Preparation for the OGE in literature. Preparing for the OGE: how to pass the literature exam with the highest score

If you chose literature as an additional exam, and now you don’t know what to do with it and how to pass it, don’t be sad. Advice from teachers at the Merlin Educational Center will help you successfully cope with this test.

Who needs literature?

Literature is taken not only by future philologists, but also by creative people. If you are going to enter a theater or art university in two years, then high scores in literature will be useful to you. Therefore, it is better to prepare in advance - there are a lot of program works and theory. It is impossible to learn and read everything at once in a short period of time. Let the Unified State Exam become your dress rehearsal, and then the Unified State Exam in 11th grade will be much easier for you to pass.

Pitfalls of the OGE in literature

The exam tasks are structured in such a way as to check:

• Do you know how to work with prose and poetic texts, analyze excerpts of a work, compare works of different authors;
• Are you well versed in the historical and literary process;
• Do you know how to write detailed essay answers using artistic material;
• Do you know literary terms?
• Do you understand artistic means of expression?

The most offensive shortcomings that schoolchildren make when taking the OGE are incorrect quotes and inaccurate use of words and terms. Factual errors include incorrect spelling of the names of authors, main and secondary characters, distortion of key points in works, as well as spelling and punctuation errors. All this can be avoided if you take your pre-exam preparation seriously.

How to prepare for the OGE in literature, since you will take it soon?

1. Read and write

A list of works that may appear on the exam can be found on the FIPI website; this institute develops test and measurement materials for the OGE. You need to know them well. We advise you to keep a reading journal; it will help you quickly refresh your memory of the text before exams. As you read, write down in your notebook the main characters, their brief descriptions, the years in which the work was created, indicating the full name of the author, the background for writing, the main problems raised in the work, in a word, all the information that may be required.

Not enough time? Find quality summaries with commentary. In large bookstores, often in departments of methodological literature, publications are sold in which program works are retold in detail with detailed analysis. In these books you will find a lot of useful information that will help you answer exam questions correctly.

If possible, watch Soviet film adaptations of classical literature - “War and Peace” by Sergei Bondarchuk, “Cruel Romance” by Eldar Ryazanov, “Incognito from St. Petersburg” by Leonid Gaidai, “A Few Days in the Life of I. I. Oblomov” by Nikita Mikhalkov, etc. They shot, as they say, close to the text, and will help you better understand the work.

When working with critical materials, do not forget to also write down the main points, names, and facts in the reader’s diary. For each work, you should end up with something like a Wikipedia article.

2. Organize

Assignments often require drawing parallels between works by different authors. Even if you have read, it will take precious time to remember what issues are raised in a particular poem or story. We suggest dividing at least the lyrics by topic in advance: love, poet and society, war, love of the motherland, creativity, etc. This way you will kill two birds with one stone: carefully read the text, highlighting the issues and structuring the knowledge.

3. Homemade preparations

Essay writing is one of the most difficult tasks. Basically, the reason for mistakes is the inability to coherently and competently express one’s thoughts. Merlin teachers advise writing an essay according to a pre-prepared plan, using cliché phrases that will help structure the text compositionally and logically. Try to write similar essays every week for a year and show them to your teacher so that he can help you evaluate the text objectively.

4. Use collections

We must not forget about the collections of standard exam tasks - these are the main assistants in preparing for the OGE. Before starting classes, familiarize yourself with the assessment criteria for work. Use the answers only for self-testing. Review assignments from previous years.

5. Sign up for preparatory courses

It is quite possible to prepare for the exam on your own, but only a disciplined and responsible person can do it. If you are not sure that you can definitely devote at least one day a week to literature, it is better not to risk it and sign up for courses. So, you will study regularly, fill in gaps and systematize your knowledge.

We wish you success!

In contact with

Reference materials for preparing for the OGE in literature

9th grade

(Literary terms and concepts)

Literary types and genres.

There are three types of fiction: epic(from Greek Epos, narrative), lyrical(a lyre was a musical instrument, accompanied by chanting poems) and dramatic(from Greek Drama, action).

When presenting this or that subject to the reader (meaning the subject of conversation), the author chooses different approaches to it:

First approach: in detail tell about the object, about the events associated with it, about the circumstances of the existence of this object, etc.; in this case, the author’s position will be more or less detached, the author will act as a kind of chronicler, narrator, or choose one of the characters as the narrator; the main thing in such a work will be the story, the narration about the subject, the leading type of speech will be precisely narration, this kind of literature is called epic;

The second approach: you can tell not so much about the events, but about the impression, which they produced on the author, about those feelings, which they called; image inner world, experiences, impressions and will relate to the lyrical genre of literature; exactly the experience was becoming the main event of the lyrics;

Third approach: you can depict item in action, show him on stage; introduce to the reader and viewer of it surrounded by other phenomena; this kind of literature is dramatic; In a drama, the author's voice will be heard least often - in stage directions, that is, the author's explanations of the actions and remarks of the characters.

