Fundamentals of the state cultural policy of the Russian Federation program. Fundamentals of Russian state cultural policy

These Fundamentals define the main directions of state cultural policy and represent the basic document for the development and improvement of legislative and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation regulating the processes of cultural development in the Russian Federation, as well as state and municipal programs.

State cultural policy is designed to ensure priority cultural and humanitarian development as the basis for economic prosperity, state sovereignty and civilizational identity of the country.

Due to its geographical location, multinationality, multiconfessionalism, Russia has developed and is developing as a country uniting two worlds - East and West. The historical path of Russia has determined its cultural identity, the peculiarities of the national mentality, and the value foundations of the life of Russian society.

A unique historical experience of mutual influence, mutual enrichment, and mutual respect of different cultures has been accumulated - Russian statehood has been naturally built on this for centuries.

The key, unifying role in the historical consciousness of the multinational Russian people belongs to the Russian language and the great Russian culture.

Orthodoxy played a special role in the formation of Russia’s value system. Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, other religions and beliefs traditional for our Fatherland also contributed to the formation of the national and cultural identity of the peoples of Russia. Neither religion nor nationality divide and should not divide the peoples of Russia.

Literature, music, opera, ballet, theater, cinema, circus, fine arts, architecture, design, art photography - achievements in all areas of Russian art are indisputable and recognized not only in Russia, but throughout the world. The current stage of Russia's development requires maximum involvement of the potential of culture in the processes of social progress.

The culture of Russia is as much its heritage as its natural resources. In the modern world, culture is becoming a significant resource for socio-economic development, allowing us to ensure the leading position of our country in the world.

Throughout Russian history, it was culture that preserved, accumulated and passed on the spiritual experience of the nation to new generations, ensured the unity of the multinational people of Russia, fostered feelings of patriotism and national pride, and strengthened the country’s authority in the international arena.

The affirmation of the priority of culture is intended to ensure a higher quality of society, its ability to civil unity, to define and achieve common development goals. The main condition for their implementation is the formation of a moral, responsible, independently thinking, creative personality.

The unity of science, education and art lays the foundation for understanding the social mission of culture as an instrument for transmitting to new generations a set of moral, ethical and aesthetic values that form the core of national identity.

By adopting these Fundamentals, the state for the first time elevates culture to the rank of national priorities and recognizes it as the most important factor in the growth of the quality of life and harmonization of social relations, the key to dynamic socio-economic development, the guarantor of the preservation of a single cultural space and the territorial integrity of Russia.

1. The Russian Federation is faced with the task of carrying out the economic and social modernization of the country in a historically short period, entering the path of intensive development, ensuring the readiness of the state and society to respond to the challenges of the modern world.

Deformation of historical memory, negative assessment of significant periods of national history, spread of false ideas about the historical backwardness of Russia;

3. The state cultural policy of Russia covers such areas of state and public life as all types of cultural activities, the humanities, education, interethnic relations, support for Russian culture abroad, international humanitarian and cultural cooperation, as well as the education and self-education of citizens, education, development children's and youth movements, formation of the country's information space.

The need to overcome interdepartmental, interlevel and interregional contradictions on issues of cultural development requires raising the status of state cultural policy to the national level.

4. The development and implementation of state cultural policy requires a scientific basis for the changes being undertaken, the priority development of the humanities, and is carried out in close interaction between the state and society.

5. State cultural policy is aimed at increasing civic consciousness, readiness and ability of people to actively participate in the processes of social development.

“culture” is a set of formal and informal institutions, phenomena and factors influencing the preservation, production, transmission and dissemination of spiritual values (ethical, aesthetic, intellectual, civil, etc.);

“cultural policy” - actions carried out by government bodies of the Russian Federation and public institutions aimed at supporting, preserving and developing all branches of culture, all types of creative activity of Russian citizens and the formation of personality based on the value system inherent in Russian society;

"subjects of state cultural policy" - state authorities of the Russian Federation and local governments, educational, scientific organizations, cultural organizations, public associations and organizations, other organizations operating in the field of art, science, education, education, upbringing, family relations, working with children and youth;

“objects of state cultural policy” - tangible and intangible cultural heritage, all types and results of creative activity, education system, science, Russian language and languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, family, systems of interpersonal and public communication, media and information space, international cultural and humanitarian communications;

“cultural activities” - activities for the creation, dissemination, preservation, development and popularization of cultural values and the provision of cultural benefits in the field of cultural heritage, literature, theatrical, musical, visual, circus arts, architecture, urban planning, landscape art, design, cinematography , photography, media, cultural (creative) industries, folk arts and crafts, cultural leisure, folk arts, folklore, intangible cultural heritage, museums, archival, library science, aesthetic education, art education, pedagogical activities in the field of culture , international cultural cooperation;

“mentality, mentality of the Russian people” - a set of intellectual, emotional, cultural characteristics, value orientations and attitudes inherent in Russians;

“cultural heritage” is a set of objects, phenomena and works that have historical and cultural value. Cultural heritage includes tangible cultural heritage (buildings and structures, samples of engineering, technical solutions, urban planning objects, industrial architectural monuments, historical and cultural landscapes, archaeological sites, monuments, sculptural monuments, memorial structures, etc., works of fine art, applied and folk art, documents, books, photographs - all objects of the material world that preserve an idea of the characteristics of people's lives in past eras) and intangible cultural heritage (languages and dialects, traditions, customs and beliefs, folklore, traditional ways of life and ideas about the structure the world of peoples, nationalities, ethnic groups, Russian literature and the literature of the peoples of Russia, musical, theatrical, cinematic heritage, the unique system of training creative personnel created in the country);

Fundamentals of state cultural policy(materials and proposals for the project)

The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation sent materials and proposals for the draft program “Fundamentals of State Cultural Policy” to the Presidential Administration. On its basis, the project itself will be prepared, after which wide public discussion will begin.

“...Our movement forward is impossible without spiritual, cultural, national self-determination, otherwise we will not be able to withstand external and internal challenges, we will not be able to achieve success in the conditions of global competition» (V.V. Putin, Valdai Club, 09/19/2013).

1. It seems necessary to include a definition of the concept of “culture” in the document being developed.

The reproduction of a social system is impossible without the transmission from generation to generation of the most general ideas about the world order, about what is proper and what is unacceptable - that is, without consolidating the system of values characteristic of a given society. The absence of such a value system leads to the formation of an ideological vacuum, filled randomly, to a split in society, to the adoption by various social groups and individuals of value systems characteristic of other cultures, including those incompatible with the existence of a given society.

It seems that the perception of the system of values characteristic of a given society and the education of morality are carried out through familiarization with culture. At the same time, the term “culture” is understood as a historically developed system of values and norms of behavior, enshrined in the tangible and intangible cultural and historical heritage.

Thus, it is culture in the above understanding of this term that is the unifying basis of Russian society.

The idea of a value system can also be expressed through the concept of a “single cultural and civilizational code.” According to the Passport of the state program of the Russian Federation “Development of culture and tourism” for 2013 - 2020. (approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 27, 2012 No. 2567-r), the national “cultural code” is “a system of original, dominant values, meanings and views in society (knowledge, abilities, skills, intellectual, moral and aesthetic development, worldview, forms of communication, spiritual enlightenment), formed in the process of historical civilizational development, accepted as a generally accepted norm for self-identification of people, regardless of their ethnicity, and passed on from generation to generation through upbringing, education and training.”

Accordingly, one of the priority expected results of the implementation of the state program “Development of Culture and Tourism” for 2013 - 2020. is the formation among citizens of the Russian Federation of “worldview, social consciousness, behavioral norms that hold the nation together.”

2. It seems necessary to be based on the principle of historicism when developing the foundations of state cultural policy.

What this means is that national culture, in the above understanding of this term, is not formed as a “resultant” or some kind of puzzle from the “local cultural environments” of various communities. Culture is formed over a long period of time in the process of historical development, representing the basis of the identity of a given social community. Culture is the main thing that distinguishes a given community from others.

First, as a unifying principle of the emerging people, a common worldview arises, based on a specific system of values: a common understanding of good and evil, acceptable and unacceptable, primary and secondary. Then, on this ideological basis, a “spiritual and cultural matrix” of a given people is formed, including cultural, moral, aesthetic and ethical norms, and a national approach to the understanding of beauty. Only then can “local cultural environments” of various communities with their own subcultures emerge from a given culture.

It should be noted that such subcultures can either correspond or contradict the national culture (or correspond to the cultural attitudes of some other civilizational paradigm) and the very “spiritual-cultural matrix” of the people.

From this approach, in particular, it follows that when pursuing a responsible state cultural policy, only those cultural directions and “local cultural environments” that correspond to the value system adopted in a given state should be encouraged and developed. According to V.R. Medinsky, “let a hundred flowers bloom, but we will water only those that are useful to us” .

