Antique materials. Stove in the interior: tiled, antique, reliable Stove tiles, ancient types, their types

Stove with tiles- one of the most picturesque. Homely and cozy, it leaves no one indifferent. It evokes an irresistible desire to lean against a warm wall and run your hand over the convex pattern. Peace and tranquility emanate from her.

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The tiles make it so attractive.

– the original name for tiling tiles. The word tile has ancient roots. Comes from the Old Slavonic “izraz”, which means to cut, because. the tiles originally had a convex (cut) pattern.

Later, under the influence of the German language, they received a second name - tile (kahel), which is not entirely correct, because the tile had a smooth surface. But it was this word that was finally fixed in the language; all ceramic tiles began to be called it.

History of tiles

Cladding stoves with tiles has a very ancient history - the discovered finds indicate the 8th century.

Stove tiles began to develop especially rapidly in Russia in the 17th century, thanks to the interest of Peter I in them. The Tsar-Reformer, seeking to modernize all spheres of the country’s life, carried out a transformation in the tile business.

On his personal instructions, Dutch and German ceramists were invited to work in St. Petersburg, which was under construction, and talented Russian craftsmen were sent to study in Europe.

Peter I also defined a new direction in tile painting. According to his decree, all palace stoves had to be decorated in a picturesque style. Images of flowers and animals and genre scenes began to be applied to the tiles. As well as sailing ships, city landscapes, figures of officers and court ladies and much more that reflected the life, tastes and preferences of the aristocracy, wealthy citizens and merchants.

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And these were not just images. Each drawing contained a meaning that was understandable to contemporaries. Then the craftsmen began to sign the tiles. Most often these were explanatory inscriptions, but proverbs and sayings were also applied. Now the meaning of many allegorical pictures is unclear to us, especially without captions. One can only guess what the author meant with this or that drawing.

Ancient tiles from that era can be seen in the A. Menshikov Museum in St. Petersburg. White in color and painted with cobalt paints, they attract admiring glances. Not a single drawing is repeated, each has its own plot.

Carpeting began to be used in the design of stoves. To create such decor, a new type of tile was needed. The design on the tiles was no longer framed; rectangular or round patterns were placed in the corners. When laying tiles at the joints of the tiles, the elements are connected and create a single carpet pattern.

An individual set of tiles was always made for each stove, because... laying the stove and tiling occurs simultaneously. Not a single stove was repeated - neither in design nor in cladding.

Making tiles was such a labor-intensive process that the craftsmen were called painters. The work was valued very highly - on par with the work of icon painters.

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Despite the great influence of foreign craftsmen, Russian tiles had their own differences. The masters did not abandon their traditions. Therefore, the drawings show the interweaving of Western European art and Russian style.

Russian tiles differed not only in the material used and size, but also in design. The main difference from European kahli is the rumpa on the back side. This is a clay ledge with a hole for wire, which is used to connect the tiles to each other and to the masonry itself. This cladding technique is still used today.

After rapid development in the XVII - early. XVIII century, a calmer rhythm of development of tile production followed. Multi-colored tiles have returned to replace blue and white tiles.

As technological progress developed, the production of tiles became more and more widespread. New techniques were invented, the fashion for painting tiles was simplified and changed. Interest in the subject paintings of tiles, in multi-color and monochrome styles arose and faded.

Over time, tile stoves became so popular that tile production could not keep up with stove construction. Therefore, painting tiles has become much easier. In the first third of the 19th century, tiles covered with white enamel replaced painted ones. There were only a few workshops left that continued to paint tiles.

Thanks to modern materials and paints, painting tiles is becoming more accessible. Enterprises specializing in the production of tiles appeared. Laying fireplaces and stoves from tiles is becoming popular. We can only hope that ancient folk art will be able to survive and adapt to modern conditions.

Today tiles for stoves and fireplaces popular again. Although many painting technologies have been irretrievably lost, those that remain are successfully used today.

– is perhaps the largest Russian company that specializes in naturally aged building materials. It started with the supply of historical bricks for interior projects. Unique material of the 18th-19th centuries is rescued from destroyed ancient houses, estates and manufactories, which are dying over time and are being actively destroyed by the authorities.

For those who are not planning to build, but would like to imitate antique brickwork, they offer finishing tiles. In this case, the historical brick is cut into plates. This is exactly the type of tile they laid on the wall in the KV project.