Look at the table and try to remember its contents:

Types of fiction.

Each type of literature in turn includes a number of genres.

GENRE- this is a historically established group of works united by common features of content and form; such groups include novels, stories, poems, elegies, short stories, feuilletons, comedies, etc. In literary studies, the concept of literary type is often introduced; this is a broader concept than genre. In this case, the novel will be considered a type of fiction, and genres will be various types of novels, for example, adventure, detective, psychological, parable novel, dystopian novel, etc.

Examples of genus-species relationships in the literature:

Genus: dramatic; view: comedy; genre: sitcom.

Genus: epic; V id: story; genre: fantastic story, etc.

historical era: ancient lyricists did not know the sonnet; in our time, the ode, born in antiquity and popular in the 17th-18th centuries, has become an archaic genre; Romanticism of the 19th century gave rise to detective literature, etc.

Main literary genres

Correspondence of literary genres and muses-patrons of the arts

Genres of epic works

Genres of lyrical works

Literary directions

Literary direction (method) – the basic principles that guide the writer when selecting, summarizing, evaluating and depicting life facts in artistic images.

Signs of a literary movement:

unites writers of a certain historical era;

a general understanding of life values ​​and aesthetic ideals;

general type of hero;

style of artistic speech;

characteristic plots;

favorite genres;

choice of artistic techniques for depicting life;

writers' way of thinking;

the personality of the writer;

worldview and worldview of writers.

Classification of literary movements

classicism sentimentalism romanticism realism

Classicism:

Classicism (from the Latin classicus first-class) is a movement that arose in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia in the 17th-18th centuries as an expression of the ideology of absolute monarchy. It reflected the idea of ​​rationalistic harmony, strict orderliness of the world, and faith in the human mind. It developed at the beginning of the 20th century as neoclassicism.

Division of genres

Sentimentalism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Sentimentalism (from the French sentimental - sensitive) is a literary movement that arose in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 19th century. Opposes the abstraction and rationality of classicism. It reflects the desire to depict human psychology.

Literary forms

Romanticism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Romanticism is a movement in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia of the 18th - 19th centuries, consisting in the desire of authors to contrast the unsatisfactory reality with unusual images and plots, suggested to them by life phenomena. A romantic artist strives to express in his images what he wants to see in life, what, in his opinion, should be the main, determining one. Arose as a reaction to rationalism.

Literary forms

Realism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Realism (from Latin realis) is a movement in art and literature, the main principle of which is the most complete and accurate reflection of reality through typification. Appeared in Russia in the 19th century.

Literary forms

Piece of art- a literary work, the distinctive feature of which is the depiction of life, the creation of an artistic image using words.

Basic Plot Elements

Extra-plot elements

SUBJECT - Subject, main content of reasoning, presentation, creativity. (S. Ozhegov. Dictionary of the Russian language, 1990.)

SUBJECT (Greek Thema) - 1). Subject of presentation, image, research, discussion; 2). Statement of the problem, which predetermines the selection of life material and the nature of the artistic narrative; 3). The subject of a linguistic utterance (...). (Dictionary of Foreign Words, 1984.)

Already these two definitions can confuse the reader: in the first, the word “theme” is equated in meaning to the term “content,” while the content of a work of art is immeasurably broader than the topic, the topic is one of the aspects of the content; the second makes no distinction between the concepts of topic and problem, and although topic and problem are philosophically related, they are not the same thing, and you will soon understand the difference.

The following definition of the topic, accepted in literary criticism, is preferable:

SUBJECT - this is a life phenomenon that has become the subject of artistic consideration in a work. The range of such life phenomena is SUBJECT literary work. All phenomena of the world and human life constitute the artist’s sphere of interests: love, friendship, hatred, betrayal, beauty, ugliness, justice, lawlessness, home, family, happiness, deprivation, despair, loneliness, struggle with the world and oneself, solitude, talent and mediocrity, the joys of life, money, relationships in society, death and birth, secrets and mysteries of the world, etc. and so on. - these are the words that name life phenomena that become themes in art.

The artist’s task is to creatively study a life phenomenon from sides that are interesting to the author, that is express the topic artistically. Naturally, this can only be done posing a question(or several questions) to the phenomenon under consideration. This question that the artist asks, using the figurative means available to him, is problem literary work.

So, PROBLEM is a question that does not have a clear solution or involves many equivalent solutions. The problem differs from the ambiguity of possible solutions tasks. The set of such questions is called PROBLEMATICS.

The more complex the phenomenon of interest to the author (that is, the more complex the chosen subject), the more questions (problems) it will raise, and the more difficult these questions will be to resolve, that is, the deeper and more serious it will be problems literary work.