3. It seems necessary to base the development of the foundations of state cultural policy on the civilizational principle.

This means a rejection of the point of view that is characteristic primarily of the “liberal-Western” trend in science and which postulates the unity of the development path of all races, nations and other social organisms. Representatives of this trend, as a rule, consider “Western” development as ideal, and all others as deviations from the only correct path.

In contrast to the described approach, the works of a number of thinkers (Danilevsky, Toynbee, Gumilyov, Huntington) substantiate the civilizational principle: humanity is a collection of large communities (super-ethnicities, civilizations, cultures), differing from each other in their attitude to the surrounding world, their value systems and , accordingly, their culture.

Russia, within the framework of this approach, should be considered as a unique and original civilization, not reducible to either the “West” (“Europe”) or the “East”. A brief formulation of this position is the thesis: “Russia is not Europe,” which is confirmed by the entire history of the country and people, as well as numerous cultural and civilizational differences between representatives of Russian (Russian) culture and other communities. (Almost all authors dealing with this topic indicate the existence of such differences.)

In his recent speeches, V.V. points out significant differences between the cultural trends prevailing in the West and traditional values in Russia. Putin.

« We see how many Euro-Atlantic countries have actually taken the path of abandoning their roots, including the Christian values that form the basis of Western civilization. Moral principles and any traditional identity are denied: national, cultural, religious or even gender. A policy is being pursued that puts large families and same-sex partnerships, faith in God or faith in Satan on the same level. The excesses of political correctness go so far that there is serious talk about registering parties whose goal is to promote pedophilia. People in many European countries are ashamed and afraid to talk about their religious affiliation. Holidays are even canceled or called as‑ then according to‑ to another, bashfully hiding the very essence of this holiday - the moral basis of these holidays. And they are trying to aggressively impose this model on everyone, the whole world. I am convinced that this is a direct path to degradation and primitivization, a deep demographic and moral crisis.”

Probably, the document being developed should briefly list those values that are characteristic of Russian culture - with an emphasis not on the detail of this list, but on the fact that these values are traditional for our society.

“Without the values embedded in Christianity and other world religions, without the norms of morality and ethics that have been formed over millennia, people will inevitably lose human dignity. And we consider it natural and correct to defend these values. It is necessary to respect the right of any minority to be different, but the right of the majority should not be called into question” (speech by V.V. Putin at a meeting of the international discussion club “Valdai”, Novgorod region, 09/19/2013).

“Today in many countries moral and ethical standards are being revised, national traditions and differences between nations and cultures are being erased. From society they now demand not only a healthy recognition of everyone’s right to freedom of conscience, political views and private life, but also a mandatory recognition of the equivalence, strange as it may seem, of good and evil, concepts that are opposite in meaning. Such destruction of traditional values “from above” not only leads to negative consequences for societies, but is also fundamentally anti-democratic, since it is carried out based on abstract, abstract ideas, contrary to the will of the popular majority, which does not accept the ongoing changes and the proposed revision.

And we know that there are more and more people in the world who support our position on protecting traditional values, which for thousands of years have formed the spiritual, moral basis of civilization, of every nation: the values of the traditional family, genuine human life, including religious life, life not only material , but also spiritual, the values of humanism and the diversity of the world.

Of course, this is a conservative position. But, in the words of Nikolai Berdyaev, the meaning of conservatism is not that it prevents movement forward and upward, but that it prevents movement backward and downward, to chaotic darkness, a return to the primitive state" (Message from the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin to the Federal Assembly, 12/12/2013).

“Culture, along with education, shapes the human capital of our country. This is part of our historical code, national character. And therefore, state cultural policy should cover all aspects of life, promote the preservation of traditional values, strengthen deep spiritual ties with the native country, increase trust between people, their responsibility and civic participation in the development of our state.” (V.V. Putin, speech at an extended meeting of the presidium of the Council for Culture and Art, Pskov, 02/03/2014).

4. It seems necessary to base the development of the foundations of state cultural policy on the principle of continuity.

This refers to the perception of Russian history as a continuous process - from the Russian Empire through the USSR to the modern Russian Federation. The civilizational core of Russian (Russian) culture with its inherent values remains unchanged throughout this period.

In the 20th century, two powerful attempts were made to change the cultural and civilizational identity of Russia: by the communists in 1917 and by supporters of the “liberal-Western” path of development in the late 1980s - 1990s. As seen and noted by all researchers, Russian and foreign, both attempts to break traditional identity were unsuccessful. A definite confirmation of this thesis is the very fact of the development of the document in question, and this should be stated in the text of the fundamentals of state cultural policy.

“We should be proud of our history, and we have a lot to be proud of. Our entire history, without exception, should become part of Russian identity. Without recognizing this, mutual trust and the movement of society forward are impossible.» (speech by V.V. Putin at a meeting of the international discussion club “Valdai”, Novgorod region, 09/19/2013).

5. It seems that the document being developed should contain a thesis about the state as an active subject of cultural policy.

Ensuring the unity of Russian society and preventing its split under the influence of alien values is possible through the implementation of a unified cultural policy, understood as the education of citizens in the spirit of a common system of values for Russia.

This understanding of the term “culture” returns us to the original meaning of this word (from the Latin “I cultivate”): the task of the state becomes the “cultivation”, “cultivation” of modern man and society as a whole in accordance with common spiritual, moral, aesthetic values.

The constitutional basis of a unified state policy in the field of culture is the following:

Article 71 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes that the Russian Federation is responsible for establishing the foundations of federal policy in the field of cultural development of the Russian Federation;

Article 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation establishes that the Government of the Russian Federation ensures the implementation of a unified state policy in the field of culture in Russia.

The regulator in this area (the Ministry of Culture of Russia) carries out its activities through a system of cultural institutions, creates legal, economic, information and other conditions for the implementation of modern creative and socio-cultural projects.

The specific tasks of the state can be divided into three groups:

1) in the field of preserving heritage and updating it, involving it in professional, educational, and leisure activities, ensuring free access to it for citizens, introducing the latest technologies for accessing heritage;

2) in the sphere of ensuring the activities of cultural institutions, including by increasing the level of wages, optimizing the personnel training system, optimizing activities and increasing extra-budgetary income, as well as ensuring compliance of the content with the stated objectives of the state cultural policy;

3) in the field of state support for creative projects, the formation of criteria and systems for selecting projects that contribute to the preservation of a single cultural code and its transmission to new generations of Russians.

A separate most important task, without the solution of which it is impossible to move in the three directions indicated above, is the support of scientific research aimed at identifying the content of the traditional Russian system of values, specific forms of its expression and transmission from generation to generation through the means of art, its differences from other cultures.

In light of the above, it is important to point out the incorrectness of the “reactive” approach to state cultural policy. Carrying out any policy by reacting to certain “threats”, “challenges” or events is obviously doomed to failure due to the lack of goal-setting and initiative. The true goal of state cultural policy is not to “respond to threats,” but to purposefully shape the national mentality.

From the above, it also inevitably follows the task of pursuing a unified cultural policy not only in the sphere falling within the powers of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, but also in the most important related sectors - in the field of education, youth policy, migration policy, and especially in the media. A thesis about this must be present in the document being developed.

6. It seems appropriate to include in the document being developed a thesis about the rejection of the principles of multiculturalism and tolerance.

Preservation of a single cultural code requires the abandonment of state support for cultural projects that impose value norms alien to society.

As noted above, the basis of the historical unity of the inhabitants of the Russian Federation is the community of culture, understood as a historically developed system of values and norms of behavior, reflected in the tangible and intangible cultural and historical heritage.

The peoples integrated into the Russian state in the process of its creation accepted this common culture, while simultaneously abandoning national and cultural features unusual for Russian culture. Thus, the inclusion of the territories of the North Caucasus into the Russian Empire was accompanied by a gradual rejection of the peoples inhabiting them from a number of norms of the Sharia culture of that time - such as blood feud, polygamy, slavery, etc.

Historically, Russia's power lay in the ability to understand and appreciate the heritage of its great neighbors - both the wisdom of the East and the pragmatism of the West - but the choice of the Russian path has always been made on the basis of those spiritual constants that have long been inherent in Russia.

This implies a categorical rejection of the ideology of “multiculturalism”. Without denying the right of any nationality to preserve its ethnographic identity, it is unacceptable to impose value norms alien to Russian society.

No reference to “freedom of creativity” and “national identity” can justify behavior that is considered unacceptable from the point of view of Russia’s traditional value system. This does not mean restricting freedom of speech and the rights of citizens, but it does require denying government support to individuals and communities who demonstrate behavior that is contrary to cultural norms. In case of violation of the current legislation and the rights of other citizens, appropriate preventive measures must be applied to such individuals and communities.

