What is the difference between national parks and reserves? What is a national park

State nature reserves- these are specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) that are completely withdrawn from economic use and have environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as examples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places for preserving the genetic fund flora and fauna.

At the same time, reserves are environmental, research and environmental educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.

Natural resources available on the territory of state natural reserves are provided to them for indefinite use. All property of the reserve, including natural complexes and objects, is state property and cannot be the subject of any transactions for its alienation.

Confiscation or other termination of rights to land plots and other natural resources of a state natural reserve is prohibited.

The reserves are assigned the following tasks:

Carrying out the protection of natural areas in order to preserve biological diversity and maintain protected natural complexes and objects in their natural state;

Organization and conduct of scientific research, including maintaining the Chronicle of Nature;

Implementation of environmental monitoring within the framework of the national environmental monitoring system;

Environmental education;

Participation in the state environmental assessment of projects and layouts for economic and other facilities;

Assistance in training specialists in the field of environmental protection.

The most characteristic feature of the legal regime of a state natural reserve is that any activity that contradicts the specified objectives and rules of its special protection is prohibited. Stay on the territory of the reserve by citizens who are not employees of these reserves or officials of the bodies in charge of these reserves is allowed only with permission from these bodies or the directorates of the reserves.

In accordance with international programs for environmental protection, biosphere reserves have been created in our country. They are part of the international system of biosphere reserves that carry out global environmental monitoring.

National parks- these are natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, which are intended for use for environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.

Just like nature reserves, national parks are environmental, environmental education and research institutions. Their property is state property, provided to them for indefinite use, withdrawn from civil circulation and is not subject to privatization.

The main objectives of national parks are:

Preservation of natural complexes, unique and reference natural sites and objects, as well as historical and cultural objects;

Environmental education of the population;

Creation of conditions for regulated tourism and recreation;

Development and implementation of scientific methods of nature conservation and environmental education;

Implementation of environmental monitoring;

Restoration of damaged natural, historical and cultural complexes and objects.

Thus, unlike state nature reserves, national parks perform not only environmental and scientific tasks, but also recreational and educational ones: they create conditions for recreation and tourism for the population, and familiarization with natural attractions.

For these purposes, the national park is given a differentiated regime with the allocation of various functional zones:

Reserved, within which any economic activity and recreational use are prohibited;

Specially protected, within which conditions are provided for the preservation of natural complexes and objects and on the territory of which strictly regulated visits are allowed;

Educational tourism, intended for organizing environmental education and familiarization with the sights of the national park;

Recreational, intended for recreation;

Protection of historical and cultural objects, within which conditions for their preservation are provided;

Visitor services, designed to accommodate overnight accommodations, tent camps and other tourist service facilities, cultural, consumer and information services for visitors;

Economic purpose, within which economic activities necessary to ensure the functioning of the national park are carried out.

Any other activity that may cause damage to the natural complexes and objects of the national park and contradicts its objectives is prohibited, including the development of mineral resources, soil disturbance, changes in the hydrological regime, the provision of gardening and summer cottages, the construction of roads, communications and other objects not related to with the functioning of the national park, deforestation, hunting and fishing, traffic, organization of mass sports and entertainment events outside specially designated areas, etc.

State nature reserves- these are territories (water areas) that are of particular importance for the preservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance.

State nature reserves are intended for the conservation of certain natural objects or the reproduction of natural resources in combination with the limited and coordinated use of others. At the same time, the territories in which the reserves are located may not be confiscated from the owners, possessors and users of land plots, unlike the territories of nature reserves and national parks. At the same time, the indicated subjects of rights to land plots located within the boundaries of the reserves are obliged to comply with the special protection regime established on their territory and bear the responsibility provided for by law for its violation.

State nature reserves can have a different profile, according to which the following types of reserves are distinguished:

Complex (landscape) designed for the preservation and restoration of natural complexes (landscapes);

Biological (zoological and botanical), intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, including valuable species in economic, scientific and cultural terms;

Paleontological, intended for the preservation of fossil objects;

Hydrological (marsh, lake, river, sea), designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems;

Geological, intended for the preservation of objects and complexes of inanimate nature.