The topic and problem are historically dependent phenomena. Different eras dictate different themes and problems to artists. For example, the author of the ancient Russian poem of the 12th century “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” was worried about the topic of princely strife, and he asked the questions: how to force the Russian princes to stop caring only about personal gain and to be at enmity with each other, how to unite the disparate forces of the weakening Kyiv state? The 18th century invited Trediakovsky, Lomonosov and Derzhavin to think about scientific and cultural transformations in the state, about what an ideal state should be like.
ruler, raised in literature the problems of civic duty and equality of all
citizens without exception before the law. Romantic writers were interested in the mysteries of life and death, penetrated into the dark recesses of the human soul, solved the problems of human dependence on fate and the unsolved demonic forces of interaction between a talented and extraordinary person and a soulless and mundane society of ordinary people.

The 19th century, with its focus on the literature of critical realism, turned artists to new themes and forced them to think about new problems:

Through the efforts of Pushkin and Gogol, the “little” man entered literature, and the question arose about his place in society and relationships with “big” people;

The women's issue became the most important, and with it the so-called public "women's issue"; A. Ostrovsky and L. Tolstoy paid a lot of attention to this topic;

the theme of home and family acquired a new meaning, and L. Tolstoy studied the nature of the connection between upbringing and a person’s ability to be happy;

the unsuccessful peasant reform and further social upheavals aroused keen interest in the peasantry, and the theme of peasant life and fate, discovered by Nekrasov, became leading in literature, and with it the question: what will be the fate of the Russian peasantry and all of great Russia?

The tragic events of history and public sentiment brought to life the theme of nihilism and opened up new facets in the theme of individualism, which were further developed by Dostoevsky, Turgenev and Tolstoy in attempts to resolve the questions: how to warn the younger generation from the tragic mistakes of radicalism and aggressive hatred? How to reconcile generations of “fathers” and “sons” in a turbulent and bloody world? How do we understand the relationship between good and evil today and what is meant by both? How can you avoid losing yourself in your quest to be different from others? Chernyshevsky turns to the topic of public good and asks: “What should be done?” so that a person in Russian society can honestly earn a comfortable life and thereby increase public wealth? How to “equip” Russia for a prosperous life? Etc .

note! A problem is a question, and it should be formulated primarily in interrogative form, especially if formulating problems is the task of your essay or other work on literature.

Sometimes in art, a real breakthrough is precisely the question posed by the author - a new one, previously unknown to society, but now burning and vitally important. Many works are created to pose a problem.

So, IDEA (Greek Idea, concept, representation) - in literature: the main idea of ​​a work of art, the method proposed by the author for solving the problems he poses. A set of ideas, a system of author’s thoughts about the world and man, embodied in artistic images is called IDEAL CONTENT a work of art.

Thus, the scheme of semantic relationships between the topic, problem and idea can be represented as follows:

Basics of versification.

Rhythm.

Word rhythm in the Greek language from which it came to us, it means “harmony, proportionality.” How does this proportionality arise? What condition is necessary for rhythm to occur? What does the beating of our heart and the moving pendulum of a clock have in common? the measured noise of the surf and the sound of the wheels of a moving train?

Rhythm - is the repetition of something at regular intervals. It is this repetition that creates randomness and proportionality.

Rhyme.

The harmony of the verse is created by the coincidence of line endings and rhymes. The lines seem to echo like an echo, repeating each other, sometimes changing their sound slightly. Re-read A.A.’s poem out loud again. Feta “The summer evening is quiet and clear...”. Find lines that rhyme.

Rhyme- This is a repetition of sounds that connect the endings of two or more lines.

idle - varied

harsh - pine

Stanza.

Stanza- a group of poetic lines, combined lines, united by rhyme. A stanza can be three lines - tercet, out of four – quatrain.

Rhyme

Underline the rhyming words in Fet's poem “Butterfly” and connect them. You see that the first line rhymes with the third, the second with the fourth. Arises cross rhyme.

You're right with one air outline

I'm so sweet

All the velvet is mine with its living blinking

Only two wings.

If adjacent lines rhyme, it is born steam room rhyme, as in Pushkin’s poem “The Prisoner”:

I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon.

A young eagle raised in captivity,

My sad comrade, flapping his wing,

It's pecking at bloody food under the window...

Finally, the rhyme can be annular when the first line of the quatrain rhymes with the fourth, and the second with the third, as in Bunin’s poems:

The hops are already drying up on the mew.

Behind the farmsteads, on the melon fields,

In the cool rays of the sun

Bronze melons are turning red...

The rhyme in a stanza can be more complex.

Poetic dimensions

Poetic meters in Russian versification are disyllabic And trisyllabic.

Two-syllable sizes called a poetic meter with a line of two syllables.