Accordingly, when implementing state cultural policy, priority should be given to emphasizing the cultural unity of the peoples of Russia, rather than the differences of national cultures. Taking care of maintaining national cultural characteristics is the right of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

In a speech at a meeting of the presidium of the Council for Culture and Art in Pskov on 02/03/2014, V.V. Putin noted that “...we must consider the problems of all cultural genres in the context of the formation of a single unique cultural space of our country.”

So it is in the state program “Development of Culture and Tourism” for 2013–2020. it is stated that support for the diversity of national cultures of the peoples of Russia (one of the key expected results of the implementation of the state program) is carried out precisely “on the basis of a single cultural code.”

This interpretation also determines the correct attitude towards the concept of “tolerance”. This term is usually understood as tolerance for a different worldview, lifestyle, behavior and customs, religion, nationality. It seems, however, necessary to determine the boundary beyond which commitment to tolerance leads to the capitulation of Russian identity to value systems alien to it.

Unfortunately, calls for tolerance are often perceived as legitimizing any form of behavior, regardless of their acceptability from the point of view of the common culture and value system of Russians. This blocks the efforts of the constructive majority of society aimed at preventing socially dangerous standards of behavior, as well as countering the imposition of cultural and value norms that pose a danger to the reproduction of Russian culture and society as a whole.

Tolerance towards representatives of other religions, races and nationalities is a traditional feature of Russian (Russian) culture. This is confirmed by the entire history of the Russian people and the Russian state. The reproduction of this value norm is achieved through the implementation of appropriate cultural policies.

At the same time, the term “tolerance” in its modern understanding does not allow for a clear distinction between racial, national and religious intolerance, on the one hand, and intolerance towards social phenomena that are alien and dangerous from the point of view of Russian society and its inherent values, on the other hand. on the other hand, which leads to the inappropriateness of using the term “tolerance” for the purposes of state cultural policy.

“And this is absolutely objective and explainable for a state like Russia, with its great history and culture, with centuries-old experience of not the so-called tolerance, sexless and sterile, but the joint, organic life of different peoples within the framework of one single state.” (Message from the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin to the Federal Assembly, December 12, 2013).

7. It seems that the document being developed should contain a thesis about the decisive significance of cultural identity in the context of global competition.

Globalization means not just the mutual influence of cultures, but their confrontation in all spheres - economic, political, cultural, etc. In this confrontation, our main trump card is our unique civilizational identity, expressed in our historical and cultural heritage and in our value system. Thanks to this identity, the Russian state has survived for more than a thousand years of history; Accordingly, maintaining this identity in the face of global confrontation is the most important task.

Therefore, the enrichment of Russian culture in interaction with the cultures of other peoples is permissible only insofar as this does not erode the basic value core of our culture.

This also implies the need to fight for the preservation and development of Russian culture and the Russian language both inside and outside the Russian Federation, primarily in the states of the post-Soviet space.

“You need to be strong militarily, technologically, economically, but that’s all‑ However, the main thing that will determine success is the quality of people, the quality of society - intellectual, spiritual, moral. After all, in the end, economic growth, well-being, and geopolitical influence are derived from the state of society itself, from how citizens of a particular country feel like a single people, how rooted they are in their history, in values and traditions, Do they share common goals and responsibilities?” (speech by V.V. Putin at a meeting of the international discussion club “Valdai”, Novgorod region, 09/19/2013).

8. It seems that the document being developed should contain a thesis about culture as the basis of social well-being.

A person’s spiritual well-being directly affects his physical condition and the socio-demographic situation in society. (Among the researchers of this problem, one can point to G. I. Rossolimo and M. Nordau; among modern ones, I. A. Gundarov, S. G. Kara-Murza.) The lack of a worldview or the inculcation of alien values (including through the means of pseudo-art) leads to mental ill-being, which manifests itself through an increase in crime, alcoholism, drug addiction; through an increase in morbidity and mortality, a reduction in life expectancy; through an increase in the number of suicides and children abandoned by parents, etc.

And vice versa: treasures of cultural heritage, works of art and effective sociocultural projects have a direct impact on specific parameters of human capital, forming positive socio-demographic trends, motivating people for professional growth and education, for social and creative activity.

The goal of such public policy should not be reduced to the level of a banal increase in the birth rate, as unscrupulous critics do. Of course, increasing the birth rate is an important, but far from the only parameter of human capital. No less important are its quantitative, but its qualitative parameters, which affect the competitiveness (survival) of Russia in the modern world.

Thus, the implementation of appropriate state cultural policy is the most important tool for socio-demographic development.

Financing the cultural sector should be based on the understanding of cultural expenditures as an effective investment in national human capital. The dominant feature of modern cultural policy should be the transition from a “patron state” to an “investor state”, ensuring the formation of an effective cultural environment and the growth of human capital with the help of adequate budgetary mechanisms.

State policy in the field of culture must be highly pragmatic and scientific. Like any investor who wants to get maximum profit, the state is obliged to receive the maximum increase in human capital parameters for every ruble invested in the preservation of cultural and historical heritage, in cultural institutions, and in specific creative projects.

“Human development is both the main goal and a necessary condition for the progress of modern society. This is our absolute national priority today and in the long term. The future of Russia, our successes depend on the education and health of people, on their desire for self-improvement and the use of their skills and talents. ...In developing human capital, we must rely on the entire wealth of Russian culture, on its unique achievements and traditions" (speech by V.V. Putin at the meeting of the State Council “On the development strategy of Russia until 2020” 02/08/2008).

9. It seems that the document being developed should contain the thesis: not everything that is presented under the guise of “contemporary art” has the right to count on state support.

The key principle here can be formulated as follows: no experiments with form can justify content that contradicts the traditional values of our society. Or the absence of any content at all.

Based on scientific research on the influence of art on individual and public consciousness, it is necessary to build interaction with the expert community on the joint selection of projects in the field of contemporary art that meet the priorities of state policy.

This will naturally lead to a revision of the regulator’s relationship with the curators of “contemporary art” in those manifestations that do not carry spiritual and moral content or have a negative impact on society. At a minimum, such “art” should not receive government support. As a maximum, the state must suppress the negative impact on public consciousness.

One should not go to the other extreme. Providing a predictable and targeted positive impact on national human capital requires not primitive propaganda, but effective influence through the means of art, including the use of the most modern technologies.

10. From the text of the document being developed it should be clear that the basis and core of Russian culture is Russian culture.

It is quite obvious that historically it was the Russian people who were and are “state-forming”. Denying this fact is tantamount to denying interethnic differences in general. (About 80% of citizens of the Russian Federation are Russian.) Likewise, the vast majority of the cultural achievements of our country are associated with the names of cultural figures who worked within the Russian cultural tradition.

In his speech at the Valdai Club meeting on September 19, 2013, V.V. Putin characterized the great Russian culture as “the foundation for self-determination of citizens, the source of identity and the basis for understanding the national idea.”

Of course, at the same time, a single Russian culture has absorbed the achievements of all the indigenous peoples of Russia (to the best of their abilities) - as well as the best of world culture.

Contrasting the concepts “Russian” and “Russian” is unacceptable due to their actual identity. It is noteworthy that in foreign languages there is no such distinction. (For example, in English the word “Russian” is translated into Russian as both “Russian” and “Russian” depending on the context; however, in English this is one concept).

“Russia, as the philosopher Konstantin Leontyev figuratively said, has always developed as a “flourishing complexity”, as a state-civilization, held together by the Russian people, the Russian language, Russian culture, the Russian Orthodox Church and other traditional religions of Russia” (speech by V.V. Putin at a meeting of the international discussion club “Valdai”, Novgorod region, 09/19/2013).

“To educate the individual, the patriot, we need to restore the role of great Russian culture and literature. They must be the foundation for self-determination of citizens, a source of identity and the basis for understanding the national idea "(speech by V.V. Putin at a meeting of the international discussion club "Valdai", Novgorod region, 09/19/2013).

11. To fully take into account and reflect all of the above theses, it seems advisable to take as a basis the following structure of the document being developed.

1) General part: the main tasks of state cultural policy in Russia and the fundamental approaches to its development.

2) The spiritual and value foundations of Russian civilization, adapted to modern realities, which should form the basis of the “spiritual and cultural matrix” of Russia formed with the help of state cultural policy.

3) Assessment of the current state of culture in Russia, its causes and the degree of compliance with the “spiritual and cultural matrix” formed with the help of state cultural policy.

4) Goals and directions for transforming the current “spiritual-cultural matrix” of Russia in accordance with accepted goals and values.