The legal regime of state natural reserves is characterized by the fact that on their territories any activity that contradicts the goals of creating the reserve or causes harm to its natural complexes and their components is permanently or temporarily prohibited or limited.

To ensure the functioning of the reserves, their administrations are created.

What is a reserve? Is it significantly different from a national park? In both cases, these are protected areas created with the aim of preserving areas of nature in an unchanged form and preserving their flora, fauna, geological or other natural features, as well as the gene pool of animal and plant species. Such areas provide a unique opportunity for observation and scientific research of their natural environment and inhabitants. The main difference: in nature reserves, access to outsiders and any human activity other than security and scientific activities is prohibited, while tourism and limited economic activities are allowed in national parks.

Jurisdiction

Nature reserves (reserves) can be designated and supervised by government and research institutions, charitable organizations, and in some cases, private landowners. Depending on their level of protection, nature reserves fall into different categories of the IUCN, that is, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, represented by local legislation. In case of unique global significance, the object falls under the protection of UNESCO. In the Russian Federation, 100 nature reserves and 50 national parks are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology.

History of modern reserves

The world's first modern nature reserve was created in 1821 by naturalist explorer Charles Waterton around his family estate in West Yorkshire. He spent £9,000 (an incredible amount at the time) building a 3-mile, 9-foot-high wall to keep poachers out of his park. Then for the first time the concept was applied: what is a reserve. In this territory, Waterton created favorable conditions mainly for the life and reproduction of wild birds, of which he made scientific observations.

The first state reserve was Drachenfels, established in Germany in 1836, when the Prussian government bought the site to protect it from mining.

Yellowstone in Wyoming, USA is the first largest national park reserve, established on an area of ​​8991 square meters. km in 1872. It was followed by: the Royal National Park near Sydney in Australia (1879) and the Barguzin Nature Reserve of Imperial Russia (1916), first created by the government entirely for the scientific study of nature.

Biosphere reserve

A natural park or reserve can belong to one of three types: biosphere, botanical and mineralogical, or be complex.

There are 669 biosphere reserves created on the planet, of which 564 reserves make up the World Network: a special international project developed and organized under the UNESCO program. Its main task is to preserve a stable ecosystem, plant and animal gene pool of various natural zones of the planet, as well as to comprehensively study the natural environment and biological diversity of these and adjacent territories. Biosphere reserves are created on the basis of existing natural national parks and reserves. 120 countries took part in the program. There are 37 reserves of this kind in Russia.

What is a botanical reserve?

This is an area where it is important to preserve the unique flora: endangered, relict and endemic species listed in the national or international Red Book. For this purpose, the natural landscape and natural conditions for the propagation of these plants are preserved, for example, the Khomutovskaya Steppe Nature Reserve, where 1028 hectares of the steppe zone are preserved in pristine condition.

Mineralogical reserves

These are reserves where the natural state of special natural standards is preserved: valuable from a scientific point of view, geological and mineralogical formations. Such reserves are mainly created in places with karst caves, mineral springs, salt lakes, waterfalls, geyser and volcanic geolandscapes, caves, ore veins with a rich variety of minerals and other interesting geological objects and phenomena. The first specialized object of this kind in the world was Yellowstone, and in Russia - the Ilmensky Nature Reserve (1920) in the Urals.

Complex reserves

The term “museum-reserve” appeared in Soviet Russia; since 1922, it was first applied to the “Pushkin Corner”. And since the 50s, the state form of assigning the status of museum-reserves to some historical and cultural complexes, with their adjacent territories, has been established, which determined their preservation and financing.

Now in Russia there are about a hundred museum-reserves, which can be divided into several types, based on what objects are located on their sites. This can be a combination of objects and territories of historical, architectural, archaeological, artistic, military, and even scientific and technical origin. But what are complex reserves? Each of these museums, in addition to the main profile, combines several purposes: artistic-historical, architectural-historical, historical-archaeological, military-historical and others. Therefore, all museum-reserves can be considered complex.

Natural national parks and reserves are also complex, when a scientifically interesting landscape with geological and mineralogical formations forms a special environment for unique flora and habitats of rare species of animals. And such a combination is not often found on the planet.

There are many nature reserves and national parks in Russia. What are the specific features of the respective territories?

What is a reserve?

Reserve- a natural area, the visit of which by a person without the permission of competent organizations is prohibited due to the need to ensure the protection of environmental objects located in this region. This measure is most often due to the fact that the relevant territory is inhabited by rare species of animals or rare plants grow.

The purpose of establishing a reserve, therefore, is to maintain biological diversity and the natural development of natural complexes, lands, and water bodies. In the territories of the corresponding protected zones, the necessary scientific research, environmental monitoring, environmental assessment, and training of specialists in environmental protection may be allowed.

Nature reserves established in Russia are protected by federal legislation and have the official status of specially protected areas. In accordance with the rules of law regulating the status of nature reserves, land and water resources are assigned to such territories indefinitely.

In order to visit the reserve, in most cases it is necessary to obtain special permission from the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation or directly from the management of the reserve.

The environmental protection zones in question are maintained at the expense of the Russian budget.

What is a national park?

National Park is a territory in which, in order to protect the environment, human activities related to the use of natural objects are prohibited or significantly limited. However, visiting national parks for tourism and walking purposes is generally permitted. Scientific research and training of environmental protection specialists can also be conducted on the territory of national parks.

National parks are generally established to protect sites of environmental, historical and cultural value. These can be unique natural landscapes, climatic zones, areas with the cleanest air and water. But since hunting and fruit collection in national parks are usually prohibited or permitted with restrictions, favorable conditions are also created for the development of plants and animals whose habitat coincides with the territory of the park.

Real estate located on the territory of national parks are assigned to them and acquire the status of resources that are under operational management. As a rule, a protected natural zone is formed around the territory of national parks, and control of visiting the area is established.

National parks of the Russian Federation, like nature reserves, are maintained at the expense of the state budget.

Comparison

The main difference between a reserve and a national park is that human visits to the territory of the first natural zone are generally prohibited or severely limited. If we talk about a national park, visits by tourists and travelers to the corresponding territories, as a rule, are carried out freely. But conducting economic activity within both natural zones under consideration is unacceptable.

Basically, the establishment of a reserve is carried out in order to protect rare species of animals and plants, the habitat of which corresponds to its territory. A national park is usually organized to protect particularly valuable environmental, historical and cultural sites of the state. But on its territory conditions are also created for the favorable development of flora and fauna, since hunting and fruit collection, considered as types of economic activity, are also, as a rule, prohibited or permitted by internal regulations in limited areas of the national park.

Having determined what the difference is between a reserve and a national park, we will reflect the conclusions in the table.

Table

RESERVE

NATIONAL PARK

The protection regime of the national park allows independent visits to the territory for the purpose of recreation and tourism, with a pass and in places equipped for tourism and fishing. However, there are also prohibitions.

In the territories of national parks Any activity that can cause damage to natural complexes and objects of flora and fauna, cultural and historical objects and that contradicts the goals and objectives is prohibited national park, including:

1. Industrial logging;

2. Exploration and development of mineral resources;

3. Hunting;

4. Visit without a pass;

5. Organization of mass sports and entertainment events, organization of tourist camps, lighting fires in unauthorized places;

6. Being on the territory with a dog without a muzzle and a leash;

7. Movement and parking of vehicles not related to the functioning of national parks;

8. Wood rafting along watercourses and reservoirs;

9. Removal of items of historical and cultural value;

10. Construction of facilities not related to the functioning of national parks and ensuring the functioning of settlements located within their boundaries.

Due to the fact that the main task of the reserve is keeping nature in its natural state, the territory is completely withdrawn from economic use. On the territory of the state nature reserve Any activity that contradicts the objectives of the state natural reserve and the regime of special protection of its territory established in the regulations is prohibited about this state nature reserve.

This means that it is prohibited:

1. Visit the territory independently;

2. Be on the territory without a pass;

3. Cut down trees (cut down anything at all);

4. Collect mushrooms, berries, wild plants (nuts, herbs, etc.);

5. Fish;

6. Hunt;

7. Build objects not related to the activities of the reserve.

In order to preserve rare species of plants and animals, the creation of specially protected areas is being organized: national parks. They are objects of federal significance. In order to maintain order in these territories, funds are allocated from the federal budget.

What is the difference between a nature reserve and a national park? Several aspects can be highlighted. First of all, you need to understand what these territories are. How a reserve differs from a national park in different countries can be understood if you familiarize yourself with the purpose of their creation.

National Park

Special natural areas have been created for the purpose of human activity. In national parks there is a restriction or ban on any economic processes. Human visits to natural sites are permitted. Both tourists and ordinary nature lovers can appear in these areas.

National parks are protected educational and research institutions characterized by special ecological, historical and aesthetic value. The purpose of these objects is for environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes, as well as for the regulation of tourism.

Each national park is surrounded by a zone in which a regime of limited environmental management applies. All this land is divided into territories in which various protection regimes operate, for example, reserved, recreational, economic and regulated use zones.

Tasks

The main goal pursued by the creators of national parks is the need to preserve natural objects, areas of cultural and historical significance, and organize regulated recreation areas. The main task is to restore previously disturbed natural, historical and cultural complexes, as well as to introduce special scientific methods for protecting the environment. What is the difference between a nature reserve and a national park? In the latter, tourism and recreation are not prohibited.

Reserve

In order to preserve natural resources, specially protected areas and water areas have been created. What is the difference between a nature reserve and a national park and wildlife sanctuary? First of all, because it is a territory where absolutely everyone falls under protection. These include soil, water bodies, flora and fauna.

In order to visit the reserve, special permission is required. Any economic activity is prohibited within this zone; there are no industrial enterprises. Here, too, the land is not plowed or the grass is mowed; hunting, fishing, and picking mushrooms and berries cannot be organized on the territory.

The federal law that establishes the status transfers land and water territories to the indefinite use of nature reserves.

The main task

The primary goals of the reserves include maintaining the diversity of biocomplexes. In these areas, various scientific research is organized and environmental monitoring is carried out. Also, the main tasks of the nature reserves include the processes of environmental education and assistance in the training of specialists in the field of environmental protection. This is a nationwide program that includes more than a hundred protected areas in Russia. The laws of our country grant them the status of specially protected natural areas. What is the difference between a nature reserve and a national park? In the first case, it is completely limited. There is no such ban in national parks, but restrictions also apply.

Reserve

There are territories where certain species of flora and fauna are protected. These institutions are called reserves, which can be visited by anyone. A permit for partial economic activity is valid here. Setting up tents, rest stops, and driving a car or motorcycle are prohibited here. In the reserves you are not allowed to make fires, walk dogs, or hunt some animals.

What is the difference between a nature reserve and a national park and wildlife sanctuary? Based on the above, we can conclude that protected areas are subject to the strictest control and protection. In contrast, tourists are welcome to visit national parks and reserves freely.

A country of unique natural complexes

Tanzania is a very interesting and distinctive country in an ecological sense. Twelve national parks, thirteen game reserves, and thirty-eight protected areas have made this country the best destination for tourism lovers.

What is the difference between a reserve and a national park in Tanzania? As in other countries, these are huge territories that are home to an incredible number of animals and birds. Untouched natural complexes are under state protection. Poaching activities are strictly punished by law, and visitors hunting rare species of animals are expelled from the country. There are nature reserves and national parks in Tanzania; a large number of rangers and veterinarians work here. They recalculate livestock numbers and also track the annual migration of animals.

What is the difference between a nature reserve and a national park and a nature reserve?

First of all, it should be noted that each project was created with the aim of preserving natural areas from the aggressive impact of human economic activity. The differences lie only in the measures to limit such interference. Reserves are under the strictest control; they are completely or partially isolated from economic use. Visits to these complexes take place in agreement with the curators of the zone.

In national parks, any economic activity is almost completely excluded, but visits by tourists are not limited. Wildlife sanctuaries, unlike nature reserves, are territories of natural complexes where not the entire object, but its individual components are protected. These can be representatives of flora and fauna, as well as historical, memorial or geological values.

Natural objects in our country

How does a reserve differ from a national park in Russia? All these territories represent traditional and effective forms. The main difference between the projects is that the land and water areas are in the constant use of nature reserves. It is curious that this phenomenon is typical only for our country.

Thus, in this article we looked at how a reserve differs from a national park or reserve. Regardless of the name and purpose of objects, it should be remembered that their appearance is associated with the threat of extinction of certain biocomplexes. It is necessary to take care of nature not only in the territories of nature reserves and national parks, but also beyond their borders.