In Russian versification there are two two-syllable meters: iambic And trochee.

Iambic– a two-syllable poetic meter with stress on the second syllable (_ _́).

Let's see how A.S. uses iambic. Pushkin.

Iambic trimeter :

Friend of the idle thought, _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

My inkwell... _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

Iambic tetrameter:

There is a green oak near Lukomorye; _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

The golden chain on the oak tree... _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

Iambic pentameter:

One more last legend - _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

And my chronicle is finished _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

Trochee– two-syllable meter with stress on the first syllable (_́ _).

The word “trochee” translated from Greek means “dancer” from the word “choir”, “dance”, “round dance”.

Trochee trimeter :

In the haze of invisibility _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

The month of spring has come... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

Trochee tetrameter:

Through the wavy fogs _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

The moon is making its way... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

(A.S. Pushkin)

Pentameter trochee:

I go out alone on the road _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

Through the fog the flinty path shines... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Iambic and trochee are the most popular meters in Russian poetry; for example, 80-85% of poems are written in iambic tetrameter.

Trisyllabic verse meters

Consider the lines of the poem “Railroad”:

Glorious autumn! Healthy, vigorous

The air invigorates tired forces...

Let's place the emphasis and build a verse outline:

_́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

You noticed that groups of three syllables are repeated: the first is stressed, the second and third are unstressed. It is a three-syllable meter with the accent on the first syllable. It is called dactyl: _́ _ _ .

Let’s take other lines - from Nekrasov’s poem “Peasant Children”, place the emphasis and build a diagram of the verse.

Once upon a time in the cold winter time

I came out of the forest; it was bitterly cold.

_ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

Groups of three syllables are repeated here: the first is unstressed, the second is stressed, the third is unstressed. It is a three-syllable meter with stress on the second syllable. It is called amphibrachium: _ _́ _

Algorithm for determining poetic meter.

Place the emphasis.

Identify unstressed vowels.

Write down the resulting diagram.

Determine the size.

I those be nothing GO Not ska andat .

I those bI Not meet VO zhu neither hat t.

AND O TO m,What I mO lcha you LOLat ,

Not re wat syaneither on ThuO name bookat t.

A. Fet.

- trimeter anapest

Now let’s place emphasis in the lines from Nekrasov’s poem “Troika” and build a diagram of the verse.

Why are you looking greedily at the road?

Away from your cheerful friends?

_ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

Groups of three syllables are repeated: the first and second are unstressed, the third is stressed. It is a three-syllable meter with the accent on the third syllable. It is called anapaest: _ _ _́.

So, there are three three-syllable meters of verse: dactyl ( _́ _ _ ), amphibrachium

(_ _́ _ ), and anapest (_ _ _́ )

Clue: To remember the rhythm of three-syllable meters, Nikolai Gumilyov offered young poets the following hint:

Ann A A Khmatova – dactyl; M A rin A Color e that e V A– amphibrachium; N And To O Lai G at m And lion - anapest.

Themes and motives in the lyrics

Subject

From Greek theme (the basis of the plot of the work).

Intimate lyrics

M.Yu. Lermontov “She is not proud of her beauty...”

B.L. Parsnip “Winter Evening”.

Landscape lyrics

A.A. Fet “Wonderful picture...”

S.A. Yesenin “behind the dark strand of woods...”.

Lyrics of friendship

B.Sh. Okudzhava "Ancient student song".

Theme of the poet and poetry

M.I. Tsvetaeva "Rolandov Horn".

Patriotic and civil lyrics

ON THE. Nekrasov "Motherland"

A.A. Akhmatova “I am not with those who abandoned the earth...”

Philosophical lyrics

F.I. Tyutchev "The Last Cataclysm"

I.A. Bunin "Evening".

The most important character in the lyrics is lyrical hero: It is his inner world that is shown in the lyrical work, on his behalf the lyricist speaks to the reader, and the external world is depicted in terms of the impressions it makes on the lyrical hero. Note! Do not confuse the lyrical hero with the epic one. Pushkin reproduced the inner world of Eugene Onegin in great detail, but this is an epic hero, a participant in the main events of the novel. The lyrical hero of Pushkin's novel is the Narrator, the one who is familiar with Onegin and tells his story, deeply experiencing it. Onegin becomes a lyrical hero only once in the novel - when he writes a letter to Tatyana, just as she becomes a lyrical heroine when she writes a letter to Onegin.

