EGE Russian language. argument bank
Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger de Saint-Exupéry(1900, Lyon, France - July 31, 1944) - famous French writer, poet and professional pilot.
A. de Saint-Exupéry “The Little Prince”. The Old Fox taught the Little Prince to comprehend the wisdom of human relationships. To understand a person, you need to learn to peer into him and forgive minor shortcomings. After all, the most important thing is always hidden inside, and you can’t see it right away.
This is the story of the accidental landing of the writer himself and his mechanic Prevost in the desert.
The symbol of life is water, it quenches the thirst of people lost in the sands, the source of everything that exists on earth, the food and flesh of everyone, the substance that makes rebirth possible.
The dehydrated desert is a symbol of a world devastated by war, chaos, destruction, human callousness, envy and selfishness. This is a world in which man dies of spiritual thirst.
A rose is a symbol of love, beauty, and femininity. The little prince did not immediately discern the true inner essence of beauty. But after a conversation with the Fox, the truth was revealed to him - beauty only becomes beautiful when it is filled with meaning and content.
“Loving does not mean looking at each other, it means looking in the same direction” - this thought determines the ideological concept of the fairy tale.
He examines the theme of Evil in two aspects: on the one hand, it is “micro-evil,” that is, evil within an individual person. This is the deadness and inner emptiness of the inhabitants of the planets, who personify all human vices. And it is no coincidence that the inhabitants of the planet Earth are characterized through the inhabitants of the planets seen by the Little Prince. By this, the author emphasizes how petty and dramatic the modern world is. He believes that humanity, like the Little Prince, will comprehend the mystery of existence, and each person will find his own guiding star, which will illuminate his path in life. The second aspect of the theme of evil can be conditionally called “macroevil”. Baobabs are a spiritualized image of evil in general. One interpretation of this metaphorical image is associated with fascism. Saint-Exupéry wanted people to carefully uproot the evil “baobab trees” that threatened to tear the planet apart. “Beware of the baobabs!” - the writer conjures.
Saint-Exupéry encourages us to treat everything beautiful as carefully as possible and try not to lose the beauty within ourselves on the difficult path of life - the beauty of the soul and heart.
The Little Prince learns the most important thing about beauty from the Fox. Outwardly beautiful, but empty inside, roses do not evoke any feelings in a child-contemplator. They are dead to him. The main character discovers the truth for himself, the author and the readers - only that which is filled with content and deep meaning is beautiful.
Misunderstanding and alienation of people is another important philosophical topic. The deadness of the human soul leads to loneliness. A person judges others only by their “outer shell”, without seeing the main thing in a person - his inner moral beauty: “When you tell adults: “I saw a beautiful house made of pink brick, there are geraniums in the windows, and pigeons on the roof,” they do not can't imagine this house. They must be told: “I saw a house for a hundred thousand francs,” and then they exclaim: “What a beauty!”
People must take care of the purity and beauty of their planet, together protect and decorate it, and prevent all living things from perishing. So, gradually, unobtrusively, another important theme arises in the fairy tale - environmental, which is very relevant for our time. The Little Prince's journey from star to star brings us closer to today's vision of cosmic distances, where the Earth, due to the carelessness of people, can disappear almost unnoticed.
Love And the Fox reveals one more secret to the baby: “Only the heart is vigilant. You can’t see the most important thing with your eyes... Your Rose is so dear to you because you gave her your whole soul... People have forgotten this truth, but don’t forget: you are forever responsible for everyone you have tamed.” To tame means to bind oneself to another creature with tenderness, love, and a sense of responsibility. To tame means to destroy facelessness and indifference towards all living things. To tame means to make the world significant and generous, because everything in it reminds of a beloved creature. The narrator comprehends this truth, and the stars come to life for him, and he hears the ringing of silver bells in the sky, reminiscent of the laughter of the Little Prince. The theme of “expansion of the soul” through love runs through the entire tale.
Only friendship can melt the ice of loneliness and alienation, since it is based on mutual understanding, mutual trust and mutual assistance.
“It's sad when friends are forgotten. Not everyone has a friend,” says the hero of the fairy tale. At the beginning of the fairy tale, the Little Prince leaves his only Rose, then he leaves his new friend Fox on Earth. “There is no perfection in the world,” the Fox will say. But there is harmony, there is humanity, there is a person’s responsibility for the work entrusted to him, for the person close to him, there is also responsibility for his planet, for everything that happens on it.
Exupery wants to say that each person has his own planet, his own island and his own guiding star, which a person should not forget about. “I would like to know why the stars glow,” said the Little Prince thoughtfully. “Probably so that sooner or later everyone can find theirs again.”
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy ---1828 --- 1910 Novel "War and Peace"
Pierre (Tolstoy's "V. and the World") was helped to survive in captivity by the wisdom of Platon Karataev, who taught him to live simply and appreciate what you have: the sun is shining, the rain is falling - all is good. There is no need to rush around in search of happiness - live and rejoice, be happy that you live. He found a common language with everyone, even the French.
Using the example of Pierre Bezukhov and Platon Karataev L. N. Tolstoy showed two completely different types of Russian characters, two different social heroes.
The first of them is the count, who was captured by the French as an “arsonist” and, miraculously, escaped execution. The second is a simple, experienced, patient soldier. Nevertheless, the soldier Platon Karataev managed to play an extremely important role in the life of Pierre Bezukhov.
After the execution of the “arsonists,” of which Pierre became an eyewitness, “it was as if the spring on which everything was held was pulled out in his soul, and everything fell into a heap of meaningless rubbish. Faith in the improvement of the world, and in the human soul, and in God."
A meeting in a booth with Platon Karataev helped Pierre’s spiritual revival: “He felt that the previously destroyed world was now being erected in his soul with new beauty, on some new and unshakable foundations.” Karataev made a huge impression on Pierre with his behavior, common sense, expediency of actions, and ability to “do everything not very well, but not badly either.” For Pierre, he became “an incomprehensible, round and eternal personification of the spirit of simplicity and truth.”
Bezukhov, having endured severe suffering and fear of death, finds himself in another world. He sees how Karataev carefully arranged all his “household” in the corner, how a little dog ran up to him and began to caress him. The soldier started talking about something very simple, began muttering prayers. All these everyday words and actions in those conditions seemed to Pierre a miracle, a great discovery of the truth of life. Pierre felt the new beauty of the recently destroyed world, received “peace and contentment with himself”: “And he, without thinking about it, received this peace and this agreement with himself only through the horror of death, through deprivation and through what he understood in Karataev."