In addition to bricks from the "Nemtsev Brothers" You can order authentic glass blocks from the 60s and 70s, windows, doors, boards and beams made from old wood, as well as ancient radiators and even a cast-iron floor with a century-old history.

Barn board

Ebony&Co- Toompa nia, where can I buy not just barn board for interior projects, but also products made from it: floor boards and parquet, wall panels, cladding for houses and terraces. There are a dozen treatments and textures to choose from. The material comes not just from North America, but literally from the Middle Ages: the age of such a board is about 400 years.

Viewers of our programs this material is familiar. The designers of Peredelka quite often use barn boards, both for historical allusions, as was done in the projects, and for decorating completely modern interiors - let’s remember

Interior is a multifaceted word that evokes its own associations for each person - some see themselves in a room with a classic design, for others historical motifs are the main ones in the style, and some imagine placing a stove in the living room, which will be decorated with antique tiles .

The beauty of the tiles successfully complements the modern interior. A modern fireplace, which is found in most country houses, can be easily turned into a luxurious source of heat at the owner’s request; all you need to do is lay tiles.

Tiles: what are they?

Tiles are ceramic products that differ from the usual tiles in that they are a work of art, since the production process uses hand-painting techniques, which makes them a unique product and arouses genuine interest among connoisseurs of antiquity.

The patterns on the tiles are not repeated; the brightness of the colors allows the glaze to be preserved. These elements are made from a certain type of clay and are fired in a kiln, traditional for ceramics, but they are distinguished from others by their unusual shape - a box. It allows the finishing material to conserve heat more effectively. The tile fits tightly into the masonry and leaves no gaps, which makes it strong, durable and unique. Thanks to this material, you can bring back to life old stoves that have an unpresentable appearance.

Variety of antique finishing materials

Tile stoves have a long history, so it is not surprising that there are quite a lot of styles and trends in design. The most unusual and original is Russian - it is based on bright color combinations and unusual, intricate patterns.

The Dutch style is based on monochrome painting, which is emphatically strict, but imparts coziness to the room. Used in the homes of wealthy citizens. The Flemish style is similar to the Dutch, but the main colors of the painting are blue and brown.

Ancient tiles often depicted stylized plants and flowers, fairy-tale characters or animals, and mythical scenes, so everyone can choose an option for themselves.

The firing process is complex and cannot be done with your own hands without special devices. The blanks are filled with fireclay clay, then dried for two weeks and only then sent to an electric oven, where they are fired at very high temperatures. The first batch is called the title batch, and the quality of all other elements is determined by it. Then comes the turn of applying the glaze and re-firing, after which the corresponding design is applied and another firing is carried out.

Furnace lining: features

Whether a modern or antique stove is present in the house, they are all part of an art that is passed down from generation to generation. In order to keep it in good condition, it is necessary to carry out cladding, which must be carried out according to certain rules that guarantee durability.

Cladding existing and functioning stoves, as well as modern fireplaces, with tiles is a task that requires special skill and knowledge. Specialists who can carry out all the work taking into account the standards and requirements are respected and appreciated, since they not only decorate the stove, but also improve its functionality. Lined with tiles, it increases its heat transfer several times.

The main and most important feature of the masonry process that exists is that first the ceramic products - tiles - are installed directly, and only then the brick body of the furnace itself is mounted on them. Ceramics for cladding can be flat, cornice and even corner.

What all ceramic elements used in lining stoves and fireplaces have in common is that they all have a box shape, a glaze coating (plain or colored) and a special fastening system called a rump. If you are just planning a stove or fireplace in the interior, then you should not abandon the cladding, as it will allow them to be integrated into the decor of the room as harmoniously as possible, and will also preserve the strength of the structure. It is important to remember that the distinctive feature of these finishing elements is that they save time - they can be stolen immediately, that is, the finishing of the stove with tiles is carried out simultaneously with its laying. However, the work is very labor-intensive, so doing it yourself, you should prepare as much as possible or trust it to professionals who know all the nuances and subtleties of this construction art.

Preparing materials for work

The peculiarity of the preparation of materials is directly related to the fact that tiles are inherently a one-piece, exclusive product. That is why the first stage of preparatory work is sorting, which includes type and size, as well as color and pattern if ornamental masonry is planned. The sorting of defective products deserves special attention - all tiles that will be used in the cladding process must be of high quality; defective glaze or cracks are unacceptable, since the effect of their use will be lost. It is not difficult to do all these actions with your own hands.