5) The main strategic directions of state cultural policy, allowing for the implementation of this transformation.

6) External and internal threats that can prevent this, and ways to overcome them.

7) Qualitative characteristics of the planned results, timing and ways to achieve them.

8) Mechanisms that allow this to be realized.

9) Culture as a tool for strengthening Russia’s domestic political influence and achieving its strategic interests.

10) Stages of implementation of medium-term tasks of state cultural policy and the required resource.

12. The purpose of the document being developed is not only to provide the basis for a unified state cultural policy, but also to contribute to a radical change in attitudes towards culture in society and, especially in its leading elite.

“Because if there is no culture, then it is not clear at all what sovereignty is, and then it is not clear what to fight for» (V.V. Putin, speech at an extended meeting of the Presidium of the Council for Culture and Art, Pskov, 02/03/2014).

Culture is more important than the economy, defense and management system, because without culture there will be neither one nor the other, nor the third. And with proper spiritual and moral motivation, all areas of our lives develop qualitatively more efficiently.

And the result will be the preservation and growth of the Russian people and all fraternal peoples inhabiting our country.”

Statement by members of the Academic Council of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences

on the concept of the foundations of cultural policy

Having familiarized themselves with the project “Fundamentals of State Cultural Policy” prepared by the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, employees of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, members of the Academic Council, consider it their duty to state the following.

The project contains a claim to a universally binding ideology, which is directly prohibited by Art. 13 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The developers of the material openly and demonstratively invade the field of philosophy, believing themselves to be quite competent in this branch of knowledge, while the content of the document does not always correspond even to the student level. The text contains many statements that are one-sided, incorrect and simply false. Such a free and categorical treatment of topics and ideas discussed throughout the history of Russian thought is completely unacceptable in any self-respecting community.

The unambiguity of the thesis “Russia is not Europe,” declared “cornerstone” in this document, causes bewilderment. This purely private judgment can in no way be considered as an indisputable truth. It is a false statement that this thesis is confirmed by “the entire history of the people and the country.” One cannot help but take into account the fact that many historical figures and the best minds of Russia held the exact opposite view.

We believe that the state would be more conducive to the intellectual life of Russia if it promoted in-depth research and discussion of the topic of Russian identity by supporting relevant projects, conferences, discussion platforms, publishing programs, etc. And vice versa, the state will look ambiguous, trying to resolve the most complex philosophical issues in a directive manner. questions.

The principles of state policy in the field of culture should be developed primarily by society itself, and not by anonymous “working groups” under no matter how authoritative the department. In this regard, we consider it necessary not only to revise the content and agenda of this document, but also to reformat the process of its preparation itself, opening up the possibility of involving a wide range of specialists. This, at a minimum, will prevent the misunderstanding between bureaucratic structures and the scientific community that has arisen recently.

The intellectual and spiritual experience of Russia must be comprehended in such a way that this process becomes the basis for the consolidation of society and reaching a new level of cultural development.

Members of the Scientific Council of the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences

R.G. Apresyan
A.A. Huseynov
S.A. Nikolsky
A.P. Ogurtsov
B.G. Yudin
A.V. Rubtsov
N.V. Motroshilova
N.I. Lapin
S.V. Month
A.A. Kara-Murza
E.V. Petrovskaya
A.V. Karpenko
V.A. Lecturer's
I.T. Kasavin
P.D. Tishchenko
V.M. Mezhuev
M.S. Kiseleva
IN AND. Arshinov
A.L. Nikiforov
E.L. Chertkova
M.T. Stepanyants
G.B. Stepanova
V.L. Vasyukov

Conflictology and conflicts

The President signed the Decree “On approval of the Fundamentals of State Cultural Policy”...

APPROVED
By Presidential Decree
Russian Federation

FUNDAMENTALS OF STATE CULTURAL POLICY

The legal basis of these Fundamentals is the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

These Fundamentals define the goals and strategic objectives of state cultural policy, the key principles of its implementation.

State cultural policy is designed to ensure priority cultural and humanitarian development as the basis for economic prosperity, state sovereignty and civilizational identity of the country.

State cultural policy is recognized as an integral part of the national security strategy of the Russian Federation.

I. Introduction

Russia is a country of great culture, enormous cultural heritage, centuries-old cultural traditions and inexhaustible creative potential.

Due to its geographical location, multinationality, multiconfessionalism, Russia has developed and is developing as a country uniting two worlds - East and West. The historical path of Russia determined its cultural identity, features of the national mentality, the value foundations of the life of Russian society.

The key, unifying role in the historical consciousness of the multinational Russian people belongs to the Russian language and the great Russian culture.

The unity of science, education and art lays the foundation for understanding the social mission of culture as a tool transferring to new generations a set of moral, ethical and aesthetic values that form the core of national identity.

II. Basis for developing state cultural policy

This is possible only under the condition of systematic and consistent investment in a person, in a qualitative renewal of personality.

In the recent past, such investments have been clearly insufficient, posing the threat of a humanitarian crisis.

2. The most dangerous possible manifestations of this crisis for the future of Russia include:

decline in the intellectual and cultural level of society;

devaluation of generally accepted values and distortion of value guidelines;

an increase in aggression and intolerance, manifestations of antisocial behavior;

deformation of historical memory, negative assessment of significant periods of national history, spread of false ideas about the historical backwardness of Russia;

atomization of society - severance of social ties (friendships, family, neighbors), growth of individualism, disregard for the rights of others.

3. The state cultural policy of Russia covers such areas of state and public life as all types

cultural activities, humanities, education, interethnic relations, support of Russian culture abroad, international humanitarian and cultural cooperation, as well as education and self-education of citizens, education, development of the children's and youth movement, formation of the country's information space.

The need to overcome interdepartmental, interlevel and interregional contradictions on issues of cultural development requires raising the status of state cultural policy to the national level.

5. State cultural policy is aimed at increasing civic consciousness, readiness and ability of people to actively participate in the processes of social development.

III. General provisions

In these Fundamentals, the concepts used mean:

“subjects of state cultural policy” - state authorities of the Russian Federation and local governments, educational, scientific organizations, cultural organizations, public associations and organizations, other organizations operating in the field of art, science, education, education, upbringing, family relations, working with children and youth;

“spiritual sphere” - a system of ideas about the world and man, about human society and relationships between people, about values and their hierarchy;

“mentality, mentality of the Russian people” - a set of intellectual, emotional, cultural characteristics, value orientations and attitudes inherent in Russians;

“cultural heritage” is a set of objects, phenomena and works that have historical and cultural value. Cultural heritage includes tangible cultural heritage (buildings and structures, samples of engineering, technical solutions, urban planning objects, industrial architectural monuments, historical and cultural landscapes, archaeological sites, monuments, sculptural monuments, memorial structures, etc., works of fine art, applied and folk art, documents, books, photographs - all objects of the material world that preserve an idea of the characteristics of people's lives in past eras) and intangible cultural heritage (languages and dialects, traditions, customs and beliefs, folklore, traditional ways of life and ideas about the structure of the world of peoples, nationalities, ethnic groups, Russian literature and literature of the peoples of Russia, musical, theatrical, cinematic heritage, a unique training system created in the country creative personnel);

“preservation of cultural heritage” - ensuring the physical safety of objects of tangible cultural heritage, collecting, documenting and studying objects of intangible cultural heritage, involving objects of cultural heritage in cultural and scientific circulation;

“information environment” - a set of media, radio and television broadcasting, the information and telecommunications network “Internet” (hereinafter referred to as the “Internet”), text and visual materials distributed with their help, information, as well as created and being created digital archives, libraries, digitized museum collections;

“information literacy” - knowledge, abilities and skills necessary to obtain information, evaluate and use it, acquired both in the process of training in professional and educational organizations and outside them, including all types of information resources: oral, printed and digital;

“creative industries” - companies, organizations and associations that produce economic values in the process of creative activity, as well as activities for the capitalization of cultural products and their presentation on the market. The creative industries include: industrial design and fashion, music and film industries, television and computer games, gallery business, publishing and bookselling, advertising production and media.

IV. Goals of state cultural policy

The main goals of state cultural policy are the formation of a harmoniously developed personality and strengthening of unity Russian society through priority cultural and humanitarian development.

The goals of state cultural policy are also: strengthening civic identity;

creating conditions for educating citizens;

preservation of historical and cultural heritage and its use for upbringing and education;

transmission from generation to generation of values and norms traditional for Russian civilization, traditions, customs and patterns of behavior;

creating conditions for each person to realize his creative potential;

ensuring citizens' access to knowledge, information, cultural values and benefits.