Karataev feels like a part of the people: ordinary soldiers, the peasantry. His wisdom is contained in numerous proverbs and sayings, each of which reveals an episode of Plato’s life. For example, “where there is justice, there is untruth.” He suffered from an unfair trial and was forced to serve in the army. However, Plato takes any twists of fate calmly; he is ready to sacrifice himself for the well-being of his family. Karataev loves every person, every living creature: he is affectionate with an ordinary stray dog, helps other prisoners, sews shirts for the French and sincerely admires his work.
Platon Karataev becomes for Pierre an example of the perception of another world, where simplicity and truth, love for humanity reign.
The relationship between Platon Karataev and Pierre Bezukhov developed very briefly in the novel. Due to the worsening illness, Karataev was shot by the French.
The soldier passed away unnoticed, and Pierre took Karataev’s death calmly, as a matter of course.
Plato appeared next to Pierre, like a savior, at the most difficult moment of his life and left casually. But, despite this, his personality is so extraordinary and his influence on Pierre’s fate is so great that Karataev cannot simply be counted among the episodic heroes of the novel.
It was not for nothing that years later Pierre often remembered him, thought about what Plato would say about this or that event, “would he approve or not approve.” The meeting of these two heroes largely determined the future fate of Count Pierre Bezukhov and showed the greatest wisdom of the Russian people, embodied in the guise of the soldier Platon Karataev
- Category: Arguments for the Unified State Exam essay
M.A. Bulgakov - novel “The Master and Margarita”. In Bulgakov's novel, the concepts of good and evil are intricately intertwined. Woland - Satan, traditionally should be the absolute embodiment of evil, but he often restores justice on earth, exposing human vices. The greatest evil, according to Bulgakov, is concentrated in the world of human society. And this has always been the case. The Master wrote about this in his novel, revealing the history of the deal between the procurator of Judea and his own conscience. Pontius Pilate sends an innocent man, the wandering philosopher Yeshua, to execution, since society expects such a decision from him. The outcome of this situation is endless pangs of conscience that overcome the hero. The situation in Bulgakov’s contemporary Moscow is even more deplorable: all moral norms have been violated there. And Woland seems to be trying to restore their inviolability. During his four days in Moscow, Satan reveals the “true face” of many characters - cultural figures, artists, officials, local inhabitants. He accurately defines the inner essence of everyone: Styopa Likhodeev, a famous cultural figure, is a slacker, a reveler and a drunkard; Nikanor Ivanovich Bosoy - bribe-taker and fraudster; proletarian poet Alexander Ryukhin is a liar and a hypocrite. And at a session of black magic in a Moscow variety show, Woland literally and figuratively exposes the citizens who have coveted what they can get for nothing. It is noteworthy that all of Woland’s tricks are almost unnoticeable against the background of everyday life in Moscow. Thus, the author seems to hint to us that the real life of a totalitarian state, with its legalized party hierarchy and violence, is the main diabolical act. There is no place for creativity and love in this world. Therefore, the Master and Margarita have no place in this society. And here Bulgakov’s thought is pessimistic - for a real artist, happiness on earth is impossible. In a world where everything is determined by a person’s social status, goodness and truth still exist, but they have to seek protection from the devil himself. Thus, according to Bulgakov, the confrontation between good and evil is eternal, but these concepts are relative.
Problem
Arguments from literature.
MORAL ISSUES
The problem of subservience to dignitaries,veneration .
1. “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov
Molchalin’s credo is to please everyone. the goal is “to achieve known degrees.” He serves, seeks the patronage of dignitaries. Maxim Petrovich “knew honor before everyone” thanks to servility and sycophancy.
Chatsky is brave, noble, decisive. He is independent: he does not recognize any ranks or authorities. He values the personal merits and dignity of people, protects the right of every person to have his own beliefs.
2 . "Thick and Thin" by Chekhov.
3. “Chameleon” by Chekhov
He laughs at respect for rank, at the guardian of order’s fear of his superiors, even if they deserve censure for something. This fear forces him to endlessly change his point of view and line of behavior, which causes the author's irony.
Problemmercy (loss of mercy),humane relationships to each other.
1. “The Captain's Daughter” by A.S. Pushkin.
Pugachev was cold, Grinev warmed him up. Not so much warmed as touched by human touch. In his eyes it was a gesture of mercy. The hare sheepskin coat becomes a symbol of Christian charity, human relations towards each other. And in turn, Pugachev demonstrates humanity and the ability to be generous. Pugachev pays mercy for mercy. Debt good turn deserves another. The hare sheepskin coat becomes a symbol of Christ's mercy, humane attitude towards each other.
Mercy, which binds a variety of people in our world, is a universal human feeling, thanks to which we remain human even in the most difficult moments.
2. “The Wonderful Doctor” by A. Kuprin.
3. Gorky. Not a day (Luke)
4. Crime and punishment.
D.’s “poor people” do not evoke any emotions other than deep compassion and sympathy for their fate.
Motivated only by love for her loved ones, only by the desire to save them from starvation, Sonechka Marmeladova is forced to sell her body. In this choice of hers, according to the author, there is no sin, since it is justified by a humane goal.
“Cordiality is the same gift as beauty and intelligence”
The problem of spiritualdegradation
1. Chekhov's stories: “Ionych”, “Gooseberry”
In the story “Ionych” the author also explores the process of man’s spiritual fall. The hero of Chekhov's story "Ionych" Startsev lost all the best that was in him, exchanged living thoughts for a well-fed, self-satisfied existence. Where is the power that should have helped Startsev preserve his youthful ideals? It lies in the spirituality and character of a person. And he had such power, but he lost it, sacrificing his principles, and ultimately lost himself.
But Raskolnikov managed to be spiritually reborn. By this Dostoevsky expresses the hope that a person can be saved from moral destruction.
"Dead Souls" by Gogol.
By portraying Plyushkin, the author shows what a person can turn into. The feeling of death is present, it seems, in the atmosphere itself. His frugality borders on madness. His soul is so dead that he has no feelings left. “A person could condescend to such insignificance, pettiness, and disgustingness! - exclamation. Author.
