Orthoepic norms of the Russian language. Features of the pronunciation of vowel sounds and their combinations

Pronunciation of consonants.

An important role is played by literary pronunciation and stress, which are studied in a special section of the science of language - orthoepy. Orthoepy is a set of pronunciation norms of a language that ensures the preservation of the uniformity of the sound design of words. Orthoepic norms include norms for the pronunciation of sounds and stress norms. Pronunciation of consonants:

1) At the end of words and in their middle, before voiceless consonants, voiced consonants are deafened;

2) In place of voiceless consonants before voiced ones (except for “v”), the corresponding voiced ones are pronounced;

3) In some cases, consonants preceding soft consonants are pronounced softly;

4) Double pronunciation is observed in combinations with labial consonants;

5) Double consonant letters usually correspond to a sound when the stress falls on the preceding syllable. If the stress falls on the subsequent syllable, then double consonants are pronounced without length.

Pronunciation of vowel sounds.

An important role is played by literary pronunciation and stress, which are studied in a special section of the science of language - orthoepy. Orthoepy is a set of pronunciation norms of a language that ensures the preservation of the uniformity of the sound design of words. Orthoepic norms include norms for the pronunciation of sounds and stress norms. Pronunciation of vowel sounds:

The strong position for vowel phonemes is the position under stress. In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo changes as a result of weakening articulation. Qualitative reduction is a change in the timbre of the sound of a vowel; quantitative reduction is a decrease in its length and strength. The vowels located in the first pre-stressed syllable change slightly, the vowels of the remaining unstressed syllables are reduced to a greater extent.

11. Pronunciation of borrowed words.

Some of the borrowed vocabulary in the Russian language has some orthoepic features that are fixed in the literary norm.

1. In some words of foreign language origin, unstressed O pronounced sound [o]: hell A jio, bo A, bum O nd, bont O n, how A o, r A dio, tr And O. In addition, stylistic fluctuations in high-style text are possible; preserving the unstressed [o] in words of foreign origin is one of the means of attracting attention to them, a means of highlighting them. Pronunciation of the words nocturne, sonnet, poetic, poet, poetry, dossier, veto, credo, foyer, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Foreign-language names Maurice Thorez, Chopin, Voltaire, Rodin, Daudet, Baudelaire, Flaubert, Zola, Honore de Balzac, Sacramento and others also retain the unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation.

In some borrowed words in literary pronunciation, after vowels and at the beginning of the word, the unstressed [e] sounds quite clearly: duelist, muezzin, poetic, aegis, evolution, exaltation, exotic, equivalent, eclecticism, economy, screen, expansion, expert, experiment, exhibit, ecstasy, excess, element, elite, embargo, emigrant, emission, emir, energy, enthusiasm, encyclopedia, epigraph, episode, epilogue, era, effect, effective, etc.

2. In oral public speech, certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing a hard or soft consonant before a letter in borrowed words e, for example, in the words tempo, pool, museum, etc. In most of these cases, a soft consonant is pronounced: academy, pool, beret, beige, brunette, promissory note, monogram, debut, motto, recitation, declaration, dispatch, incident, compliment, competent, correct, museum, patent, pate, Odessa, tenor, term, plywood, overcoat; the word tempo is pronounced firmly T.

In other words, before e a solid consonant is pronounced: adept, auto-da-fé, business, western, prodigy, riding breeches, dumbbell, grotesque, neckline, delta, dandy, derby, de facto, de jure, dispensary, identical, boarding school, international, intern, karate, square, cafe, muffler, codeine, codex, computer, motorcade, cottage, bracket, open-hearth, billionaire, model, modern, Morse, hotel, parterre, pathetic, polonaise, purse, poetess, resume, rating, reputation, superman and others. Some of these words have been known to us for at least one hundred and fifty years, but do not show a tendency to soften the consonant.

In borrowed words starting with a prefix de-, before vowels dis-, as well as in the first part of compound words starting with neo-, with a general tendency towards softening, fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard are observed d To n, for example: devaluation, deideologization, demilitarization, depoliticization, destabilization, deformation, disinformation, deodorant, disorganization, neoglobalism, neocolonialism, neorealism, neofascism.

Firmly pronouncing consonants before e recommended in foreign language proper names: Bella, Bizet, Voltaire: Descartes, Daudet, Jaures, Carmen, Mary, Pasteur, Rodin, Flaubert, Chopin, Apollinaire, Fernandel [d uh]. e nesis [gene], relay [rele], genetics [gene], cafeteria [fete], pince-nez [pe;ne], renome [re;me], secretary [se;re;te], ethnogenesis [gene], etc.

In relatively few words of foreign origin, fluctuations in the pronunciation of the consonant before e, for example: with the standard pronunciation of a hard consonant before e in the words businessman [ne;me], annexation [ne] pronunciation with a soft consonant is acceptable; in the words dean, claim, soft pronunciation is the norm, but hard [de] and [te] are also allowed; In the word session, the hard and soft pronunciation options are equal. It is non-normative to soften the consonants before e in the professional speech of representatives of the technical intelligentsia in the words laser, computer, as well as in the colloquial pronunciation of the words business, sandwich, intensive, interval.

Stylistic fluctuations in the pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before e are also observed in some foreign-language proper names: Bertha, “Decameron,” Reagan. Major, Kramer, Gregory Peck, et al.

3. Hard [sh] is pronounced in the words parachute, brochure. The word jury is pronounced with a soft hissing [zh’]. The names Julien and Jules are also pronounced.

There are only six vowel sounds in the Russian language: [A, O, U, Y, I, E].
It must be remembered that vowels are pronounced clearly and purely only under stress; in all other cases they change (reduction occurs). They become shorter and less articulated, so it is very difficult to distinguish them. This process is absolutely natural for residents of central Russia and is not wrong. A person who clearly pronounces all vowels, regardless of their position in the word, will look illiterate.

Note. In Russia, printing the letter E is mandatory only in textbooks on the Russian language and books for children; in other printed publications and documents, E may be printed instead. In order not to make mistakes in the pronunciation of words, see the dictionary attached to this section.

At the beginning of a word, after a soft sign and after vowels, these letters represent two sounds [YE, YO, YU, YA], respectively.

Note. In some words, the pronunciation of E may have a double norm: this letter can be pronounced as [’E, YE], or maybe as [E]. More often this concerns foreign words: pro[e]kt, d[e]mping, design[’e]r and design[e]r, etc. If in doubt, it is better to check the dictionary.

2. Before the vowel sound [I], all consonants, except Ш, Ц, Ж, are pronounced softly.

3. After the consonants Zh, Ts, Sh, the letters E, E, Yu, I stand for [E, O, U, Y], respectively.

Note. There are words in which the letters Y, I soften the consonants Zh, Ts, Sh. This is due to the history of words, as a rule, these are foreign proper names [Zh'u]venal, [Zh'u]l, [Ts'u]rikh , [Ts'ya]vlovsky, [Sh'a]uliai, as well as the jury, brochure, parachute. The pronunciation and spelling of such words must be memorized.

4. The combination of vowels in the flow of speech OA, OO, AO, AA are pronounced as long [A] = [AA]

Orthoepic norms are based primarily on the basic phonetic patterns in the field of vowels and consonants: accommodation of stressed vowels under the influence of neighboring soft consonants, reduction of two types (quantitative and qualitative), all cases of assimilation and dissimilation of consonants, deafening of consonants at the end of a word. However, these issues are rather the object of consideration in phonetics in the narrow sense of this term (as the science of sounding speech). Orthoepy is most interested in those cases when it is possible to use two variants of a pronunciation norm, when “variation in the sound realization of the same phonemes and the phonemic composition of the same morphemes in the absence of positional differences” is possible. Such options may differ stylistically (guardianship - general literary, guardianship - colloquial; [пЛе´т] - neutral,

[poet] – high), or semantically (heart attack – heart friend).