When doing the laying with your own hands, you should remember the rule - dark colors are laid down, light rows are up, so you can arrange the existing ceramic products by shade in advance to save time. Unnoticeable “defects” are allowed for installation in the side areas.

The next stage of preparation is “adjusting” the size and sanding the sides. For convenience, it is recommended to create a standard according to which to process all other elements.

Immediately before laying, the material is soaked in water - this will improve the adhesion of the ceramics to the clay solution.

Cladding process

The actual process of do-it-yourself cladding begins with carefully laying out the first row of ceramic elements. This step is the same for both stoves and fireplaces. After the stove is decorated with the first row, the stove body made of bricks is attached to it. Recommendations for installation: first, installation is carried out without using clay mortar, the position of the elements is fixed, then you need to disassemble the row and, starting from the corners, work using mortar. Next, you should proceed according to the following simple scheme, which is not difficult to reproduce with your own hands:

• 1st row – brickwork
• 2nd row – tiles
• 3rd row – tiller
• 4th row – pin
• Row 5 – staple
• Row 6 – wire
• Row 7 – loops for fastening.

The pump needs to be filled with clay mortar to ½ volume and small pebbles pressed into it as tightly as possible - it is better to use river pebbles. A layer of masonry mortar is applied on top, which should reach the sides. Next, you need to press the brick to the product. At the moment when the height of the brickwork becomes equal to the level of the tiled row, the finishing material needs to be tied together with wire.

Advice: it is best to pass the wire through the bends of the fasteners, which should then be upset, and the ends of the wire should be carefully brought out into the brickwork.

It is recommended to fasten the vertical rows of tillers with steel brackets for better strength of the oven; it is important to ensure that they snap into place. The thickness of the seam between two horizontal rows, which is allowed when laying, must be at least 3 mm, since the decorative part will settle along with the brick base. In order for the stove or fireplace to look attractive, these recommendations must be strictly followed.

Having completed the finishing and creation of the brickwork, you need to thoroughly clean all the seams formed during the process using an awl, and then rinse the surface of any remaining mortar and dry it well.

The next stage in improving stoves or fireplaces is applying gypsum dough to the seams. It should dry for a few minutes, and the excess amount can simply be removed with a dry cloth. The final stage of finishing stoves and fireplaces with your own hands is drying, which lasts 14-21 days depending on the microclimate in the room. Attention - during this time it is prohibited to light the stove or fireplace..

Conclusion

Today you can preserve the ancient art of decorating stoves by turning to a master or doing all the necessary steps yourself. Among the main decorative styles, you can choose the one most suitable for your existing interior. If you want something unusual, then the painting can have oriental motifs or be based on a mythological plot.

The front side of the three-dimensional ceramic decoration for the stove has a pattern, which is additionally covered with glaze, which performs not only decorative, but also protective functions. The unusual shape of the open box allows you to increase the strength of the product, and with it the reliability of the entire masonry. The durability of the structure is ensured by the air cushion between the layers, which prevents the formation of fungus or mold. It’s not difficult to do such masonry with your own hands, but if you don’t have enough experience, then it’s best to turn to a professional.

If you want to create an exclusive decoration option for the fireplace, then you need to contact a craftsman who, based on the provided sketches, will be able to carry out the work of creating tiles.

If you are interested in facing the stove with tiles, then it will be useful to learn as much useful information as possible about this material. Real tiles are the most complex and expensive facing material to manufacture.
As for history, stove tiles have been known since the 2nd millennium BC, these are actual references, but they probably appeared even earlier. Nowadays the trend is to revive ancient traditions, therefore, tiles are returning to the interiors of modern houses.

What are tiles?

The meaning of the word (etymology) is interpreted differently by many, but it comes from the old word “to express”, i.e. cut out. Essentially, tiles are tiles made of baked clay (ceramics), which differ from others in their configuration, namely, the presence of a rump.

Rumpa, what is it and why is it needed?

The tile rum (see figure) is a box-shaped protrusion on the reverse (back) side of the tile. The pump gives strength to the tiles and increases the heat capacity of the oven. It is slightly smaller in size than the area of ​​the product.

It is this key feature that makes ceramic tiles an ideal facing material for home stoves and fireplaces.

The same hollow design is also characteristic of tiled decorative elements for cladding walls, facades, fireplaces and stoves.