3. V. Rasputin. Live and remember
The problem of spiritual and moralcleanliness
1. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment
High moral qualities are not given to a person from birth, but can be cultivated in him. It is very important to have before oneself an appropriate ideal with which a person could compare himself in search of truth.
Sonya Marmeladova appears as an example of spiritual and moral purity in the novel. Earning money in a “low” way, she does it solely for the sake of saving her neighbors. Without her help, they would have faced starvation. Enormous, selfless love for her father, readiness for self-sacrifice and compassion - this is what morally elevates Sonya.
Problem of good And evil .
Goethe. Faust
Master and Margarita
The depiction of world evil in the guise of the Devil, Satan is traditional for fiction. in Bulgakov's novel, Woland evokes involuntary sympathy. If he punishes someone, it is completely deserved, and he does not commit evil at all.
In my opinion, good and evil exist within man himself. Everyone is free to choose between them. Woland tests people by giving them a choice (a session of black magic). B. Punishes those who have a bad conscience and who do not want to admit their guilt. He exposes and punishes various manifestations of evil, existing vices, and corrects corrupt morals.
The confrontation between good and evil is an eternal theme.
“A handful of good deeds is worth more than a barrel of knowledge.”
“Every good deed has its own reward.”
“Good is the only garment that never wears out.”
The problem of family (The role of family in the formation of personality)
In familyRostov everything was built on sincerity and kindness, that’s why the children are Natasha. Nikolai and Petya became truly good people, and in the familyKuraginykh, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists.
Problemmoral revival person
1. "Pre" offense and punishment."
Following his idea, the hero crosses the line and becomes a murderer. R.'s spiritual rebirth, which began at the end of the novel, expresses D.'s hope for the possibility of saving a person from moral death. The author sees love for one's neighbor as the highest form of humanism and at the same time the path to salvation.
The Problem of Atonementsin
"Storm".
K. Paustovsky. Warm bread
Problemuniversal unity, brotherhood of people.
"War and Peace".
"Quiet Don"
L.N. Tolstoy. Prisoner of the Caucasus
Problemcruelty .
1. Gorky Larra.
The problem of relationships between teenagers is especially relevant in our time. We often ask ourselves: why are today's teenagers so cruel to some of their peers? And this is not only physical cruelty, but also mental cruelty. There are many examples proving this: they write about it in newspapers and show it on TV. This is what the text is about...
See problem (126). As punishment for his harshness and pride, L. is deprived of his human destiny: he does not die, but is doomed to forever hover above the earth as an ethereal cloud. He doesn't even succeed in trying to kill himself. All that remains of L. is the shadow and name of the outcast.
Probleminferiority complex.
This problem is as eternal as the world. Probably 90% of all people have experienced or are experiencing an inferiority complex to some extent. But for some it becomes a driving force on the path to perfection, and for others it becomes a source of constant depression.
What is this – an inferiority complex? Perpetual brake or perpetual motion machine? Curse or grace?
“War and Peace” (Marya Bolkonskaya)
Problemmoral choice (How to be? What to be? How to preserve the human in yourself?)
A person is born with free will, the ability to choose between good and evil, between living according to conscience or opportunism, between service to a cause or service to individuals, his free will is to give preference to spiritual concerns or carnal ones. But this freely made moral choice determines the entire future life of a person: this is what people mean when they say that a person is the master of his destiny. Artists from different countries and times paid great attention to the theme of moral choice.
1. V. Bykov. Sotnikov
These are very difficult questions...
Finding themselves in a situation of choice, people behave differently: some commit betrayal in exchange for their miserable life, others show perseverance and courage, preferring to die with a clear conscience. The story contrasts two partisans - Rybak and Sotnikov.
During interrogation, afraid of torture, Rybak answered the truth, i.e. issued a detachment. He not only agreed to serve in the police, but even helped hang Sotnikov in order to confirm to his enemies his willingness to serve them. The fisherman chose the path to save his life, while Sotnikov did everything to save others.
2. V. Rasputin. Live and remember.
3. Life and work of Bulgakov.
PontiusPilate feels that Yeshua ha-Nozri haswith enormous spiritual strength, and am humanly grateful to him for getting rid of a painful headache. On top of everything, having understood his case, the procurator is convinced of his innocence. But at the decisive moment, when he was faced with the problem of choice, he could not act according to his conscience and, in order to preserve his own power, sacrificed the life of Yeshua.
Method problemearning money money
Problemteachers Andstudents
V. Rasputin. French lessons.
The problem of human powerspirit
V. Titov. All deaths are out of spite.
B. Polevoy. The story of present people
Problemhumane relationship to "brothers ourssmaller »
1. G. Troepolsky. White Bim Black Ear. “You are forever responsible for everyone you have tamed.”Ivan Ivanovich, despite his good attitude towards Bim, despite his excellent qualities - such as kindness, mercy, compassion, sensitivity - did not do everything he could for his friend and thereby marked the beginning of the tragedy of the devoted, trusting, loving and tamed them creatures. Kind, compassionate, sensitive Ivan Ivanovich, who knew that sooner or later he would have to lie on the operating table to remove the bullet, and who knew that during his absence Bim would be left alone, did not worry in advance about the fate of the dog he had tamed.We are forever responsible for those we have tamed - responsible for any living creature that has become attached to you.
Take care of these lands, these waters,
Loving every little epic.
Take care of all animals within nature -
Kill only the beasts within yourself.
Compassion for animals is so closely related to kindness. Character that we can confidently say that someone who is cruel to animals cannot be kind.
Is it easy to be young ?
1. "Farewell to Matera" V. Rasputina (Andrey, Daria’s grandson) is going to the construction of a hydroelectric power station, which will eventually flood Matera. “It’s a pity for Matera, and I feel a pity too, she’s dear to us... All the same, we would have to rebuild, move on to a new life... Don’t you understand? .. Not everyone stayed here... The young ones cannot be stopped. That's why they are young. They strive for something new. It is clear that we go first to where it is more difficult..."
Problemhonor and human dignity.
Pushkin. Captain's daughter.
A problem that deeply worried Pushkin is raised.
Pushkin-Dantes
Lermontov-Martynov
« Fathers and Sons"
Duel between Bezukhov and Dolokhov.
V.Shukshtn. Vanka Teplyashin
What is true friendship?