The greatest difficulties arise for speakers of Russian as a native language in the following cases.

1. Pronouncing the stressed vowel [˙o´] or [e] after soft consonants. The unjustified absence of the letter E in written speech often causes incorrect pronunciation of words. How do you pronounce the words: ice, guardianship, maneuvers, fur, grenadier, sedentary? In case of such difficulties, you have to turn to the “Spelling Dictionary”, where it is indicated that with the sound [˙o] you should pronounce the words hopeless, sturgeon, wool, maneuvers (an additional option is maneuvers), faded (and additional faded). The stressed sound [e] must be preserved in the words ice, guardianship, grenadier, bewildered, avoidance.

2. Difficulties may arise when choosing a vowel after hard sibilants in the first pre-stressed syllable in place of the letter A. According to modern standards, a vowel of the first degree of reduction of the lower rise of the middle row, non-labialized, should be pronounced in this position, i.e. [L]. However, the norms of Old Moscow pronunciation that were in force back in the middle of our century required that the sound [ые] be used in this position, i.e. The following pronunciation of words was considered correct:

heat - [zhyera´], balls - [shiera´],

naughty – [shyelun], blackmail – [shyentash].

This norm can now be considered outdated. However, not a single norm that was previously in force in speech disappears, leaving no exceptions, a kind of speech atavisms in which, according to tradition, the old pronunciation is preserved. Such an exception in the Russian language was the pronunciation of words:

regret – [zhyel’ ]et, jasmine – [zhyes]min,

horses - lo[shye]dey, jacket - [zhye]ket,

as well as numerals 20 and 30 in indirect cases:

twenty – twenty [tsyet]ti.

On the contrary, after soft sibilants, as after any soft consonants, the sound [L] should not appear in the position of the first degree of reduction, but only [ie]. Therefore, you need to pronounce the words this way:

Spelling entry Correct pronunciation Incorrect pronunciation

Sorrel [sh’iev’ê´l’ ] [sh’ Lv’êl’ ]

Clock [ch'iesy´] [h'Lsy´ ]

Thicket [ch’iesh’ ˙o´b] [ch’Lsh’ ˙o´b]

Often [zch’iestu´iу] [zch’Lstu´iу]

3. In the area of ​​consonants, orthoepic norms regulate the following cases of pronunciation:

a) Replacement in some words of [g] plosive with [Υ] fricative (as in the Ukrainian language). It is recommended to pronounce the sound [Υ] in the words accountant, Lord, by God, yeah.

b) Pronunciation of a long hard consonant [zh] in place of the letters zhzh, zzh. Only in a few words did a number of native speakers (most often older intellectuals) retain the Old Moscow version of pronunciation with a long soft consonant [zh'] in words such as yeast, splashes, squeal, rattle, grumble, reins, ride, later, rains , rain. It should be noted that such pronunciation options are increasingly falling out of use.

c) Pronunciation of the CN combination as [shn] or [chn]. In the modern Russian language, there is a tendency towards convergence of pronunciation with spelling, and the variant [shn] in place of the orthographic CHN as a mandatory and only orthoepic norm is noted only for some words: of course, boring, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, laundry, mustard plaster, deliberately (cf. obviously pronunciation options that are outdated for the modern language, noted in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by D.N. Ushakov: milkman - molo[sh]ik, brown - kor[sh]evy, buckwheat - gre[sh]evy).

Since the old orthoepic norm disappears from the language quite slowly, parallel pronunciation variants arise: gorn[chn]aya - gorn[sh]aya, polon[chn]ik -–polun[sh]ik, dvo[shn]ik - dvo[chn] ik, orderly - orderly. In recent years, there has been a tendency to pronounce female patronymics with [chn]: Ilyinichna, Kuzminichna, Nikitichna, etc., which more recently were recommended to be pronounced only through [shn].

In some words, different pronunciations distinguish the words semantically: per[chn]itsa - 'cutlery', old per[sh]itsa (colloquial) - a stable phrase with a disapproving assessment of a person; heart drops, heart attack - 'associated with the heart as an internal organ', heart friend - 'close, dear'.

The combination TH in the words that, so, something (but: mail, mast and many other words - only with [t]) is also pronounced with the sound [w].

d) Pronunciation of soft consonants at the end of a word, which are sometimes, under the influence of vernacular or dialectal speech, wrongfully replaced by hard consonants: seven, eight, very, now, boar.

e) The pronunciation of consonants in place of doubled letters can be long (kassa - ka[s]a) or short (Saturday - su[b]ota).

A long consonant must be pronounced in the following cases:

In place of the intervocalic group of consonants after the stress: va´anna, gamma, from class;

At the junction of a prefix and a root, a preposition and a significant word: angry, good-natured, with a dog.

The short consonant is pronounced:

In the intervocalic group before stress, except for the cases noted above: Saturday, illumination, terrace, territory;

In place of a double consonant in the position before the consonants: cool, program, group.

12. Features of the pronunciation of borrowed words in Russian .

Most foreign words that have entered the common language have already been phonetically mastered by the Russian language, and their pronunciation is no different from native Russian words. However, some of them - technical terms, words of science, culture, politics, proper names - still stand out in their pronunciation.

In a number of words of foreign language origin, a clear unreduced sound [o] is retained in the first and second pre-stressed syllables: b [o] a, b [o] mond, b [o] rddo, k [o] kteil, [o]asis, [o ]tel, d[o]sier, b[o]lero. The vowel [o] is pronounced in some words in a post-stressed position: vet[o], cred[o], advice[o], radi[o], kaka[o], ha[o]s.
The unreduced sound [o] is preserved in an unstressed position in many foreign proper names: B[o]dler, V[o]lter, 3[o]lya, Sh[o]pen, M[o]passan, etc. However, in such cases relatively little. In most words of foreign language origin, o and a in unstressed position are pronounced in accordance with general norms, i.e. somewhat weakened, with reduction: [b/\]kal, [b/\]ston, [k/\]ntsert, [b/\]tanika, [k/\]suit, [pr/\]gress, [r/\]yal. In words that have become firmly established in the Russian language, the consonants before the letter E are pronounced softly.

It is incorrect to pronounce hard consonants before E in words such as affect, pool, beret, concrete, correct, coffee, museum, Odessa, pioneer, professor, theme, plywood, effect.

However, in a number of cases, the pronunciation of hard consonants is still noted before E. This norm applies primarily to dental consonants [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [r].
Hard [t] is pronounced in words such as adap[te]r, an[te]nna, anti[te]za, a[te]ism, a[te]lie, bifsh[te]ks, o[te] l, s[te]nd, es[te]tika, etc.

In a number of geographical names and proper names, a hard [t] should also be pronounced: Ams[te]rdam, Gwa[te]mala, Vol[te]r. The pronunciation of the hard [t] in the foreign language prefix -inter is preserved: internationalism, in[te]rview, interpretation.
Hard [d] is pronounced in the words: wun [de]rkind, [de]kolte,
[de]lta, [de]ndi, ko[de]ks, core[de]ballet, mo[de]rn, [de]-jure, [de]-facto, mo[de]l, etc.
In difficult cases, you should consult spelling dictionaries.

Pronunciation standards

1. The concept of orthoepy. Pronunciation of vowels and consonants.

2. Features of the pronunciation of borrowed words, names and patronymics.

3. Features of Russian accent.

Russian orthoepy includes rules for the pronunciation of unstressed vowels, voiced and voiceless consonants, rules for the pronunciation of individual grammatical forms, and features of the pronunciation of words of foreign origin.