V. Principles of state cultural policy

The principles of state cultural policy are:

territorial and social equality of citizens, including citizens with disabilities, in the exercise of the right to access cultural values, participation in cultural life and use of cultural organizations;

openness and interaction with other peoples and cultures, the idea of domestic culture as an integral part of world culture;

compliance of economic, technological and structural decisions taken at the state level with the goals and objectives of state cultural policy;

freedom of creativity and non-interference of the state in creative activities;

delegation by the state of part of the powers to manage the cultural sphere to public institutions.

VI. Objectives of state cultural policy

In the field of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation

Affirmation in the public consciousness of the value of the historical and cultural experience accumulated by past generations as a necessary condition for individual and general development.

Supporting public initiatives in the field of identifying, preserving and popularizing the cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation.

Practical implementation of the priority of the right of society to preserve tangible and intangible cultural heritage over the property interests of individuals and legal entities.

Improving the system of state protection of objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation, items of museum, archival and national library collections.

Creation of an all-Russian system for the preservation of intangible cultural heritage.

Preservation of ethnic cultural traditions and support of folk art based on them, preservation of ethnocultural diversity as one of the significant sources of professional culture and an important component of ethnonational identity.

Systematization, expansion and development of existing experience in the use of cultural heritage objects, items from museum and archival collections, scientific and information potential of Russian museums and museum-reserves in the educational process.

Increasing the role of cultural heritage sites, preserving the historical environment of cities and settlements, including small towns, creating conditions for the development of cultural and educational tourism.

Support and development of citizens' initiatives to participate in ethnographic, local history and archaeological expeditions, in work to identify, study and preserve cultural heritage sites.

In the field of carrying out all types of cultural activities and developing related industries

Support for professional creative activity in the process of creating and presenting to society works of literature, music, fine arts, drama, cinema, architecture, design, artistic photography, and other types of art.

Development of theatrical, musical, ballet, opera, circus arts, and other types of performing arts, creation of conditions for outstanding domestic performers to work in Russia.

Transfer of some of the functions for regulating contemporary artistic creativity and assessing its quality to professional communities and creative public organizations.

Promoting the development of professional criticism and journalism.

Development of festival, touring, exhibition activities.

State support for domestic cinematography, including the creation of animated, documentary, popular science, educational, and children's films, creating conditions for the development of creative industries.

Creating conditions for the development of the national sector of mass culture, improving the aesthetic quality of cultural products related to mass culture, involving mass culture in the process of implementing state cultural policy.

Increasing the aesthetic value of the architectural environment of Russian cities, state support for architectural creativity, recognition of architecture as a socially significant art form.

Development of a state system for training creative personnel using unique domestic traditions.

Improving the quality of training of professional personnel for all types of cultural activities.

Formation of basic skills in perceiving and creating works of art in the process of general education, increasing the availability of additional education in the field of arts.

Preservation of traditions and creation of conditions for the development of all types of folk art and creativity, support of folk arts and crafts.

Creating conditions for the development of creative initiative of citizens, supporting public initiatives in this area, taking into account ethno-national traditions, characteristics of regions and local communities.

State support and modernization of the material and technical base of the cultural sector.

Preservation of the existing network of cultural organizations, creation of conditions for their development, their mastery of new technologies of cultural activity.

Strengthening the role of such cultural organizations as a museum, library, archive, theater, philharmonic, concert hall, house of culture in the matter of historical and cultural education and training.

Transition to qualitative criteria when assessing the effectiveness of cultural organizations.

Creating conditions for the formation and activities of non-state cultural institutions, supporting charity and patronage.

Preservation and development of the unified cultural space of Russia, including through:

creating legislative, organizational and financial mechanisms for the development of interregional and intermunicipal cultural cooperation and interaction;

development of infrastructure for cultural activities, creation of a favorable cultural environment in small towns and rural settlements, including the creation of a club network for film and video screening;

creating a developed network of theater, concert, and exhibition halls;

development of a system of touring and exhibition activities;

development of book publishing and book distribution, improvement of reading infrastructure;

the use of digital communication technologies to ensure citizens’ access to cultural values regardless of their place of residence.

In the field of humanities

Priority development of the humanities as sciences about man, his spiritual, moral, cultural and social activities.

Carrying out the necessary fundamental and applied research in the field of humanities.

Improving the quality of training of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel in the field of humanities.

In the field of the Russian language, languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, domestic literature

Improving the quality of Russian citizens’ command of the Russian language.

Use of the standard Russian literary language in the all-Russian public space and state media.

Development of a system for training Russian language teachers.

Improving the quality of teaching the Russian language in the system of general and vocational education, regardless of a person’s place of residence.

Development of the system of teaching Russian as a foreign language.

Creation of conditions for the preservation and development of all languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, for the preservation of bilingualism of citizens living in national republics and regions, for the use of national languages in print and electronic media.

State support for translations into Russian of works of literature created in the languages of the peoples of Russia, their publication and distribution throughout the country.

Organization and support of work in the field of scientific study of the Russian language, its grammatical structure and functioning, research of ancient written monuments, creation academic dictionaries of the Russian language and electronic linguistic corpora.

Promoting the Russian language in the world, supporting and facilitating the expansion of Russian-speaking communities in foreign countries, increasing interest in the Russian language and Russian culture in all countries of the world.

Expanding the presence of the Russian language on the Internet, a significant increase in the number of high-quality resources on the Internet, allowing citizens of different countries to learn the Russian language, receive information about Russian culture and the Russian language.

Support for modern literary creativity, publication and distribution of literary magazines.

Support for scientific work on the preparation of academic editions of classical literature and works on the history of literature.

Preservation of traditions and development of the domestic school of literary translation.

Taking steps to revive interest in reading.

Expanding accessibility for citizens to works of classical and modern domestic and world literature, children's literature, and works created in the languages of the peoples of Russia.

Preservation of the book as a type of printed material, development of the domestic tradition of book art.

Creating conditions for the development of book publishing and book trade, supporting socially oriented activities of publishing houses and book trade enterprises.

Preservation of libraries as a public institution for distributing books and introducing reading, taking measures to modernize their activities.

In the field of expansion and support of international cultural and humanitarian ties

Support in foreign countries for a network of state and public institutions of the Russian language and Russian culture.

Supporting the activities of public organizations and associations of Russian-speaking citizens in foreign countries.

Expanding interstate cooperation in the field of education in Russian in foreign countries and the study of Russian as a foreign language.

Expanding cooperation between professional scientific and cultural communities, institutions and organizations in the implementation of joint projects to study and present Russian culture, history, literature abroad, as well as in the implementation of joint creative projects.

Supporting the activities of professional Russian scholars abroad and Slavists, translators of Russian fiction.

Promoting the expansion of interaction and cooperation between Russian cultural organizations and cultural organizations of foreign countries.

Promoting cooperation between Russian public organizations operating in the field of education, enlightenment, upbringing, family relations, work with children and youth, culture and art, with similar public organizations in foreign countries.

Support for international projects in the field of arts, humanities, and certain types of cultural activities.

In the field of education

Reviving the traditions of family education, bridging the gap between generations within the family.

Establishment of traditional family values in the public consciousness, increasing the social status of the family.

Establishing dialogue between generations across society.

Providing parents with the opportunity to receive accessible pedagogical and psychological assistance in raising children.

Training of teachers in the field of education of children and youth.

Restoration and development of the system of education and self-education of adult citizens.

Increasing the social status of a teacher: establishing in the public consciousness the idea of a teacher as a standard social behavior, the bearer of unconditional moral and intellectual authority.

Involving public organizations, scientific and cultural communities, and cultural organizations in the process of educating citizens of all ages.

In the field of education

Support for state, public, public-state institutions in disseminating knowledge and culture among citizens, including:

humanization of general and professional education;

identifying children who are gifted in various areas, creating conditions for their individual learning, their pedagogical and psychological support during the period of receiving education, creating conditions for their professional activities after completion of education;

establishing in society the idea of the high social value of education, involving citizens in various forms of educational activities, including through the support of societies, clubs, and public associations with an educational focus;

revival and development of the mass local history movement in the country, as well as activities for the historical education of citizens;

dissemination of scientific knowledge (book publishing, Internet, television);

development of cultural education with the involvement of professional communities and cultural organizations in this activity.

In the field of children's and youth movement

Support for children's and youth organizations, associations, movements focused on creative, volunteer, charitable, and educational activities.

Ensuring the participation of children and young people in making decisions that can affect their lives, maximizing their abilities and talents.

Training of personnel to carry out the activities of children's and youth organizations. Support for the creation of such organizations in order to carry out their activities in forms that meet the needs and capabilities of various categories of children and youth.

In the field of formation of the information environment, favorable for personality development

Formation of information literacy of citizens.

Improving the quality of materials and information posted in the media and the Internet.