Friendship between Pushkin and Pushchin.
The problem of friendship and betrayal worries people in any era. And in the history of mankind we come across many examples of both great selfless friendship and terrible betrayal. These are eternal questions, eternal themes that will always be reflected in modern literature.
I.I. Pushchin occupies a very special place among P.’s friends. It was to him that the poet, more willingly than others, confided all the doubts and anxieties of his young heart during the lyceum. It was Pushchin who first visited P. in exile. Years later, now P. sends his message to Pushchin, exiled to Siberia: “My first friend,...”
Friendship carried through the years becomes the moral guideline to which everyone involuntarily strives, who has at least once thought about the meaning of friendship in a person’s life.
Film "Officers"
Problemfeelings of duty to a loved one (spiritual nobility)
Pushkin. Eugene Onegin.
T. Still loves Onegin and is confident in his love, but she resolutely refuses possible happiness. She is characterized by high spiritual nobility. She cannot break a promise she made to another person, even an unloved one. The subordination of all one’s actions to a sense of duty and the inability to deceive form the basis of T.’s philosophy.
Wives of the Decembrists, who voluntarily followed their husbands into exile, to a life full of hardships and suffering. Among them were those who walked not only out of love for their husband, but out of consciousness of their duty, their responsibility towards a loved one.
Problemselfless and selfless love.
See problem (124) Love is unselfish, selfless, not waiting for reward... The one about which it is said “strong as death”... the kind of love for which you can perform any feat, give your life, go to torment... Isn’t this Zheltkov’s love?
Problemspirituality/lack of spirituality.
Bitter. Old woman Izergil (Larra).
This character is the embodiment of lack of spirituality. He uncontrollably sows death and opposes himself to life. He strives to achieve his goal at any cost, drags out an existence devoid of past and future. He only considers himself perfect, but destroys those he doesn’t like.
Ostrovsky. Storm.
Problem conscience
1. "Thunderstorm"
2. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment.
The writer poses to us the question of the need to live in harmony with our conscience and the interests of other people. The crushing collapse of theory R, which does not contain a moral principle and does not take into account the highest values of the world - human life and freedom - confirms the rightness of the writer. Raskolnikov's torment of conscience, his emotional experiences due to the sin he committed, became a kind of moral guideline. The writer convincingly shows what would have happened to the hero if he had not gone through repentance. Torment of conscience, emotional distress due to the sin committed became moral punishment for R.
3. “The Master and Margarita.”
“Do not think that if you have done something bad, you can hide, because if you hide from others, you cannot hide from your conscience.”
Conscience is not an executioner, but a person’s eternal companion, showing him the path to the truth, serving as a true moral guide.
Fear for his life and career does not allow Pontius Pilate to pardon a man who denies the authority of Caesar. However, when announcing the verdict, Pilate understands that he is pronouncing it on himself.The hero's judge is his conscience.
“Hero of our time (Grushnitsky)
Problemopportunism
1. The story “Ionych”
2. “The Thunderstorm” by Ostrovsky
3. “Woe from Wit” by Gris boedova
Problemkindness (what does it mean to be a kind person?)
Pierre Bezukhov.
“In the inner world of a person, kindness is the sun,” said V. Hugo. In fact, it is unlikely that anything else can compare in terms of impact with this quality. Everyone is drawn to a kind person, basking in his warmth and attention, and then they themselves become a source of bright spiritual energy. This was also noticed by the writer... who, using an example from life, makes us think seriously about the problem...
Oblomov
“A big heart, like the ocean, does not freeze.”
“A good person is not one who knows how to do good, but one who does not know how to do evil.”
“Of all the virtues and virtues of the soul, the greatest virtue is kindness.”
“Kindness is a quality, the excess of which does not harm.”
Problemduality human nature
1. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”
LANGUAGE, CULTURE
The problem of careless attitude towards Russianculture , native language. (loss of language culture)
1. "Woe from Wit" (admiration for the West, careless attitude towards Russian culture, native language, slavish imitation of foreigners - aren’t these problems of modern Russian society?). almost 2 centuries ago they worried the great citizen of Russia A.S.grib. Now time puts them before us. Chatsky advocates for the preservation of the Russian spirit and morals. He speaks out in defense of “holy antiquity.”
Our society, which in many ways has not yet come to the norms of community life, has already felt the need for a culture of behavior and communication. In lyceums, colleges, gymnasiums, schools, electives with the names “Etiquette”, “Business Etiquette”, “Diplomatic Etiquette”, “Etiquette of Business Communication”, “Culture of Speech Communication”, etc. are opened. This is due to the need of people to know how to behave in a given situation, how to correctly establish and maintain speech, and through it business, friendly, etc. contact.
The problem of corruption and impoverishment of the Russianlanguage (caring attitude).
Problemdevelopment and preservation of Russianlanguage
Conclusion :
1) What is the Motherland? This is the whole people. This is his culture, his language. Each nation has its own, different from others, recognizable. What makes the Russian language different? Of course, its extraordinary imagery and majesty. No wonder A.N. Tolstoy compared the Russian language. in brightness with a rainbow after a spring shower, in accuracy - with arrows, in sincerity - with a song over the cradle. But, unfortunately, sometimes we spoil it and don’t take care of it. Many people forget that Russian is the language. – great and powerful, using profanity, belittling the status of the Russian language. Everyone’s job is to preserve it.See (7)
N. Gal “The Living and the Dead Word.” The famous translator discusses the role of the spoken word, which can hurt a person’s soul with its thoughtlessness; about borrowings that distort our speech; about bureaucracy that kills living speech;
about caring for our great heritage - the Russian language.
Problemabuse foreign words.
Conclusion:
1) Our modern life is a cycle of affairs, meetings, problems, experiences. We don't have time to stop and think about what is happening to our language now. We must not forget that we ourselves are spoiling it. This problem affects...(see problem (3)
2) We have no power over the speech of others, but we can be more attentive to what we ourselves say, we can think about whether we are polluting our language. And if we watch our speech, do not utter rude and dirty words, and respect our interlocutor, we will help cleanse our language.
3) To conclude my essay, I would like to quote the words of N. Rylenkov:
The language of the people is both rich and precise,
But there are, alas, inaccurate words,
They grow like weeds
On poorly plowed roadsides.