A letter is a graphic sign included in the alphabet. Sound is what is heard and perceived by the ear.

Pronunciation of vowel sounds

Vowel sounds- speech sounds formed by the free passage of an air stream through the vocal cords, consisting mainly of the voice.

In the first pre-stressed syllable, the sound [a] is pronounced in place of the letters a and o. For example: k[a]rowa.

In the remaining unstressed syllables, in place of the letters a and o, a short sound is pronounced, middle between [ы] and [а], denoted in transcription by the sign [ъ]. For example: m[ъ]l[a]ko.

At the beginning of the word, unstressed a and o are pronounced as [a]. For example: [nitrogen.

After hard hissing w and sh, the vowel a in the first pre-stressed syllable is pronounced as [a]. For example: sh[a]gat, f[a]rgon. However, before soft consonants a sound is pronounced between [s] and [e]. For example: losh[y/e]day.

After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letters e and i, a sound is pronounced, intermediate between [i] and [e]. For example: in [i/e]sna, h[i/e]sy.

In the remaining unstressed syllables, in place of the letters e and i, a short i is pronounced, which in transcription is indicated by the sign [b]. For example: v[b]lican, p[b]tachok.

The consonants ts, zh, sh denote only hard sounds, so after them the letters are pronounced [s]. For example : nat[s]ya.

Pronunciation of consonants

Consonants- speech sounds, consisting either of noise alone, or of voice and noise, which is formed in the organs of pronunciation, where a stream of air exhaled from the lungs encounters various obstacles (lips, teeth, tongue).

In Russian speech, there is a mandatory deafening of voiced consonants at the end of a word. For example: Goth](year), zu[n](tooth).

In combinations of voiced and voiceless consonants, the first of them becomes similar to the second, i.e., the voiced consonant is deafened. For example: lo[sh]ka(spoon).

In combinations of voiced and voiceless consonants, the first of them in some cases is likened to the second. For example: [ do(do).

In some cases, softening of consonants is observed: consonants preceding soft consonants are also pronounced softly. For example: [Here].

Combinations of consonants ssh and zsh are pronounced as a long hard
sound [shsh], for example: n[ssh]ii(lower), you[ssh]y(higher).

The combinations tch and dch are pronounced as a long sound [ch "ch"], for example: report[h"h"]ik(speaker), le[h"h"]ik(pilot).

The combination ts in verbs with the particle -sya is pronounced as a long [ts], for example: bree[ts]a(shaves).

In the combinations stn, zdn, stl, the consonants t and d are dropped during pronunciation, for example: lovely(charming), pra[zn]ik(holiday), happy(happy).

In the combinations stk, zdk, the consonant t is retained, for example: not-ve[stk]a.

Instead of the combination chn, it is pronounced |shn) in the following words: of course, boring, on purpose, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, for example: ko-ne[sh]o, skuk[sh]o, nar[sh]o, eggs[sh]itsa, empty[it]y, quick[sh]ik.

Issues of correct literary pronunciation are studied by a special linguistic discipline - spelling(from Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Orthoepic rules and recommendations have always been the focus of attention of Russian philologists, as well as representatives of those professions whose activities are directly related to public speaking before an audience: government and public figures, lecturers, announcers, commentators, journalists, artists, translators, Russian and foreign teachers languages, preachers, lawyers. But in recent years, there has been a noticeable increase in interest in the problems of oral culture among various sectors of society. This is facilitated by socio-economic changes in our country, democratization of all aspects of life. The practice of broadcasting parliamentary debates and hearings, and live speeches by government officials, leaders of parties and movements, political observers, and specialists in various fields of science and culture has become widespread.

Mastery of the norms of literary pronunciation, the ability to expressively and correctly formulate spoken speech is gradually being recognized by many as an urgent social necessity.

Historically, the development and formation of the rules of Russian orthoepy developed in such a way that the basis of literary pronunciation was Moscow pronunciation, on which some variants of St. Petersburg pronunciation were subsequently “layered.”

Deviation from the norms and recommendations of Russian literary pronunciation is regarded as a sign of insufficient speech and general culture, which reduces the authority of the speaker and scatters the attention of listeners. Regional peculiarities of pronunciation, incorrectly placed emphasis, “reduced” conversational intonation, and ill-considered pausing distract from the correct, adequate perception of a public speech.

Erroneous pronunciation through radio and television is “replicated” to a huge audience, wittingly or unwittingly assimilated and reinforced, thereby eroding the idea of ​​correctness and purity of speech, which is necessary for every cultured person. In addition, there are certain negative socio-psychological consequences of profanity, which tends to spread (especially in conditions of round-the-clock broadcasting). Since the majority of the listener first of all pays attention to the content side of the information, the sound side of speech is not controlled by him, but is recorded on a subconscious level. In these cases, everything that contradicts the established tradition of designing Russian sounding speech: a violation of the intonation pattern of the phrase and the text as a whole, unjustified logical stress, pauses that do not correspond to the natural “flow” of speech, causes an intuitive feeling of protest in the listener, creating a feeling of anxiety and psychological discomfort.

Working on your own pronunciation and improving your pronunciation culture requires a person to have certain knowledge in the field of orthoepy. Since pronunciation is largely an automated aspect of speech, a person “hears” himself worse than others, controls his pronunciation insufficiently or does not control it at all, is uncritical in assessing his own pronunciation, and is sensitive to comments in this area. The rules and recommendations for spelling, reflected in manuals, dictionaries and reference books, seem to him to be overly categorical, different from the usual speech practice, and common spelling errors, on the contrary, are very harmless.

Therefore, in order to successfully master the orthoepic norm or deepen knowledge of Russian literary pronunciation, it is necessary, from the point of view of methodological recommendations:

¦ learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

¦ learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;

¦ listen and study exemplary literary pronunciation, which is mastered by radio and television announcers, masters of literary expression;

¦ consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

¦ correct them through constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The study of the rules and recommendations of literary pronunciation should begin with the distinction and awareness of the two main styles of pronunciation: full recommended for public speaking, and incomplete(colloquial), which is common in everyday communication. The full style is characterized primarily by compliance with the basic requirements of the orthoepic norm, clarity and distinctness of pronunciation, correct placement of verbal and logical stress, moderate tempo, correct pausing, neutral intonation pattern of the phrase and speech in general. With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is excessive reduction of vowels, loss of consonants, unclear pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, excessive emphasis on words (including function words), inconsistent speech tempo, and unwanted pauses. If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

The main feature of Russian literary pronunciation in the area of ​​vowels is their different sound in stressed and unstressed syllables with the same spelling. In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo reduction. There are two types of reduction - quantitative(when the longitude and intensity of sound decreases) and high quality(when in an unstressed position the sound itself changes). Vowels in the 1st pre-stressed syllable undergo less reduction, and more in all other syllables. Vowels [a], [o], [e] are subject to both quantitative and qualitative reduction in unstressed syllables; vowels [i], [s], [y] do not change their quality in unstressed syllables, but partially lose duration.

1. Vowels in the 1st pre-stressed syllable:

a) after hard consonants in place O And A [A]: w[a]da?, n[a]ha?, M[a]skva?, s[a]dy?, z[a]bo?r ; after hard sizzling and And w on site A And O a weakened sound is also pronounced [A]: f[a]ra?, f[a]ngler, sh[a]gi?, sh[a]fer .