Increasing the ethical and aesthetic value and professional level of programs and products distributed by state television and radio broadcasters.

Formation of a unified Russian electronic knowledge space on the basis of digitized book, archival, and museum collections collected in the National Electronic Library and national electronic archives in various fields of knowledge and areas of creative activity.

Creation of a national Russian system for storing electronic information, including resources on the Internet.

VII. Comprehensive improvement of the management system

In the modern history of Russia, the task of developing and implementing state cultural policy aimed at the formation of a harmoniously developed personality and strengthening the unity of Russian society through priority cultural and humanitarian development is posed for the first time.

The adoption of these Fundamentals solely as a single act will not lead to the achievement of the set goals and objectives.

The new system for managing cultural development processes does not cancel, but integrates into itself the existing system for managing the sphere of culture. The expediency of creating new institutions is dictated by the impossibility of achieving the goals of state cultural policy within the framework of existing administrative structures by changing their powers, functions, forms of activity and regulations.

The scale and depth of the necessary transformations require the gradual and targeted inclusion of the professional community and public organizations in the process of transformation of the management system.

To develop and implement state cultural policy, it is necessary to form structures (institutions) to develop, ensure implementation and monitor the achievement of the goals of state cultural policy.

Organizational, analytical and information support for the development and implementation of state cultural policy

Creation of a coordinating body whose powers include:

development of a draft strategy for state cultural policy, clarification of strategic objectives for its implementation, preparation of proposals for adjusting existing ones and adopting, if necessary, new state programs that provide for interdepartmental coordination of activities to implement the strategy, organizing interaction between government bodies of the Russian Federation and other government bodies;

assessing the need to clarify the powers, functions and responsibilities of federal government bodies, taking into account the goals and principles of state cultural policy and preparing appropriate proposals;

creation of a regulatory framework for the implementation of state cultural policy;

formation of effective mechanisms for coordinating the activities of subjects of state cultural policy;

ensuring constant feedback from subjects and objects of state cultural policy;

monitoring the achievement of the goals of state cultural policy;

development of criteria for assessing the activities of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments in the implementation of state cultural policy.

Resource support for the development and implementation of state cultural policy

Creation of the Russian Foundation for Cultural Development, whose powers include:

ensuring the implementation of projects that are interdepartmental, interdisciplinary, interregional and other in nature and aimed at solving the strategic tasks of state cultural policy;

organization of methodological and information support for the implementation of state cultural policy;

ensuring participation in the implementation of state cultural policy of professional and business communities, public organizations and public cultural institutions.

VIII. Expected results of the implementation of state cultural policy

1. The results of the implementation of state cultural policy should be:

increasing the intellectual potential of Russian society;

growth of social value and increase in the status of the family, awareness of family values as the basis of personal and public well-being;

an increase in the number of citizens, especially young people, striving to live and work in their homeland, who consider Russia the most favorable place to live, to develop their creative and constructive abilities;

knowledge of the Russian literary language, knowledge of the history of Russia, the ability to understand and appreciate art and culture - as necessary conditions for personal fulfillment and social relevance;

harmonization of socio-economic development of Russian regions, especially small towns and rural settlements, activation of the cultural potential of territories;

qualitative growth in the cultural and leisure demands of citizens, including in relation to media products.

2. Achieving the goals of state cultural policy requires regular monitoring of the state of society and its cultural development on the basis of a specially developed system of target indicators, in which quality indicators should prevail.

3. Achieving the goals and objectives of state cultural policy will require at least 15 - 20 years, during which a new generation will be formed.

4. The first tangible results of the implementation of state cultural policy can be obtained within the next five years.

The legal basis of these Fundamentals is the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

These Fundamentals define the goals and strategic objectives of state cultural policy, the key principles of its implementation.

State cultural policy is designed to ensure priority cultural and humanitarian development as the basis for economic prosperity, state sovereignty and civilizational identity of the country.

State cultural policy is recognized as an integral part of the national security strategy of the Russian Federation.

I. Introduction

Russia is a country of great culture, enormous cultural heritage, centuries-old cultural traditions and inexhaustible creative potential.

Due to its geographical location, multinationality, multiconfessionalism, Russia has developed and is developing as a country uniting two worlds - East and West.

The historical path of Russia has determined its cultural identity, the peculiarities of the national mentality, and the value foundations of the life of Russian society.

A unique historical experience of mutual influence, mutual enrichment, and mutual respect of different cultures has been accumulated—Russian statehood has been naturally built on this for centuries.

The key, unifying role in the historical consciousness of the multinational Russian people belongs to the Russian language and the great Russian culture.

Throughout the entire national history, it was culture preserved, accumulated and passed on the spiritual experience of the nation to new generations, ensured the unity of the multinational people of Russia, fostered feelings of patriotism and national pride, and strengthened the country’s authority in the international arena.

Taking the real Basics, the state for the first time elevates culture to the rank of national priorities and recognizes it as the most important factor in increasing the quality of life and harmonizing social relations, the key to dynamic socio-economic development, the guarantor of the preservation of a single cultural space and the territorial integrity of Russia.

1. On behalf of the President of the Russian Federation, an official high-level state document “Fundamentals of State Cultural Policy” (hereinafter referred to as the Document) is being prepared. In a transforming country, with changed value bases, state and public institutions, the role of the state and society, the topic of culture is very important. Without exaggeration, this is a theme of the scale of national security and the success and sustainability of the country’s development. But to understand such strong statements, it is necessary to clearly see the threat and watershed in the understanding of the very category of culture and approaches to its cultivation or, conversely, consumer use. The main divide lies in the exact opposite relationship to culture.

On the one hand, following modern liberal trends, culture is the artist’s reflection of the world, always individually, always in conflict and deviation from the norm (famous cultural promoters are quoted). She is purely individual. She is experimental and avant-garde. Culture is a person’s way of self-affirmation and is his private matter. Well, if we continue all this, then by culture we still mean a thing common to the market, and the only thing that matters is its commercial potential. If a film brings in maximum box office revenue, then it is successful. It was this approach that significantly modified the state of the country’s cultural life, the cultural level of the people, and frankly speaking, artists from various branches of culture, art, and literature. Modified in the direction of severe degradation and degeneration.

But culture, as a complex concept, has different meanings and contents in relation to different contexts. Our context is one of state responsibility and management, the constitutional duty of the state “to establish the foundations of federal policy in the field of ... cultural development of the Russian Federation.” This is a question for the whole society and, of course, for the individual himself. Culture in the most important semantic context is the sphere of a person’s existence (or his life) that makes a person human. It is the cultural shell that distinguishes a person from an animal, just as it separates his mind. From a biological point of view, culture is completely irrational. It is irrational from a social Darwinist position. It is rational only from the point of view of a true person, a true, moral human society, serving the cause of good and the high rank of a person.

Culture is the sphere of existence, the creative activity of man to reflect the world through the means of art and literature, which consolidates the high standards of the truly human principle in his existence, moral norms, socializing, i.e. formative and educational a generation entering life, consolidating in its special forms of art and literature the best and civilizationally identical practices developed by the people and creative people over the centuries of the history of a given country.

These are the following functions:

- formation of morality and identity of a person and society;

Socialization of a citizen and patriot of the country;

Organization of leisure and free time;

Providing opportunities for artist creativity.

But there are also counterfunctions of culture that turn it into factors of corruption and desocialization of man and society, factors of decivilization and destruction of identity, which are used in modern interstate confrontations and wars based on soft power. It is they who, in the fight against the true functions of culture, form the main conflict, which is the subject of state cultural policy, as well as the subject of actual assistance, subsidies and organization, including normative ones, of conditions for the harmonious implementation of cultural functions in the country.

The subjects of public relations and their interests in the field of state cultural policy are known (Fig. 2).

This is society, the artist and the state. They have unique legitimate interests of their own. The state: morality and identity of the individual and society in the country. In society: morality, identity and leisure. The artist, the generator of cultural values: creativity and income as a means of living from his professional activities.

But there are two more specific subjects, the presence of which forms the main social conflict of interests, which state policy is designed to regulate. This is a businessman whose interest is exclusively profit. And an agent of external influence in the interstate struggle of other states against Russia, whose interest is the decivilization and corruption of society and people in Russia.

That's why, If the state treats culture not as a high-value social genetics of society, but only as a source of income, then everything turns into the opposite. Values turn into goods, instead of values comes price, and the basest things are sold best and most expensively, since man is not yet perfect at all. This is the key to understanding the problems of cultural degradation in our country. If culture is not thought of as the most important social institution in the field of national security, then damage to the viability, and frankly speaking, even to the defense capability of the country will certainly be caused.