By creating the image of a lyrical hero, a poet can make him personally very close to himself (poems by Lermontov, Fet, Nekrasov, Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, etc.). But sometimes the poet seems to be “hiding” behind the mask of a lyrical hero, completely far from the personality of the poet himself; for example, A Blok makes Ophelia a lyrical heroine (two poems called “Ophelia’s Song”) or the street actor Harlequin (“I was covered in colorful rags...”), M. Tsvetaev - Hamlet (“At the bottom is she, where il..."), V. Bryusov - Cleopatra ("Cleopatra"), S. Yesenin - a peasant boy from a folk song or fairy tale ("Mother walked through the forest in a bathing suit..."). So, when discussing a lyrical work, it is more competent to talk about the expression in it of the feelings not of the author, but of the lyrical hero.

Like other types of literature, lyrics include a number of genres. Some of them arose in ancient times, others - in the Middle Ages, some - quite recently, one and a half to two centuries ago, or even in the last century.

Motive

From French motif - lit. movement.

A stable formal and content component of a work. Unlike the topic, it has a direct verbal fixation in the text. Identifying the motive helps to understand the subtext of the work.

The motifs of struggle, flight, retribution, suffering, disappointment, melancholy, and loneliness are traditional in the lyrics.

Leitmotif

A leading motif in one or many works.

The motive of exile in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Clouds".

The motive of loneliness in the early lyrics of V.V. Mayakovsky.

Literature in tables and diagrams. Theory. Story. Dictionary. M.I.Meshcheryakova. M.: Iris-press, 2005.

A brief dictionary of literary terms. Timofeev L.I. and Turaev S.V. M.: Education, 1978.

Internet resources:

http://russlovesnost.

http://shkola. lv

http://4ege. ru

http:// thff (Creative Freedom forum).

http://www. liceum 1. net

5 best aids (reference books, textbooks, etc.) for preparing for the OGE in literature

I . I will pass the OGE! Literature. Typical tasks. In two parts. Zinina E.A., Novikova L.V., Fedorov A.V. 2018

This book offers tasks for preparing for the OGE, presented in an accessible form. The manual can be downloaded from various Internet resources, including here: http://www.alleng.ru/d/rusl/rusl1199.htm . Typical tasks and recommendations for their implementation are presented in an accessible form. The book was printed on offset paper without illustrations.

Professional assessment

The typical tasks in this manual correspond to the OGE KIMs in literature; the teacher can use them in lessons for frontal, group or individual work with ninth-graders, and some tasks can be given to students in the 8th grade. Students can study this manual independently at home. The first part presents tasks related to the analysis of artistic (epic, lyric, lyric and dramatic) works. The second part contains tasks that require a detailed answer and tasks for preparing for an essay. Medium price benefit.

conclusions

This manual will be useful for literature teachers to prepare students in grades 8-9 for the OGE in literature, for students to prepare independently. Parents may have difficulty checking how their children are preparing for the exam. If you wince the manual, you can organize effective work on an essay in the OGE format, provided that the completion of assignments will be supervised by a language teacher. The manual contains a rich selection of literary texts, an algorithm for completing tasks for writing a creative work.

II . Literature/T.A. Kvartnik, - M.: Eksmo, 2014. -176 p. - (Universal schoolchildren's reference book. 100 important topics)

This reference book is distinguished by a large volume of materials necessary for successfully passing the exam. You can download it online at: https://multiurok.ru . Theoretical material for the basic and high school courses in literature is presented in an accessible form and can be used by students starting from the 8th grade and throughout their entire schooling.The paper used is offset, offset printing.

Professional assessment

The information presented in the reference book allows you to systematize and consolidate your knowledge of the literature. The manual can be used in literature lessons at the stage of summarizing the material and preparing for the OGE in literature, when students work independently at home and in the classroom. The reference book contains material on folklore, ancient Russian literature, Russian literature XVIII - XX centuries, theories of literature. The material presented in the manual is systematized and corresponds to CIMs in the literature. This guide is suitable for students from grades 8 to 11, and can also be used by college students.

conclusions

The reference book will be useful to literature teachers and students preparing to take the OGE and USE in literature. Parents can check their understanding of the material by asking about terms, etc. The background information in this book is necessary for successfully passing the OGE, but students also need to study using manuals with test tasks.

III . OGE 2018. Literature. Typical test tasks. 14 task options. Kuzanova O.A., Maryina O.B., - Publisher: Exam, 2018. - 64 p.

The manual is widely distributed in bookstores (average cost - 150-200 rubles), you can download it on the website: https://multiurok.ru .

Professional assessment

The manual offers fourteen options for standard test tasks, which help ninth-graders develop their skills for successfully passing the OGE in literature; tasks correspond to CMMs. This book can be recommended to teachers, tutors, and ninth-graders for independent work. The material is understandable and accessible to schoolchildren.

conclusions

Benefit O.B. Maryina, O.A. Kuzanova meets the requirements of the OGE in literature in 2018, it will be useful for ninth grade students for self-control, literature teachers for working in the classroom or individually.

IV . Fedorov, Novikova, Zinina: OGE-2018. Literature. Typical exam options. 30 options, - Publisher: National Education, 2018. - 192 p.