Note 1. After hard sizzling and, w and after ts before soft consonants a sound like [s] with an overtone [e] , denoted conventionally [s uh ] : w[s] uh ]le?t, unfortunately uh ]leniyu, w[s uh ]ke?t , in plural forms of the word horse: lose[s] uh ]here, los[s uh ]dy?m etc... in the forms of indirect cases of numerals on - twenty: twenties uh ]ti?, thirty uh ]ti? etc.; in rare cases, sound [s uh ] pronounced on the spot A in position before hard consonants: rzh[s uh ]Noah. w[s] uh ]smi?n .

Note 2. Unstressed [O] pronounced in conjunctions But And What , and is also allowed in some foreign words, for example: b[o]a?, b[o]mo?nd. rococo?. F[o]re?c .

Note 3. Preservation O in unstressed syllables is a feature of regional pronunciation, therefore the pronunciation M[o]skva?, p[o]ku?pka, p[o]e?dem, v[o]zi?t. railway station not up to standard;

b) after hard hissing f, w And ts on site e a reduced sound is pronounced like [s] with an overtone [e] , denoted conventionally [s uh ]: w[s uh ]na?, sh[s uh ]pt?t, ts[s uh ]lu?y ;

c) after soft consonants in place of letters I And e , as well as after soft hissing h And sch on site A a weakened sound is pronounced [And] with an overtone [e] , denoted conventionally [And uh ] : m[i uh ]sno?y, R[i uh ]za?n, m[i uh ]sti?, h[i uh ]sy?, sh[i uh ]di?t , as well as in the plural forms of the word area: area uh ]where, area uh ]dy?m etc.;

d) on the spot I And e a sound is pronounced at the beginning of a word [And] with an overtone [e] , denoted [And uh ] in combination with the previous one [th]: [yi uh ]here?, [yi uh ]nta?r, [yi uh ]ytso?.

Note. Preservation [A] in an unstressed syllable after soft consonants is a feature of regional pronunciation, therefore the pronunciation [v’a]za?t, bi?na, h[a]sy?, [ya]ytso?, [ya]vi?tsya does not correspond to the norm.

2. Vowels in other unstressed syllables:

a) at the absolute beginning of a word in place of letters A And O a weakened sound is always pronounced [a]: [a]rbu?z: [a]kno?, [a]car, [a]deflection;

b) after hard consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the 1st prestressed one, in place A And O a reduced sound is pronounced, intermediate in sound between [A] And [s] [ъ]: g[ъ]lova?, k[ъ]randa?sh, i?bl[ъ]k[ъ] ;

c) after soft consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the 1st prestressed one, in place and I And e pronounced reduced, average in sound between [And] And [e] , short in duration, designated conventionally [b]: [n’t]tacho?k, [l’l]soru?b, you?[n’t]su, wh[b]love?k .

3. Vowel and at the beginning of the root after a prefix or preposition, ending in hard consonants, pronounced like [s] : from the institute - and [zy]institute , with Igor - [we are] heartbroken ; saving in this position [And] and the softening of the consonant before it is a regional feature of pronunciation and not up to standard.

4. Stressed vowel sounds in place e And e . Difficulties arise in the pronunciation of a number of words due to the indistinguishability of letters in the printed text e And e , since only the letter is used to designate them e (except for educational literature for primary schoolchildren and foreign students). This situation leads to a distortion of not only the graphic, but also the phonetic appearance of the word, and causes frequent pronunciation errors. Therefore, it is recommended to remember two sets of words:

a) with a letter e , in whose place it sounds [e]: scam, spineless, bluff, being, icy conditions, firebrand, grenadier, stout, hagiography, alien, religious procession (But Godfather ), fishing line, oblivion, perplexed, unappreciated, guardianship, sedentary (settled life), successor, legal successor, surveillance, modern, yoke, barley and etc.;

b) with a letter e , in whose place it sounds [O]: hopeless, buckets, engraver, bile (acceptable bile ), biliary (acceptable gall ), mockery, traveling salesman, priest (But priest ), maneuvers, mercenary, convicted, brought in, transferred, brought in, sturgeon, fable, laid down, brought, brought, obscene, scrupulous, belt, smart, tesha, fur (coarse-haired), lye and etc.

In some pairs of words, different meanings are accompanied by different sounds of the stressed vowel [O] or [e]: expired (term) - expired (in blood), catechumen (screams like a catechumen) - catechumen (decree), perfect (singing) - perfect (opening).

1. Consonant [G] in literary pronunciation explosive, instant sounding, when deafened it is pronounced as [To]: sleep[k], bere[k] . Pronouncing “Ukrainian” in its place G , conventionally designated [h] , does not correspond to the norm: [h]ulya?t, boots[h]i? . The exception is the word God , at the end of which it sounds [X] .

2. Instead of h in words of course, boring, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, laundry, rag, rag picker , in female patronymics ending in - ichna (Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, Ilyinichna etc.), as well as in words what, to, nothing pronounced [w] .

3. In words man, defector at the place of combination zhch , in the form of the comparative degree of adverbs tougher, harsher (And more scathingly ) in place stch , as well as in place of combinations zch And sch pronounced [sch]: loader, customer, carver, subscriber, sandstone, happy, happiness, account, electronic counting, counter, self-financing, count and etc.

4. When several consonants accumulate in some combinations, one of them is not pronounced:

a) in combination stn not pronounced [t]: teaching? [s'n']ik, ve?[s']nik, what? I?ro[sn]y ;

b) in combination zdn not pronounced [d]: po?[zn]o, right?[zn]ik, nae?[zn]ik , but in a word abyss It is recommended to leave the sound low [d] ;

c) in combination stl not pronounced [t]: happy, envious, conscientious ; in words bony And lay [t] preserved;

d) in combination stl not pronounced [T] ; this produces a double consonant [ss]: maximal? [ss]ky, turie?[ss]ky, rasi?[ss]ky .

5. In some words with a cluster of consonant sounds stk, zdk, ntk, ndk not allowed to fall out [t]: daughter-in-law, trip, summons, typist, bulky, laboratory assistant, student, patient, Irish, Scottish, but: fabric shotla[nc]a .

6. Hard consonants before soft consonants can be softened:

A) necessarily softens I n before soft ones h And With: pe?[n’s’]iya, prete?[n’z’]iya, rece?[n’z’]iya, face?[n’z’]iya ;

b) in combinations TV, dv may soften T And d: Thursday, Tver, hard [t’v’] and [tv’]; door, two, move [d’v] and [dv’] ;

c) in combinations sound And St. may soften h And With: beast, ring [z’v’] And [sound’]; light, candle, witness, saint [s’v] And [sv’] , and also in the word snake [z’m’] And [zm’] ;

G) n before soft T And d softens: ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n't']il, a[n't']ichny, ko[n't ']text, remo[n't']irovat, ba[n'd']it, I[n'd']iya, stip[n'd']iya, zo[n'd']irovat, and [n'd']ivid, ka[n'd']idat, blo[n'd']in.

Some grammatical forms of verbs, nouns, and adjectives are characterized by special rules for the pronunciation of sounds in suffixes and endings.

1. In verbs with a particle- xia in an indefinite form and in the third person singular and plural at the junction of an ending and a particle is pronounced [ts]: meet, meet - meet [ts], check in, check in - mark [ts], check in - mark? [ts], say goodbye - goodbye? [ts].

In the form of the imperative mood in place of the combination - there are two soft sounds sound [t's'']: mark - mark? [t's''], meet - wind? [t'''] .

2. In the endings of the genitive case of masculine and neuter forms of adjectives, numerals, pronouns - Wow /-his on site G pronounced [in]: big house (lake) - big?[vy], blue flag (sea) - si?ne[vy] . The same rule applies to words today - every[v]o?day, total - ito[v]o? .