The morality and identity of a person and society or the profitability of commerce from culture - this is the watershed against which the development of the discussed Document on the Fundamentals of State Cultural Policy opened.

This is the main challenge in the interpretation of culture. The price of the issue, we repeat, is the national security of the country.

What are Russian realities?

The problem is that, according to sociologists and psychologists, the mass moral and psychological characteristics of the Russian people are steadily degrading to a state of dehumanization, a decrease in the level of their morality, and desocialization. Such qualities as greed, commercialism, cynicism, permissiveness, arrogance, mafia, xenophobia, hostility, violence, aggressiveness are intensified.

Such qualities as selflessness, education, activity, initiative, hard work, ability to cooperate, patriotism, loyalty to comrades, goodwill, sincerity, mutual trust, honesty, sincerity weaken and disappear. (Fig.3).

The reasons lie in the sphere of humanitarian, cultural, informational and educational existence of Russian society. This is the result of the adopted model of its state regulation. Obviously, it must change, which determines the relevance of the Document under discussion.

The very formulation of the question, the publication of the draft Document, and its public discussion cannot be overestimated. “In the beginning there was the word!” The word itself, which is spoken, There is already a big and important event! The very appearance of the draft Document under discussion is a significant event. And we must thank its initiators for this and support them.

However, the Word must be followed by action. But here big professional problems arise. Let's start with what is public policy? Politics is most often understood as the struggle for power and its retention. But then what is state policy?

Of course it is control, in which the subject is the state. And word games "control" “regulation” is no more than games because there is a subject of management (the state), there is an object of management (society, personality and institutions), there are resources (budget and others), there are administrative, motivational and sanctioning levers.

Public policy is management activity. And its composition contains integral elements, without which it will be ineffective. (Fig.4).

If the Public Policy Document the above elements are not defined, it cannot be effective. It turns into a declaration.

Even driving a car is a professional matter. And here is the state! Without mandatory management attributes, public administration is helpless. At best it states the right words, but there is little that follows. If the document being developed aims to organize public policy, then first it must necessarily define values, and from them the goals. Objectives can be set only after identifying the problems of social relations, understood as obstacles to achieving the goal.

These attributes should be in the Public Policy Document. Next we'll see Do they exist and what quality are they?

There is one more problem. What are the “Fundamentals” of state politicians? 1st year students can be taught basics anything. They acquire professional details in their senior years.

But the question is: can it be implemented in practice? basics politicians? Not the policy itself, but only its foundations? Obviously not. In general, a state administrative document, a normative legal document can be executed only when certain conditions are met. It must contain a mandate obligations, addressee, administrative content and the rest of the above management attributes. If these are still “basics”, i.e. fragmented and non-detailed primary information, guidelines, then someone, in some order, must still develop all the necessary management details for the management work to proceed and the management goal to be achieved. Those. In this case, the Document must contain a special indication of who will do this and in what manner. If the Document contains only the right words, but no management pyramid is built, then you can be sure: the document will not work.

Normative document format technology “Fundamentals of Public Policy” is not very developed, but it is still available. As an example, there already exist:

- “Fundamentals of state policy in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030” (approved by the President of the Russian Federation on April 30, 2012);

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 20, 1994 N 170 (as amended on July 9, 1997) “On the fundamentals of state policy in the field of informatization”

In general, in terms of its class, the Document under discussion is a doctrinal document. At the level of such documents, as Strategies, Concepts, Programs, Doctrines. For example, such as Military Doctrine. Doctrine of food security of the Russian Federation. Doctrine of the development of Russian science. Information Security Doctrine, Naval doctrine, etc.

It is not very good that in the Russian legal system the concept of a doctrinal normative legal document has not yet been defined, it is not positioned in the legal space, below the constitutional “floor”. It seems most appropriate for such a Document to have the character of a general law in order to stand above private laws and other legal acts, organizing them in correspondence with the relevant state policy. (Fig.5).

Those. the most correct form for the Document must be in the form of federal law. After all, this is not just about passing conversation, but about public policy! And such a precedent, as stated above, exists.

The theory of the doctrinal act that sets state policy, says that it must contain three contents. Firstly, political value choice and manifestation, secondly, a binding legal mandate, and thirdly, public management attributes. In this case, its structure should look like this:

Structure of a doctrinal document of public policy

1. General provisions (subject of regulation, status of doctrine, place of state policy, basic concepts and definitions, principles and priorities)

2. Values and goals on the subject of public policy

3. Main actual indicators and trends in the state of the subject of public policy

4. Main current (as of the year of adoption of the Doctrine) government decisions

5. Main problems in the subject public policy

6. Major new public management solutions to problems in the field of public policy

7. Regulatory legal and organizational management acts necessary for the implementation of the program of public management measures, decisions and actions

8. The procedure for implementing the doctrine (monitoring, control, correction, publicity, reporting, responsibility for results)

It is easy to understand that if the specified content is not in the Document, then the state policy cannot be considered definite and given.

As can be seen from the above structure, it actually reflects the political manifestation content in the form of a value-based target choice. The binding legal mandate is contained in paragraphs 6-7.

Finally, public administration attributes are contained in virtually all paragraphs. 2-8.

When following the specified structure A document that aims to organize public policy in any area will be most effective.

2. What's with the above theoretical and methodological point of view, the draft Document “Fundamentals of State Cultural Policy” presented for discussion?

Let us note in the analysis its main and positive features. But, at the same time, if such an opportunity opens up to release the most important document for the country that forms the state cultural policy, then of course we need to try to bring it to the maximum degree of perfection and, most importantly, efficiency.

Let us ask a number of questions, the answers to which are quite obvious after reading the draft Document.

1. Has its legal status been determined?

– No, the legal status and level of approval of the document is unknown. It is difficult to understand this from the form of the Document, since the form and style of the text is more reminiscent of a literary explanatory note. “Introduction”, “Conclusion”, numerous journalistic remarks are not typical for normative documents.

2. Are the main ones given? concepts and definitions of culture? – state cultural policy? - cultural values? - spiritual values?

Following the example of other documents of this type, a part of the “General Provisions” type should be located first, in which key definitions and concepts are given. This part is not in the Document.

3. How adequate and conceptual are the given in the Document definitions, for example, such as the formula of actually multiculturalism, which has not justified itself in Europe?

This is the formula: “Russian culture and the cultures of the peoples of Russia.” Unlike the Russian language and the languages of the peoples of Russia, for which a very correct formula has been established from the point of view of the bonds and integrity of the country: the Russian language is the dominant language with the possibility of using the languages of the peoples of Russia - cultures are related “on equal terms”. The unified culture of an entire country is not constituted in this way, since in the context of this part of the text of the Document, “Russian culture” is indicated in the formula used as ethnically based. This follows from the logical scheme of mention equality. But Russianness, as an ethnicity, exists simultaneously with Russianness, as a civil identity (Russian-Russian) and Russianness, as a civilized designation. It is no coincidence that in foreign languages these hypostases are not distinguished and they use the same designation - Russian.

The formula should be different, approximately the same as for the Russian language, for which the Document quite reasonably uses it. Multicolor Russian (Russian) culture and cultures of the peoples of Russia.

4. Has the basic value choice been made, which alone allows one to set the goals of public policy?

Yes, but it's incomplete. A number of important points are missing. (See comments below on the text).

5. How accurately and comprehensively are the goals of the state cultural policy?

The goals are given, but require clarification. (See comments below on the text).

6. How complete and justified is the list of principles of this state policy?

The principles are given, but additions and clarifications are required (See comments below on the text).

7. Is there a list of problems that torpedo the main basic goal of state cultural policy and which should form the list of tasks? The task should not be confused with the goal or with the means. A task is a question of how to overcome a problem that prevents you from achieving a goal.

The Document does not provide a list of problems. The problem list should be understood as a list of problems of social relations and a list of regulatory and public management problems that require solutions. Therefore, tasks are “suspended” in the air and do not constitute a system for overcoming the problems of cultural development.

8. What are the tasks? Are they related to the goals and identified problems in the country's development?

There are tasks in the Document, and they declared "strategic". It is unclear why they are strategic. In terms of the semantics of the text, this is more similar to goals rather than tasks. As stated above, without defining problems (which are not formulated in the Document), tasks cannot be set in principle.

9. What are the proposed basic solutions and approaches to solving the problems?

There is no such section in the Document. Although this is the most important thing for determining the content of public policy.

10. Who should manage in this area? Through what resources? How are budgets and public-private partnership opportunities used? What are the ways to control and correct goals? How is the management calendar plan formed? How is ongoing planning, monitoring of cultural development and reporting? Who and how should be responsible for results in this area? How are the mandates distributed between the Russian Federation and the Subjects of the Russian Federation, at least in part of Article 71 paragraph e) of the Constitution on the issue of protecting historical and cultural monuments?