Advantages of tiles over tiles

• strength and rigidity. Achieved due to the thickness of the product - the tile is 2 times thicker than ceramic tiles;

• ability to withstand any temperature;

• resistance to temperature changes;

• heat accumulation. A well-heated stove can give off heat throughout the day;

• environmental friendliness. This is achieved due to the fact that clay is used in production, and also due to the fact that dust does not linger on the surface of the tiles (in particular, glazed ones). It does not burn and does not emit substances harmful to users;

• ease of care;

• fuel economy. The pump chamber retains heat for a long time, thereby reducing fuel consumption and increasing heating duration;

• eliminating the possibility of burns upon contact with the oven surface. Due to the internal chamber, the temperature of the tiled stove (outer walls) is not high;

• low moisture absorption;

• the heat generated by a tiled stove is comparable to that of the sun;

• long service life, confirmed by practice;

• historical value. Ancient tiles are well preserved in the estates of the Russian nobility. And today, many users strive to make housing in a traditional style.

Of course, the aesthetic properties of the tiles are beyond competition. Thanks to the variety of their types, any design project can be turned into reality. A tiled stove will fit perfectly into any design - from classic to modern. Even laconic high-tech could not resist the charm of stove tiles.

Tiled stove in the interior - photo

Types of tiles for stoves and fireplaces

1. According to the form

The tile can only be laid intact on the stove, otherwise its unique heat accumulation properties will be reduced to zero. Therefore, from the point of view of the form for tiles, there are three main elements:

• flat (front). Designed for cladding smooth surfaces;

• corner. Accordingly, for facing corners;

• shaped. They allow you to veneer protruding parts (for example, cornices) and highlight zones. Mainly used as decorative tiles.

The variety of tile shapes is not limited to standard elements; there are different options (as in the picture)

2. According to the structure of the front surface

Embossed;
- smooth.

Material prepared for the website www.site

3. By surface type

Glazed (glossy);

4. According to the presence of the picture:

With an image;

5. According to the style of the ornament

The themes of the drawings and the color scheme of the tiles convey the spirit of the country in which they were created.

They are characterized by a blue color scheme on a snow-white background. The dominant motifs are sea and steppe landscapes, ships, mills, shepherdesses, etc.

6. By size

It is worth noting that the sizes of tiles from each manufacturer may vary. This is due to production technology. However, tiles comply with the following dimensions:

• tile thickness 45-50 mm;

• dimensions of square tiles (length-width) 200x200, 220x220, rectangular 205x130 mm.

These indicators are regulated by GOST 3742-47.

7. By type of tiller

simple. The tiller has an inclined cut;

The most popular type of product among users today is considered to be a glazed tile with a printed pattern.

Tile production technology

Conclusion

Decorating the stove in the house with tiles is a great way to combine the practical with the pleasant - heating and decorative decoration of the room.

The first appearance of tiled decoration in Russia dates back to the late 15th and early 16th centuries, when ceramic slabs with ornamental relief patterns appeared. Perhaps their appearance is associated with the resettlement of Belarusian artisans who fled from their homeland to Muscovy from the Polish and Lithuanian oppressors. Glazed tiles (covered with poured glaze and fired in a kiln) decorated the Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat (St. Basil's Cathedral).

At the end of the 16th century, widespread production of “red” antique tiles (stove terracotta tiles made from red clay) began in Moscow. The tiles were molded in wooden molds (photo below) with a cut-out three-dimensional pattern (by analogy with the ancient technology of preparing Russian gingerbread) using the so-called “stuffing” method.

At the beginning of the 16th century, mass production of “murky” tiles, usually covered with green glaze, began in Moscow.

The heyday of Russian tile art came in the second half of the 17th century and is associated with the widespread distribution of multi-colored relief tiles. Belarusian craftsmen brought the secrets of making opaque glazes (usually called enamels) to Moscow. Bright multi-colored stoves became the main element of the interiors of houses in Rus', and tiled facade elements decorated numerous buildings and structures of that time. Moscow has preserved some of them, for example, the Intercession Cathedral (1671-1679) and the Bridge Tower (early 1670s) in Izmailovo, the tiles for which were made by Moscow masters Stepan Ivanov (Polubes) and Ignat Maximov. Some elements of tiled decor in Moscow of the 17th century are shown in the photo in the materials of this article.