Note. In surnames ending in - aho (Shembinago, Zhivago ), sound is pronounced [G] .

3. Graphic abbreviations, found in the text, for example, initials for last name , as well as abbreviations like l (liter), m (meter), kg (kilogram), ha (hectare), p/o (“mail box”), etc. (so on), s (page) and etc. in reading they “decipher” i.e., they “expand” into full words. Graphic abbreviations exist only in written speech for visual perception only, and their literal reading is perceived either as a speech error or as irony, appropriate only in special situations.

The combination of first name and patronymic is used in various situations, both in written and oral speech: in official decrees on awards, appointments, orders, lists, for example, on personnel records, the composition of production and educational groups, in business and private correspondence, in circulation to the interlocutor, in introducing and naming third parties.

In an environment of official, business communication between people, especially in the work of a teacher, translator, editor, lawyer, businessman, government or commercial employee, there is a need to address people by name and patronymic. Many Russian names and patronymics have pronunciation options that it is advisable to take into account in a given communication situation. So, when meeting a person, when introducing a person for the first time, a distinct, clear pronunciation that is close to the written form is recommended.

In all other cases, incomplete, contracted forms of pronunciation of names and patronymics, which have historically developed in the practice of literary oral speech, are acceptable.

1. - th (Vasily, Anatoly, Arkady, Grigory, Yuri, Evgeny, Valery, Gennady ), ending in combinations - evich, - evna with a preceding separator b: Vasil evich, Vasil Evna; Grigory evich, Grigory Evna . When pronouncing female patronymics, these combinations are clearly preserved: Vasil Evna, Anatole Evna, Grigory Evna etc. In male patronymics, full and contracted variants are allowed: Vasya?[l'j'v']ich and Vas[l'ich], Anato?[l'j'v']ich and Anato?[l'ich], Grigo?[r'j'v']ich and Grigo?[r' ich] etc.

2. Patronymic names formed from male given names - to her And - ah (Alexey, Andrey, Korney, Matvey, Sergey, Nikolay ) end in combinations - eevich, - eevna, - aevich, - aevna: Alekseevich, Alekseevna, Nikolaevich, Nikolaevna . In their pronunciation, the literary norm allows both full and contracted variants: Alexeyevich And Alex?[i]h, Alekse?evna And Alek[s'e?]vna; Sergeevich And Serge?[i]h, Sergeevna And Ser[g'e?]vna; Korne?evich And Corn?[i]h, Korne?evna And Kor[n'e?]vna; Nikolaevich And Nikola?[i]h, Nikolaevna And Nikola?[vn]a etc.

3. Male patronymics ending in an unstressed combination - ovich , can be pronounced both in full and contracted form: Anto?novich And Anto?n[y]ch, Aleksandrovich And Alexa?ndr[y]h , Iva?novich and Iva?n[y]ch etc. In female patronymics ending in an unstressed combination - Aries , full pronunciation recommended: Alexander aries, Boris aries, Kirill aries, Victor aries, Oleg Aries etc.

4. If the middle name begins with And (Ivanovich, Ignatievich, Isaevich ), then in pronunciation with a name ending in a hard consonant, and turns into [s]: Pavel Ivanovich - Pavel[y]vanovich, Alexander Isaevich - Alexander[y]saevich .

5. Not usually pronounced ov n And m: Iva?[n: ]na, Anto?[n: ]a, Efi?[mn]a, Maxi?[mn]a .

6. Unstressed words are not pronounced - ov in female patronymics from names ending in V: Vyachesla?[vn]a, Stanisla?[vn]a .

Some of the borrowed vocabulary in the Russian language has some orthoepic features that are fixed in the literary norm.

1. In some words of foreign language origin, in place of the unstressed O sound is pronounced [o]: ada?gio, boa?, bomo?nd, bonto?n, kaka?o, radio, three?o . In addition, stylistic fluctuations in high-style text are possible; preservation of unstressed [O] in words of foreign origin - one of the means of attracting attention to them, a means of highlighting them. Pronunciation of words nocturne, sonnet, poetic, poet, poetry, dossier, veto, credo, foyer etc. with unstressed [O] optional. Foreign names Maurice Thorez, Chopin, Voltaire, Rodin, Daudet, Baudelaire, Flaubert, Zola, Honore de Balzac, Sacramento etc. also retain unstressed [O] as a variant of literary pronunciation.

In some borrowed words in literary pronunciation, after vowels and at the beginning of the word, the unstressed sound sounds quite clearly [e]: duelist, muezzin, poetic, aegis, evolution, exaltation, exotic, equivalent, eclecticism, economy, screen, expansion, expert, experiment, exhibit, ecstasy, excess, element, elite, embargo, emigrant, emission, emir, energy, enthusiasm , encyclopedia, epigraph, episode, epilogue, era, effect, effective and etc.

2. In oral public speech, certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing a hard or soft consonant before the letter in borrowed words e , for example, in words pace, pool, museum etc. In most of these cases, a soft consonant is pronounced: academy, pool, beret, beige, brunette, promissory note, monogram, debut, motto, recitation, declaration, dispatch, incident, compliment, competent, correct, museum, patent, pate, Odessa, tenor, term, plywood, overcoat; word pace pronounced with a hard voice T .

In other words, before e a hard consonant is pronounced: adept, auto-da-fé, business, western, prodigy, riding breeches, dumbbell, grotesque, neckline, delta, dandy, derby, de facto, de jure, dispensary, identical, boarding school, international, intern, karate, square, cafe, muffler, codeine, code, computer, motorcade, cottage, bracket, open-hearth, billionaire, model, Art Nouveau, Morse, hotel, parterre, pathetic, polonaise, purse, poetess, resume, rating, reputation, superman and others. Some of these words have been known to us for at least one hundred and fifty years, but do not show a tendency to soften the consonant.

In borrowed words starting with a prefix de- , before vowels dis- , as well as in the first part of compound words starting with neo- , with a general tendency towards softening, fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard are observed d And n , For example: devaluation, deideologization, demilitarization, depoliticization, destabilization, deformation, disinformation, deodorant, disorganization, neoglobalism, neocolonialism, neorealism, neofascism.

Firmly pronouncing consonants before e recommended in foreign-language proper names: Bella, Bizet, Voltaire: Descartes, Daudet, Jaurès, Carmen, Mary, Pasteur, Rodin, Flaubert, Chopin, Apollinaire, Fernandel [de?], Carter, Ionesco, Minnelli, Vanessa Redgrave, Stallone and etc.

In borrowed words with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains hard before e: strap [rete], genesis [gene], relay [rele], genetics [gene], cafeteria [fete], pince-nez [pe; ne], reputation [re; me], secretary [se; re; te], ethnogenesis [gene] and etc.

In relatively few words of foreign origin, fluctuations in the pronunciation of the consonant before e , for example: with the standard pronunciation of a hard consonant before e in words businessman [ne; me], annexation [ne] pronunciation with a soft consonant is acceptable; in words dean, claim soft pronunciation is the norm, but hard pronunciation is also acceptable [de] And [te] ; in a word session Hard and soft pronunciation options are equal. It is non-normative to soften the consonants before e in the professional speech of representatives of the technical intelligentsia in words laser, computer , as well as in colloquial pronunciation of words business, sandwich, intensive, interval .

Stylistic fluctuations in the pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before e are also observed in some foreign-language proper names: Bertha, Decameron, Reagan. Major, Kramer, Gregory Peck and etc.

3. Solid [w] pronounced in words parachute, brochure . In a word jury pronounced soft hissing [and'] . Names are pronounced the same way Julien, Jules .