11. How is the Document related to the topic of national cultural autonomy?

This is the most important question, which corresponds to the basic formula of the integral culture of Russia under its multi-ethnicity and multi-religious nature (see above) is not mentioned in the Document.

12. Is the subject of public administration and regulation clearly defined in the Document?

No, since the Document deals with issues of education, upbringing, and information, for which there are independent niches of public administration and state policies.

13. How does this government policy relate to education policy? - state policy in the field of information? – advertising? – urban planning and architecture? - state policy in the field of copyright?

The document does not address these issues. But they are key, e.g. in the context of the main conflict of interests between the need for public accessibility of cultural products and values and the right of the author and artist to their commercial implementation. The listed related areas of state regulation, as the Document rightly declares, should be imbued with aspects of cultural policy, but the question of how exactly this will be ensured is not addressed by the Document.

These are not all the questions to which satisfactory, not to mention even answers, must be given, but the corresponding provisions and sections in the draft Document.

Let's look at a few details about the text of the Document.

The basic concept of culture is missing. There is also no concept of state cultural policy. The document makes an attempt, approaches the need give this definition, pointing to all sorts of different signs of state cultural policy, but still does not give it.

It is based on…».

« State cultural policy assumes…».

“State cultural policy... not seen as…».

“The basis of state cultural policy laid..."

"State cultural policy must be built on …».

“Implementation of state cultural policy assumes…».

The document seems to be trying to characterize from different sides, what is state cultural policy, but does not define it.

What is public cultural policy in terms of legal status and managerial mandate? How does it fit into other government mandates and powers? How is the question of its subject matter and its differentiation from other government policies resolved? No answers given.

For some reason, the Document contains the “Goal of the Russian State and Society,” which consists of listing a certain set of target characteristics of the country. “A strong, united, independent Russia in all respects, committed to its own model of social development and at the same time open.”

Why are only these characteristics chosen and others, such as those required by the constitution, are omitted? The choice does not meet the constitutional definition. Such characteristics given in constitution as a “social, democratic, legal, secular” state. In general, why this obvious departure from the subject of state cultural policy was made is unfounded and incomprehensible.

At the same time, the goal of the state cultural policy itself is given in general very correctly, although not quite complete.

“The goal of state cultural policy is the spiritual, cultural, national self-determination of Russia, the unification of Russian society and the formation (personality formation is important for young people entering adulthood. This is a function of socialization of the younger generation, which is very true. But the equally important need for personality development in the full life cycle of a person is omitted - author's note) moral, independently thinking, creative, responsible personality ( but here the need to form a citizen, a patriot of the country is also omitted - approx. auto) based on the use of the full potential of national culture.

“The content of modern state cultural policy (Actually, the content of public policy is management – author’s note)Russia is the creation and development of a system of education and enlightenment of citizens (these are means, not content. Education has been forgotten. There is no organization of leisure, no organization of free time. Or is this given exclusively to businessmen? What about the artist’s work? Or does he only engage in it at his own peril and risk on market grounds? - author’s note).

Such a gap arises precisely because of the lack of a definition of state cultural policy, a systematic list of cultural functions, problems and a managerial description-assignment of the mandate of this management activity.

The most important topic of moral values is presented in the Document in an erroneous and non-transparent manner.

“In the context of state cultural policy, the understanding of traditional moral values for our country is based on the norms and requirements developed by humanity and common to all world religions, ensuring the full life of society .( “a full-fledged life of society” is who knows what, completely different, and does not belong to the category of morality in any way. – approx. auto).

Morality is not at all connected with the “full life of society.” This is actually unknown. Morality is a characteristic of truly human qualities, thoughts and deeds of a person, making a person human as opposed to an animal. Above, when illustrating the degradation of the moral state of the Russian people, the corresponding qualities and characteristics of a moral person and society are listed.

A number of journalistic deviations in the text of the Document contain unsuccessful formulations. For example, in the following fragment.

“The state of modern Russian society makes it necessary to prioritize educational and educational functions (Why did the leisure, entertainment, and creative functions disappear? They are obviously no less important. - Author's note.) culture. This will significantly enhance the impact of culture on the processes of personality formation, humanization of education, successful socialization of youth, and the creation of a high-quality information environment favorable for personal development. (Why the information environment, and not the cultural environment? For example, monumental art cannot be classified as an information environment, just like music, theater, etc. - author's note)

The Document makes an attempt to list the principles on which state cultural policy should be based. However, the list the very principle of forming the list is incomplete and unclear.

Lacks, for example, principles such as:

Budgetary resource and government management provision;

Ensuring a combination of the artist’s freedom of creativity and his responsibility for the moral content of cultural products;

Ensuring the priority of the value content of cultural activities over its commercial results.

It is impossible to agree with the Document’s cosmopolitan view of the relationship between Russian culture and world culture.

“- understanding of Russian culture as an integral part of world culture;” (in fact, this is, of course, about the dominant and aggressively imposed culture of the West on the world. The position is passive and secondary. There is no indication here of the identity of Russian culture, its independent role and its own contribution to world culture. - author's note.) .

One of the principles is completely unclear.

“- a combination of universality of purpose (What is this? Moreover, there are several goals. – Author’s note) state cultural policy and the uniqueness of subjects and objects of cultural activity; (what is this? Who are the subjects and what are the objects? Freedom of the artist? Where is this topic in the Document? The topic of creativity? Individuality, experimentation, avant-garde and their relationship with basic values? - author's note)».

Strategic task " 4. Support and development of an information environment favorable for personal development.” is non-core and outside the scope of state cultural policy. This is obviously the subject of state information policy.

There are quite a few language technical blunders. For example, formulas such as “recently...” or “the Russian Literary Society being created and similar structures” are unacceptable, since the Document is assigned a longer life than the current moment.

Such an arbitrary artistic and literary form as, for example, “direct investment in the future of the country”, examples of the use of which are numerous, is unacceptable for such a Document.

The Document does not resolve the issue of types of cultural activities, how culture, literature, and art relate to each other.

Section “IV. Legislative support for state cultural policy must be completely reworked. It is quite obvious that a professional legal analysis of Russian legislation in the light of problems of relations in this area has not been carried out. This follows at least from the fact that a problematic legal analysis can only be carried out after defining a problematic list in the field of public relations. But, as mentioned above, there is no problem list in the Document.

In particular, when finalizing the Document, it must necessarily raise the problem of balance, which is greater than what actually exists in Russia copyright and the right of society to free access to cultural products and values.

A number of important tasks are missing from the strategic objectives. For example, the following.

The relationship between public and state institutions ensuring the morality of cultural activities and products, in particular, the so-called the problem of “moral censorship”.

The problematic part of the Document (which is not written out systematically) does not address such important issues as, for example, the following.

The doctrine of values, the doctrine of cultural identity, both Russian and national. As an example, Russian-language replicas of Hollywood cultural products – is this really Russian culture?

The problem of commercialization of culture, state budgetary subsidiary function. Or will box office revenue remain the only measure of quality, for example, of film production?

For some reason, the topic of public administration appeared in the Conclusion (which usually summarizes and draws conclusions from the previous text), but it was not even mentioned in the previous text. This is not the subject of the conclusion, but the most important independent position for such a Document, but it is not presented at all in the text. There is no justification for the need for public administration reform, nor is there a set of problems of public administration in this area, so where the individual fragmented ideas of “reform” come from remains unclear and unsystematic.

Concluding this brief look at the Document under discussion, let us emphasize the main thing. Undoubtedly, The topic raised and the very task of preparing a high-level public administration document in such an important area as culture deserves approval. In this case, one cannot be satisfied with the sad modern tradition of issuing documents of little use, since they do not delve into the essential requirements of management paraphernalia.

The document poses and analyzes the most important elements of the problem it raises, and this is an important step forward from the current situation of market arbitrariness and self-elimination of the state in the sphere of culture. This is the great value and significance of the Document.

The document should be supported in its core, but clearly stated understanding that it needs development and improvement in the above directions. The final document should become as clear as possible in the subject, concepts and value choices, in problem statements and in management attributes, it must acquire status and become a normative legal act. Must acquire a clear management mandate, a programmatic doctrinal character and become efficient in the management part.

It would probably be advisable to additionally involve specialists in the field of regulatory and legal creativity and in the field of public administration in the work of the authors and developers. Important conceptual provisions of the basic concepts, the basic formula of Russian multicolor culture with a Russian dominant, require correction, distinguishing it from the failed formula of multiculturalism. In this regard, it is important to raise the so far overlooked topic of moral censorship, both public and state. Other missed questions will need to be raised.

The document should be finalized and insist on its adoption.

Sulakshin S.S. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor