings, later painting. 80% of rural Chuvash live in traditional huts.

There is an ancient log building (originally without a ceiling or windows, with an open hearth), serving as a summer kitchen. Cellars and baths are common. Traditional local differences in housing and the layout of the estate are preserved: among the upper Chuvash, the residential house and outbuildings are connected in an L- or U-shape, large open courtyards are common; among the lower Chuvash, the cage is, as a rule, separated from the house, outbuildings are located in the corner opposite from the house courtyard, dominated by bright polychrome coloring, abundant decorative elements in the external decoration. A modern rural house has four or five walls with an internal layout of living space, a veranda, a front porch, and a mezzanine. The interior retains traditional features: in the front corner there are a table, chairs, a sofa or benches, the bed is often separated by a curtain. Homespun carpets (palaces) and traditional embroidery are used.

Development and improvement of cities in the 16th-19th centuries.

There is no such question

Food culture, traditional dishes.

The main grain plants consumed as food are rye, barley, oats, millet, buckwheat, known from Arab sources and archaeological data, even in Volga Bulgaria.

The main place was given to dishes made from rye flour, sour bread and numerous cookies, ranging from hearth cakes to traditional pies with meat or fish filling, khuplu. Flour, cereals and oatmeal made from oats, wheat, spelt and barley were also used.

Chuvash national cuisine includes a significant number of meat dishes. They ate beef, lamb, horse meat (among the lower Chuvash), and poultry. The traditional Chuvash treat sharttan is a sheep stomach stuffed with meat. We also cooked homemade sausage. Dairy products were widely used, mainly sour milk turah, churning uyran, as well as cottage cheese in the form of chykyt cheese curds. Butter and eggs were eaten in small quantities: along with grain, they were the main commercial products of the peasant economy. Game was occasionally consumed, mainly hare meat. Residents of riverine villages ate fish. Delicious and nutritious dishes of national cuisine were prepared only on holidays. The Chuvash family mainly ate traditional yashka soup with homemade noodles, which were only occasionally cooked in meat or fish broth, as well as uiran, boiled potatoes, porridges, and jelly. Porridge, soup with dumplings, pancakes, flat cakes, as well as eggs and drinks were an obligatory attribute of Chuvash religious rites.

Among the sweets, the Chuvash consumed honey, which was also used for honey drink and honey mash. The intoxicating drink was beer made from barley or rye malt.

The traditional food system of the Chuvash, fitting into the framework of the Volga model, also has some specificity, which indicates the dominant nature of the ethnogenetic proximity of the Chuvash to the world of pastoral peoples of Asia.

One group of their foods and dishes has a continuous connection with the culinary traditions of ancient nomads, as well as Turkic and partially Iranian-speaking peoples of Asia, the other was formed in relatively later periods already in the middle Volga and Urals as a result of cultural and genetic mutual influence with local Finno-Ugric peoples (porridge, some flour products), as well as Russian.

35.​ Family rituals: maternity (naming, baptism), wedding rituals.

1) Traditions and rituals in a Chuvash wedding.

Dating and choosing the bride and groom.

According to the traditions of many nations, it was impossible to choose a wife or husband from relatives. Among the Chuvash, this ban extended to the seventh generation. For example, seventh cousins ​​were not allowed to marry. This prohibition is due to the fact that in consanguineous marriages, children are often born sick. Therefore, Chuvash boys looked for brides in neighboring and distant villages.

To get to know young people, various gatherings, games, and holidays were organized, common to several villages. They looked especially carefully at future wives and husbands doing joint work: haymaking, nim, etc.

When a guy announced his desire to get married, the parents first of all found out what kind of family the bride was from, whether she was healthy, whether she was hardworking enough, whether she was smart, what her character was, what her appearance was, etc.

To meet the bride's family and make a preliminary arrangement, matchmaking, the young man's parents sent matchmakers. A few days later, the groom’s parents and relatives came to the bride’s house for the final matchmaking of the bride. They brought gifts: beer, cheese, various cookies. Relatives, usually the eldest in the family, also gathered from the bride's side. Before the treat, they opened the door slightly and prayed with pieces of bread and cheese in their hands. Then the feast, songs, fun began. On the same day, the bride gave gifts to her future relatives: towels, surpans, shirts and treated them to beer, in return they put several coins in the empty ladle. During one of these visits, the matchmakers agreed on the wedding day and the amount of the bride price and dowry.

A few days before the wedding, the groom's parents once again came to the bride's house to finalize the terms of the wedding.

Money, food for a wedding, skins for a fur coat, etc. were given as bridewealth. And the dowry included various clothes, scarves, towels, feather beds, chests, pets: a foal, a cow, sheep, geese, a hen and chicks.

The senior groom was chosen from the groom's close relatives - a kind, cheerful man, a joker and a talker, who perfectly remembers all the details of the wedding ritual. Usually he negotiated with the bride's parents. The younger groom was chosen from among the groom's young relatives.

Wedding preparations

Everywhere, a Chuvash wedding began almost simultaneously in both the groom’s house and the bride’s house, then the weddings were joined in the bride’s house - the groom came and took her to his place, and the wedding ended in the groom’s house. In general, wedding celebrations took place over several days and were often held within a week.

As always, before special celebrations, they had a bathhouse, dressed in the best elegant clothes, festive hats and jewelry. Among relatives or good friends, special people were chosen who organized the wedding celebration and carried out special assignments. The wedding director was chosen from both the groom's and the bride's sides.

The bride bowed to her parents, the father and mother blessed their daughter.

According to Chuvash traditions, both the bride and groom were seated on pillows with special embroidered patterns. The Russians put newlyweds on fur skins so they could live richly.

The groom was brought into the house, he bowed to his parents, and they blessed him.

A mandatory wedding ritual was the bride's wearing of a female headdress - surpan khushpu.

The last wedding ceremony was the ceremony of the bride going to fetch water, which could also be carried out in different ways. The bride, young people, and relatives went to the spring. They could throw coins into the water and pronounce the necessary words. The bride (or her husband's relative) collected water three times and the bucket was overturned three times. For the fourth time, the bride brought water to the house. She used this water to cook dumpling soup or other dish. Cooking by the daughter-in-law and treating new relatives meant her entry into her husband's clan.

HOUSING– built in accordance with nature. and socio-economic. living conditions, level of development of architecture, construction to meet housing needs, cultural component, including related ones. from ethnic. specifics. In individual Housing - technology, layout, interior - reflected traditionally. elements of culture. The functionality has been known since ancient times. division of housing into winter and summer, the origins of which go back to stable, permanent housing and portable, collapsible housing. Chuvash materials. Vocabularies, folklore, legends, and embroidery patterns indicate that the ancient housing of the Chuvash ancestors was a yurt. In writing sources near the Volga. Bulgarians, along with the Derevians. houses and adobe. J., felt yurts were also recorded. However, the Chuvash tradition of organizing yurts has not been preserved. Perhaps the rudiments of the ancient dwelling - tent-wagon (the main type of housing in the steppe zone) - are a leather-covered thuja k™mi (wedding wagon) and a wagon for spending the night during haymaking and grain harvest (it was covered with leather or rough canvas). Since ancient times, the semi-dugout served as a stationary dwelling; it dominated the forest-steppe. and step. stripes among the settled population of the Saltovo-Mayak culture; in the 2nd half. 1 thousand it also appears in the southern regions of the Kama region, but also existed in the late Middle Ages. In particular, due to the turbulent situation in the 2nd half. 14th – 15th centuries the population of Trans-Kama mainly built half-dugouts, the walls of which were strengthened with wooden blocks. Above-ground adobe houses of round or oval shape with a conical roof were typical among the Bulgarians and, perhaps, preceded the log house, which was built in the Middle Ages. The Volga region has been known since the 2nd half. 1 thousand AD

Chuvash. peasants architecture dates back to the time when the main builder. the material was wood (mid 1st millennium AD), while the roots were ornamental. The motives lie deeper. The Chuvash log hut lasts a long time. time it was single-chamber, in the 17th–19th centuries. it was built with a canopy at the entrance, with a porch and, less often, with a canopy. In the 18th century or previously there were three chambers. F. hut + canopy + hut (one of the huts served as a clean half). In the 2nd half. 19th century single-chamber housing gave way to two-chamber housing (a hut with a closed entrance), more typical for the forest-steppe. zone, and a three-chamber one (a hut with a canopy and a cage), which was more common in the forest zone. The introduction of these types of housing was associated both with the development of construction. technology, as well as the redevelopment of settlements - replacing the cumulus plan with a street plan. Wealthy peasants built the so-called round houses - wide side towards the street, with a hallway with a hallway. like along a long wall. Houses were placed with their facade facing the street along one line (in the old days they were located in the middle of the courtyard or along the perimeter of nested courtyards). In the three-chamber connection, hut + canopy + cage (two-story barn), the cage or second floor of the barn was used as a summer living room (cage-bedroom). In the forest zone (in particular, in Kozmodemyan. u.) houses were built with a high roof, basement, and semi-basement. floor. Five-walled, which appeared in the 2nd half. 19th century, spread from the middle. 20th century; for forest-steppe. zones (ethno-territorial groups) a hut with a cut-out is more typical. A five-wall house with a truss and a cross house are variants of multi-chambers. wooden houses that had little share in the total housing stock.

In the beginning. 20th century J. had wood. the foundation (pillars), log houses (10–15 crowns) were cut into a corner (“into a bowl”) from coniferous or linden logs, the frame crown was made from oak. Rafters. the roof replaced the male, which predominated until the gray. 19th century In the forest zone, the main material for covering was wood (shingles, bast, shingles, planks), in the forest-steppe. – straw. The four-walled building had 3–6 windows with single or double-leaf shutters (in the mid-19th century there were 1–2 small slanted windows without frames and glass windows). Old home orientation traditions, for example, to the east were no longer observed. in the end 19 – beginning 20th centuries has undergone a number of changes.

At the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. consumption of construction workers has increased. material. Wealthy peasants hired carpenters, carvers, joiners, masons; into peasants. innovations are being introduced into construction equipment. In the beginning. 20th century in the development of peasants. In the 1960s, a new type of housing appeared - chul ®urt (stone house), built of brick, incorporating classical elements into the architectural design. In the 1920s Wonderful examples of external decoration appeared with the spread of new types of housing, such as a five-walled house, a “round” house, and a stone house. The art of ornamentation developed. carvings of elements of the facade of the house: platbands, cornice, pediment, front porch, gate. Political situation in the 1930s. led to a slowdown in the development of architecture.

Development of life in the 2nd half. 20th century happened on inherited. traditions and their combination with innovations. Five-walled houses and houses with trusses became the main types of housing; this situation persisted in the beginning. 21st century Log houses have more character. sign for the zone adjacent to forests; Logging technology is widely used in modernized construction. large houses and summer houses in the con. 20 – beginning 21st centuries New progressives are being introduced. and rational. bricklaying methods. The share of brick houses is 40–50%. Large houses are being built with a large number of windows, improved. architecture appearance - with an attic, balcony, porch, tower, new roof shapes (attic, asymmetrical, multi-component), figured masonry of walls, cornice and platband, saw-cut carvings. Since the 1980s There has been a tendency towards the construction of residential and other premises under one roof. A two-story building is being built. Houses.