Word stress in Russian is characterized by diversity(can stand on any syllable and any part of a word: but? news, science, education, bourgeoisie etc.) and mobility (in different grammatical forms a word can move from one syllable to another: head?, head? accepted, accepted?; brave, brave? etc.).

Prepositions, conjunctions and particles usually do not have independent stress and are adjacent to independent parts of speech: out of town, haven't you been?, father, will he come, sit down? . In some cases, the emphasis shifts to the preposition: up the mountain, on? gender, for? night . Thus, independent and function words have the same verbal stress, making up a single phonetic word in sound.

Note. A small number of service parts of speech have weak stress and do not change the quality of the “stressed” vowel. These are unions but, as if, for sure, then... then , some prepositions that do not violate the semantic connection with adverbs ( along, opposite, besides, next to, between etc.), particle Well .

Compound words and words with prefixes anti-, inter-, near-, counter-, over-, super-, ex- and others may have, in addition to the main one, incidental(or secondary) accent, conventionally indicated by the sign gravis ( ‘ ). But among the complex words there are many single-stressed ones: pre-war, independent, car, hostel etc. Collateral stress usually comes first in order (closer to the beginning of the word), and basic- second (closer to the end of the word): oath?crime?, co?ntra?ka, o?kolo?mny, pro?organization, construction, aircraft construction, waterproof?, main?v?ch, inter?regional? th, inter?republican?, dust jacket, vice-president, e?ks-champion? and etc.

The correct choice of stress in a word is of great importance in working on the culture of oral speech. Below are examples in which erroneous stress is most common. These can be either individual words or some grammatical forms of words:

1) Common nouns:

agent, agronomy, alphabet, apo?krif, apostrophe, are?st, asymmetry, pampering, barman, devilishness, bla?govest, barrel , brave, clanging, gross, val?m val?t, religion, supremacy, evening, genesis, citizenship, grotesque, ground?e, gave? y-la?ma, hyphen?s, dia?spore, dioptre?i, dispensary, do?gmat, shaft, confessor, blinds?, muzzle?, enviable, sign, is? sk, and?canopy, iconographer, from time immemorial?, ische?rpat, katalo?g, ka?tarsis, rubber?k, pantry?ya, klobu?k, colo?ss, coll?ps, whooping?sh, kra ?working, flint, kitchen, marketing, masterful?, messiah, mimicry, hours-long, garbage chute, intention, real estate, wakeful(eye), not?netskiy, untrodden, unspeakably, unregulated (relationship), oil pipeline, newborn, provision, depreciate, facilitate, encourage, education, one-part, wholesale, inquire, review(for manuscript), review (deputy), open, partly, mindful, fir, plateau, repeated, adolescent, anticipate, force, acquisition, dispossession, sanitation, discreet, concoct ?in, concentration, means, joiner, status, statue, story, taboo?, customs, customs, trades, dancer, totem, herbal simple, deepen, Ukrainian, reduce, strengthen, facsimile, extravaganza, phenomenon(phenomenon), needle, cotton, movement, price, Christian, chassis, sorrel, expert, linguistic (norm), linguistic (sausage).

In many words there are fluctuations in stress placement: equal options - denim And denim, stale And frosty, komba?iner And combine operator, metallurgy And metallurgy, propolis And propolis, a loop? And a loop, face And woman in labor, rust And rust, sa?zhen And soot, cottage cheese And cottage cheese, fa?nza And fanza? ; with standard stress huh? Vgustovsky acceptable Augustovskiy , at birch bark acceptable birch bark? , at shell acceptable shell , at wary acceptable wary ; with standard stress industry - obsolete industry , at smart - obsolete smart , at ra?course - obsolete raku?rs ;

2) Proper names:

Aigi?, E?evno, Aze?f, A?be, Ko?be, Eli?n Peli?n, Zahoder?r, Per?res de Que?ler, Steinbeck, Sa?linger, Rua?l A Mundsen, Balmont, Vorontsova-Dashkova, Kapisa, Sergiy Radonezhsky, Seraphim Sarovsky, Salvador Dali, Jeremiah, Picasso, Zosima. Alexi?y, Ignaty Loyo?la, protopo?p Avvaku?m, Julian Tu?vim, Sokolo?v-Mikito?v, Sa?yudis, Ana?dyr, Balashi?ha, Great U? Styug, Ki?zhi, Ra?donezh, Mount Na?rodnaya, Stavropol Territory, Hanno?ver, Che?ti-Mine?i, Apoca?lipsis, Kali?Gula, Mol?kh, Carnegie Hall, Comedy? France?z. Metropolitan O'Pera, Myanmar, Nicaragua, Peru, Quebec, Sydney, Massachusetts, Missouri, Foro's, Sri Lanka.

Variable stress is allowed in some proper names: Newton (but traditionally: Newton ), Re?mbrandt (but traditionally: Rembra?ndt ), Lee?ncoln (but traditionally: Linko?ln ), Da?vid Co?perfield (but traditionally: David Copperfield Ice ).

Note. In cases where one proper name refers to two (or more) persons, objects, concepts, it is necessary to clarify the specific meaning of this word and, using encyclopedic dictionaries, find out the correct emphasis. For example, Washington George, first US President, but traditionally Washington- the capital of USA, Makbe?t - a character in Shakespeare's tragedy of the same name, but in the title of Leskov's story "Lady Ma?kbet Mtsensk district".

The mobility of Russian stress, i.e. its transfer from one syllable to another in various grammatical forms of a single phonetic word, causes a number of difficulties in the pronunciation of these forms.

1. Shifting emphasis to prepositions on, for, under, by, from, without possible if the sentence after the noun does not have words explaining it:

1) in combination with a preposition behind

"on the other side, behind" , For example: atgo for? river, for? mountain; pawn for? cheek, for? ear; lay hands on? back, behind? head;

"during" do for? year, for? day, for? night, for? winter; pay for? year, for? day and so on.;

2) in combination with a preposition on (with accusative case) meaning:

"in the direction of, on top of smth" , For example: fall (sit, lie down) on? floor, climb on? mountain, did something hit it? hand, on? nose, put the load on? back, put something on? head, on? legs, on? hands;

“indicating the point of contact with the support” , For example: lie down on? back, fall on? back, on? hands on? head, stand on? legs, on? hands on? head;

"based on the specified period" (with time units), for example: stock up (stretch, enough) for? year, for? day, on? night, on? winter, take out a loan for? year and so on.;

"indication of the measure of difference" , For example: on the? a year older, by? a day earlier, on? head up and so on.;

3) in combination with a preposition By (with dative case) - with the meaning of this preposition "on the surface, within" (about movement), for example: walk on? semi, by? field, by? yard, walk around? forest, fly through? sky, float across? sea, scatter across? semi, by? forest.

With other meanings of these prepositions, stress transfer may not occur, for example:

A) take something for a mountain, for a river, for a leg, for a winter, it is valued for a head, for a hand, a reward for a head, I fear for a hair, for head, legs;

b) pay attention to the hands, to the legs, to the nose, to the floor, to the day, despite the night, to the winter, the land tax;

V) longing for the sea, for the sky, to judge by the yard, for the forest, everyone got a field.

Stress transfer usually does not occur, if in a phrase a noun is followed by a word or words that explain it (subordinate to it or connected with it by a coordinating connection), for example:

A) beyond the Ural River, for a year and two months, for a year of hard work, for a day of his duty, holding the hand of a comrade, taking hold of his father’s shoulders;

b) to Mount Yaman-Tau, put the load on the back of the porter, put a hat on the head of a neighbor, older by a year and two months;

V) around the yard? hotels, on the snow and ice of the Gulf of Finland, on the Laptev Sea.