Tile art in the exterior decoration of churches reaches special heights in Yaroslavl. The seventeenth century becomes golden for him. At this time, Yaroslavl acquires those unique features that have become its distinctive feature for centuries. At that time there were seven monasteries and 50 churches in the city. Massive churches made of red brick, crowned with green domes, with slender bell towers directed upward, competing in beauty and monumentality, stood in one line on the high bank of the river. Rich tile patterns with multi-colored canvas covered the walls of cathedrals, window frames, and dome drums. In terms of the richness and variety of tiled decoration, other churches cannot compare with such churches as St. John the Baptist, St. John Chrysostom, and St. Nicholas the Wet. Some unique Yaroslavl cathedrals are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The 18th century in Russian life is characterized by the further penetration of European artistic trends into traditional art, which entailed some changes in the artistic tastes of society. Tiled art did not escape this either. Here, first of all, it is necessary to note the role of Peter 1, who, during his visit to Holland in 1697-1698, noticed with his keen eye the beautiful “tiles” that almost every citizen had in the house. He gave the order to produce smooth white tiles, on which to apply designs with blue glaze, and thus opened a new and promising direction in tile art. This direction is the main one to this day - smooth, beautiful, dear to the heart and eye tiles brighten up life and provide warmth in our cold winters. And today, smooth, silky from the vitrified glaze, tender under the hand, storing the heat of the oven and giving it to people, multi-colored - the tiles are irreplaceable and impeccable. Moreover, their sparkling surface is always new, you just need to wipe them with a wet cloth. The stoves in old estates still amaze and attract our attention. In addition, smooth glazed ceramics have other properties, for example, dust does not burn on clean tiles (which is harmful to health) and they increase the heat transfer of stoves by about 10% (compared to the brickwork of an unfinished stove).

The tiles of the 18th century became different - a smooth front surface, a restrained color scheme, a variety of plots made in the style of painting. The heroes of the plots were people from different walks of life and in different situations.

By the end of the century, multi-colored images of flowers, bouquets and birds prevailed in tiled painting. Ancient ceramic tiles in the form of individual elements or panels were an integral part of the complex architectural composition of stoves, the main decoration of the interior.

In the 19th century, tile production became widespread; products were produced in a wide range and varied in cost and artistic value for a wide range of consumers. The tiles were intended primarily for finishing stoves, which are perhaps the main and absolutely necessary element of Russian life.

Occupying a very special place in Russia, the production of M.S. Kuznetsov, who produced porcelain and earthenware, also produced antique tiles in a fairly wide range. Thus, the 1899 catalog of the “M.S. Kuznetsov Partnership” offered 18 types of stoves and fireplaces, many different types of individual tiles and tiles, two icon cases and one iconostasis.

Simultaneously with factory production, individual production was also developing, creating a number of remarkable works of Russian tile art.

In 1858, during the restoration of the chambers of the Romanov boyars on Varvarka, according to the sketches of the architect F. Richter, ancient stoves with tiles in the style of the “ancient masters” were recreated. Although they differ from the ancient originals, they are nevertheless interesting as the works of a talented artist who rethinks ancient art from the perspective of his time.

At the end of the 19th century, major artists and ceramists became interested in tiled art, primarily Mikhail Vrubel, who created a number of masterpieces on the Abramtsevo estate. He has made very good progress in his work and has developed a number of new glazing and firing technologies using his own glazes in a wide range of colors. He created sculptural compositions previously unseen in Russia (for example, a bench in the garden and a stove bench with a lion's head, wonderful arrangements of stoves and fireplaces), lined with colored ceramics, which are masterpieces of ceramic art. Mikhail Vrubel was at the same time a great artist (it is not for nothing that his paintings occupy an entire room in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow), a significant sculptor and a strong innovating technologist in ceramic production.

At this time, significant interest in ancient cultural heritage, in particular, tiled art, appeared in Russian society. This interest was embodied in the widespread use of multi-colored tiles to decorate the facades of buildings and structures, and also contributed to the production of copies of ancient tiles and new tiles in the “retro” style.

After the 1917 revolution, tile art, like all types of art, underwent very significant changes. In the first post-revolutionary period, constructivism and modernism became the main directions in almost all types of art; tiled art also did not escape this influence.

Then art returned to realism (socialist realism). In literature, in painting, in sculpture, and, of course, in ceramics, production themes began to predominate; people of labor and nature were depicted, mostly without artistic refinement and complexity. But the production of tiles has practically disappeared