The book is sold in all major bookstores and is available to order (about 400 rubles), on the website https://multiurok.ru it can be downloaded.

Professional assessment

The manual contains 30 variants of standard test tasks corresponding to the 2018 literature KIMs.The material is understandable and accessible to schoolchildren. Typical test tasks objectively assess the degree of preparedness of ninth-graders to pass the OGE in literature.

conclusions

The manual meets the requirements of the OGE in literature in 2018, allows you to practice skills for successfully passing the exam in grade 9, ninth graders can independently study these tasks, as well as under the supervision of a teacher - a language teacher.

V . All heroes of works of Russian literature. School curriculum: dictionary - reference book. - M.: LLC "Agency "KRPA "Olympus": LLC "AST Publishing House", 2003. - 443 p.

In bookstores you can find reprints of the dictionary - reference book. No safe download links found online.

Professional assessment

The dictionary-reference book contains the names of the characters and their “life” path throughout the work; the manual differs favorably from a summary of works of art, since the articles contain elements of character analysis, which allows schoolchildren to better prepare for the exam when working independently. The information is presented in an accessible form. This guide is suitable for students from grades 8 to 11, and can also be used by college students.

conclusions

This manual can be used to independently prepare for the OGE in 9th grade. By looking at the manual, you can systematize knowledge about each hero of Russian literature included in the school curriculum.

In 2018, the first part of the OGE in literature will remain unchanged. Graduates choose one of two options and write detailed answers to assignments based on the text. Volume – 5–8 sentences.

Below you have two options for a detailed answer for the three tasks of part one as an example of answers to the first three tasks of the OGE in literature. Topics concern Gogol’s “Dead Souls” and Tyutchev’s poem “There is in the primordial autumn...”.

Open the demo version of the OGE in Literature 2017 and read the tasks and text for it.

Let's look at option 1

Task 1.1.1

What properties of Chichikov’s nature manifested themselves in his internal monologue?

Answer to task 1.1.1

Internal monologue is one of the means that Gogol resorts to to characterize his character. In this fragment, such traits of Chichikov as prudence, attentiveness and coldness are revealed to the reader: “But our hero was already middle-aged and of a prudently cool character.” Emotional impulses and recklessness in behavior are alien to him. Chichikov is a typical cynic, subordinating his impulses to reason, which makes him think first and then act. The same traits of the hero can be found in chapter 4, where the hero’s nature is revealed through a conversation with Nozdryov.

Task 1.1.2

Answer to task 1.1.2

The mention of a twenty-year-old boy is given to indicate the contrast between the behavior of the young man and the behavior demonstrated by Chichikov. At twenty years old, young men are still a little naive, impressionable and ready for rash actions, “forgetting themselves, and service, and the world, and everything that is in the world.” Their behavior is guided by strong emotional impulses, and the mind always gives way to the heart. This behavior completely contradicts the prudence of the “middle-aged” Chichikov.

Task 1.1.3.

Compare fragments of the poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" and the comedy of D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth". In what ways is Skotinin similar to Chichikov, who thought about the “young stranger”?

Excerpt of text from task 1.1.3

Skotinin. Why can't I see my bride? Where is she? There will be an agreement in the evening, so isn’t it time to tell her that they are marrying her off?
Mrs. Prostakova. We'll make it, brother. If we tell her this ahead of time, she may still think that we are reporting to her. Although by marriage, however, I am related to her; and I love that strangers listen to me.
Prostakov (to Skotinin). To tell the truth, we treated Sophia like an orphan. After her father she remained a baby. About six months ago, her mother, and my in-law, had a stroke...
Mrs. Prostakova (shows as if she is baptizing her heart). The power of the god is with us.
Prostakov. From which she went to the next world. Her uncle, Mr. Starodum, went to Siberia; and since there has been no rumor or news of him for several years now, we consider him dead. We, seeing that she was left alone, took her to our village and look after her estate as if it were our own.
Mrs. Prostakova. Why are you so spoiled today, my father? My brother might also think that we took her in for fun.
Prostakov. Well, mother, how should he think about this? After all, we can’t move Sofyushkino’s real estate estate to ourselves.
Skotinin. And although the movable has been put forward, I am not a petitioner. I don’t like to bother, and I’m afraid. No matter how much my neighbors offended me, no matter how much loss they caused, I did not attack anyone, and any loss, rather than going after it, I would rip off from my own peasants, and the ends would go to waste.
Prostakov. It’s true, brother: the whole neighborhood says that you are a master at collecting rent.
Mrs. Prostakova. If only you could teach us, brother father; but we just can’t do it. Since we took away everything the peasants had, we can’t take anything back. Such a disaster!
Skotinin. Please, sister, I will teach you, I will teach you, just marry me to Sophia.
Mrs. Prostakova. Did you really like this girl that much?
Skotinin. No, it's not the girl I like.
Prostakov. So next door to her village?
Skotinin. And not the villages, but the fact that it is found in the villages and what my mortal desire is.
Mrs. Prostakova. Until what, brother?
Skotinin. I love pigs, sister, and in our neighborhood there are such large pigs that there is not a single one of them that, standing on its hind legs, would not be taller than each of us by a whole head.

(D.I. Fonvizin. “Undergrowth”)

Answer to task 1.1.3

Chichikov and Skotinin have a number of common traits, such as prudence, selfishness, and lack of romantic impulse. Chichikov is a typical “acquirer”, in whom Gogol saw the new evil of Russia: quiet, diligent, but enterprising. He cares only about his own benefit, and only “two thousand two hundred dowry” can make a young girl a “tidbit” in his eyes. The landowner Skotinin's main characteristic is already contained in his last name. He is also concerned about his own benefit, but it does not even find expression in money. After all, the main passion of this hero is pigs. He wants to marry Sophia, but only because his favorites are found in her village. Both Chichikov’s cold prudence and Skotinin’s selfish ignorance are similar in their lack of interest in everything that does not directly lead to the satisfaction of their self-interest.

Let's look at option 2

Task 1.2.1

What mood is imbued with the poem “In the original autumn...”?

Answer to task 1.2.1

Tyutchev's poem creates a mood of peace and solemnity. To do this, the poet uses expressive epithets: “in the original autumn”, “wonderful time”, “pure and warm azure”, etc. The feeling of understatement and languor in the poem is given by frequently occurring ellipses, which symbolize that the time of violent emotions has ended with the summer. Autumn is a time of leisurely reflection and relaxation.

Task 1.2.2.

What role do epithets play in the poem “There is in the original autumn...”?

Answer to task 1.2.2.

Epithets are especially important when describing nature. After all, they allow not just to describe objects, but to convey the author’s attitude to what he writes about. Even the most ordinary words, used as epithets, can create vivid images. “A vigorous sickle”, “a web of thin hair”, “a short time”, “on an idle furrow”, “a crystal day” - all these combinations create the mood of the poem, conveying Tyutchev’s feelings caused by early autumn.

Task 1.2.3

How do the autumn pictures created in the poems of F.I. differ? Tyutchev “There is in the original autumn...” and N.A. Nekrasov "Before the Rain"?

Excerpt of a poem for task 1.2.3

BEFORE THE RAIN

The mournful wind drives
I'm flocking clouds to the edge of heaven,
The broken spruce groans,
The dark forest whispers dully.

To a stream, pockmarked and motley,
A leaf flies after a leaf,
And a dry and sharp stream
It's getting cold.

Twilight falls over everything;
Hitting from all sides,
Spinning in the air screaming
A flock of jackdaws and crows.

Over the passing tarataika
The top is down, the front is closed;
And went!" - standing up with a whip,
The gendarme shouts to the driver...

(N.A. Nekrasov. 1846)

Answer to task 1.2.3.

Tyutchev’s poem describes early autumn, which the author himself calls “a wonderful time.” The work is permeated with peace and admiration for the beauty of nature. This is the moment when both the earth and people rest: “Where the cheerful sickle walked and the ear fell // Now everything is empty - space is everywhere...”. Autumn is represented as a beautiful, solemn time, when the cold weather is still far away and you can indulge in thoughts and gentle sadness. Nekrasov presents a completely different autumn: it is unfriendly and unmerciful to the traveler. “Pure and warm azure” gives way to “a mournful wind,” and “radiant evenings” to “a twilight falling over everything.” The autumn described by Nekrasov evokes a mood of anxiety and sadness. Two poems personify two opposing pictures of autumn, familiar to everyone.

Answer from TheQuestion partner

1. No matter how trivial it sounds, it is necessary read a lot. And you need to read not a summary at all. On the FIPI website you can find all the necessary bibliography. Each work from there should be studied, do not leave any that you are not familiar with, otherwise it will be the one that will be caught on day X (the law of meanness). It is better to analyze novels, novels and short stories with the help of an experienced teacher who has passed the Unified State Exam and knows everything about its format and pitfalls. Personally, I got 100 points for the exam, you can believe that this is exactly how I prepared.
2. But that's not all, we have to learn poems by heart. Yes, yes, study them, because in the exam you will need to quote from them. So “if the stars are shining, does that mean someone needs it?” and so on, now download to your phone/print/rewrite and read every time you have a free minute: on public transport, at lunch, during a boring school lesson (just kidding).
3. Necessarily remember the terms. Get a dictionary where you will write them down, maybe in a notebook/phone - whichever is more convenient. Litotes, metonymy, etc. are your friends for a while until you pass the Unified State Exam in Literature. A list of all necessary terms is also available on the FIPI website (in general, go there often, this is the most reliable source of information on the Unified State Exam).
4. Next point: biographies of authors and literary movements. Try this too: create cards. On the one hand there is an image of the author, on the other - facts about him. If it’s difficult to do everything on your own, team up with guys who are also preparing for the Unified State Exam in literature. Make cards for your group and change, we always do this at MAXIMUM courses with my students.
5. Practice your spelling. Do not make spelling, punctuation or speech errors; you will lose points, even if you have written an essay that is brilliant in content. Do not do it this way!
6. And finally, thoroughly study the criteria for assessing essays(and you will have to write as many as 5 detailed answers). And when you study - write and write again, send it for review to an experienced teacher who has already seen a lot of work in the Unified State Exam format, for example, to someone like me! :)

If you want to learn secrets and life hacks for passing the Unified State Exam with the maximum number of points, you can sign up for a free individual .

Move as many grandmothers across the road as possible. Correct your karma, light a candle in the temple. Do you think I'm joking? No matter how it is. I passed the Unified State Exam Literature at 71 and I can answer, unlike the commentator above, that this is the most biased exam. It is not the level of preparation that decides, it is the mood of the examiner that decides. It’s not skill that decides - it decides “did he have lunch before checking my work or not?” Literature is the most subjective exam! Read the criteria for it, they are damn vague. It will seem to one that my score is four points, to another that it is three and that’s it, but statistics need to be done. As a result, with the same level of work, some receive 71 points and others 96.

I honestly can’t imagine what a person should be like to pass at least 80 or higher? They told me about a girl who didn’t prepare at all - she just studied notes written down in class - but passed with an 82.

You definitely need to read most of the works that are given in the codifier. Definitely be sure to read "Quiet Flows the Don" and "War and Peace" - the examiners love them. Divide all the poems from the codifier into several topics and learn three verses from each. And write tseshki to fill your hand. Moscow State University had a good manual, but any ala “30 Options. Unified State Exam 2017” will do. Use more terminology, as the examiner evaluates your knowledge.

Good luck, and if I were you, I’d also buy a rabbit’s foot.

This year I passed literature with 96 points. Without tutors, school and parental support. I’ll note right away that no one needs your opinion in the written part, you just need to follow the structure and master literary terms. Your position on a particular work must coincide with the generally accepted point of view, in this case you can get the maximum score. But I think the most important aspect when preparing for the Unified State Exam in literature is reading works from the codifier - this is the basis. You must know the plot, issues and characters of each work; in fact, this is very important. Simply solve the test part endlessly, in any free minute, because... This should be brought to automaticity in order to spend a maximum of 10 minutes on it during the exam. Regarding the written part, I can advise you to analyze essays from an open bank of works from the Dunno site: http://neznaika.pro/check/all/lit - this is an incredibly useful thing. I also advise you to solve tests of increased complexity (N.A. Senina’s tests were very useful to me) and write a lot of written answers and essays, if possible, give them to the teacher for checking (although my teacher disowned all this).

Don't worry about the exam, the tests will actually be easier than you think) at least that's how it was for me and my friends. Good luck!

In preparation for the OGE, I highlight three most important points:

1. Read all the works that are listed in the codifier’s list, paying attention to the features of composition and techniques used by the author. Re-read the major works from which most assignments are compiled ("Eugene Onegin", "Hero of Our Time", "Dead Souls") before the exam. If you have the time and interest, check out the famous stories by Chekhov and Bunin that are not on the list, as the assignments for them will be easier to complete if you know the full text.

2. Learn theory. I used the reference book by E. A. Titarenko to prepare for the Unified State Exam. In addition to terminology, it is useful to know the biographies of authors and the history of the creation of works. Flip through the famous "Shuriki" and listen to lectures by Arzamas (http://arzamas.academy/).

3. Decide your options. Any you can find.
First, answer the question briefly. This is what you should write down into 8 sentences.
Think for yourself. AND Sometimes you can look in a reference book or the Internet, but try to remember the answers you find.
Never go off topic, especially in the tasks of the first part.
It is also better to refer to the author’s biography or history only in task 2.
By the way, even the answer to the first two tasks should have an introduction and a conclusion.

And the most important thing in the exam is to watch the time, otherwise you risk getting 18/23.

I passed with a 94. In the first half of the year, I studied poems on topics (love, nature, betrayal, the theme of prayer), etc. In the second, every day (almost..) I analyzed the work, writing out the full analysis, characters, issues, etc. Before the exams themselves, I finished learning all the poems by topic in a week. There were about 50 of them (some of them taught only some stanzas). I also learned quotes from prose for task 16. This is all theory. And I consolidated my practice by solving an option every day for 40 days before the exam, briefly writing out all the essays.