2. Stress in adjective forms.

1) the emphasis goes to the ending in the short feminine form: loud, loud?, loud, loud, louder; long, long?, long, long, long; longer; bad, bad, bad, bad; heavy, heavy?, heavy, heavy; rights(no full form) right?, right?, right? you;

2) the emphasis goes to the ending in the short form of the feminine gender and to the suffix of the comparative degree: glorious, glorious, glorious?, glorious, glorious, glorious; whole, whole, whole?, whole, whole, whole; satisfying, satisfying, satisfying?, satisfying, satisfying, satisfying; fast, fast, fast, fast, fast, fast; yu?ny, yun, yuna?, yu?no, yu?ny, yun?e;

3) the emphasis goes to the ending in the short form of the feminine gender and plural (as an equal option), as well as to the suffix of the comparative degree: poor, poor, poor?, poor, poor?, poor; pale, pale, pale?, pale, pale?, pale; important, important, important?, important, important?, more important; faithful, faithful, faithful?, faithful, faithful?, faithful; free(free) , free, free?, free, free?, free, slender, slender, slender?, slender, slender?, slender;

4) movable stress accompanied by alternation e And e: far, far, far?, far? And far, far away? And far away, yes? more; cheap, cheap, cheap?, cheap, cheap, cheap?vle; hard, tough, tough?, tough, tough, tougher; light, easy, easy?, easy?, easy?, easier; dark, dark, dark?, dark?, dark?, darker; clear, clear, clear? And clear, clear, clear, clear .

3. Difficulties in placing stress in verb forms(indefinite form, personal forms, participles, gerunds):

1) verbs ending in - edit with indefinite stress on the last syllable: bombarded, bombarded, bombarded; engraved, engraved, engraved; make-up, make-up, make-up; rewarded, rewarded, rewarded; formed, formed, formed; costume, costume, armor(armor), armored, armored; corrugated, corrugated, corrugated; grouped, grouped, grouped; sealed, sealed, sealed;

2) verbs with roots call for: called?, called, called?, called, called; called, called?, named, named, named, called, called, named, called; called, called?, called, called, called, called, called, called, called;

3) verbs with roots rub: rubbed, rubbed, rubbed, rubbed? and acceptable rubbed, rubbed ; same stress pattern in verb forms wipe, wipe ;

4) verbs lock, unlock: locked, locked?, locked, locked, locked, locked, locked in and acceptable locked, locked, locked, locked?, locked, locked; oh?now, unlocked?, oh?unlocked, oh?unlocked, oh?first, unlocked?in and acceptable unlocked?, oh?unlocked, oh?unlocked, unlocked?, oh?unlocked, oh?unlocked . The verb has the same stress pattern die except for the form dead , where the stress falls on the root vowel;

5) verbs remove, borrow, understand, accept, undertake, take away, take over and verb begin : With nyal, removed?, removed, removed, removed (shi), removed, removed, removed?, removed, removed; busy, busy, busy?, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy?, busy, busy; similar stress pattern in verb forms accept And undertake; understood, understood, understood?, understood, understood, understood, understood, understood, understood, understood?, understood, understood; take away, oh?take away and acceptable taken away, taken away?, oh?taken away and acceptable taken away, oh?taken away and acceptable taken away, taken away, taken away, taken away, taken away, taken away?, taken away, taken away; adopted, adopted and acceptable adopted?, adopted?, adopted and acceptable adopted, adopted and acceptable adopted, adopted, adopted, adopted, adopted, adopted?, adopted, adopted; begin, started, started?, started, started, started, started, started, started, started?, started, started;

6) verbs depart, arrive: I'll lose, I'll lose, I'll kill, I'll kill, I'll kill, I'll lose, I'll lose, I'll lose, I'll lose, I'll lose, I'll lose, I'll lose, I'll lose ; same stress pattern in verb forms arrive ;

7) verbs with roots give (you?give, publish, convey, sell, surrender ); in the verb you?give in all forms the emphasis falls on the prefix; published, published, published, published, published, published, published, published, published?, published, published, published, published , and?published, and?created, published? and acceptable And?built, and built, and built ; similar stress pattern in verb forms sell ; Pforward?t, pass?m, pass?sh, pass?st, pass?m, pass?te, pass?t, passed? and acceptable passed?l, passed on?, passed on? and acceptable passed on, passed on and acceptable transmitted, transmitted, transmitted, transmitted, transmitted, transmitted? and acceptable transmitted, transmitted, transmitted; give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up and acceptable gave up .

Studying the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation, analyzing “difficult cases” of placing stress in words and grammatical forms, an attentive, thoughtful attitude to the sounding side of speech are necessary prerequisites for independent work on improving the culture of oral speech. But the acquired orthoepic information only partly ensures the successful preparation of a public speech, the ability to pronounce (or read) the finished voluminous text of a message, report, speech, report, etc. The methodological recommendations proposed below can be taken into account in the process of the speaker’s preliminary work on the text of the speech.

1. Pausing- dividing a sounding phrase into smaller speech segments (speech beats, or syntagms) is one of the most important features of sounding speech. Another feature is the presence of pauses, which naturally occur at the boundaries of speech bars and individual phrases.

Speech tact, or syntagma, is the minimum unit of content. A sentence in spoken speech is perceived by the listener and translated from one language to another according to individual speech beats. Different divisions of a phrase into speech beats can interpret the meaning of a sentence differently, for example: “Execution cannot be pardoned” , in which two pause options are possible: 1) Execute/cannot be pardoned ; 2) Cannot be executed/pardoned . Or: 1) Need to study/work/and relax ; 2) We must learn to work/and relax .

2. Correct pausing, i.e., correct division of the text into phonetic phrases, and phrases into speech bars, is the first stage in preparing the text for voicing. Although the sound segment between pauses (syntagma) can vary in length, its average length is usually seven syllables. But the speech tact (syntagma) has a relatively complete meaning and a certain syntactic design. For example: On the banks of the Moscow River,/opposite the southern port of the capital,/a modern residential area has grown up.// Pauses break up a given simple sentence into separate phrases. Another example: In order to divide speech into beats, / we need stops, / or, in other words, / logical pauses.// This complex sentence is divided into simple ones (pause after the word so you ), simple - into phrases. Thus, thoughtful pausing helps the logical analysis of individual sentences, complex syntactic wholes (see Chapter XLIX), and the entire complete text.

3. In the Russian language, orientation to punctuation marks can serve the basis for correct pausing of text. Thus, in a simple sentence with isolated participial, participial, comparative phrases, introductory and insertive sentences, and appeals, punctuation marks that highlight these syntactic constructions are signals for a pause. For example: On the southwestern outskirts of the US capital/ - Washington, / where Highway No. 95, / leading from the city to the south, / crosses the muddy Potomac River on two bridges, / opposite Arlington Cemetery, / stands a building made of grayish reinforced concrete.//

Note. The pause may be absent with isolated single introductory words and single gerunds: The adoption of a new law is, of course, necessary; When leaving, turn off the lights.

4. Pausing in cases of missing punctuation:

1) between the subject group and the predicate group: A road trip across America/looks like a trip across the ocean// (I. Ilf, E. Petrov);

2) after adverbial words, usually with the meaning of place, time, reason, as well as after additions at the beginning of the sentence: One autumn evening in 1969/in the editorial office of the newspaper “Pravda”/a conversation turned to “One-Storey America” at a meeting of young satirists//(Shatunovsky, Strelnikov);

3) before the union And , if with three or more homogeneous terms it combines the last two: Occasionally / we came across farms scattered throughout the prairie steppe / with the obligatory red barn / silo /And a mighty hundred-year-old tree in front of the porch of the house (Shatunovsky, Strelnikov).