So let's do everything to ensure that there is as little weed as possible.
(see below)
The problem of the meaningless, artificialmixing languages
The compiler of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” V. Dal wrote: “We do not anathematize all foreign words from the Russian language, we stand more for the Russian language and expression, but why insert into every line: moral, original, nature, artist, grotto, press, garland, pedestal and hundreds of similar ones, when without the slightest stretch you can say the same thing in Russian? Is moral, genuine, nature, artist, cave worse? Not at all, but it’s a bad habit to go to French for Russian words. and the German dictionary does a lot of evil.” (see above)
Environmental problemculture
Preserving the cultural environment is a task as important as preserving the surrounding nature. Failure to comply with the laws of biological ecology kills a person biologically, but non-compliance with the laws of cultural ecology can kill a person morally. “By working only for material benefits, we build our own prison. And we lock ourselves in alone, and all our riches are dust and ashes, they are powerless to give us something worth living for” (Antoine de Saint-Exupéry).
Language is part of the national culture, a cultural monument. And as a cultural monument it needs protection and preservation. Turn on the TV: tongue-tiedness and lack of internal culture. Cool words and expressions that are not included in Ushakov’s dictionary, but rather correspond to criminal music, are heard everywhere. Backbiting and even profanity have become almost the norm in television series.
The problem of anxiety about leaving with20th century culture
Problemcultural person (what qualities form the concept of “cultured person”?)
What is the true culture of man? I think that this is one of the most difficult questions that Shakespeare wrote about in his sonnets. In our view, a cult person is an educated person, with good manners and taste, competent speech... But even behind external silence and inconspicuousness a truly cult person can be hidden. This is exactly what he writes about...
Who among us has not encountered people who, behind external gloss, behind ostentatious erudition, behind superficial knowledge, hide inner lack of culture and ignorance? The unreliability of such people is alarming. Not like that...
MAN AND SOCIETY, FATE, HAPPINESS, FREEDOM, MEANING OF LIFE, LONELINESS, RESPONSIBILITY
Relationship problemperson and society
Bitter. At the bottom. The Legend of Lara.
N.V.Gogol. Overcoat.
Bashmachkin is an “eternal titular adviser”, whom his colleagues laugh at and make fun of. He needs understanding and sympathy.
The problem of humanhappiness (what's his secret?)
1. “Gooseberry” by Chekhov.
2. I. Goncharov. Oblomov.
For Oblomov, human happiness is complete calm and abundant food.
Nekrasov. “Who lives well in Rus'.”
A person will always lack something for complete happiness. Life is especially difficult in the modern world, when from the pages
Newspapers and TV screens bombard us with a stream of negative information about disasters, wars, murders, reforms...
Is it possible to feel happy from the most earthly joys? And it depends on the person himself! Some people don’t even notice primroses, some have forgotten the last time they threw their heads back into the starry sky, and there are those who see the reflection of the sky in a tiny forget-me-not flower, in a floating cloud - a small boat in the boundless sea, hear in the ringing of drops music of spring. In my opinion, you need to enjoy every day you live, be friendly, not hold grudges in your soul and just love life!
Who doesn't dream of happiness?
Problemfreedom as the highest value
1. M. Gorky. Makar Chudra.
In his romantic productions. D. Raises the problem of freedom as the highest value. However, the desire for it often contradicts other human values, and people are forced to decide what is more valuable to them. Loiko and Rada’s thirst for personal freedom is so strong that they even look at their own feelings as a chain that fetters their independence. Loiko kills Radda and then himself. Death gives them liberation from the choice between love and freedom.
In his works, G. admires a free person, believing in his inner strength and courage.
Problemresponsibility behindfate another man.
1. "Dowry."
Paratov is not able to bear responsibility for the fate of another person. All his life he searched for feelings that brought him pleasure. He deceives Larisa, obeying his own whim, and does not think about her future fate.
2. N. Karamzin. Poor Lisa
3. "Hero of our time."
Problemresponsibility for theiractions ( loss responsibility)
1. V. Rasputin. Live and remember
2. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita.
Imbued with respect and interest for the “wandering philosopher,” sensing a truth unknown to him in his words, Pilate decides to save Yeshua Ha-Nozri from death. But the worst vice - cowardice - forces him to change his mind. Fear for his life and career does not allow the procurator to pardon a person who denies the authority of Caesar. Now, sitting in his chair, Pilate, more than anything else in the world, hated his immortality and unheard-of glory, which turned out to be an eternal reminder for him of a moral crime, of betrayal. There is no excuse for him.
V. Bykov. Sotnikov.
"Crime and Punishment".
The problems raised by the writer in the novel are still relevant today. The loss of spiritual generosity, compassion, and a sense of responsibility for one’s thoughts and actions can lead to spiritual emptiness, discord with oneself, and loss of spirituality - the basis of human existence.
Relationship problemperson and fate.
"Hero of our time".
Man controls fate or fate controls peoplea sheep? Who is the person – the victim, the darling or the master of circumstances? In Lermontov's depiction, man and fate are inseparable.
Throughout the entire novel we see how Pechorin argues with fate and how fruitless his efforts are. While suffering himself, he causes suffering to others because he persists in his selfishness.
The problem of meaning human existence
1. “Hero of our time.”
Pechorin, being in constant tossing and not finding his place in life, cannot be happy.
2. “Dowry” by Ostrovsky
The world is dominated by cruelty, lies, and calculation. The highest value is money, not a person's personality. The purpose of their life is to accumulate wealth.
3. “Gooseberry” by Chekhov.
4. V. Rasputin. Live and remember.
5. L. Tolstoy. War and Peace
In the noble family of the Kuragins, the purpose of existence is idle pastime and easy money. It is not surprising that vulgarity, evil, hypocrisy, and lies reign in their home. But in the Rostov family, the author notes love, simplicity of relationships, respect for each other, for other people.
6. “Old Woman Izergil”, “Chelkash”.
7. V. Titov. All deaths are out of spite.
What is a sense of life? How many copies have been broken on this issue! What sense can we talk about if labor is not put at the forefront. Everyday, everyday, honest work. Take away a person’s opportunity to work, and all the blessings of life will lose meaning.
Only when a person does not do anything good in his life, does not perform a good deed, does he die. The most real, most terrible disease. A person who has not beautified the earth with his labor goes into oblivion forever, because after him there is nothing left that would live in the deeds and memory of descendants
The problem of essence andappointments person
1. M. Gorky.
What is and what should a person become? This question has always worried G.
G's views on the essence and purpose of man are reflected in almost all of his works - from romantic poems to the play “At the Depths”.
Problem purpose
"War and Peace".
Natasha found her happiness in her family. To love and be loved - this is N.’s philosophy of life. Having matured in soul, N. joined the great mystery of life, in which there is a place for every person, every living creature, every grain of sand and every stone. And she found in her her modest and at the same time noble purpose. I couldn't help but find it.
Search problemsense life
1. L.N. Tolstoy. War and Peace
The problem of searching for the meaning of life is one of the main ones in the novel. Andrey Bolk. and P. Bezukhov are restless, suffering natures. They are characterized by restlessness of soul; They tend to want to be useful, needed, loved. Through the difficult and thorny road of knowledge, both come to the same truth: “We must live, we must love, we must believe.”
Pushkin. Eugene Onegin.
Problem loneliness (lonely old age)
"Hero of our time"
Pechorin is a strong, noble man, but he is lonely. He cannot call anyone his friend, he is a stranger everywhere: among his colleagues, in the “water society.”
2. "Thunderstorm".
Katerina is hopelessly alone in a world of lies and violence. The sublime and poetic nature, the bird-soul, has no place in the city of Kalinov.
K. Paustovsky. Telegram.
Bazarov (ideological loneliness)
The hero’s harshness, his inability to comprehend other people’s views and recognize their right to exist doom him to...
Problem mystery Russian soul
1. “Hero of our time.”
The image of Pechorin is surrounded by an atmosphere of mystery; his actions seem strange and mysterious. The events that happen to the hero cannot be called ordinary. Before us is an extraordinary person, with a deep and flexible mind, a strong will, and a complex character. And every time he turns to us with different facets of his character.
“The Enchanted Wanderer” Leskova N.S.
STORY. PATRIOTISM. MOTHERLAND. FEAT.
The problem of attitude towardspast , to distant ancestors
In a person's life, the past is his roots. Therefore, it is necessary to remember it. At the same time, a person who has forgotten about the past has no future.
Problem communications generations
Paustovsky. Telegram.
The problem of the relationship between man andnature
“Farewell to Matera” by Rasputin V.
V. Astafiev. King fish.
Problem historical memory .
V. Rasputin. Live and remember.
A. Akhmatova. Requiem
Problem ma patriotism
1. Life of A. Akhmatova.
Problemfeat (Is it possible to accomplish a feat in our lives?)
1. V. Titov. All deaths are out of spite.
2. Gorky The Legend of Danko.
He is full of deep compassion for his fellow tribesmen who lived without the sun, in a swamp, who had lost all will and courage. For their sake, he performs a feat. Danko became a hero, lighting the way in the darkness with his burning heart (his life!). D. gives his life for the common good and, dying, experiences true joy.
“There is always room for exploits in life!” - says the author. Indeed, without strong and beautiful actions, life seems not only boring and insipid - it is devoid of human meaning.
The problem of preserving historical monuments.
V. Shukshin. Master.
PEOPLE, POWER.
Problemauthorities
1. L. Tolstoy. War and Peace.
Tolstoy convincingly shows in the novel thatNapoleon's power is based on such properties of his nature as ambition, a cold mind, and the ability to make accurate calculations. N. is well aware that, having risen and achieved fame, he will enjoy the rights of the strong for a long time.
2. M. Bulgakov. Master and Margarita.
Problem people and authorities
1. “Boris Godunov” by Pushkin.
ECOLOGY , NATURE . HUMANITY
FATHERS AND SONS
Problemmaternal love and our attitude towards mothers
1. K. Paustovsky “Telegram”
Problem fathers and children.
Turgenev. Fathers and Sons.
The views of fathers and sons are contradictory. An ideological duel takes place in the novel. Aristocrat P.P. Kirsanov does not accept and cannot understand Baz’s views. - natural science student. After several verbal altercations at the table, their confrontation ends in a real duel. Bazarov is distinguished by his intransigence and categorical judgments. While recovering from his injury, Kirsanov thought a lot about what had happened and softened somewhat towards the youth.
Bazarov sometimes seems cruel, especially towards his parents. How harshly and coldly he treats them, despite the fact that he loves his old people!
2. K. Paustovsky. Telegram.
3. V. Rasputin. Deadline.
COMPUTERIZATION. GENIUS. THE SCIENCE.
Problemhistorical relationships between science and religion.
Newton, who discovered the laws of motion of celestial bodies, was a believer and studied theology. The great Pascal, a mathematical genius, was not just a believer, but also a Christian saint (although not canonized) and one of the greatest religious thinkers in Europe. The creator of modern bacteriology, Pasteur was deeply religious in nature. even Darwin, whose teachings were later used by semi-scientists to refute religion, remained a sincere believer all his life.
Religion has always been a force hostile to the daring of philosophers and scientists. (M. Kashen)
The deeper my knowledge in the field of various sciences, the stronger my admiration for the Creator. (Maxwell)
If reason is a gift from heaven and if the same can be said about faith, then heaven has sent us two gifts that are incompatible and contradict each other. (D. Diderot)
BOOK. ART
Rolebooks in human history (in human life)
M. Gorky. Childhood .
A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from the mind.
What does a book, reading mean in a person’s life?Why do you need to read books? “Reading is an increase in human wisdom, that wisdom which, without any doubt, in modern times is needed more than ever by our sad world, drowning in the abyss of shame and crime...” How relevant these words sound today.
“Study and read - read and study, this will make it easier for you to live in the world,” Herzen advised his daughter Olga.
“We buy books and do not spare money on them,” wrote N.V. Gogol, “because the soul requires them, and they go to its inner benefit.”
“When a person picks up a book, a confidential conversation takes place between him and the author, in private, the kind that can only happen between the closest people.”
“Whoever you become, wherever the path takes you, may your favorite books always be near you!” (S. Mikhalkov)
The problem of attitude towardsbooks (Do all books need to be read and re-read?)
Oscar Wilde divided books into three categories: those that should be read; those that should be re-read; and those that you don’t need to read at all
The problem of the role of art in human life.
V. Shukshin. Master.
Problem national Russian character
Leskov. The Enchanted Wanderer.
Moral strength, spontaneity, spiritual purity and kindness are the main features of national character.
Problembeauty and its impact
G. Uspensky. Straightened it up.
Modern life is an endless race for survival, because in the years allotted to us we need to do so much. In addition to the well-known principles of “planting a tree, building a house and raising children,” an even larger list of goals is added: making a career, buying a car, getting rich, etc. and sometimes in the endless pursuit of a better life, in the struggle for a place in the sun, we stop noticing the beauty of the world around us, the people around us, we don’t hear the singing of birds, in a word, we miss such ordinary, but at the same time extraordinary moments that make up our life .
V. Shukshin. Master.
Problem human individuality
1. “Freaks” Shukshin.
Problemman's relationship to time
The one who, living in the past, does not think about the present and the future. Comes into conflict with time.
Problem life And of death
V. Titov. All deaths are out of spite.
Interoperability problemworks art per person
1. A. Kuprin. Garnet bracelet.
2. V. Shukshin. Master.
3. G. Uspensky. Straightened it up.
Problem acquisitiveness
1. Fonvizin “Minor”
ProblemDomostroevsky principles of life
1. "Thunderstorm"
Problem education , education
Fonvizin “Minor.
“Education of citizens is the same national wealth of the state as gold, oil, diamonds located on its territory. The more knowledge our youth have, the better they can use it, the richer and more glorious our state will undoubtedly be.”
Problemsocial inequality.
A.I. Kuprin. Garnet bracelet.
Love came to him, as they say, at first sight, from the moment Zheltkov first saw Princess Vera. This feeling illuminated his whole life and turned out to be a priceless gift from God. It’s surprising that he dared to love her, because they are separated by an abyss of social inequality. “Reverence, eternal admiration and slavish devotion - this is all that remains for Zh. How little is that! How much is that! Love transforms him from an ordinary person into a Man.
Problemresponsibility for the results of personal labor
1. Bulgakov. Dog's heart.
Prof. Preobrazhensky transplants the pituitary gland of the brain into a dog and gets a monstrous result. + see problem. (128)
Prof. Preobrazhensky considers it his duty to improve human nature. By performing organ transplants, he hopes to prolong a person's life span. But who did he create? A new person?
Realizing the collapse of his scientific idea, Prof. Fixes a bug.
Intervention in human nature should not be carried out using violent methods. The consequences of ill-considered intervention in this process are disastrous both for society and for the experimenters themselves.
problemresponsibility Sciences before living life.
Bulgakov. Dog's heart.
The story is about the unpredictable consequences of scientific discoveries, about the fact that a premature experiment with inadequate human consciousness is dangerous.
Are universal human concepts of morality applicable to the work of a doctor, the work of a physician or a biologist? Do those involved in human cloning think about this? What is it, medical debt?
Unfortunately, no invention or discovery belongs entirely to its author: having created or discovered something new, a scientist often lets the genie out of the bottle and can no longer manage the consequences of his scientific experience alone - there are too many users around, and their interests are not always commensurate with morality .
In a word, when starting this or that experiment, a scientist or doctor must calculate its consequences many moves ahead, which is a difficult but always relevant task.
problemmedical debt .
See problem (128).
Problemtruth (What is/is/truth?)
Bulgakov The Master and Margarita.
The heroes of the novel find their truth. For a master, this is freedom. The master is saved by Marg., and this is her truth, because the happiness of her beloved is her happiness. Good is the truth of Yeshua. He is sure that “there are no evil people in the world.” He preaches his truth to everyone, incl. and the procurator. Jesus in the Bible is the son of God. Yeshua in the novel is a man, he is weak. But he is also strong in his faith in goodness. His reward was immortality. It also became a punishment for Pilate.
For Yeshua the truth isthat no one can control his life: “...agree to cut a hair,” onon which life hangs, “probably only the one who hung it can.” ForYeshua is the truth andthat “there are no evil people onlight." ANDif he talked toRat slayer, he would have changed dramatically. It is significant that Yeshua speaks ofthis is "dreamy". HeI am ready to move towards this truth with the help of conviction and words.This is his life's work.
Abstracts
Good and evil are two sides of the same coin.
The law of the worthy is to do good.
Quotes
- “I am part of that force that always wants evil and always does good” (I. Goethe “Faust”).
- “A good person is not the one who knows how to do good, but the one who does not know how to do evil” (V.O. Klyuchevsky).
- “What would your good do if evil did not exist, and what would the earth look like if the shadows disappeared from it” (M.A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”).
- “Good is the eternal, highest goal of our life” (L.N. Tolstoy).
- “Good by decree is not good” (I.S. Turgenev).
- “Kindness is above all blessings” (M. Gorky).
“The path of evil does not lead to good” (William Shakespeare).
- “The highest wisdom is to distinguish between good and evil” (Socrates).
- “Evil cannot fly quietly” (Peter I).
- “A person is sometimes more corrected by the sight of evil than by the example of good” (B. Pascal).
Literary arguments
In M. A Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” Woland is the embodiment of evil, Yeshua is the bearer of the idea of good, he does not harm anyone. But most importantly, he does not see evil in other people. “There are no evil people in the world,” says the wandering preacher. But evil and good separately do not make sense: Woland is the devil, he says that he is part of evil, which, without meaning to, brings good. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Raskolnikov commits all his crimes for the sake of good. A paradoxical idea arises: good is the basis of evil. Good and evil fight in Raskolnikov's soul. Evil, brought to the limit, brings him closer to Svidrigailov, good, brought to the point of self-sacrifice, brings him in common with Sonya Marmeladova. In the novel, Raskolnikov and Sonya are a confrontation between good and evil. Sonya preaches goodness based on Christian humility, Christian love for one's neighbor and for all who suffer. The plot of Goethe's tragedy "Faust" is the struggle between good and evil, the sublime and the base, the great and the insignificant. The hero is tested by passionate love, fame, wealth, strives to serve people, while sacrificing the people themselves. A special place in Lermontov’s work and spiritual life was occupied by the image of the Demon, a fallen angel expelled from paradise for disobedience, for the thirst for knowledge and sowing “evil without pleasure.” This image personifies the eternal struggle between good and evil.
Introduction The problem of choosing between good and evil is as old as the world. Without awareness of the essence of good and evil, it is impossible to understand either the essence of our world or the role of each of us in this world. Without this, concepts such as conscience, honor, morality, ethics, spirituality, truth, justice, freedom, sinfulness, righteousness, decency, holiness lose all meaning...
The problem of Russian character.
Abstracts
The will is closest to the Russian heart.
Quotes
- “The Russian man has an enemy, an irreconcilable, dangerous enemy, without whom he would be a giant. This enemy is laziness” (N.V. Gogol).
- “If only one farm remains for Russians, then Russia will be reborn” (N.V. Gogol).
Text from the Unified State Examination
(1) Good and evil will give rise to actions specific to the respective cases. (2) Good brings pleasant experiences to others, but evil, on the contrary, wants him to suffer. (3) Do you feel it? (4) Good wants to protect someone from suffering, and evil wants to protect someone from pleasure. (5) Good rejoices in the happiness of others, evil in the suffering of others. (6) Good suffers from someone else’s suffering, and evil suffers from someone else’s happiness. (7) Good is ashamed of its motives, and evil is ashamed of its own. (8) Therefore, good disguises itself as a small evil, and evil disguises itself as a great good. (9) How does this happen, you say? (10) How is this good disguised? (11) Didn’t you really notice?..
(12) This happens every day, every day! (13) Good generously and shyly tries to hide its good motives, reduces them, disguises them as morally negative ones. (14) Or under neutral. (15) “No need for gratitude, it didn’t cost me anything.” (16) “This thing took up extra space, I didn’t know where to put it.” (17) “Don’t be mistaken, I’m not that sentimental, I’m terribly greedy, stingy, and this happened by accident, a whim suddenly came over me. (18) “Take it quickly, before I change my mind.” (19) Good is painful to listen to when people thank him. (20) But evil... (21) This comrade willingly accepts gratitude for his good deeds, even for non-existent ones, and loves to be rewarded loudly and in front of witnesses.
(22) Good is careless, acts without reasoning, and evil is a great professor of morality. (23) And he always gives a good justification for his dirty tricks.
(24) Aren’t you surprised by the harmony and orderliness of these manifestations? (25) How blind people are! (26) However, it is difficult to figure out where is light and where is dark. (27) The light one courageously says: “How light I am, I have a lot of dark spots.” (28) And the dark shouts: “I am all made of silver and the rays of the sun, but who can suspect a flaw in me!” (29) It’s impossible to behave any other way. (30) As soon as he says: “Here I have dark spots, too, the critics will rejoice and start talking. (31) No, you can’t! (32) That it is good to show off one’s virtues and suppress people with one’s nobility, that it is good to talk about one’s dirty tricks—neither one nor the other is unthinkable.
(33) Is a person capable of resisting evil, defeating it, establishing goodness, or, doomed to defeat, must he retreat and suppress his powerlessness?
(34) There is no limit to the improvement of the world, of man, therefore evil can be limited, but ultimately defeated... (35) Hardly. (36) But as long as a person lives, he will strive for good and to curb evil.
(according to V. Dudintsev)
Introduction
Good and evil are two extremes opposed to each other. There is enough of both in the world and it is quite difficult to determine what we are faced with at any given moment. Good is grace, it is self-sacrifice, it is the ability to live correctly, without demanding anything in return. Evil is a lie, a pretense, a desire for one’s own benefit by any means.
Problem
The problem of the collision of good and evil is raised in his text by V. Dudintsev. Reflecting on these two opposing categories, he asks the question: is a person capable of resisting evil, taking the path of good, or is it his fate to powerlessly kneel before evil?
A comment
The author reflects that good and evil give rise to actions appropriate to a given situation. Good sows pleasant feelings, moods and experiences, while evil, on the contrary, causes suffering to people. Good protects from suffering, and evil from happiness. Good is saddened by the misfortunes of others, and evil oppresses the joy of others.
The author is also confident that good and evil are equally ashamed of their motives. Therefore, they disguise them: good presents its motives as random, negative or neutral, and evil presents them as generosity and nobility. Dobro says: “It was not difficult for me.” And evil gladly accepts gratitude for its actions.
Good acts spontaneously, not caring about consequences and benefits, while evil is prudent and cold-blooded, convincing everyone of the goodness of its motives.
It is often difficult for people to understand where good actually is and where evil is. After all, good slanderes itself, convincing everyone that it is not without sin, not without dark spots. Evil, on the contrary, praises itself, convinces of its own innocence and perfection. Neither one nor the other can do otherwise. Otherwise, life will become too obvious and meaningless.
Author's position
V. Dudintsev is convinced that man is constantly improving, just like the world around him. Therefore, there is hope that evil can be limited in its power, but it is unlikely that it will be possible to defeat it completely. However, as long as a person is alive, he will invariably strive for good and to overcome evil.
Your position
I would like to say that the author is wrong, and sooner or later a person will completely defeat evil in his soul and in the world around him. But it is quite obvious that this is not the case. It will not be possible to completely overcome evil, because it is excellent at camouflaging itself, hiding under the guise of goodness and best intentions. This misconception is what primarily prevents humanity from defeating everything dark in our world and building an ideal social system. A lot of people died in the fight against injustice, against evil, against darkness.
Argument No. 1
I remember the image of Danko from M. Gorky’s story “Old Woman Izergil”, who gave his life for the good of his people. In search of light, people wandered through the forest thickets for a long time, losing their way due to darkness. They had already lost heart and began to blame the one who led them - a young and strong man named Danko.
To save the people, Danko tore out his burning heart and began to illuminate their path. When the crowd left the thicket, Danko fell powerless, and one cautious person trampled his heart with his foot.
This is how people repaid the young man for his salvation, for the good that he did for them.
Argument No. 2
Another example that proves the ambiguity of people’s behavior in the name of good, when evil is disguised as good intentions, is Rodion Raskolnikov from the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".
The hero created a whole theory in which he considered all the points of assistance to those in need. But to achieve an idyll, he had to kill the old pawnbroker and her sick sister, who was carrying a child. As a result, his theory was debunked by him.
Conclusion
It is difficult to imagine a person who evaluates his every action from the standpoint of good or evil. More often we act as our inner self allows us. And each of our actions can be assessed in two ways - by doing good for someone, we can hurt another person. But at the same time, I believe that most of us still strive more for goodness and justice.