In Zh. Chuvash development is a builder. technology and architecture. elements had the same trends as other peoples of the Volga and Urals regions. All R. 19th century were almost the only ones. exponent of decorative design of buildings. The residential building, unlike the gate, which did not face the outside space, was little decorated with carvings; note Changes in Zh.'s appearance began to occur with the installation of the hut facing the street. Change in structural and morphological The signs concerned the structure of the roof, windows, intimacy, and interior. Elements of art. design that spread to the end. 19th century, were a dormer and a dormer window with a platband, piers (boards covering the front end slope of the roof), overlay patterns on the gable field, a cornice, platbands and shutters, cladding of corners and walls. Along with dugouts and sculptures. cutting and overhead threads were introduced using threads. Overhead figures - squares, rhombuses, round rosettes - were used instead of old carved rosettes. New traditions were consolidated in the 1920s. Examples of ornamentation from this period have been recorded , they indicate a significant level of Chuvash skill. carvers. In the external design of the house in the 2nd half. 20th century sawn (openwork, silhouette, overlay) carving and mosaic were used. wall cladding, expanded iron, plaster, whitewashing and painting, stucco, carving on wet plaster, figures. brickwork. Many decorative options have been developed for housing, reflecting quantitative and qualitative characteristics. and local. peculiarities. Abundance of decorative elements, large-patterned piece sets, wide cornice board with overlay. patterns, small architectures. shapes (attics of summer houses, gates), bright polychrome. coloring is a characteristic characteristic of the southwest. regions of Chuvashia. To the northwest. Part of the decorative feature is, in particular, finely patterned carvings reminiscent of filigree. embroidery of Chuvash riding people, gates with carved and painted decorations of pillars in the old style. style, etc. Clear decorative. The ensemble consists of a residential building, a summer house and a gate. For ethnoterritorial. groups of Chuvash forest-steppe. zones (Samara and Saratov regions, Bashkortostan) character. element is the exterior finishing. walls of houses - coating, plaster, whitewashing. In a number of areas, especially in the east, the story became widespread. painting in enamel and oil paints.

With the emergence of cities, cities were built. J., which was originally made of wood. and had practically no differences from the rural one. Later, stone houses appeared for the wealthy. trading people, representing the 2nd floor. chambers, in which the residential floor was located above the subcellular utility floor. In some merchant houses, con. 19th century On the ground floor there were shops, restaurants and taverns.

In the beginning. 20th century In connection with the development of industry in cities, a new type of housing appeared - hired, character. a feature of which was a number of more or less identical residential cells, united. general communications: corridor or stairs. In the 1920s–30s. in the cities of Chuvashia, 2nd floors were built. 6–8 apartments. wooden houses and barracks. Sharpness of dwellings. problems required the introduction of industrial. methods of construction and unification of types of housing. For this purpose, in 1929–31. A plant for the production of frame parts was built in Kozlovka. American houses. type for 8 apartments. In con. 1920s - early 1930s apartments began to be built. individual houses made of brick-pich. projects (for example, 18-apartment “House of Professorship” on K. Marx Street in Cheboksary, 1932), then, with the development of economic construction. sectional houses - according to standard ones.

From ser. 1960s massive construction of the 5th floor began. houses made of prefabricated reinforced concrete. panels according to a series of standard projects. The houses had 1, 2 and 3 rooms. apartments with useful area from 31 to 57 m2 with full engineer. landscaping. In the beginning. 1970s The construction of a new series of large panels has been mastered. houses, which has a wide range of block sections with more comfort. apartments, which made it possible to solve the layout of neighborhoods in a picturesque and unconventional way. Pre-schools were built in them at the same time as housing. institutions, schools, trade and public service enterprises, cultural institutions. First 9th floor. a residential building of this series was built in Novocheboksarsk in 1974. At the end. 1970s - early 1980s Work has been carried out to unify large-panel products. housing construction and improvement of planning. solutions for apartments, as a result of which a regional was created. a series of standard designs for residential buildings and a block section was introduced. method of their design and construction (prize of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, 1983). The apartments have increased living space, the size of kitchens, hallways, and bathrooms.

In the beginning. 1980s monolith housing construction has been introduced. concrete. The first monolith. residential building with 79 apartments (1-, 3-, 4-room apartments, total area from 36 to 87 m2) erected in Cheboksary in 1984. Along with large panels. and monolith. houses are built from brick, both standard and individual. projects, taking into account the specific features. family and site planning.

The quality of housing is determined by the state. nor-ma-tivami. From the time of. Urban housing is designed taking into account the occupancy of an apartment by one family. Apartments in state buildings. and municipal. The housing stock has living rooms and utility rooms. premises: kitchen, front room, bathroom, restroom, pantry; apartments in buildings of other forms of ownership, in addition - additional. premises (children's room, dining room, office, etc.).

To create the most favorable. living conditions for villages. population in the 1960s work has begun on . Along with the traditional Residential buildings began to be built on 2-3 floors. sectional home city. type, equipped. centralized plumbing, sewerage and heating. Experiments were conducted to select the most rational one. types of villages J. (see ). Builder industry Chuvash. Rep. The production of products for complete assembly was mastered. estate houses type for 1–2 apartments and sections. houses with 12, 18 and 27 apartments. Significant things happened. changes in traditional G. Houses began to be built of brick, 1–2 floors with a large set of utility rooms. buildings The arch-tech tour has changed. image of the village G. All houses are electrified, gasified approx. 90% (2006).

Builder development. bases and individual-dual. construction allowed to increase the number of dwellings to 2005. republic fund up to 26.1 million m2, housing availability – up to 20 m2 for 1 person

Mordva Erzya Moksha Karatai (Tatar influence) Teryukhane (Russian influence) Shoksha (Russian influence)

Origin of the name The ethnonym “Mordovians” is not the self-name of the people. Iranian language (“mord” - person, man). The first written mention of the Mordovians dates back to the middle of the 6th century AD. The Gothic historian Jordanes, in his work “On the Origin and Deeds of the Getae” (“Getica”), names the “Mordens” among the tribes conquered by the Gothic king Germanaric.

Purgasova Rus' In Russian chronicles of the first half of the 13th century. mention is made of the Mordovian “Purgas Rus'”, headed by the inyazor (“great master” - erz.) Purgas, whose policy was focused on the Bulgarians.

Settlements and dwellings riverine and riverine type of settlement watershed type of settlement are rare

The nature of the layout According to the nature of the layout, the Mordovian villages of the Volga region were divided into ordinary, end, street, random quarter-street.

Street development The street consisted of one row of houses, in front of the windows of which there were outbuildings - huts, barns and baths. This is the layout of one of the ends of the village. Maly Tolkai (Pokhvistnevsky district), known as troxpe.

The dwelling of the Mordovians is a smoke hut, which was heated “in black.” The dwelling of the Mordovians was two-partitioned and three-partitioned.

The house consisted of a residential hut (kud m., kudo e.) and a passage (kudongol m., kudykelks e.). The three-part house was complemented by an upper room.

Construction technology The log houses were low - up to 13 crowns. They were usually placed without a foundation or on low wooden posts. Many houses were made of adobe. Sometimes such houses were built using formwork - plank walls.

Roofs The roofs of dwellings were usually hipped and covered with thatch. The straw was often coated with clay, which protected it from being blown away by the wind and, to a certain extent, protected it from fires. In a number of areas, roofs were covered with marsh reeds. There are almost no carvings on the houses of the Samara Mordovians.

Internal layout The stove was located in one of the corners at the entrance. Moksha had a kershpel - a boardwalk in front of the stove 25-30 cm high from the floor. But it was much less common than among the Moksha population of the indigenous territory of residence.

The estate The canopies that were directly adjacent to the residential hut were mostly planked, less often chopped; there were also wattle canopies with an earthen floor. The courtyard (pirf - m., kardaz - e.) was directly adjacent to the house and had the shape of a rectangle or square. Open courtyards were widespread. The complex of household premises included premises for livestock, storage of equipment and household property, buildings for threshing and drying bread. Baths were usually placed on the shore of a reservoir. And on the street opposite the windows they built semi-dugout-type basements. Valuable property was stored in them in case of fire: grain, clothing, etc.

Anthropological characteristics The Chuvash have the greatest similarity with the mountain Mari. Among the northern Chuvash, the influence of Mongoloid components is noticeable. The population of the southern regions has Caucasian features and gravitates towards the Mordovians.

types of Chuvash settlements Villages and hamlets. In the northern and central regions of the republic, Chuvash villages consisted of okolotok - clusters of courtyards, separated from each other by a considerable distance. The neighborhoods had a complicated layout and clustered estates. The first Chuvash settlements of the Kama region, the Southern Urals and Samarskaya Luka were small villages with randomly scattered estates.

Dwelling of the Chuvash Kurnaya Izbakh Khura Purt until the end of the 19th century. The most archaic building now is the hut, which is used as a summer kitchen.

House of the Chuvash Nara, table, wooden blocks, helmet fart. Later, long benches and wooden beds appeared.

Construction technology Currently, the rural Chuvash population builds log and brick houses. As a rule, these are four- or five-walled. In the Volga regions, huts are made from pine logs, linden and other deciduous trees.

Gable roofs, with high gables, decorated with saw-cut carvings. There are also houses with a hipped or half-hipped roof. The window frames are decorated with carvings. Polychrome paint is used in architectural decoration; strict and straight lines predominate in the architecture.

Homesteads Open courtyard Kilcarthy. The house and outbuildings are connected in an L-shape or U-shape. Many of the buildings on the estate have a traditional location. A cage or barn is attached to the entryway. More than half of Chuvash farms have a nukhrep cellar. For fire safety purposes, a munch bath is placed in the garden, vegetable garden or on the street.

The Gate is Blind, a richly ornamented so-called Russian gate with a gable roof, mounted on three or four massive oak pillars.

Volga-Ural Tatars Sub-ethnic groups: Kazan Tatars, Kasimov Tatars and Mishars, sub-confessional community of Kryashens (baptized Tatars) and Nagaibaks.

Types of settlements Urban and rural settlements. cumulus, nesting forms of settlement, disorderly planning, characterized by cramped buildings, unevenness and confusion of streets, often ending in unexpected dead ends

The nature of the layout of settlements Villages (auls) were mainly located along the river network; there were many of them near springs, highways, and lakes. Small settlements in the lowlands, on the slopes of the hills. In the forest-steppe and steppe areas, large villages spread out in breadth on flat terrain predominated

Aul In the center of the auls, the estates of wealthy peasants, clergy, and merchants were concentrated; a mosque, shops, shops, and public grain barns were also located here. In the residential area of ​​the villages there were sometimes schools, industrial buildings, and fire sheds. On the outskirts of the village there were above-ground or semi-dugout bathhouses and mills. In forest areas, as a rule, the outskirts of villages were set aside for pastures, surrounded by a fence, and field gates (basu kapok) were placed at the ends of the streets.

Construction technology The main construction material is wood. The timber construction technique predominated. The construction of residential buildings made of clay, brick, stone, adobe, and wattle was also noted. The huts were above ground or on foundations, basements

The house was dominated by a two-chamber type - a hut - a vestibule, in some places there were five-walled houses, huts with a porch. Three-chamber huts with communications (hut - canopy - hut). In forest areas, huts, connected through a vestibule to a cage, dwellings with a cruciform plan, “round” houses, cross-shaped houses with a semi-basement living floor, two-, and occasionally three-story, predominated. Wealthy peasants built their residential log houses on stone and brick storerooms and placed shops and shops on the lower floor.

The internal layout is a free location of the stove at the entrance, a place of honor “tour” in the middle of the bunks (seke), placed along the front wall. Only among the Kryashen Tatars the “tour” was placed diagonally from the stove in the front corner. The area of ​​the hut along the stove line was divided by a partition or curtain into women's - kitchen and men's - guest halves. The interior of the home is represented by long bunks, which were universal furniture: they rested, ate, and worked on them. In the northern areas, and especially among the Mishar Tatars, shortened bunks were used, combined with benches and tables. Locally used were potmar, konik, and in a number of areas polati, wide plank shelves fixed above the door or along the walls of the shelf on which bedding was stored (in the daytime they were folded on a chest or on a special stand placed on planks). Wooden beds, placed in the corner at the entrance, were also used for sleeping.

Roof The roof is a truss structure, gable, sometimes hipped. With a rafterless structure in forest areas, a male roof was used, and in the steppe, a rolling covering made of logs and poles was used. Territorial differences were also observed in the roofing material: in the forest zone, planks were sometimes used, shingles were sometimes used, in the forest-steppe zone - straw, bast, in the steppe zone - clay, reeds.

Tatar estate The estates were divided into two parts: the front, clean courtyard, where the dwelling, storage facilities, and livestock buildings were located, and the back - a vegetable garden with a threshing floor. Here there was a current, a barn-shish, a chaff barn, and sometimes a bathhouse. The oldest layout of the courtyard was chaotic, with residential and utility buildings located separately. The predominant plan is courtyards built up with grouped buildings in “U”-, “L”-shaped, single-row, double-row planning forms. The typical appearance of estates was to place the gate in the middle of the front line of the yard. One of the sides of the estate was occupied by housing, the other by storage (cage, barn, pantry), and in some villages of peripheral areas - by summer kitchen (alachyk).

Types of settlements: villages, villages and settlements. A later type of settlement, which appeared in the 19th century due to the lack of land among peasants, should be considered settlements and farms.

The nature of the settlement layout Russian villages are characterized by a street or linear layout: two orders of houses located in a straight (or almost straight) line, with a roadway between them.

Izba The main type of residential building among the Russian population of the Samara region was a wooden log hut with an underground

Layout of the hut The layout of the home in the past was characterized by a three-chamber division: hut-canopy-cage. At the beginning of the 20th century, the layout of houses began to change. Dwellings began to be built more often according to the following types: hut-canopy (four walls); hut-canopy-hut, five-walled building. The last type was a dwelling consisting of two log houses with one common wall. a large Russian stove at the entrance, its mouth facing the front wall of the house with windows. The direction to the side wall is borrowed from the local Volga peoples. Diagonally from the stove there was a front - red - corner, in which icons - images - were hung at a certain height, closer to the ceiling. There was a large table in the front corner, and wide benches along the walls. Near the stove, above the entrance, almost half of the hut was occupied by beds. The space behind the stove - the woman's corner - was fenced off with a curtain or wooden partition.

Construction technology The frame of such a dwelling was assembled from logs folded into quadrangular horizontal crowns and fastened in various ways: “in a cup” (in a corner), in a hood (with protruding ends), as well as in a hook, in an igloo, in an ohlup. The log house, consisting on average of 12 -15 crown logs, was placed on a foundation - chairs, which could be oak posts, rubble stone or limestone. The floor was laid on crossbars fastened at the level of the second or third crown. The grooves of the frame were lined with moss and tow, and the outside was coated with clay. At the same time, window and door openings were designed. Windows measuring 40 x 60 cm were cut out in 5-7 crowns and bordered with platbands, less often with shutters - closed. In the steppe zone, adobe was used instead of forest in Russian house-building. The walls of the residential hut were laid out from bricks made in special molds from a mixture of clay, straw and sand and dried in the sun. The cracks between the bricks were filled with liquid clay.

The estate The estate was fenced with a plank or wattle fence. Of the outbuildings, the most interesting are the mud hut (a summer kitchen, common in the southern steppe regions of the region) and the kalda (a pen for livestock). Baths were usually built near a water source, on the outskirts of the village. In the steppe regions of the region in the 19th century, in many villages they usually washed and steamed in a large Russian stove.

Layout of settlements Settlements were located along rivers and streams, along the banks of lakes, in ravines and ravines, near groves and forests, along large highways, in foothill valleys. Villages usually stretched out in one row or street. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. street, street-block, street-radial, street-chaotic, street-nested, and row layouts of Ukrainian villages predominated.

Construction technology Low, elongated whitewashed huts were built without a basement with an earthen or adobe floor. The walls were erected from various materials: wood, clay, stone. Due to the rise in prices for timber in the end. 19th - early 20th centuries Logging technology began to be combined with, and often replaced by, frame, adobe, adobe, and brick. In all areas, the ancient Ukrainian tradition of covering with clay and whitewashing log, frame and adobe walls was firmly preserved.

Layout of the hut The traditional layout of the house is two- and three-partition. A two-chamber house consisted of a “hut” and an unheated vestibule. In a three-chamber house, two huts or a hut and a cold “comora” were connected by a vestibule. Multi-room houses with a complicated layout were characteristic of urban-type settlements, large Ukrainian settlements with developed fishing activities, and Cossack villages. All Ukrainian settlers had an internal hut plan that was typical for Ukraine. In the back corner of the hut there was an oven, widely known as a Russian oven with the mouth facing the long side wall of the house. Diagonally from the stove there is the front corner (“pokut”), where icons hung and there was a dining table, along the front and side walls there are benches (“lavi”) reinforced into the walls, opposite the mouth of the stove closer to the door is the kitchen half. The oven, and sometimes the pocket and the front wall, were painted with multi-colored clay, blue, paints; the front corner was decorated with towels, artificial and fresh flowers, ears of rye and wheat.

Ukrainian estate Ukrainian settlers tried to orient most of the windows to the sunny side; the house was placed somewhat back from the fence, where the front garden was laid out. The predominant type of yard is open, with freely arranged household items. buildings They were separated from the street and from the neighboring estate by a fence made of wattle fence, palisade, poles or boards. Closer to the house and to the street, “cleaner” buildings were grouped - a barn or comora, a barn and sheds for farming. -X. inventory, summer kitchen, cellar, storage rooms. In the depths of the yard they built sheds for cows, stables, sheds for sheep, sheds and open pens for livestock. The Ukrainian estate ended with a fairly large vegetable garden, where a significant area was allocated for a garden and “livada” (meadow) with willow and acacia plantings used for home construction. Behind the garden or at the end of it there was a threshing floor for threshing bread and a shed (“klunya”) for storing bread in sheaves, threshing and drying it.

As a manuscript

Medvedev Vladislav Valentinovich

SETTLEMENTS AND HOUSINGS OF CHUVASH BASHKORTOSTAN

SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

Specialty 07.00.07 – Ethnography, ethnology, anthropology

dissertations for an academic degree

candidate of historical sciences

Izhevsk – 2012

The work was carried out at the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Magnitogorsk State University"

Scientific director: Candidate of Historical Sciences Atnagulov Irek Ravilevich

Official opponents: Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Shutova Nadezhda Ivanovna Candidate of Historical Sciences Matveev Georgy Borisovich

Leading organization: Institute of Ethnological Research of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The defense will take place on February 28, 2012 at 13.00 at a meeting of the dissertation council DM 212.275.01 at the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Udmurt State University" at the address: 426034, Izhevsk, st.

Universitetskaya, 1, bldg. 2, room. _

Scientific secretary of the dissertation council, candidate of historical sciences, associate professor G.N. Zhuravleva

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

The study of the formation of various types of settlements - villages, hamlets, hamlets and other points - helps to create a clear picture of understanding the socio-economic situation of the Chuvash peasantry in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. in Bashkiria. In the process of considering the history of the emergence of settlements, the reasons, the course of migration, the ethnic composition of new settlements, and economic activities are revealed.

The central component of the peasant household was the residential complex.

Its location in relation to the outside world, relative to outbuildings, building materials and structures, construction techniques - all these parameters deserve careful study and analysis.

Nowadays, the appearance of settlements is changing. Traditional buildings and dwellings are being destroyed and their complete disappearance is soon possible.

This fact actualizes the need for collecting and theoretically understanding information about the dwellings and economic buildings of the Chuvash people of Bashkortostan.

The object of the study is a group of Chuvash living on the territory of Bashkiria, the subject is rural settlements, buildings and dwellings of the Chuvash of Bashkortostan.

The chronological scope of the study is limited to the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, although many aspects are covered in a longer historical retrospective. For comparison, materials of more recent origin are also used. The lower time limit is the second half of the 19th century. – determined by the fact that in this period, in connection with the reform of 1861, migrations of peasants from European Russia to free lands, including Bashkiria, are intensifying. The development of infrastructure, trade, and the stratification of the peasantry led to significant changes in the appearance of settlements, affecting, among other things, traditional architecture.

The upper limit can be considered the beginning of the 20th century, when the process of migration of the Chuvash to Bashkiria was completed and elements of ethnic culture functioned among the population, for example, buildings, dwellings, which soon underwent transformation and then partial disappearance.

The territorial scope of the study is defined within the natural geographical boundaries of the eastern part of the Russian Plain - the Urals, the Southern Urals, the Trans-Urals - covering the territory of modern Bashkiria.

Historically, the Chuvash settled within the western, southwestern, central and southern regions of modern Bashkiria. The study pays special attention to the Chuvash settlements of the Southern zone, as the least studied. Modern Chuvash villages in the south of Bashkiria are localized in Zilairsky, Zianchurinsky, Kugarchinsky, Kuyurgazinsky, Meleuzovsky and Khaibullinsky districts.

Degree of knowledge Problems. Quite a lot of scientific works devoted to the settlements, dwellings and outbuildings of the Chuvash have been published. However, the majority of them belong to the population of the metropolis, while the Chuvash of various ethno-territorial groups have still not been fully studied. In this regard, the presented historiographical review will reflect works related to the Chuvash of Bashkiria and containing direct or indirect information about this group.

According to the generally accepted gradation in the historiography of the problem, three chronological periods are distinguished: pre-revolutionary, Soviet, post-Soviet.

1. Pre-revolutionary period. The first written work in which there is a mention of the Chuvash on the Bashkir lands is the work of P.I.

Rychkova1. It contains materials about the settlement of the Chuvash in different provinces, issues of religion and social status are covered, but there is no description of material culture and life. In his travel notes he reflected what he saw among the Chuvash and P.S. Pallas2. His work is a historical and ethnographic description of various aspects of the material and spiritual culture of the people, including the farmstead, the residential hut, and its interior. Materials on the ethnography of the Chuvash and peoples living nearby were systematized by G.F.

Separate paragraphs are devoted to the structure of villages, estates, and housing.

In the work of I.G. Georgi devoted an insignificant paragraph to the Chuvash, however, it mentions their settlement in the Orenburg province and describes significant elements of culture4. A comprehensive work dedicated to the Chuvash can be considered “Notes of Alexandra Fuks about the Chuvash and Cheremis of the Kazan province”5. Despite the fact that the object of the author’s scientific attention was the Chuvash of the Kazan province, the collected materials create a single image of the ethnic group, including settlers on the Bashkir lands.

By the middle of the 19th century. refers to the work of V.M. Cheremshansky, dedicated to Rychkov P.I. Topography of the Orenburg province. Orenburg: Printing house of B. Breolin, 1887. Part 1. P. 133 Pallas P.S. Traveling through different provinces of the Russian Empire. St. Petersburg, 1773. Part 1.

Miller G.F. Description of the pagan peoples living in the Kazan province, such as the Cheremis, Chuvash and Votyaks. St. Petersburg, 1791.

Georgi I.G. Description of all the peoples living in the Russian state: their everyday rituals, customs, clothes, homes, exercises, fun, religions and other attractions. SPb.:

Russian Symphony, 2005. pp. 80-85.

Fuks A.A. Notes of Alexandra Fuks about the Chuvash and Cheremis of the Kazan province. Kazan: Printing house of the Kazan Imperial University, 1840.

description of the Orenburg province and the peoples living within its borders6. In the chapter “Turkish-Tatar Tribe,” the author, together with the Bashkirs, Teptyars, Meshcheryaks, and Tatars, examines the Chuvash. Their anthropological characteristics are given, their way of life, religious specifics, holidays and rituals are described.

In custody the dwelling, food system and costume of the Chuvash are outlined.

Works containing general materials about the Chuvash, primarily the Kazan province, include the works of A.F. Rittikha7, V.K. Magnitsky8, K.S.

Milkovich9. At the beginning of the 20th century. publications of S.A. were published Bagina10, S.I. Rudenko11.

The work of G.I. deserves attention. Komissarov “Chuvash of the Kazan Trans-Volga Region”12. Having described the culture of the Chuvash in the Kazan province, he touches on the problem of their settlement in the Urals and Siberia. The researcher presents a detailed analysis of settlements and dwellings in a separate chapter. He examined the structure of villages, estates, outbuildings, dwellings, and interiors.

In general, studies of the pre-revolutionary period are works of a generalizing nature. They examine not only the Chuvash, but also the peoples neighboring them, the features of their material and spiritual culture, and provide the first information about the emergence and types of settlements, the location of estates, household buildings, and residential complexes.

Along with the general works of P.S. Pallas, G.F. Miller and other authors, works devoted only to the Chuvash appear (K.S. Milkovich, V.A.

Sboev, V.K. Magnitsky, G.I. Komissarov, etc.).

2. Soviet period. The study of the Chuvash of Bashkortostan in this chronological period can be systematized as follows:

1. 1917–1930 – the time of functioning of elements of traditional culture in everyday life, a high degree of preservation of folk architecture, which was recorded during expeditionary trips. Changes in ethnic culture are evident by the beginning of 1930;

2. 1930–1955 – the period of the organization of new types of common economy, the NEP, the events of the Great Patriotic War led to a weakening of interest in the history and ethnography of the peoples of the Ural-Volga region.

Cheremshansky V.M. Description of the Orenburg province in economic-statistical, ethnographic and industrial relations. Ufa: Printing house of the Orenburg Provincial Board, 1859. pp. 173-178.

Rittich A.F. Materials for the ethnography of Russia. XIV. Kazan province. Kazan: Printing house of the Imperial Kazan University, 1870. Part II. pp. 41-120.

Magnitsky V.K. Materials for the explanation of the old Chuvash faith. Kazan: Printing house of the Imperial University, 1881.

Milkovich K.S. About the Chuvash. Ethnographic essay by an unknown author of the 18th century. Kazan:

Printing house of the provincial government, 1888.

Bagin S.A. About the fall away to Mohammedanism of the baptized foreigners of the Kazan diocese and about the reasons for this sad phenomenon // Orthodox interlocutor. Kazan, 1910. No.1. pp. 118-127; No. 2. pp. 225-236.

Rudenko S.I. Chuvash gravestones // Materials on the ethnography of Russia. St. Petersburg, 1910. T. 1. S.

Komissarov G.I. Chuvash of the Kazan Trans-Volga region // News of the Society of Archeology, History and Ethnography at the Imperial Kazan University. Kazan: Typo-lithography of the Imperial University, 1911. T.

XXVII. Vol. 5. pp. 311-432.

3. 1955–1991 – conducting expeditions in Bashkiria to study the local group of Chuvash, expanding the scope of the survey and applying the principle of “continuous” study.

From the works of researchers 1917–1930. the most significant works of N.V.

Nikolsky13. His research was based on materials he collected among the Chuvash of the metropolis, but contained valuable information about the Chuvash of Bashkiria. P.A. Petrov-Turinge conducted expeditions to study this group. Its results were published in several publications, among which the article “Work among the Chuvash”14 is of interest. The author summarized the results of field work in various Chuvash settlements. During the expedition, 1,200 plans of dwellings and courtyards were recorded, materials on public education were collected, about Chuvash songs were recorded, and 200 photographs were taken.

The work of A.P. belongs to the second period. Smirnova “Ancient history of the Chuvash people (before the Mongol conquest)”15. The work provides a description of dugouts, half-dugouts that existed in Chuvashia in the Middle Ages, and later among Chuvash migrants.

In 1955–1991, quite a lot of works were published, including studies by N.I. Vorobyov16, collective monograph “Chuvash” in 2 parts, dedicated to the material and spiritual culture of the Chuvash, including local ethnic groups17. Works that contain information on the history of the Chuvash peasantry and the development of relations in the village include the works of I.D. Kuznetsova18, V.D. Dimitrieva19.

The process of peasant migrations to Bashkiria and the participation of the Chuvash in them was considered by A.N. Usmanov20. Somewhat later, these same questions were raised in the studies of W.Kh. Rakhmatullin21 and S.Kh. Alishev22, touching on the problem of the entry of the peoples of the Volga region into the Russian state and their subsequent socio-economic development.

Chuvash folk art - weaving, embroidery, wood carving Nikolsky N.V. A short course on the ethnography of the Chuvash. Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. state publishing house, 1928. Issue. 1.

Petrov-Turinge P.A. Work among the Chuvash // Materials of the Society for the Study of Bashkiria: Collection of Local History. Ufa: Publishing House of the Society for the Study of Bashkiria, 1930. No. 3-4. pp. 95-98.

Smirnov A.P. Ancient history of the Chuvash people (before the Mongol invasion). Cheboksary:

Chuvashgosizdat, 1948.

Vorobiev N.I. On the history of rural housing among the peoples of the Middle Volga region // Brief communications of the Institute of Ethnography named after. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay. M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1956 P. 3-18; Vorobiev N.I. Wood carving among the Chuvash // Soviet ethnography. M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1956. No. 4. WITH.

Chuvash. Ethnographic research. Material culture. Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. state publishing house, 1956. Ch.

1.; Chuvash. Ethnographic research. Spiritual culture. Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. book publishing house, 1970. Part 2.

Kuznetsov I.D. Essays on the history of the Chuvash peasantry. Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. state publishing house, 1957;

Kuznetsov I.D. Peasantry of Chuvashia during the period of capitalism. Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. book publishing house, 1963.

Dimitriev V.D. History of Chuvashia in the 18th century. Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. state publishing house, 1959.

Usmanov A.N. Annexation of Bashkiria to the Russian state. Ufa: Kitap, 1960.

Rakhmatullin U.Kh. Population of Bashkiria in the 17th – 18th centuries. Issues of formation of the non-Bashkir population. M.: Nauka, 1988.

Alishev S.Kh. Historical destinies of the peoples of the Middle Volga region in the 16th – early 19th centuries. M.: Nauka, 1990.

etc. – studied by G.A. Nikitin and T.A. Kryukova23. They examined different carving techniques, patterns of ornamentation, and analyzed fragments of the house that were covered with patterns. The article by L.A. deserves special attention. Ivanov, in which the settlements and dwellings of the Chuvash of the Kama region and the Southern Urals are subjected to a comprehensive study24. Later, the materials of the article were used by the author in his monograph “Modern life and culture of the Chuvash population”25.

The first study devoted to one of the main domestic buildings - the bathhouse - was an article by G.A. Alekseeva26. The structure of villages and hamlets was studied by A.G. Simonov27. Settlements and dwellings of the Chuvash, as well as other peoples of the Volga region, were studied by K.I. Kozlova28. The collective monograph “Peoples of the Volga and Urals: Historical and Ethnographic Essays” also examined Chuvash villages, residential and economic complexes29.

In the works of G.B. Matveev, construction equipment, housing structures, household buildings, and materials were studied and analyzed in detail30.

Among the works devoted to the decorative design of a home, the most significant is the work of E.P. Busygina, N.V. Zorina and L.S. Toksubaeva31. They consider methods and techniques for decorating a house, the design of jewelry, types of carvings, and analyze the architecture of the peoples of the Volga region.

Transformation of material culture in the 20th century. was reflected in the article by V.P. Ivanova “Ethnocultural processes among the Cis-Ural Chuvash (based on materials from the 1987 expedition)”32.

The collective work of the employees of the ChNII YaLIE “Chuvashi Nikitin G.A., Kryukova T.A.” ​​is interesting. Chuvash folk art. Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. state

publishing house, 1960.

Ivanov L.A. Settlements and dwellings of the Chuvash population of the Kama Trans-Volga region and the Southern Urals // Questions of the history of Chuvashia. Scientific notes. Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. book publishing house, 1965. Issue. XXIX. pp. 184-211.

Ivanov L.A. Modern life and culture of the rural Chuvash population. Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. book Publishing house, 1973.

Alekseev G.A. On the use of baths in Chuvash folk medicine // Questions of the history of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Scientific notes. Cheboksary: ​​CHNII YALIE, 1970. Vol. 52. pp. 284-289.

Simonov A.G. Cumulus plan in the development of villages of the peoples of the Middle Volga region // Ancient and modern ethnocultural processes in the Mari region. Yoshkar-Ola: MarNII, 1976. pp. 134-144.

Kozlova K.I. Ethnography of the peoples of the Volga region. M.: Moscow University Publishing House, 1964.

Peoples of the Volga and Urals regions. Historical and ethnographic essays. M.: Nauka, 1985. pp. 175-199.

Matveev G.B. Peasant construction equipment (Northwestern regions of Chuvashia) // Questions of material and spiritual culture of the Chuvash people. Cheboksary: ​​CHNII YALIE, 1986. P. 31-44; Matveev G.B. On some features of the traditional dwelling of the Chuvash population of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Ulyanovsk and Kuibyshev regions // Culture and life of the lower Chuvash. Cheboksary: ​​CHNII YALIE, 1986. P. 32-47; Matveev G.B. Rural settlements of the Chuvash in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries.

(Materials for the historical and ethnographic atlas) // Ethnography of the Chuvash peasantry. Cheboksary:

CHNII YALIE, 1987. P. 35-50; Matveev G.B. Dwelling and outbuildings of the middle Chuvash (Second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries) (Materials for the historical and ethnographic atlas) // Traditional economy and culture of the Chuvash. Cheboksary: ​​CHNII YALIE, 1988. pp. 53-63.

Busygin E.P., Zorin N.V., Toksubaeva L.S. Decorative design of rural housing in the Kazan Volga region. Kazan: Tatar book. publishing house, 1986.

Ivanov V.P. Ethnocultural processes among the Cis-Ural Chuvash (based on materials from the 1987 expedition) // Ethnos and its divisions. Ethnic and ethnographic groups in the Volga-Ural region. M.: Nauka, 1992. Part 2. pp. 70-79.

Cis-Urals: cultural and everyday processes”33, which touches on the formation of the Chuvash group of Bashkortostan, material and spiritual culture, including art using the example of grave structures and decorative design of homes34.

So, during the Soviet period, the local group of Chuvash in Bashkortostan became the subject of independent study. In the works of researchers, issues of migration to the Bashkir lands, the development of villages in new conditions, interethnic contacts, the process of transformation of ethnic culture, change and partial conservation of elements are discussed.

3. Post-Soviet period. Due to the increasing interest in the problem of the ethnographic specificity of local groups of the Chuvash of the Ural-Volga region and more distant territories, scientists are paying more attention to the study of the Chuvash of Bashkortostan.

The history of the emergence of Chuvash settlements on the territory of Bashkiria was examined in detail by A.Z. Asfandiyarov 35. The author also touches on the problem of interethnic relations in Bashkiria, the situation of immigrants, and issues of land ownership by the newcomer population36. V.P. Ivanov devoted his works to the analysis of settlement, interethnic contacts, and population dynamics of the Chuvash37. V.D. studied the progress of Chuvash migration to the Urals and other areas. Dimitriev38, based on historical legends.

Religious ideas, the preservation of traditional beliefs, the semantics of housing among the Chuvash of the metropolis and various local groups were analyzed in the works of A.K. Salmina39. Turning to ritual actions, he also cites the areas of their existence. The content contains the Chuvash of the Urals: cultural and everyday processes. Cheboksary: ​​CHNII YALIE, 1989.

Trofimov A.A. Folk and amateur art // Chuvash of the Urals: cultural and everyday processes. Cheboksary: ​​CHNII YALIE, 1989. pp. 72-93.

Asfandiyarov A.Z. History of villages and hamlets of Bashkortostan. Reference book. Ufa: Kitap, 1990. Book. 1;

Asfandiyarov A.Z. History of villages and hamlets of Bashkortostan. Reference book. Ufa: Kitap, 1998. Book. 2-3;

Asfandiyarov A.Z. History of villages and hamlets of Bashkortostan. Reference book. Ufa: Kitap, 1993. Book. 3.

Asfandiyarov A.Z. Bashkiria after joining Russia (second half of the 16th – first half of the 19th century). Ufa: Kitap, 2006.

Ivanov V.P. Settlement and number of Chuvash: Ethnogeographical sketch. Cheboksary, 1992; Ivanov V.P. Chuvash ethnic group. Problems of history and ethnogeography. Cheboksary: ​​ChGIGN, 1998; Ivanov V.P.

Formation of the Chuvash diaspora // Races and peoples: Modern ethnic and racial problems. M.:

Science, 2003. Vol. 29. P. 105-123; Ivanov V.P. Settlement and number of Chuvash in Russia: historical dynamics and regional features (Historical and ethnographic research): Dis... doc. ist. Sci.

Cheboksary, 2005; Ivanov V.P. Ethnic geography of the Chuvash people. Historical population dynamics and regional features of settlement. Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. book publishing house, 2005; Ivanov V.P., Mikhailov Yu.T. Chuvash population of the Orenburg region: formation of an ethno-territorial group:

ethnoculture, population dynamics // Chuvash Humanitarian Bulletin. Cheboksary: ​​ChGIGN, 2007/2008.

No. 3. pp. 63-79.

Dimitriev V.D. Chuvash historical legends: Essays on the history of the Chuvash people from ancient times to the mid-19th century. Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. book publishing house, 1993.

Salmin A.K. Religious and ritual system of the Chuvash. Cheboksary: ​​ChGIGN, 1993; Salmin A.K. Chuvash folk rituals. Cheboksary: ​​ChGIGN, 1994; Salmin A.K. Semantics at home among the Chuvash. Cheboksary:

ChGIGN, 1998; Salmin A.K. Three Chuvash deities. Cheboksary: ​​Krona, 2003; Salmin A.K. The Chuvash religion system. St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2007.

A significant contribution to the study of the group was made by the work of ethnographer I.G.

Petrova “Chuvash of Bashkortostan (Popular essay on ethnic history and traditional culture)”40. The publication has become a comprehensive study containing a brief description of the material and spiritual culture of the Chuvash in Bashkiria. It, among other things, examined the estate, outbuildings, housing, and interior. The results were published in a number of publications41. In the post-Soviet period, G.B. continues research.

Matveev42. A significant proportion of his works are devoted to the Chuvash dwelling and yard (materials, structures, location of buildings, etc.).

The problems of resettlement of the Chuvash, Islamization in connection with foreign ethnic influence, changes and the degree of preservation of elements of folk culture, language processes were considered by E.A. Yagafova43.

An article by researcher P.P. is also important when studying housing. Fokina “Building rituals of a modern Chuvash family”44. D.F.

Madurov in his work deals with the issues of decorating the home, estate and outbuildings of the Chuvash45.

The resettlement of the Chuvash to Bashkiria becomes the subject of research by G.A. Nikolaeva46. The most detailed coverage of the problem is offered by I.V. Sukhareva47. First chapter her work is devoted to the migration of the Chuvash in the 17th – 19th centuries. Petrov I.G. contributed to the study of the Chuvash villages of Bashkiria. Chuvash of Bashkortostan (Popular essay on ethnic history and traditional culture).

Ufa: Ufa City Printing House, 1994.

Petrov I.G. Chuvash // Vatandash. Ufa: Kitap, 1999. No. 9. pp. 148-168.

Matveev G.B. Material culture of the Chuvash. Cheboksary: ​​ChGIGN, 1995; Matveev G.B. Dwelling and outbuildings of the Chuvash of the Urals // Materials on the ethnography and anthropology of the Chuvash.

Cheboksary: ​​ChGIGN, 1997. pp. 118-130; Matveev G.B. Chuvash folk architecture: from antiquity to modern times. Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. book publishing house, 2005; Matveev G.B. The evolution of Chuvash folk architecture in the 1920s // Artistic culture of Chuvashia: 20s of the XX century. Cheboksary: ​​ChGIGN, 2005.

Yagafova E.A. Formation of ethno-territorial groups of the Chuvash in the 17th – 19th centuries (historical and cultural aspect) // Races and peoples: Modern ethnic and racial problems. M.: Nauka, 2003. Vol.

29. pp. 124-148; Yagafova E.A. Islamization of the Chuvash in the Ural-Volga region in the 18th – early 20th centuries. // Ethnographic review. M.: Nauka, 2007. No. 4. pp. 101-117; Yagafova E.A. Chuvash of the Ural-Volga region:

history and traditional culture of ethno-territorial groups (XVII - early XX centuries). Cheboksary: ​​ChGIGN, 2007; Yagafova E.A. Ethno-confessional minorities of the Chuvash // Ethnographic Review. M.: Nauka, 2008. No. 4. pp. 114-127; Yagafova E.A. Chuvash in the intercultural borderland of the Ural-Volga region // Ethnographic Review. M.: Nauka, 2009. No. 6. pp. 120-133; Yagafova E.A. Chuvash Muslims in the 18th – early 21st centuries. Samara: PGSGA, 2009; Yagafova E.A. Chuvash in interethnic interaction in Trans-Kama // Ethnographic Review. M.: Nauka, 2010. No. 6. pp. 35-53.

Fokin P.P. Construction rituals of the modern Chuvash family // Ethnology of Chuvash religion.

Cheboksary: ​​ChGIGN, 2003. Vol. I. S. 65-84.

Madurov D.F. Traditional decorative art and holidays of the Chuvash. Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. book publishing house, 2004.

Nikolaev G.A. Finding of a second small homeland by Chuvash settlers on the Bashkir lands in the 18th – early 20th centuries // Chuvash Humanitarian Bulletin. Cheboksary: ​​ChGIGN, 2007. No. 1. pp. 154-179.

Sukhareva I.V. Chuvash of Bashkortostan in the 17th – 19th centuries: Economic development and social structure. Ufa: Gilem, 2007.

local historians A.F. Semenov48, V.V. Nikolaev and S.F. Nikitin49, M.Kh. Safin50, A.A. Tkachev51, L.A. Fedorov52.

In general, despite a significant number of works devoted to the Chuvash group of Bashkiria, there are still significant gaps in the study of the structure of settlements, the organization of living space, the location of buildings on the estate and their functions, housing, decoration, and home interior. The lack of comprehensive work on this problem actualizes the need for its creation.

The purpose of the study is to study and classify settlements, household and residential buildings of the Chuvash people of Bashkiria.

To achieve the purpose of the study, the following were set: tasks:

– determine the main factors that contributed to the migration of the Chuvash to Bashkiria and the formation of an independent ethno-territorial group;

– identify the types and forms of settlements;

– present characteristics of traditional residential and commercial buildings, explore materials, structures, construction techniques;

– to identify the impact of a foreign ethnic environment on the Chuvash of Bashkiria, to establish the degree of ethnic isolation and preservation of the architectural traditions of the designated group.

The source base for the research is materials of different nature, origin and degree of representativeness:

1. Unpublished archival materials. This group of sources includes archival documents from the State Archive of the Orenburg Region (GAOO), the Scientific Archive of the Chuvash State Institute of Humanities (NA ChGIGN), as well as the Central State Historical Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan (TSHIA RB).

In GAOO, the richest material on the research topic is contained in the funds “Office of the Orenburg Governor General” (F. 6), “Chernov Ivan Vasilyevich” (F. 167), “Orenburg Spiritual Administration” (F. 172), “Orenburg Provincial Po presence in peasant affairs” (F. 13), “Orenburg office of the Orenburg Forestry, Industrial and Trade Society” (F. 154).

Among the documents at ChGIGN we highlight the “Manuscript Fund of Prof. N.V.

Nikolsky on the ethnography of the Chuvash people” (Department I). It contains information about the emergence of Chuvash villages in the Urals, statistical data, descriptions of settlements, estates, residential and outbuildings.

Semenov A.F. From the history of our native land. Bizhbulyak district. Bizhbulyak: Bizhbulyak regional printing house, 1993.

Nikolaev V.V., Nikitin S.F., Safin S.Kh. History of the emergence and development of the Chuvash Karamaly village. Family tree of the first settler Nikita Avdokim. Orenburg: Gazprompechat LLC Orenburggazpromservice, 1999.

Safin M.Kh. History of the village of Bishkain. Orenburg: Gazprompechat LLC Orenburggazpromservice, 2003.

Tkachev A.A. Beloretsk: pages of history (1743–1939). Beloretsk: Belor. House of Printing, 2003. Book. 1.

Fedorov L.A. Dyurtyuli and Dyurtyulin people for 300 years. Tuymazy: Tuymazy Bulletin, 2005.

Among the materials of the Central State Historical Archive of the Republic of Belarus, it is necessary to highlight the fund “Ufa Provincial Land Management Commission” (F. 351). The fund contains images of settlements of the Ufa province, including the Chuvash ones.

2. Field ethnographic materials collected by the author during expeditionary trips to the Chuvash settlements of Bashkortostan form the main basis of the study. During the work period, trips were made to Aurgazinsky (Bishkain village - 2010; Tolbazy village - 2010; Yulamanovo village - 2010), Bakalinsky (Yultimirovka village - 2010; Akhmanovo village - 2010 .), Gafuriysky (village Antonovka - 2011; village Dmitrievka - 2011), Zilairsky (village Berdyash - 2008, 2009; village Ivano-Kuvalat - 2009, 2010; x.

Nadezhdinsky - 2009; With. Yamansaz - 2010), Khaibullinsky (village of Pugachevo - 2010; village of Yakovlevka - 2010) districts.

During the expeditions, a significant amount of material was documented (sketches, photographs and videos). Work in various geographical zones helped to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the villages, farm buildings and dwellings of the Chuvash people of Bashkiria.

3. The funds of historical and local history museums, containing a significant amount of material material and photographic illustrations, also contributed to expanding the volume of new information on the problem being studied. Collections of household items, clothing, reconstruction of the interior of a Chuvash home, weaving items used in everyday life are in the historical and ethnographic museum of the village. Tolbazy, school museums with. Berdyash and s. IvanoKuvalat, Chuvash Sunday School named after. P.M. Mironova (Ufa).

4. Published materials used in the process of developing the problem are divided into various categories: documents and materials reflecting statistical information, reports on the development of various types of industries53; periodical press materials covering current events54; works of fiction, for example, the work of K.V. Ivanova “Narspi”55; works of folklore genre - legends, songs, proverbs56. Among such publications is the work of N.I. Ashmarina “Collection of Chuvash songs recorded in the provinces. Migrants and resettlement work in the Belebey district of the Ufa province. Report on the trip of V.A. Abryutina. Ufa: Printing house of the Provincial Board, 1898; Materials for studying the crafts of the population of the Kazan province. Kazan: Printing house of the Kazan Exchange Leaflet, 1887.

Baronov S. Study of the life of the Chuvash. Return of the Chuvpedtechnikum expedition // Red Bashkiria.

Ivanov K.V. Narspi. M.: State. Publishing house Fiction, 1937.

Malkhov P.M. Simbirsk Chuvash and their poetry. Kazan: Printing house of the Imperial University, 1877;

Romanov N.R. Chuvash proverbs, sayings and riddles. Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. state publishing house, 1960; Sirotkin M.Ya. Chuvash folklore. Essay on oral and poetic folk art. Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. book publishing house, 1965; Songs of the grassroots Chuvash (Collection of songs). Cheboksary: ​​Chuvash. book publishing house, 1981; Meszaros D. Monuments of the old Chuvash faith. Cheboksary: ​​ChGIGN, 2000.

Kazan, Simbirsk and Ufa”57. Dictionaries were used as reference publications58. Here we also highlight the work of N.I. Ashmarina – “Dictionary of the Chuvash language”59. Practical significance The work consists in the fact that for each Chuvash word the author gives a description of the meanings, related words and local pronunciations.

So, the source base of the study is quite representative and allows us to comprehensively solve the problems.

The methodological basis of the study is the theory of local civilizations by Toynbee, who defined civilization as a type of human community that evokes certain associations in the field of religion, architecture, painting, morals, customs, i.e. in the field of culture. Toynbee believed that civilization is an ethnic culture that has reached the limits of self-identification. By local civilization he meant a stable unity of people that arose in the presence of a common territory, based on certain archetypes, common values ​​and traditions.

The existence of civilization is influenced by various conditions, which leads to the emergence of a unique cultural appearance.

The formation and then subsequent development of local groups occurs precisely in such conditions. Its own ethnic culture, which has developed after a certain amount of time and under the influence of various reasons, allows us to speak of an ethno-territorial group as a closed civilization, the development of which occurs separately from the metropolis.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the study also included the works of S.A. Arutyunov and E.S. Markaryan60, M.V. Vitova61, N.N. Cheboksarov and I.A. Cheboksarova62, G.B. Matveeva63, E.E. Blomkvist64, M.G. Rabinovicha65, N.V. Shlygina66. The nature of the dissertation was determined by the principles and methods proposed by the authors of these works, which were relied upon when discussing the topic.

Various groups of research methods were used in the work - Ashmarin N.I. A collection of Chuvash songs recorded in the provinces of Kazan, Simbirsk and Ufa.

Kazan: Typo-lithography of the Imperial University, 1900.

Nikolsky N.V. Russian-Chuvash dictionary. Kazan: Central Printing House, 1909.

Ashmarin N.I. Dictionary of the Chuvash language (reprint). Cheboksary: ​​Russika, 1994-2000. T. 1-17.

Livelihood culture and ethnicity. Experience of ethnocultural research (based on materials of Armenian rural culture). Yerevan: Academy of Sciences of the ArmSSR, 1983.

Vitov M.V. On the classification of settlements // Soviet ethnography. M.: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1953. No. 3. pp. 27-37.

Cheboksarov N.N., Cheboksarova I.A. Ecology and types of traditional rural housing // Typology of the main elements of traditional culture. M.: Nauka, 1984. P. 34-64.

Matveev G.B. Chuvash folk architecture: from antiquity to modern times.

Blomkvist E.E. Peasant buildings of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians (settlements, dwellings and outbuildings) // East Slavic ethnographic collection. Essays on the folk material culture of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians in the 19th – early 20th centuries. M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1956. P.

Rabinovich M.G. Russian housing in the XIII – XVII centuries. // Ancient dwelling of the peoples of Eastern Europe. M.:

Science, 1975. pp. 156-244.

Shlygina N.V. Finnish peasant housing // Types of rural housing in foreign European countries.

M.: Nauka, 1968. pp. 346-360.

general scientific, general historical, methods of ethnographic research.

Among the general scientific methods used in the work are analogy, analysis, description, synthesis, induction and deduction.

General historical (special scientific) research methods were represented by the unity of historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological and historical-systemic approaches.

The historical-genetic method was used to analyze the history of the development of residential and commercial buildings. The historical-comparative method was taken as the basis of the study, which made it possible to trace the development of settlements and buildings not only among the Chuvash, but also among neighboring ethnic groups. Comparison, as a method, helped to identify features inherent in the construction practice of the Chuvash, and at the same time – features characteristic of the Ural-Volga region.

The historical-typological method is applied in the process of ordering a set of objects into separately presented parts. Using the historical-systemic method, it was possible to carry out a holistic and complete analysis of the structure of settlements, the location of outbuildings and residential buildings on the estate, and to study dwellings and buildings.

Field research was carried out by direct observation, which resulted in contact with the group being studied.

A variation of the survey was one of the private methods - interviews. When working with informants, both in-depth and structural interviews were used. Often the interview, intended by the author to be formal, became semi-formalized or was conducted in the form of an open interview.

The study used the vestiges method, which records the remains of the past. The method allows one to draw conclusions about the state of things at an earlier stage and serves as a general indication of the historical past of the peoples among whom they developed. The method is used in relation to such traditional and even archaic buildings as la and two-story barns. The principle of historicism was applied, which involves a comprehensive analysis of the development of historical processes and makes it possible to study phenomena in a specific historical situation. The work also uses the principle of systematicity (system analysis).

Scientific novelty The research consists of conducting the first special historical and ethnographic analysis of the settlements and dwellings of the Chuvash people of Bashkortostan. For the first time, residential, household complexes are considered based on the material of various settlements; the main factors that contributed to migration were identified; types of settlement, settlement of the Chuvash, forms of settlements; construction materials installed; The types and designs of dwellings, domestic buildings, and their location on the estate were studied.

The scientific and practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its results can become the starting point for further study of the Chuvash people of Bashkiria. The work fills a significant gap in the study of the historical development, functioning of settlements and dwellings of the local group. The materials can be used in the scientific work of employees of historical and local history museums, used in the preparation of educational programs, and the development of lecture courses on history and ethnic culture.

The results obtained by the applicant may be in demand in the cultural and educational activities of employees of cultural institutions.

Provisions for defense:

– the formation of the Chuvash ethno-territorial group on the territory of Bashkiria was a complex process that included a number of factors and reasons. The emergence of Chuvash villages depended on the measures and decrees of the government, the complacency of the Bashkir patrimonial lords, and Russian landowners. Intraethnic mixtures between Chuvash of various ethnographic groups and interethnic contacts led to the formation of multiethnic settlements that had a unique cultural appearance;

- Chuvash villages and villages on Bashkir lands retained the traditional Chuvash structure, which did not exclude the emergence of new features characteristic of this region. The process of organizing living space combined a tribute to the tradition that existed in the metropolis, fidelity to historical memory and, at the same time, borrowing many elements of the culture of neighboring peoples;

– the Chuvash estate with a residential complex and a number of buildings for economic purposes has undergone transformations due not only to a change in place of residence and a new ethnic environment, but also to processes occurring in Russia - the introduction of new forms of farming, the cultivation of new crops, technical re-equipment, etc. ;

– geographical isolation and foreign ethnic influence, close contacts with Russians, Bashkirs and other ethnic groups in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. together led to significant changes in the appearance of the studied group.

Approbation of results research. Basic provisions works are reflected in 14 publications, including 3 works published in a journal recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission. Research results tested at International (Chelyabinsk, 2011) and All-Russian (Irkutsk, 2010;

Ufa, 2010; Krasnoyarsk, 2011; Petrozavodsk, 2011; Ufa, 2011) conferences. Articles and theses on the research problem were published in the collections of Magnitogorsk State University.

The dissertation research was discussed at a meeting of the Department of History of the Ancient World and the Middle Ages of the Magnitogorsk State University on October 5, 2011.

The structure of the study consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources and literature used, a list of abbreviations and three appendices (list of informants, lists of Chuvash settlements in Bashkortostan, illustrations).

BASIC THE CONTENT OF THE WORK

In the first chapter“The history of the formation of the ethnoterritorial group of the Chuvash of Bashkortostan” examines the process of migration of the Chuvash to the territory of Bashkiria. The reasons and factors that prompted the Chuvash to move to undeveloped lands, the history of the emergence of the first Chuvash villages and villages on Bashkir lands are analyzed in detail, the emergence of mono- and multi-ethnic settlements is considered.

The first paragraph, “The beginning of the resettlement of the Chuvash in the process of settling the Urals,” shows the progress of the migration of the Chuvash to Bashkiria from the middle of the 17th century to the 30–40s. XVIII century Considerable attention is paid to the reasons and factors that contributed to the beginning of the resettlement process.

Since simultaneous migrations also occurred among other populations of the Volga region, the movements of the Mari, Udmurts and other peoples to the territory of the Southern Urals are presented as comparative materials. Among the main reasons and factors for migration are land shortage, high taxation, etc. Moving to new lands was a form of struggle against the state.

The migration movement is intensifying as the government takes action, interested in attracting the population to the outlying lands not only by providing monetary benefits and tax exemptions, but also by using the non-Russian peasantry, including the Chuvash, in the construction of supporting cities and fortresses. Groups of migrants eventually settle on the territory of Bashkiria. During this period, the first Chuvash villages appeared on these lands, representing villages with few households.

The second paragraph, “The emergence of Chuvash settlements during the second wave of migration,” examines the resettlement processes of the 30–40s. XVIII – early XIX centuries. This stage is characterized by an increase in the number of Chuvash migrants in the Bashkir lands, due to a variety of reasons - the development of metallurgy in the Urals, the forced Christianization of the non-Russian population of the Volga region in the places of origin, the flight of the Chuvash after protests against the government. To prevent unauthorized departures of the Chuvash from their former territories, special units were organized, with the help of which fugitives were sent to their place of former residence.

Chuvash settlements arise in the western territories of Bashkiria, as well as within the southwestern and central lands. During this period, the first Chuvash villages appeared in the south of Bashkiria. The conditions under which the Chuvash occupied lands could be different - agreements with Bashkirs patrimonial owners, Russian nobles and factory owners, unauthorized seizure of land, etc. The settlers sought to settle near Chuvash villages founded in an earlier period. This circumstance led to the formation of cluster settlement, which became a characteristic feature of the central and western regions of Bashkiria. In the southern reaches, dispersed settlement prevailed, due to which the influence of other ethnicities manifested itself here to a greater extent than with the cluster arrangement of settlements. In general, the presence of such villages and hamlets led to mutual ethnocultural assimilation.

In the third paragraph, “The final stage of the resettlement of the Chuvash,” a study of the migration process in the 19th – early 20th centuries was carried out. During this period, the Chuvash completed their active movement to Bashkiria. In the second half of the 19th century. There has been an increase in the resettlement movement due to the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the emergence of new railway communication lines, and the possibility of obtaining cash loans for the purchase of land from the Peasant Land Bank.

The Chuvash continue to inhabit both mono-ethnic and ethnically mixed villages. Population growth becomes possible not only due to external, but also internal migrations, i.e. resettlement of the Chuvash to neighboring villages.

The process of separating daughter villages from mother villages is becoming common. The emergence of new settlements was especially accelerated during the years of the Stolypin reform. In the 20th century The mechanical growth of the Chuvash population is replaced by a natural one, although some of the Chuvash convert to Islam during interethnic assimilation, which leads to a change in ethnic identity. In the near future, they will be recorded as Tatars, and not Chuvash. So, the emergence of Chuvash villages and hamlets in Bashkiria occurred over a significant chronological period, which led to a cluster arrangement of settlements; dispersed settlement of the Chuvash is characteristic of later times. The simultaneous settlement of Bashkiria by different peoples influenced the ethnic composition of the new settlements.

Chapter two The study “Settlements of the Chuvash of Bashkortostan” is devoted to the analysis of the types and types of rural settlements of the Chuvash in Bashkiria.

The paragraph “Types of settlement and resettlement” examines the location of Chuvash villages depending on the natural-geographical factor, primarily in relation to the reservoir, which played a decisive role in the life support system. The work identifies three types of settlements: riverside, lakeside and watershed. All of the above types are applicable to Chuvash settlements, but the river location was predominant. The reservoir performed not only a practical, but also a sacred function: it was necessary when conducting both family and calendar rituals. The presence of rivers, lakes and their role in the fate of settlements is confirmed by numerous hydronyms in the toponymy of settlements.

Type of population settlement, i.e. the location of settlements relative to each other was determined by social affiliation, community and related activities, religious organization, as well as economic activities of the population. As noted, during the period of migration in the early stages, the Chuvash were characterized by cluster settlement, then the scattered arrangement of villages spread. The settlement could be divided into ends where representatives of different ethnic groups lived, as well as Chuvash people who belonged to different ethno-confessional groups.

Such situations led to the eviction of some villagers and the formation of new farmsteads or small-yard villages. Gradually, the settlements grew into settlements and became centers of economic development among smaller villages.

The second paragraph, “Types and forms of settlements,” examines the types of Chuvash settlements in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Chuvash settlements were villages, hamlets, neighborhoods, hamlets, settlements, settlements, and repairs. The most common form of settlement was villages. Initially, Chuvash villages were characterized by a random arrangement of estates, but in the process of redevelopment of settlements, the street type began to predominate. Chuvash villages had a number of unique features - artificial landscaping of settlements, especially among the riding Chuvash, field fences and field gates. Their presence in the appearance of villages and hamlets can be interpreted as the preservation of ethnic identity by the population.

The Chuvash settlements varied in number. The first villages were small and consisted of 2–3 to 20–30 households. By the beginning of the 20th century. Larger settlements began to predominate. The role of settlements changed with the presence of religious and public buildings in them.

The cemetery was an integral part of villages and hamlets. In settlements with a multi-ethnic or multi-confessional population, there were several cemeteries. Gravestone sculpture and the organization of space in a rural cemetery depended on the religion of the deceased and their relatives. The presence of a church in a settlement increased its status and influence on the surrounding villages. A similar thing was observed in cases of the presence of bazaars, fairs, grain warehouses, shops, and other buildings.

The final third chapter, “Residential and economic buildings of the Chuvash of Bashkortostan,” is devoted to the construction business among a group of Chuvash who settled within Bashkiria. The materials and structures of dwellings, the layout of the estate, residential buildings and utility buildings were analyzed as components.

The first paragraph, “Building materials and housing structures,” analyzes the building materials used by the Chuvash of Bashkiria. The most common material was wood of various species - from coniferous to deciduous. Stone, adobe, and wattle were also used for the construction of residential and commercial buildings.

These materials were more often found in less wealthy peasant farms, and also for the construction of outbuildings. The choice of building material also depended on natural factors. In the steppe regions of Bashkiria, adobe buildings were more common than in forest areas.

To build a residential building or household premises, the Chuvash, like other ethnic groups, collected help from relatives and neighbors.

Particular attention was paid to the harvesting of construction timber: transportation, drying of logs and subsequent processing, and the cutting process. The main type of Chuvash dwelling was single-chamber buildings - hut + canopy. There were variants: hut + canopy + cage, hut + canopy + hut. At a later time, the types of hut with a truss, five-walled huts, cross-shaped houses, and brick houses arose.

Dwellings were erected using timber-framed equipment; outbuildings could be erected not only with timber-framed equipment, but also with pole and frame-and-post equipment. Stone or wooden pillars were used as foundations, and dwellings were often installed directly on the ground. Among the types of roofs there were male and rafter structures; the shapes were gable, three-pitched and hipped roofs.

In the second paragraph, “Layout of estates,” the location of a residential complex and household buildings in a peasant yard is considered. The Chuvash courtyard belongs to the round type, known as a fortress courtyard. The Chuvash people of the Southern Urals are characterized by L-shaped and U-shaped layouts. From the middle of the 19th century. The layout of the estate changes as it includes vegetable gardens. A bathhouse was installed at some distance from the household buildings. There could be a well within the yard. The buildings were connected to each other into a single connection or located nearby. The estate was surrounded by a fence, and there were several types of fencing - log, flagstone, wattle fence, poles, etc.

Considerable attention was paid to the gates, which were decorated with carvings.

First of all, the gate posts were decorated. Let's highlight several types of gates - in the form of spinning poles, plank gates without a roof, Russian gates, i.e. with a gable roof. The gates were considered the border between the estate and the outside world and played a special role in the traditional Chuvash worldview. The application of patterns on them in the form of various carvings was an indicator of the material well-being of the peasant economy.

In the third paragraph, “Residential buildings,” the residential buildings of the Chuvash people of Bashkiria are analyzed. Not only log huts, but also temporary premises, such as dugouts, were used as residential buildings. During the migrations they were the most common among migrants.

The final type of housing that exists to this day is log houses. The construction process was accompanied by a number of rituals - laying money, wool under the foundation, performing a ritual meal;

raising the matitsa and performing the corresponding ritual; installation of guardianship, etc. For external decoration they used carvings, wall plaster, and whitewash; in wealthier households they resorted to polychrome wall coverings.

Window frames were richly decorated with carvings. Blind carving was widespread, as well as varieties of bas-relief, applied and sawn.

The central place in the residential building was occupied by the stove, which was located to the right or left of the front door. There was a table diagonally from the stove, a shrine hung, and the front corner was set up here. Among the Chuvash there were two types of hearth - with a hanging or mounted boiler. A stove pillar was placed nearby, with crossbars running along the sides, and a bench was also made here.

The space of the hut was divided into sectors: the front (or God's) corner, the front room, the sleeping place, etc. The basis of the furniture was bunks, benches, a makeshift table and a chair in front of it, and crossbars for storing things. Textiles were used in the interior, for example, embroidered towels.

Paragraph four, “Household buildings,” is devoted to various household buildings that were erected on estates and beyond. Among the buildings there were a barn, a cage, a bathhouse, a shack, a cellar, premises for livestock (stable, barn, shed), etc. The most archaic building was the shack (la), found among the peoples of the Volga region under other names and playing a significant role in traditional rituals . An important building was considered a barn, which served to store grain and household items. The cage had a similar function, intended, in addition to storing food and belongings, as a place to sleep in the warm season.

For long-term storage of food, a cellar was built, which served both in summer and winter.

A separate complex included premises for livestock. Cattle huts consisted of log cabins with small windows; the ceilings were made of logs. For the construction of outbuildings, various materials were used - wood, wattle, stone, adobe. A bathhouse could be located outside the estate. As a rule, it was placed at a distance from a residential building and buildings. In addition to log baths, dugout bathhouses also existed among the Chuvash of the Urals. To this day, there are smoke baths that exist along with white baths. The peasant estate ended with a threshing floor, where there were barns for drying sheaves and a chaff bin in which equipment was stored. Omshaniks were built to store hives in winter. In general, the complex of household buildings common in the Chuvash settlements of Bashkiria was not unique and was found with minor differences among other peoples of the Ural-Volga region. The Conclusion presents the main conclusions on the research topic:

firstly, the process of formation of the Chuvash ethno-territorial group on the Bashkir lands was quite complex, multi-stage, and depended on a number of factors and reasons that contributed to or hindered its progress. It is not possible to say that relocations took place only peacefully, since one of the reasons for migration was uprisings and, as a consequence, flight to new lands.

Note that the movements occurred on the part of three ethnographic groups of the Chuvash - upper, middle, lower - and led to subsequent internal mixing. We must not lose sight of interethnic contacts, which ended in mixing, in some cases, assimilation of the Chuvash and even assimilation of representatives of other peoples by the Chuvash. Representatives of other ETG Chuvash participated in the formation of the local group, which contributed to the formation of a unique cultural type;

secondly, the Chuvash settlements of Bashkiria, in our opinion, only at the initial stage retained their ethnocultural appearance. With the transition to street planning, the villages of the Chuvash, Mari, Udmurts, Tatars and Bashkirs acquire something in common in their appearance. It cannot be argued that they began to resemble each other and lost their ethnic specificity, however, the redevelopment left an indelible unifying mark;

thirdly, the Chuvash courtyard, the buildings went through a certain stage of development associated with the growth of the level of culture of the people, the influence of the urban lifestyle, as well as foreign influence, especially in areas of predominance of multi-ethnic settlements or dispersed settlements of the Chuvash.

The change from a chicken hut to a white one, new construction techniques, foreign borrowings (for example, from the Bashkirs): all this speaks of the transformation of Chuvash architecture, its change under the influence of various factors.

At the same time, the presence of the building la, its existence to this day, as well as the preservation of traditional construction techniques, structures, collection of help and observance of rituals, allows us to speak about the loyalty of the Chuvash to their architectural traditions.

Settlements and dwellings, as an important component of the material culture of an ethnos, are a certain marker of the degree of development of a people or their local group. Settlements, dwellings, and outbuildings incorporate both innovations acquired during interethnic contacts and retain the features of folk architecture.

The dissertation work does not claim to be complete, and therefore the following prospects for further study arise: a detailed analysis of the external decoration and interior of the Chuvash dwelling;

a more detailed study of sacred places in the structure of settlements, the role of rural cemeteries in the organization of space; comparative analysis of the burial structures of the Chuvash of Bashkiria with the peoples of the Ural-Volga region, identifying common and special features.

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11. Petrov I.G., Medvedev V.V. Grave monuments of unbaptized Chuvash of the Southern Urals: traditions and innovations / I.G. Petrov, V.V. Medvedev // IX Congress of Ethnographers and Anthropologists of Russia: Abstracts of reports. Petrozavodsk, July 4–8, 2011 – Petrozavodsk: Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2011. – P. 143.

12. Medvedev V.V. Building materials and structures of dwellings of the Chuvash people of Bashkiria (second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries) / V.V. Medvedev // Ethnicities and cultures of the Ural-Volga region: history and modernity: materials of the V All-Russian scientific and practical conference of young scientists. – Ufa: IEI UC RAS, 2011. – P. 111–118.

13. Medvedev V.V. Outbuildings of the Chuvash of the Ufa province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries / V.V. Medvedev // Current problems of history and ethnology: Materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the birth of R.Z. Yanguzin and the 20th anniversary of the Department of History of the Republic of Belarus and Ethnology. G.

14. Medvedev V.V. The linguistic situation among the unbaptized Chuvash of the Southern Urals as a component of ethnic identity / V.V. Medvedev // Scientific and pedagogical heritage of the outstanding figure in public education, Chuvash educator Pavel Mironov: Collection. materials Vseros. scientific pract. conf., Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, December 9, 2011 – Sterlitamak: Sterlitamak. state ped. Academy named after Zainab Biisheva, 2011. – pp. 313–319.

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Plays in the speakers -
The mood now is Headache :(

Chuvash villages (“yal”, Turkic “aul”) were, as a rule, located near the water, in ravines. Villages of residents of the northern and central regions of the Chuvash Territory were nested around one, larger settlement. In the southeast, in the steppe regions and outside Chuvashia, they were located in a linear order along the rivers. Chuvash villages in the past did not have a clear street layout. Courtyards were located in groups around the courtyard of the ancestor (patronymy).
ric15.jpg (9478 bytes)In the 50s-80s. XIX century According to government orders, redevelopment of Chuvash settlements is being carried out. Instead of clustered estates with crooked streets, alleys and driveways radiating from groups of courtyards, straight streets with two-way or one-way blocks appeared.
Traditionally, the villages of the upper Chuvash (i.e., in the northern regions of Chuvashia) were relatively small in number (30-70 households) compared to the villages of the middle and especially lower Chuvash (up to 1000 households) in the south of the region and beyond.

Chuvash estate
(plan of a Chuvash estate)
The Chuvash estate was divided into kilkarti, kartish - the front yard (i.e. the yard itself) and the back - ankarti. A cage was attached to a residential building (surt, purt).
The outbuildings of the middle peasant consisted of a barn, a stable, a barn (vite), a shed and a cellar. Almost every Chuvash yard had a summer kitchen. The bathhouse (muncha) was built at some distance from the estate, on the slope of a ravine, near the river.
Wealthy peasants had two huts, good-quality two-story barns, and a whole complex of premises for storing crops and keeping livestock. For wealthy peasants, the estate included up to 30 buildings, for the poor - only a hut, a canopy (replacing a barn), and a stable. Chuvash hut The courtyards were enclosed with an oak fence or tine.
Since the end of the 19th century. In Chuvash villages, spirit-three-leaf gates with a gable roof - “Russian gates” - are becoming widespread. Their pillars were decorated with relief carvings, a Bulgarian solar circle and a “rope”.
In the courtyard, under the lupasay canopy, a set of vehicles was stored: a cart (urapa), a drog (varam urapa), a sheaf-cart (pocket) and a sleigh (suna).
Wealthy peasants had holiday carriages - a tarantass with a wicker body, a sleigh with a backrest, wedding carts (keme) with a semi-closed body covered in leather.
A common type of hut is a four-walled hut. In the 19th century Prosperous Chuvash appeared with five-wall buildings, houses on stone foundations. In a number of areas of the Middle Volga region and especially the Urals, the Chuvash built houses from adobe, turf layers, and also from stone. The roofs were mostly gable; among the rich, there were hip roofs. The roof was made of bark, straw, shingles, and by the end of the 19th century. plank, iron and tiled roofs appear.
Exterior decoration and decoration of houses was almost never used in the distant past. Only wealthy peasants had the friezes of their houses decorated with carvings. Carvings (usually a solar circle) were also applied to the gate posts.
The interior of the Chuvash house was simple. Initially there was no canopy; there was only a closet. From the beginning of the 19th century. The Chuvash have chopped canopies. Inside the hut there were wide bunks along the walls, and bunks above the door, near the stove. The windows were covered with a specially treated bubble. Interior of a house with a stove The adobe stove had a recessed hearth and was heated black, the smoke was released through a fiberglass window in the corner. From the middle of the 19th century. The Chuvash are starting to install Russian stoves with chimneys. However, in them, the traditional hearth - “vuchakh” - with a suspended cauldron for the upper Chuvash and a sunken cauldron for the lower Chuvash (like the Tatars) - is preserved.
The Chuvash las is a quadrangular log house with an earthen floor, without a ceiling or windows, made of stones. In the summer they cooked and ate food and brewed beer there.
In the second half of the 19th century. wealthy Chuvash peasants began to build more spacious and comfortable houses. Instead of chicken huts, white huts and stone houses with glazed windows and warm entryways appear. In the houses there are objects of Russian peasant and sometimes urban furnishings. Luchina and tallow candles are gradually being replaced by kerosene lamps.

Richness of the table and household utensils

The Chuvash table was varied, but not rich. A significant part of the peasants considered the consumption of meat and animal fats as a sign of a state close to luxury. The basis of nutrition was bread made from rye flour - hura sakar.
There was no alternation of dishes in the daily diet of the Chuvash. The first courses consisted of soup with dumplings (salma-yashki, samakh yashky), soup with cereals, cabbage soup, turnip borscht, from the beginning of the 19th century. - potato soup. In the spring, green cabbage soup was cooked from cabbage soup, nettles, and hogweed (pultaran yashki).
As second courses, they used porridge (pata) made from spelled, barley, oat and occasionally wheat groats, oatmeal, jelly (nimer) made from oat, pea and rye flour. Since the 19th century Potatoes occupy a prominent place in the Chuvash diet. The dishes were washed down with buttermilk (uyran), sour milk (turakh), and also an emulsion of hemp seeds. The Bashkir and Orenburg Chuvash also made kumys.
For the holiday table, the Chuvash prepared hapartu - fluffy wheat bread, khuplu - a large round pie with a complex meat and cereal filling, puremech - large cheesecakes with various fillings, yava - baked balls of wheat flour without filling, huran kukli - small pies like dumplings (their cooked in a cauldron).
Remnants of the cattle-breeding traditions of the Chuvash ancestors are expressed in the persistent cultivation of the tradition of preparing meat soup ash (kakai) shurpi, boiled sausage Tultarmash, a special kind of sausage Sharttan (Old Iran. Shirdan) and curd cheese Chakat during the slaughter of livestock.
In the past, the Chuvash celebrated all holidays and rituals only with sara beer (Old Iran, more broadly). At the same time, beer was also an everyday drink. It was made from barley malt and hops. Wealthy Chuvash drank sim pylar (aged honey drink) and karchama (honey mash).

Collection of ancient national Chuvash dishes

home stuff

Among the Chuvash, almost all household utensils were made of wood. According to the manufacturing technique, it differs into:

1) hollowed-out utensils with a whole bottom (mortars, salt shakers, bowls and bowls for soup and butter, large and small ladles, altars for beer, troughs for takana flour, etc.);
2) dugout vessels with an inserted bottom (supse tubs, chiryas, lyangos (lenkes), batmans);
3) riveted products (buckets, barrels, tubs);
4) dishes made of birch bark (tuesa and purak body), bast and bark (boxes, hoops for cheese, etc.);
5) wicker utensils made of bast (purse, pester peshter, cups for bread) and wicker (baskets, etc.).
Chuvash potters appeared in the second half of the 18th century. They made pots (chulmek), jugs (kakshtam) for milk and beer, bowls and braziers.
Every Chuvash house had cast iron boilers of various sizes.
Until the beginning of the 20th century. Leather bags for grain - petre, and a takmak saddle bag - were in use.

Materials taken from the book:
"Chuvash. Ethnic history and traditional culture." Authors and compilers: V. P. Ivanov, V. V. Nikolaev, V. D. Dmitriev. Moscow, 2000.