5. Psychological pause It arises in addition to the logical one and is possible when the speaker wants to especially highlight a word and attract the attention of listeners to it. In the second case, we can talk about the ability to “hold a pause,” which is possessed by actors and experienced speakers.

Below is the text prepared for the speech with preliminary marking of pauses. Red oblique lines(/) (in texts a continuous oblique line) indicates mandatory pauses, blue oblique lines (¦ ) (dashed line in texts) - to possible, optional.

For Vysotsky, there are no forbidden topics, / he fearlessly, / with defiant courage / wrote and sang about everything / that worried him. / But this was the freedom / which is ensured morally, / by an exact attitude to the subject¦ or phenomenon. / Vysotsky ¦ not only records,/conveys,/reflects the drama of life./He is dramatic himself,/by the nature of his subjectivity,/individuality,/talent.//Everything/that he did,/and everything that he achieved, / - this is from restlessness, / from the feeling of anxiety that did not leave him.//

The dramatic, / in the words of A. S. Pushkin, / is associated with “passions” and outpourings of the human soul. / In full accordance with this exact observation! / Vysotsky¦ at the very time / when half-whispers reigned / on the one hand ,/and pop noisiness/ - on the other hand,/began to speak and sing in an “open voice”,/passionately,/hysterically,/sometimes turning to shouting.// Just like people sing at home,/in a free,/uninhibited ,/an environment not constrained by strict rules.//(V. Tolstykh, In the Mirror of Creativity).

The expressive sound of the text is facilitated not only by correct pausing, but also by correct, natural intonation, which meets the requirements of the traditionally established literary norm.

In Russian there are two main types of intonation: ascending(with rising tone) and descending(with a decrease in tone). Rising intonation can also be called intonation of incompleteness, and downward- intonation of completeness.

A special increase in tone, accompanied by increased verbal stress and greater intensity of the stressed syllable, is called logical stress. It is used to semantically emphasize a word or phrase in a sentence. There is a certain pattern between the methods of intonation and punctuation marks, on the one hand, and the semantic relationships in a sentence, on the other.

1. Falling intonation(lower tone), conventionally indicated in texts by an icon (in the examples it is highlighted bold italic

1) point: Moscow. 7 October. Today an exhibition dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Marina Tsvetaeva opened at the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts;

2) ellipsis(if it denotes completeness of thought): "Petersburg is taken Finns... Kolchak took Syzran. Tsaritsyn..." (Bunin);

3) comma in non-conjunctive and complex sentences with enumerative relations between parts: “On July evenings and nights, quails no longer call and corncrakes, nightingales don’t sing in forest ravines, there’s no smell flowers. Daytime blues forgotten, all is forgiven, and the steppe easily breathes in wide breasts…» (Chekhov);

4) semicolon(the pause between parts is longer than with a comma);

5) colon in a simple sentence: The company requires workers: mechanics, turners, milling operators; in a complex sentence: And my request is next: take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language… (Turgenev).

2. Rising intonation(increasing tone), conventionally indicated in the texts by an icon (highlighted in the examples bold), is required in cases where the following punctuation marks are used:

1) exclamation mark: I beg attention! Please stop debate!;

2) question mark: What is special about the current stage of development? society?;

3) comma:

a) in a series of homogeneous members of a simple sentence, connected by connecting conjunctions and, yes (in meaning "And" ), or without conjunctions, is accompanied by the intonation of the same type of enumeration: The team has come together business, cheerful, vigorous. Everyone works to the fullest return and enthusiasm;

b) in a simple or complex sentence in the presence of adversatives ( but, but, however ), separating ( either...or, then...that, not that...not that etc.), double comparative ( both...and; although..., but; if not...then etc.) conjunctions are accompanied by heterogeneous, heterogeneous intonation: rising intonation is replaced by descending: Small spool, Yes roads. Is not Street, A avenue. In economics there is no other choice: either force, or ruble ;

c) in a simple sentence with isolated members of the sentence: The editors thank readerswho sent their wishes. IN decision, adopted at meeting, the results of the work are summed up. Despite the difficult weather conditions, the transcontinental flight took place;

d) in a simple sentence in the presence of introductory words and addresses, if they are highlighted in speech time, that is, accompanied by a pause: Reportedly print, the visit of the head of government may not take place;

e) in a complex sentence on the border of its constituent simple sentences: To me Seemsthat the translation style will not be violated if we convey foreign proverbs in moderation and with tact Russians, which correspond to them in content and style, especially in cases where the literal translation is awkward and wordy(K. Chukovsky);

4) a dash in a simple sentence: Life live- not a field go. On right- sea, left- mountains; in a complex sentence: Century live- century study .

3. Rising intonation(increasing tone) is required in all cases when a pause at the boundaries of speech beats (syntagms) occurs in the absence of a punctuation mark:

OftenYou can still hear here statement:/the market in its pure form/no longer exists nowhere,/especially in industrial countries.// Cruel delusion.// If not say/illiteracy¦and blindness.// Yes,/the state today/is trying to correct everything market.// Yes,/monopolies/plan their production,/fight for control of market.// But over market,/and not over anything others!// ...Nothing useful from Togo,/what's the story economyaccumulated for century,/modern farming has not lost. // AND, I'll add,/- can not lose.// Because the market and social division labor/Not detachable.// And the deeper this division labor, /those wider, /more branched¦ market.// A Means,/and his instruments:/money,/price,/taxes,/credit/currency well.// (N. Shmelev, Either power or the ruble).

4. Logical stress(a special increase in tone, accompanied by the intensity of the sound of a stressed syllable, in texts) conventionally indicated by the icon (") (in the examples the letter being stressed is highlighted bold), is allowed only when semantically highlighting the word and phrase in the phrase:

1) within one simple sentence, it is recommended to resort to logical stress no more than once, thus emphasizing new information that is important for a given statement, since changing the place of logical stress changes the meaning of the message as a whole. For example, a sentence Pushkin was born in Moscow may have three options for setting logical stress, depending on what you need to pay attention to: a) PatShkin was born in Moscow; b) Pushkin familyAndwas in Moscow; V) Pushkin was born in Moscowe.

The presence of more than one logical stress in a simple sentence is allowed in a series of homogeneous members, if it is necessary to emphasize each of them: Pushkin's draft is a precious documentent, in which all the articles are recordedAdiy of the creative process, all its aftereffects are preservedecontinuity, all gradual layersenia;

2) in a connected text, logical stress helps the speaker clearly highlight the beginning of a new thought, emphasizes the function words that form the compositional beginnings: firstly, secondly, thus, so, of course, naturally, in the end etc.;

3) stands out accented class of words, the logical emphasis of which is typical for public speaking, since with their help the speaker expresses his attitude to the subject of speech: very, completely, absolutely, not at all, again, again, before, always, annually, usually; there is, no, it is impossible, it is possible, it should not; important, little, a lot etc.;

4) stand out "reference points" text - words naming the object of speech; first of all, these are terms, as well as words that clarify the meaning of terms and explain them.

Below is an excerpt from N. Shmelev’s article, divided into speech beats, containing intonation markings and logical stress with a focus on pronunciation norms of public speech.

Legend:

(/) continuous oblique line indicates mandatory pauses, (¦ ) broken oblique line - for possible, optional pauses;

- falling intonation(lower tone);

- rising intonation(increasing tone);

(") - logical stress (a special increase in tone, accompanied by the intensity of the sound of the stressed syllable in texts).