Karachay-Balkar proverbs and sayings about animals. “Comparative and comparative analysis of the use of proverbs and sayings in Russian, German and Balkar languages ​​Balkar proverbs and sayings

03.09.2003 0 15688

K.L. Salpagarova

<...>Proverbs and sayings in Karachay-Balkar are called "nart sözle", which translated into Russian means "Nart words" (or "wise words"), and sayings are called "nart aityu" ("Nart saying" or "Nart saying") .

The attitude of the people to proverbs and sayings is reflected in numerous Karachay-Balkarian proverbs: “Nart sez tilge jan salyr” (“The Nart word gives the language a soul”), “Nart sez - seznu bilegi, tilni tiegi” (“The Nart word is a support for speech, a key language"), "Nart sez - seznyu anasy, nart sez - seznyu kaalasy" ("The word of the narta is the mother of the word, the words of the narta are the strength of speech"), etc.

Proverbs and sayings about animals constitute a fairly extensive layer in the paremiological fund of Karachay-Balkarian folklore and are distinguished by great thematic diversity.<…>

Living conditions in the mountains have never been easy. Harsh climatic conditions, a grueling struggle for survival, and hard work required great endurance and optimism from the mountaineers. And this found its expression in the proverbs and sayings of the Karachais and Balkars: “Mal, seni etingi ashamay, kesini etin ashammaz” (“An animal will not let you eat its meat until it eats your meat,” that is, until it tortures you); “Malchi malchi bolsa, mal mal bolmay kalmaz” (“There will be a shepherd / good / shepherd, there will be an animal / good / animal”).

Proverbs and sayings about animals ridicule laziness, inability to manage a household, ignorance of the nature and habits of animals, and a careless attitude towards living creatures: “Osal tuuarchyny iynekleri syutsyuz bolur, osal koychunu kyutgen koyu tyuksyuz bolur” (“A bad shepherd has cows without milk, sheep - without wool"), "Aman malchy daulashyuchu bolur" ("A bad herder likes to argue"), "Osal malchyny kainathan eti bishmez" ("A bad shepherd won't cook his meat"), "Osal malchy koyg'a barsa - yolyu kibik, koshkha kelse - beryu kibik" ("A bad shepherd follows the flock - like a corpse, he will come to the kosh - like a wolf"), "Osal malchi kyun tiyginchi uyanmaz, uyansa da, koobub malyn jayalmaz" ("A bad shepherd will not wake up before sunrise, and if wakes up and cannot get up and take the cattle out to graze").

Many proverbs and sayings are directed against idleness, idleness, laziness, and inability to work: “Iynek saua bilmegennge arbaz kyyngyr kyoryunyur” (“To those who do not know how to milk cows, the yard seems uneven”), “Ishi bolmagan itleni suuga eltir” (“He who does not have business leads to the dogs' watering place"), "Aman koychu koylaryn beryuge kyirdyryr" ("The wolf will pick off the sheep of a bad shepherd"). Anyone who knows how to work well receives an appropriate assessment, his efficiency, skill, and knowledge are praised: “Igi malchyny tert közyu bolur” (“A good shepherd has four eyes”), “Igi jylkychyny minngen aty bek chabar” (“A good herder’s horse gallops faster.” ).

The lack of a sense of responsibility is interpreted in proverbs as the root of evil and the source of all kinds of disasters: “Syuryuuchyu keb bolsa, koy haram yolyur” (“If there are many shepherds, the sheep will die haram,” that is, it will die of hunger, and there will be no one to slaughter it).

Some proverbs and sayings contain specific practical advice: “Juz atyng bolsa da, tik enishge minme, bir atyng bolsa da, tik orgede tyushme” (“If you have even a hundred horses, don’t sit down, heading down the slope, if you have even one horse, don’t get off, heading up”), “Koynu satsang, jel kyun sat” (“If you sell a sheep, sell it on a windy day”), “Ayuden kachsang, kendelen kach” (“Run away from the bear diagonally”), etc. In these Imperative verses embody the everyday experience of people who know the area and its inhabitants well. Residents of the mountains know well that going down a steep slope on a horse is dangerous: it is difficult to maintain balance, you can fall, killing the horse and yourself. Therefore, you need to dismount, take the horse by the bridle and descend carefully, helping the horse. The meaning of the second proverb is that on a windy day the sheep is fluffy, and the buyer has a better opportunity to appreciate the quality of the wool, which is very important for people engaged in home weaving, knitting, making cloaks, felts, etc. The third proverb contains a reminder that When moving along steep slopes, the bear deftly runs up and down, and when moving diagonally, it loses its agility, clarity of spatial orientation and running speed.

Proverbs and sayings have always been an effective means of education. Imaginative, easy to remember, they always carried a great ethical and aesthetic charge: “Atny igisi - charsda” (“The best of horses is at the races”), says the proverb about the social activity of a worthy person, about his pride and dignity.

Proverbs and sayings about animals mercilessly ridicule cowardice, deceit, duplicity, frivolity, pretense and other negative character traits. Such, for example, are the proverbs: “Kyzbay it arbazynda batyr bolur” (“The cowardly dog ​​is brave in its yard”), “Kyzbay it ornundan yuryur” (“The cowardly dog ​​barks from its place”), “Kyorqaq it jashyrtyn kabar” (“The cowardly dog bites secretly"), "Tulkyu kayry leopard, kuyrugyu da ary baryr" ("Where the fox goes, there goes its tail"). The lack of prudence and sense of reality is subject to ridicule: “Chychkhan teshigine kesi kiralmay edi da yzyndan da bir tak’mak taga edi” (“The mouse itself did not fit in the hole, it was still dragging a load behind it”), etc.
The Karachais and Balkars, their ancestors, always had great contempt for boasting, intemperance, attempts to demonstrate brute force, irresponsibility and recklessness: “Jukalagan aslanny uyatma” (“Don’t wake the sleeping lion”), “Ornundan chykgan itni beryu ashar” (“ A dog that doesn’t know its place will be attacked by a wolf”), “Juklaydy deb, jylanny bashyn basma” (“Don’t step on the head of a snake, thinking that it is sleeping”), “Oyumsuz aylangan agyazny bashi hunada kalyr” (“Head of a weasel snooping recklessly, will remain between the stones of the fence"), etc.

Some proverbs contain people’s ideas about pride and self-esteem: “It iiisgegen suunu aslan ichmez” (“The water that the dog sniffed, the lion will not drink”), “Aslan ach da tyulkyu tok” (“The lion is hungry, but the fox full").

Despite the difficult living conditions, the mountaineers have always been distinguished by optimism, a deep belief in goodness and justice, which gave them strength and supported them in their difficult life: “Yolmez echkige bir chyrpy bash chygyady” (“If a goat is destined to live, then on some bush leaves will appear"), says the proverb. But the key to victory is the active principle inherent in the individual, and the understanding of this is recorded in the proverb: “Kaplan seqirse - bugyou kerilir” (“If the tiger jumps, the chain will break”). Proverbs do not at all claim that a person can by himself, without difficulty, be provided with a cloudless existence; on the contrary, a person must be prepared to overcome difficulties: “Cheget beryusuz bolmaz” (“There is no forest without a wolf”).

In the mountains, friendship, camaraderie, the ability to share the joys and sorrows of fellow tribesmen, and the ability to get along were especially important. Proverbs sharply criticize quarrelsomeness, selfishness, and individualism: “Eki mak’a bir jalpak’ga syynmaz” (“Two frogs do not fit on one plateau”), “Eshikli chychkhan yulyu chychhanny kystay edi” (“The yard mouse drove out the house mouse,” that is, drove out from home). The proverb: “It bichennge jata edi da kesi di ashamay edi, malga da ashatmay edi” (“The dog lay down on the hay and did not eat itself, and did not let the cattle eat”) speaks of greed and selfishness.
Thus, the thematic range of Karachay-Balkar proverbs and sayings about animals is unusually wide, and the examples given here constitute only a small part of it.
Proverbs and sayings are very tenacious. They owe their extraordinary durability not only to their semantic capacity, but also to their highly artistic design. And it is achieved, as a rule, by various means, both lexical and stylistic.
All elements of proverbs are subordinate to their main task - to reveal the thought more fully, more accurately and brightly, thus achieving concentration of thought and identifying the meaning of what was said. In this sense, Karachay-Balkar proverbs and sayings about animals can be an example of extreme brevity and lack of amorphism. For example: “Artyk yogyuzcha” (“Like an extra ox”), “At chabsa, it chabar” (“The horse will gallop - the dog will bark”), “Maqa da kirgen kolyum teren bolsun deydi” (“And the frog wants its puddle to be deep").

Typification of phenomena is an integral property of proverbs and sayings. When typing, the most significant features and properties of the subject are brought to the fore: “Bir yogüznyu küçünden ming yögüz suu icher” (“Thanks to one ox, a thousand oxen will drink water”), “Bugany kyüçü - boynunda” (“The strength of an ox is in its neck”) , "Jathan beryu - tok bolmaz" ("A lying wolf will not be full").

The first proverb clearly expresses the idea of ​​significance, the role of each individual for many others, and therefore, the social significance of each person. In the second - the idea that everyone is strong in their own way, therefore, every creature, every personality is individual, everyone manifests himself in accordance with his virtues and vices, and this must be taken into account. The third proverb expresses the idea that everything is achieved through labor, even by such a dexterous creature as a wolf, and deviation from this is an unnatural state for the living, including humans.<…>

Study of Karachay-Balkarian “faunal” proverbs, i.e. proverbs about animals shows that their abundance in folklore is not an accidental phenomenon. The use of animal names in proverbs is based, on the one hand, on knowledge of their characteristic features, properties and habits. For example, the saying: “Ayuden kachsang, köndelen kach” (“Run away from the bear along the slope diagonally”) contains not only the idea that the bear, due to its clumsiness and bulkiness, is not able to run diagonally along the slope and catch up with the pursued, although this is also very important and specific advice in mountain conditions. After all, not everyone can guess that when running up and down, a bear shows sufficient agility and develops a fairly high speed. The saying refers, first of all, to the fact that in order to achieve victory or success, you need to know who you are dealing with, what his strengths and weaknesses are, his strengths and vices, that only knowledge of objective reality makes it possible to correctly calculate one’s strengths and act effectively and correctly.<…>

The similarity between the images of animal characters in fairy tales and proverbs is not a random phenomenon. Many images of animals, especially those leading, apparently, to ancient times, passed from fairy tales into proverbs and sayings in the form of “ready-made models” - images free from extensive original contexts, convenient for colloquial speech due to their brevity and generalizing semantic power, artistic imagery of proverbs . And, perhaps, they were extremely short tales, clusters of fairy tales.

This is also confirmed by the existence of a number of intermediate phenomena such as: “Echki urugaa tyushgeninde, beryuge “karnashym!” - dey edi” (“When the goat fell into the hole, she said to the wolf: “My brother!”), “Kapchykyny bashi achyk turganlay, tyubyun teshgen kaisygyzsyz?" - degendi kishtik chychkhanlaga" ("When the (leather) bag is already open at the top, which of you made a hole in it from the bottom? - said the cat to the mice"), "Egyuz, jarga juuuk barma, manga juk bolasa!" - degendi eshek" (“Ox, don’t come close to the ditch, otherwise you will become my burden!” said the donkey”). These are extremely brief tales about animals, compressed almost to the level of proverbs. They exist among people most often independently, separately from the initial part of the fairy tale. It is possible that the acquisition of such independence of parts of fairy tales once gave rise to proverbs and sayings. The last two formations are fragments of the folk tales “Kishtik blah chychkhanla” (“Cat and Mice”) and “Yogyuz blah eshek” (“Ox and Donkey”) that are still popular among the people. The fairy tale “Kishtik bla chychkhanla” tells that an old cat could no longer catch mice and announced that she had now realized her guilt towards the mice, was very sorry for her past enmity with them and decided to apologize to the mice and make peace. Delighted young mice gathered to her. But one old mouse said: “If the cat’s familiar whiskers are still with me, then she won’t do anything good to you! Don’t go!” But the young mice did not listen to her and went away. The cat closed the door, blocked other escape routes and said her famous phrase, which became an aphorism, about an open bag and mouse immorality, after which the entire gray tribe of people who like to make holes in bags was destroyed. The words of the wise old mouse from this fairy tale about a cat and her mustache also became an aphorism and exist independently, and it is not for nothing that they and similar aphorisms are included in collections along with proverbs and sayings.<…>

Fairy tales, surrounding people from childhood, strengthened in their minds certain stable images of animals, which became, as it were, bearers of a certain morality and type of behavior.
The transplantation of ready-made models of images gave a powerful impetus to the emergence of diverse and numerous proverbs about animals. As a result, at present the pantheon of animal characters of Karachay-Balkar paremiology is much richer and wider than the fairy tale. Proverbial and proverbial folklore is “studded” with bright, multifaceted images of animals, beasts, birds and creatures that we do not meet in fairy tales.

As in the folklore of other peoples, in the Karachay-Balkar fairy-tale folklore there is a large number of bright, traditional images of animals, beasts, birds and creatures. They are the embodiment of certain character traits and properties. Thus, a wolf is characterized by insatiability, cruelty, a bear - stupidity, ingratitude, self-confidence, slow-wittedness, a fox - initiative, the ability to navigate in any environment, resourcefulness, a hare - cowardice, weakness, a snake - deceit, an ant - hard work, a lion - strength, pride and etc. These are the images of animal characters in proverbs.

But at the same time, in Karachay-Balkar fairy tales, the characters of animals are contradictory and multifaceted. They are such in proverbs and sayings, which indicates the dynamism of their development. They cannot be characterized by two or three epithets. In different fairy tales, the same animal can behave differently. In the fairy tale “Ayu, Boryu, Tyulkyu” (“Bear, Wolf, Fox”) the Wolf is a simple-minded poor fellow who was bullied by the Bear and the Fox thanks to the tricks and tricks of the fox. He humbly acknowledges the right of his comrades to punish him, he is proud, he never makes an attempt to save himself either by flight or by humiliating requests for mercy. But in the fairy tale "Boryu, Tyulkyu, At" ("Wolf, Fox, Horse"), the Wolf offers the Fox an insidious plan - to come up with a reason and kill the horse, the Fox agrees, for which he receives a well-deserved fatal blow from the horse with his hoof. In the fairy tale "Kyok Boryu" the Gray Wolf eats the hero's horse, but takes on the functions of his horse, and, moreover, helps him get the miracle horse, the golden bird and the khan's daughter. In fairy tales, heroes often turn into a wolf, distinguished by endurance, swiftness and cunning. The same fox who, with her tricks, brought the wolf under the “animal knife” because of the butter she had eaten (“Ayu, Byuryu, Tyulkyu”), saves the old man from certain death, by cunningly putting the ungrateful bear back into the cage (“Ayu blah kart” - "The Bear and the Old Man"). Proverbs and sayings also characterize animals from different sides. Thus, being, as it were, bearers of a certain morality and type of behavior, animals and characters add semantic depth and stylistic perfection to proverbs and sayings and, thanks to their typicality, easily create associations in the mind. This contributes to the most complete embodiment of the ideas of proverbs, and helps the listener to understand the allegorical content.

Allegory is a characteristic feature of “faunal” proverbs. “This is a judgment, a sentence, a lesson expressed in an oblique manner...”
“Faunal” proverbs and sayings are not neutral in their assessments; they give a specific positive and negative assessment of the phenomena of reality. The judgment they contain affirms or denies generalizable life observations.
The introduction of animal names is a special generalization technique. The very name of an animal, beast or bird is a ready-made model that contains the meaning of generalization and comparison, since even in the image itself a thought is recorded.

A feature characteristic of proverbs and sayings in general - the combination of the specific and the general - is inherent in all “faunal” proverbs: through a specific image of an animal, general features and characteristics of a certain type of people and phenomena are conveyed, i.e. Through the animal character, the principle of analogy is figuratively realized, thanks to which the expressiveness of the idea and the meaning of the proverbs is achieved: “Kypty tyubyunde koy kibik” (“Like a sheep under the scissors”), “Maskeni izleseng, tyubde izle” (“If you are looking, look for the pug below”, t that is, under the fighters), “Kasabchygya - jau kaygyy, jarly echkige - jan kaygyy” (“The butcher cares about fat, the poor goat cares about life”), etc.

As can be seen from the examples, the characteristic features of the image of the animal character are in organic unity with the content of the proverbs.
The laconicism characteristic of this genre requires maximum loading of the components of proverbs and sayings. In this sense, images of animals have invaluable advantages over other means of expressiveness: they are semantically capacious and emotionally rich: “Jylanny bassang, bashyndan bas” (“If you step on a snake, step on its head”), “Bir jylg’a kyoyan teri da chidaydy" ("And a hare's skin can withstand a year"). The words “snake” and “hare” contain a clear hint that eliminates the need for lengthy reasoning. It is known that in Karachay-Balkar folklore the dominant character trait of a snake is deceit. Apparently, this is due to the fact that cattle breeding is a very labor-intensive activity, especially in the mountains, and a snake bite brings a lot of trouble and suffering to people and animals. The hare is known not only as a coward, but also as a weak creature. The quality of his skin also did not inspire much confidence. Such generally recognized traits and properties of living beings are the basis of the typifying power of proverbs and sayings.
It seems to us that the generalization in sayings is hidden, deep, semantic, without a verbally formalized conclusion, presented in a ready-made form.

A proverb is used for an occasion, and this is the result of its typifying essence. In addition, all researchers recognize that the saying serves to create an image. And the image, as we know, not only reflects reality, but also generalizes it. “The richness of an image is determined by its polysemy, the abundance of its subject-semantic connections both inside and outside the text,” in other words, the artistic richness of the image presupposes the presence of extra-textual subject-semantic connections of the image. This state of affairs is directly related to the sayings we are considering, i.e. to sayings about animals. Their function is much broader than simply decorating speech.

Well-known researcher of Azerbaijani proverbs and sayings Alizade 3.A. in connection with this issue, he rightly points out that “if the basis for the distinction between proverbs and sayings is their ability to reflect a generalization of life phenomena and objects, then it turns out that sayings are a means of generalization only in function, while proverbs will have a generalizing character both in function , and in content." Thus, the researcher partially recognizes the generalizing meaning of sayings. Proverbs and sayings, as noted by Alizade Z.A., are capable of becoming, like phraseological units, "the equivalent of a word - a concept or a sentence - a concept", and this ability determines the breadth of the scope of their application. This is the majority of the proverbs we are considering. For example, about a fickle person: “Kimni tarysy bolsa, ana tauugyu” (“Is the chicken of the one who has millet”); about the helpless: “Kypty tyubyunde koy kibik” (“How a lamb under the scissors"); about the bad: "Karga kabar eti jok" ("He has no meat for /even/ a crow to peck"); about the unlucky (unadapted to life): "Jarly tyuege minse yes, it kabar" (" A dog will bite a poor man even on a camel"); about empty talk: “Makyrgan kishtik chychkhan tutmaz” (“A meowing cat does not catch mice”); about stubbornness: “Kishtikni otha tarthancha” (“It’s like a cat was being pulled towards the fire”), etc. To interpret some proverbs, entire sentences are needed: “Eshek kaala ishledi da kuirugyu blah oidu” (“A donkey built a palace and destroyed it with its tail”).

Interpretation and understanding of some sayings requires knowledge of their genesis. Only with knowledge of how, under what circumstances they arose, proverbs come to life and reveal their meaning. Such, for example, are the following sayings: “Appiyni eshegicha” (“Like Appia the donkey”). Appius had a huge donkey, but the owner did not use it, and the donkey stood idle all day long. "Taualiini atycha" ("Like the horse Taualia"). Taualiya had a thin nag, whose ribs could be counted from afar. “Hajini kishtigicha” (“Like the cat Hadji”), i.e. snobby. Hadji had a well-groomed, handsome cat who often accompanied his owner, was not afraid of street dogs, walked importantly around the yard and never caught mice.

Usually, the Karachay-Balkar proverb is surrounded by a real context and correlates with it: “Dzhylan kabyna dzhiirgenngencha” (“Like a snake disdains its skin”), “Tulkyu kuirugyu blah from salgancha” (“Like a fox lit a fire with its tail.”), “Tauuk qazga erishdi yes kuyrugun dzhyrtdyrdy" ("The chicken, looking at the goose, let her tail be plucked"); "Tubanga yurgen itcha" ("Like a dog barking at the fog"); “It blah kishtikcha” (“Like a dog and a cat”), etc. Their meaning is quite transparent.

Many Karachay-Balkar proverbs about animals are humorous, and this increases the effectiveness of their impact. Humor in proverbs creates a favorable background against which the content of a proverb or saying is more fully revealed and promotes their memorization and widespread use. In addition, humor serves to develop a sense of words: “Eshek muyuz izley bardy da kulagyn aldyrdy” (“The donkey went looking for horns and was left without an ear”), “Khoraz, khunagaa minib kychyrama deb, kesin kushkha aldyrdy” (“The rooster decided to crow on the fence , and the eagle carried him away"); “Chychkhanny ajaly jetse, kishtikni kuirugundan kabar” (“When the death of a mouse approaches, it will bite the cat’s tail”); “It itge aityr, it kuiruguna aityr” (“A dog will instruct a dog, that dog will entrust its tail”); "Eshekni kulagyna koobuz sokyancha" ("How they played the accordion under a donkey's ear").

In some proverbs, humor as a stylistic device is not used independently, but is intertwined with irony and satire and is not always prevalent: “Jylanny bashi tyuz barsa da, kuyrugun kermeidi” (“And when the head of the snake goes straight, it does not see its tail”); “Eshekni bir oyunu bolur, ol da kulde bolur” (“The donkey has one game, and that one is in the ashes”).
Models of images of animal characters in proverbs are built partly on the properties, realistic features inherent in animals, and partly on the properties imparted to them by the human imagination. In the proverb: “Jylannga uu bergen - keselekke” (“The poison of a snake comes from a lizard”) the image of a lizard is extremely negative and does not correspond to the real properties of a harmless creature. This is an artistic device aimed at embodying the idea of ​​condemning treachery and quarrelsomeness, debunking those who like to deal with opponents with the wrong hands, while cowardly remaining in the shadows. Apparently, the lizard’s agility and unpredictability of movements played an important role here, although in practice it is considered a meek creature.
But in light of its characteristics, the proverb expresses a deeply humanistic thought: before assessing an individual’s action, it is necessary to figure out who is guilty of what and to what extent. Thus, the need for a fair, careful attitude towards nature, towards all living things, even towards “serpentine” ones, is affirmed.

It must be recognized that some injustice (raising it to the rank of poison-maker) in relation to the lizard does not detract from the humanistic meaning of the saying: it takes under protection the snake, with which people often had to deal and which they are also obliged to understand, but is not directed against the lizard. There is not a single proverb that affirms the idea of ​​the need to deal with the lizard. But there is an ancient folk superstition: you should never kill a lizard - yrys, i.e. forbidden.
It must be said that a dog, a donkey, a fox, and some other animals are endowed by humans with a mass of negative traits and properties that are no more inherent to them than to others. But such a thickening of colors is justified, since it is a need in terms of creating an image - a generalization.

In general, proverbs about animals, in essence, have a great humanistic charge, despite the contradictory meaning of some proverbs and sayings. Even about such animals and creatures, which, it would seem, could not lay claim to human sympathy, there are proverbs and sayings in which the humanistic tendency is strongly expressed: “I take achlay leopard yes, toyub barady deydile” (“Even if a wolf goes hungry, they say that he is going well-fed"), "Beryunyu, ashasa, ashamasa da, auzu kan" ("Whether he ate or not, a wolf always has blood in his mouth," i.e. they believe that he ate something or someone -to), “Byoryu da khonshu koshuna chabmaidy” (“Even a wolf does not raid the neighboring kosh”), “Dzhylan da jylyugya ileshedi” (“And the snake reaches for warmth”), etc.

Among the proverbs and sayings about animals there are many proverbs that contradict each other: “At ayagan bet tabmaz” (“He who spares a horse will not see good luck”) and “At ayalsa - ming kunlyuk, ayalmasa - bir kunlyuk” (“The horse that they protect it for a thousand days; they don’t protect it for one day." The existence of contradictory proverbs is evidence that they have always really reflected the complexity of reality, and life has always been full of contradictory phenomena and forces. And those who did not want to understand, could not understand this, were well answered in the middle of the last century by V. Dahl, who wrote: “... a strange remark was made: one proverb contradicts another, there is a verdict for a verdict, and you don’t know , what to hold on to. I don’t know who would be confused by this: is it possible to embrace a multifaceted object with one glance and write a verdict on it in one line? That’s the advantage of a collection of proverbs, that it gives not a one-sided, but a complete concept of a thing, collecting all ", what was said about it on different occasions. If one proverb says that the work of the master is afraid, and the other adds that another master of the work is afraid, then, obviously, both are right: the work is not equal, and the master is not equal."

In proverbs and sayings about animals, inconsistency is often conveyed through the names of the characters: “Karnyna ashamasa, yogyuz tartmaidy” (“If you are hungry, the ox will not pull”), but “Toygan eshek kayadan sekirir” (“A well-fed donkey will fall from a cliff”); “Atny semirtseng, jayau djurumezse” (“If you fatten a horse, you won’t be able to walk on foot”), but “At azgyn bolsa, jorga bolur” (“A thinner horse becomes a fast walker”).

The role of animal characters in creating the syntactic structure of proverbs and sayings is not clear. In some cases they act as a subject, i.e. character, and the meaning of the proverb is concentrated in the name of the subject and his action, state: “Tulkyu yurse, itni karny aurur” (“When the fox barks, the dog’s stomach turns”), “Eshek gylyuun bek suyer” (“The donkey loves his foal excessively”) ", i.e. he will caress"), "Ayunyu balasy ayuge ay kyoryunyur" ("A bear cub seems like the moon to a bear").

In the above examples, replacing the name of one subject with another would lead to a violation, distortion of the meaning of the proverb or to nonsense, since, being a different model, the embodiment of other ideas, another subject would cause different associations, connecting with the same components of the syntactic unit - proverbs. Therefore, proverbs composed on the principle of subject replacement are very rare. In such cases, their subjects are animals or birds endowed with the same or similar characteristic features. In this case, the proverbs are synonymous: “Boryunyu beryu ashamaz” (“The wolf will not eat the wolf”) and “Ayunyu ayu ashamaz” (“The bear will not eat the bear”). But the proverbs: “It itligin eter” (“The dog will act like a dog”) and “Boryu beryulugyun eter” (“The wolf will act like the wolf”) are far from each other in meaning.
In many Karachay-Balkar proverbs and sayings, animals act as objects, that is, actions are directed towards them. In such proverbs, it is the behavior, the most characteristic features and properties of the object that are the meaning-determining factor, thanks to which the proverb acquires its individual, capacious content: “Koynu toiga iygencha” (“Like sending a sheep to the dance”).

There are also quite a few proverbs in which animal characters act as both an object and a subject: “Ayu tyulkyunyu kesin kere edi da yzyn izley edi” (“The bear saw the fox itself and looked for its traces”). In proverbs like: “Atha kore - kamching” (“By horse and kamcha”) or “Tyulkyunyu terisi bashyna jau” (“The fox’s skin is its enemy”) there is no direct action of the animal character, but there is a hint of its properties.
A special group consists of proverbs in which the names of animals are completely absent, but can be guessed. In them, the properties and characteristics characteristic of certain creatures create a unique structure and emotional mood of the proverbs:

"Kozlagany - Kobalada,
Kangkyildagyany - Jobalada"
"Carrying - at the Kobaevs,
Clucking - from the Jobaevs"

“Bayragya miyau degencha” (“It’s like they’re meowing Bayre” (Bayra is the name of a person who couldn’t stand meowing). Or: “Jyzyldagyanina karasang - tau kyochuredi” (“Judging by the buzzing - endures mountains”), etc.
Proverbs of this type form a small group.
The Karachay-Balkarian “faunal” repertoire contains a fairly extensive layer of complex proverbs, consisting of two independent syntactic units. In these complex formations, the combination of two independent proverbs into one is based on their semantic proximity or antithetical correlation: “Duuuldasa bal chibin, konsa - kara chibin” (“A bee will buzz, a fly will sit”), “Bedene - suuga kirmeidi, chabak suudan chykmaidy " (“A quail does not enter the water, a fish does not come out of the water”), etc. In these proverbs, the characters: bee and fly, quail and fish are endowed with contrasting properties in a certain sense. This construction, based on the principle of contrast, serves to expose the ideas of proverbs as a whole.
In proverbs like:

"Karg'a q'angq'ildab q'az bolmaz,
Amma syngsyldab kyiz bolmaz"
("The crow, no matter how much it cackles, will not become a goose,
The old woman, no matter how much she flirts, will not become a maiden")

two simple proverbs included in a complex one are synonymous. Condemnation of unnatural behavior is heard in both parts of the complex paremia. They complement each other and create great power of persuasiveness and emotional richness, although they partially retain their autonomy. Such binary proverbs often break up into two independent proverbs and are used independently.
Complex proverbs are usually rhymed. Animal names often form internal rhyme, sometimes alliteration or assonance.
The names of animals, closely related in meaning to other components, form series in complex proverbs in which equivalent components occupy the same positions, ensuring semantic and sound harmony. And this eliminates inversion when using them. When anatomizing, for example, one proverb, the following picture is obtained:

"Igi degen - atha minngen kibikdi,
Aman degen - eshekden jigylgyan kibikdi"
(“They will say “glorious” - as if he sat on a horse,
they will say “bad” - as if he fell off a donkey).

The design form of one row determines the design form of the other row. This ensures uniformity and convergence of both series. Therefore, the equivalent elements “glorious - bad”, “sat down - fell”, “horse - donkey”, by their positional location, create a refined completeness of the composition of the proverb, in which its ideological quintessence finds the most complete expression. The main components are the horse-donkey elements.

Thus, the study of this group of proverbs shows that animal characters are important semantic and style-determining components in their composition. They contribute to the creation of proverbs and sayings that are diverse in topic, help to avoid naked sententiousness, and serve the idea of ​​​​humanizing human ideas and concepts.

(Folklore of the peoples of Karachay-Cherkessia. (collection of scientific works) Cherkessk, 1991)

1. Introduction

How rich our language is! And how little we listen to our speech, the speech of our interlocutors... And language is like air, water, sky, sun, something that we cannot live without, but which we have become accustomed to and thereby, obviously, devalued. Many of us speak in a standard, inexpressive, dull manner, forgetting that there is living and beautiful, powerful and flexible, kind and evil speech! And not only in fiction...

This is one evidence of the picturesqueness and expressiveness of our oral speech. The situation is the most ordinary - a meeting of two acquaintances, already elderly women. One came to visit the other. “Fathers, is it possible that Fedosya is godfather?” - Nastasya Demyanovna exclaims joyfully, dropping the grip from her hands. “Aren’t you enough, don’t we need you? - the unexpected guest answers cheerfully, hugging the hostess. “Great, Nastasyushka!” "Hello Hello! “Come in and show off,” the hostess responds, beaming with a smile.”

This is not an excerpt from a work of art, but a recording of a conversation witnessed by a famous collector of folk art. Instead of the usual “Hello!” - “Give me a break!” - what a wonderful dialogue! And these non-standard cheerful expressions: “Aren’t you enough, don’t we need us?” and “Hello, hello! Come on in and brag!”

We speak not only to convey information to the interlocutor, but we express our attitude to what we are talking about: we are happy and indignant, we convince and doubt, and all this - with the help of words, words, the combination of which gives rise to new shades of thoughts and feelings , composes artistic phrases, poetic miniatures.

In order for a circle of friends to listen to you with interest, as they say, with bated breath, you should use accurate, concise and figurative expressions in your speech; It is in them that the richness, strength and beauty of language is most clearly manifested. Is such a variety of proverbs typical for the Balkar and German languages?

Purpose of the study: based on a comparative analysis of proverbs in German, Russian and Balkar languages, to identify the richness of their use in these languages ​​and the possibility of translation from one language to another.

During the work, the following was put forward hypothesis:

there are discrepancies in the figurative and semantic meaning of proverbs in the German, Russian and Balkar languages ​​and therefore their literal translation from one language to another is impossible

CHAPTERI.

1.1 PROVERBS AS A GENRE OF ORAL FOLK ARTS

At school we are usually introduced to only two types of eloquence: proverbs and sayings. Of course, they do not exhaust the entire wealth of popular eloquence. Together with other well-known genres of oral folk poetry (riddles, jokes, sayings, fables and tongue twisters, or pure twisters), they form the so-called group of small folklore genres.

This is how he characterizes proverbs: “Proverbs are a genre of folklore, an aphoristically condensed, figurative, grammatically and logically complete saying with an instructive meaning in a rhythmically organized form.”

A proverb contains some conclusion, a generalization.

Scientists believe that the first proverbs were associated with the need to consolidate in the consciousness of a person and society some unwritten advice, rules, customs, and laws.

Of course, what was close in spirit was adopted, remembered and used. since proverbs and sayings were created by all peoples

These are eternal genres of oral folk art. Of course, not everything that was created in the 20th century and is being created in the 21st century will stand the test of time, but the need for linguistic creativity and the ability of the people to do it are a sure guarantee of their immortality.

1.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROVERBS AND SAYINGS.

Proverbs are usually studied together with sayings. But it is important not to identify them, to see not only the similarities, but also the differences between them. In practice they are often confused. And the two terms themselves are perceived by the majority as synonymous, denoting the same linguistic, poetic phenomenon. However, despite some controversial, complex cases of defining a particular statement as a proverb or saying, for the most part their entire fund can be easily divided into two parts of folk art

When distinguishing between proverbs and sayings, it is necessary to take into account, firstly, their common obligatory features that distinguish proverbs and sayings from other works of folk art, secondly, the common but not obligatory features that bring them together and separate them at the same time, and thirdly, signs that differentiate them.

Linguists include the following general mandatory features of proverbs and sayings:

a) brevity (laconicism),

b) stability (ability to reproduce),

c) connection with speech (proverbs and sayings in natural existence exist only in speech), d) belonging to the art of words,

e) wide use.

In connection with what has been said, we can define both proverbs and sayings as poetic, widely used in speech, stable, brief expressions.

But what strictly differentiated characteristics can be used to clearly distinguish between proverbs and sayings? These signs have already been called repeatedly by more than one generation of scientists, although in a number of others. This is the generalizing nature of the content of proverbs and their instructiveness and edification.

The largest collector of folklore in the second half of the 19th century formulated the following definition of a proverb: “A proverb is a short parable. This is a judgment, a sentence, a lesson.”

It is these two features that determine the originality of a proverb when comparing it with a saying that is devoid of both general meaning and instructiveness. Sayings do not generalize anything, they do not teach anyone. They, as he quite rightly wrote, “are a roundabout expression, figurative speech, a simple allegory, a circumlocution, a way of expression, but without a parable, without judgment, conclusion, application. A proverb replaces only direct speech with a roundabout one, it does not finish, sometimes it does not even name things, but it hints conditionally, very clearly.”

Proverbs are figurative, polysemantic, figurative sayings, formalized syntactically as sentences, often organized rhythmically, summarizing the socio-historical experience of the people and having an instructive, didactic character.

Sayings are poetic, widely used in speech, stable, short, often figurative, sometimes polysemantic, having a figurative meaning, expressions, as a rule, formed in speech as part of a sentence, sometimes being rhythmically organized, not having the ability to teach and generalize socio-historical people's experience. Its purpose is to characterize this or that phenomenon or object of reality as clearly and figuratively as possible, to decorate speech. “A saying is a flower, a proverb is a berry,” says the people themselves. That is, both are good, there is a connection between them, but there is also a significant difference.

Proverbs and sayings are the oldest genres of oral folk art. They are known to all peoples of the world, including those who lived a long time ago, BC - the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans. The earliest ancient Russian literary monuments conveyed information about the existence of proverbs and sayings among our ancestors. In the “Tale of Bygone Years,” an ancient chronicle, a number of proverbs are recorded: “The place does not suit the head, but the head does not suit the place,” “The world stands before the army, and the army comes before the world,” “If cabbage soup does not crush the bees, then do not eat honey.” etc. Some proverbs and sayings, bearing the stamp of time, are now perceived outside the historical context in which they arose, and we often modernize them without thinking about the ancient meaning. We say: “He planted a pig,” that is, he did something unpleasant to someone, interfered... But why is “a pig” perceived as something negative, unpleasant?” Researchers associate the origin of this saying with the military tactics of the ancient Slavs, Druzhina with a wedge, like “boar” or “pig” head, crashed into the enemy’s formation, cut him into two parts and destroyed him.

ChapterII. Comparative analysis of the use of proverbs.

2.1 Areas of use of proverbs.

Let's look at existing proverbs in Russian, German and Balkar languages. In Russian, Balkar, and German, proverbs are an expression of folk wisdom, a set of rules of life, practical philosophy, and historical memory. What areas of life and situations they don’t talk about, what they don’t teach! First of all, they contain socio-historical experience of the people.

Vorsicht ist besser als Nachsicht. Try it on seven times and cut it once . Ming yonchele Yes, bir kes.

Besser schielen als blind sein. It's better to limp than sit. Zharasy bolgan - orunnga, juryusha bolgan - zholga.

Bekümmert Herz treibt selten Scherz. Grief has bitter songs. Achyu zhilyauga, kuuanch tepseuge yuyretir.

Wer stets zu den Sternen aufblickt, wird bald auf der Nase liegen. Don't put your nose in the air, or you'll fall. (Don’t count the stars, but look at your feet; if you don’t find anything, at least you won’t fall .) Jerge Aralgan zhangylyr, kokge Aralgan zhygylyr.

Abgeredet vor der Zeit gibt nachher keinen Streit. A bargain is a bargain. Akhchadan namys bagalydy.

Schmiede das Eisen, solange es glüht (Solange es heiB ist). Strike the iron, bye bye

hot. Etilir ishni molzhalga salma.

Proverbs teach work culture as the basis of life;

Wer nicht arbeitet, soll auch nicht essen. Who does not work shall not eat. Ishlemegen – tishlemez.

Wie die Arbeit, so der Lohn. For work and pay. Ishine köre hacks.

Wer gut baut, soll auch gut wohnen. As is the builder, so is the monastery. Ishlegening qaty bolsa, ashagyaning tatly bolur.

Gemeinnutz geht vor Eigennutz. Together - not burdensome, but apart - at least drop it. Birlikde – Tirlik.

Wie wir heute arbeiten, so werden wir morgen leben. As you trample, so shall you burst. Ishing alda bolsa, auzung balda bolur (Ishini ebin tapkhan, kesine gyrzhyn tabar).

Wie die Saat, so die Ernte. What goes around comes around. This Bolmasa, we beat bolmaz.

Der Faulheit Acker steht voller Disteln. A lazy person's roof leaks and his stove doesn't cook. Erinchekni er diamond, er alsa da kel salmaz.

Gib dem Boden, so gibt er dir auch. If you fertilize the earth, you will harvest the wheat. Zhiguere ishle, sevenz ishle.

Wie die Pflege, so die Ertrage. What is the care, so is the income. Zherine kore mal yoser, suuuna kore tal yoser.

Auf Nachbars Feld steht das Korn besser. In the wrong hands, a piece of cake. Bireunyu katyny bireyuge kyiz kyoryunyur.

Ohne Saat keine Ernte. He who does not sow does not reap. Ishlemegen tishlemez.

Wer nicht in der Hitze arbeiten will, muss in der Kalte Hunger leiden. In the summer you will lie down, but in the winter you will run with your bag Kyshkhyda zhatkhan bazak bolur, zhazgyda zhatkhan zhazyk bolur.

Der Mann ehrt das Amt, nicht das Amt den Mann. It is not the place that makes the person, but the person the place. Ish berkde tuyuldu, ish bashdady.

Summarized in proverbs the everyday experience of the people, their moral code is formulated.

Abbitte ist die beste Busse. A fault confessed is half redressed. Terslik – Bilgennge derslik.

Niemand kann über seinen Schatten springen. You can't escape your shadow. Kesi auuanangdan qachalmazza.

Schmäh den Spiegel nicht, wenn schief dein Angesicht. There is no point in blaming the mirror if your face is crooked. Erni asyly kuchünden, katynny asyly ishinden bilinir.

Ein Löffel voll" Tat ist besser als ein Scheffel voll Rat. The advice is good, but the deed is better. Aitkhan tynch, etgen – kyiyn.

Gute erreicht mehr als Strenge. A kind word is more powerful than a club. Ariu here auruu zhok.

Der Sperling in der Hand ist besser als ein Scheffel voll Rat/ Don’t promise a pie in the sky, give a bird in your hands. Tauda kiyikden Yozende kyoyang ahshy.

Wissen ohne Gewissen ist Tand. You can’t live without a conscience and a great mind. Beti Bolmaganna akyly Yes bolmaz.

Sage nicht alles, was du weifit, aber wisse alles, was du sagst. Don't always say what you know, but always know what you are saying. Har bilgenings aitmasang Yes, aitkhanyngy beat.

Ein guter Name ist besser als Silber und Gold. A good name is better than wealth. Akhshy atny altynnga da satyp diamondsa.

Proverbs judge historical events, about social relations in society that determine the relationships between people in the field of family relationships, love, friendship.

Aus den Augen, aus den Sinn – Out of sight, out of mind . Közden ketgen – kelden keter.

Proverbs condemn stupidity, laziness, negligence, boasting, drunkenness, gluttony, intelligence, hard work, modesty, sobriety, and other human qualities necessary for a happy life are praised.

Übung macht den Meister – The master’s work is afraid. – Kez korkak yes, kool batyr.

Wer nicht arbeitet, soll auch nicht essen - He who does not work does not eat. – Ishlemegen – tishlemez.

Geiz ist die Wurzel allen Übels – Greed is the beginning of all grief. Kyzganch Adam Elin- Zherin guduchudan tolu sunar.

Faulheit lohnt mit Armut - Laziness leads to poverty. Erinchekni erini kuurgak.

Finally, in proverbs - philosophical experience of understanding life.“A crow cannot be a falcon” - after all, this is not about a crow and a falcon, but about the immutability of the essence of phenomena. “Stinging nettle, but it’s useful in cabbage soup” - this is not about nettles, from which you can really make delicious cabbage soup, but about the dialectics of life, about the unity of opposites, about the relationship between negative and positive. Proverbs emphasize the mutual dependence and conditionality of phenomena (“A thin hen gives bad eggs”), the objective sequence of events (“Moscow was not built suddenly”) and much more.

2.2 Use of artistic means.

Poetic miniatures should quickly, instantly influence the mind and feelings of people, and therefore in them, both in Russian and in the Balkar and German languages, a wide variety of artistic media. At the same time, one cannot help but pay attention to one very important feature of their poetic content. They talk about something abstract, abstract. But how clearly and vividly they can show, for example, patriotism, hard work, and intelligence. condemn drunkenness, laziness, rudeness, convey surprise, fear, surprise!

Proverbs have found a successful way to convey complex concepts, ideas, and feelings - through concrete, visible images, through their comparison. This is what explains such widespread use in proverbs and sayings comparisons , identified both in Russian and in Balkar and German languages.

During the research, I noticed that the favorite artistic means of proverbs in different languages ​​are metaphor, personification :

Bad news does not lie still – Die schlechten Nachrichten haben Flügel.- Aman hapar terk zhayilir.

In general, it should be noted that, along with comparison, allegory is one of the favorite artistic means of proverbs and sayings, many of which are entirely constructed as allegories. With this in mind, all proverbs and sayings are clearly divided into three groups.

Ø To the first we can include proverbs and sayings that do not have an allegorical, figurative meaning. There are many such proverbs and sayings. For example:

One for all, all for one / Einer für alle, alle für einen. Altau aiyr bolsa, aradagyn aldyrir, ekeu bir bolsa, tobedegin endirir.

Having done the job, walk boldly - Erst die Arbeit, dann das Spiel. Ishingi boshasang bashynga boss.

It's never too late to learn - Zum Lernen ist nimand zu alt. Okyuusuz we beat zhok, bilimsiz kyunyung zhok.

Ø Second The group is formed by those proverbs and sayings that can be used both literally and figuratively. Indeed, the proverb « Kui iron. Bye hot» | - Man muss das Eisen schmieden, solange es heiß ist. Chybyklykda byugulmegen, kybykylykda bygulmez The blacksmith could also say this for the edification of his student; but we also use it in other situations, meaning its figurative meaning.

“If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds” - Ucharg'a syugen chanasyn tyoshge tartyr- you can say to your friend who is sliding down a hill on a sled and does not want to take them up the hill, but more often in other cases. Similarly in German: Wer den Gaul mietet, muss ihn auch fűttern (he who hires a horse must feed it)

Or “Durch Schaden wird man klug - You learn from mistakes.” – Kosh da bara bara tyuselady"

Ø To the third This group in Russian, Balkar, and German includes proverbs and sayings that have only an allegorical, figurative meaning. “To live with wolves is to howl like a wolf / Mit den Wölfen muss man heulen” / Byoryu bla zhashasang, byoryucha ulursa.

Fear has big eyes - Die Furcht hat Tausend Augen. – Korkakany kozleri ullu.

In all languages, proverbs tend to metonymy, synecdoche, helping in one single object or phenomenon, or even in part of them, to see many things in common: “One with a hundred, seven with a spoon - Der eine hat die Műhen, der andere den Lohn - Khazyr ashkha – teren kashyk", "A full belly is deaf to learning - Ein voller Bauch studiert nicht gern - Tok karyn ash karynny angylamaz.”

Artistic techniques such as tautology : Gewesen ist gewesen– what was, was - Boluru bold;Dem reinen ist alles rein- To the pure everything is pure. – Taza zherde tazalyk.

All artistic means in proverbs and sayings “work” to create their apt, sparkling poetic content. They help create an emotional mood in a person, causing laughter, irony, or, conversely, a very serious attitude towards what they are talking about.

2.3 Analysis of the figurative basis of proverbs

Proverbs that arose in ancient times are actively living and being created today. Analyzing the figurative basis of proverbs in Russian, Balkar and German languages, I noticed that

· firstly, there are full semantic (semantic) equivalents. These include only those proverbs and sayings that in these languages ​​have the same meaning and the same figurative basis for this meaning. For example,

Besser spät als nie. It's never better late. Ertde, ketch bolsa yes.

All that glitters is not gold - Es ist nicht alles Gold was glänzt. Har zhyltyragan altyn bolmaz.

Morgen, morgen, nur nicht heute, sagen alle faulen Leute. - Tomorrow, tomorrow, - no

today, that's what sloths say. Akhshy ishni molzhalga salma, aman ishni molzhaldan alma.

· The next group includes proverbs that have the same figurative basis and close semantic meaning

The apple does not fall far from the tree - Apfel fällt nicht weit vom Stamm (The apple does not fall far from the trunk) – Alma terekden uzakgya tyushmez.

A long thread is a lazy seamstress. – Langes Fädchen – faules Mädchen – Erinchek shapa suusapny tolturup berir.

Eggs don't teach a chicken - Das Ei will klűger sein als die Henne. – Balasy atasyn yuyretgenley.

The courage of the city takes –dem Mutigem gehört die Welt.- Kez korkak yes, kool batyr.

Laughter for no reason is a sign of a fool. - Am vilen Lachen erkennt man den Narren. – Köp kulgen kulkulyuk.

Where there is work, there is happiness. - Arbeit macht das Leben sűß. – Giguère isle, sevenz quieter.

You can't please everyone. –Allen Leuten recht getan ist eine Kunst die niemand kann. – Bar halkyns expressions etalmassa.

Alone in the field is no warrior - Einer ist keiner (Alone is no one) – Ekeu – bir kibik, bireu – zhok kibik.

· Group III includes proverbs that have different images with significant similarity in the meaning of the proverbs themselves.

Not everything is Maslenitsa – Nicht alle Tage ist Sonntag (Not all days are Sunday) – Bash kyun da, bosh kyun da bir bolmazla.

You can’t catch a fish out of a pond without difficulty – Ohne Fleiß kein Preis – Kooznu sindyrmai, ichin ashamazsa.

Conclusions:

1. Both the Russian and Balkar and German languages ​​are characterized by such a genre of oral folk art as proverbs. In Russian, Balkar, and German, proverbs are an expression of folk wisdom and historical memory. This is a set of rules of life, a practical philosophy that affects almost all areas of life and situations.

2. During literary translation, any proverb can be replaced with an equivalent one in another language.

3. The figurative characteristics in German, Russian, and Balkarian languages ​​are very similar, but often the figurative basis has a national character, which must be taken into account when translating. In the comparative study of proverbs, such similarities and differences occur constantly: unexpected similarity of images in different languages ​​and no less unexpected differences in images with significant similarity in the meaning of the proverbs themselves. Proverbs cannot be translated literally into other languages, because their meaning does not add up to the sum of the meanings of the words that they contain. The vast majority of proverbs express certain thoughts figuratively, emotionally, while bearing the imprint of a unique national flavor.

It is impossible to display all the wealth of proverbs in one work; the possibilities for figurative understanding of the surrounding reality are limitless and every nation has its own finds.

Undoubtedly, knowledge of proverbs is a necessary condition for deep mastery of language; the ability to correctly use the wealth of eloquence characterizes the degree of proficiency in speech.

References:

German proverbs and sayings, M., “Higher School”, 1989

1000 Russian proverbs and sayings, 1861-62.

Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language, T.1-4, M., “Russian language”, 1978-1980.

Karachay-Balkar proverbs and sayings, Nalchik, “Elbrus”, 2005

Proverbs of the peoples of the Caucasus, Nalchik, Elbrus, 1970

Karachay-Balkar folklore, Nalchik, “El-fa”, 1996

Internet resources:

Relevance of the topic. Oral folk art, born in the mists of time and passed on from mouth to mouth, from one generation to another, expresses the people’s dream of joyful and creative work, the conquest of nature, the people’s faith in the victory of goodness, justice and the inexhaustible power of folk heroes - defenders of their native land , the people's hope for a better and fairer world. The people polished previously created works, reworked, supplemented, and created new versions of the same plot: fairy tales, proverbs, sayings, riddles. Works of oral folk art, created with the expectation of oral pronunciation, help to recreate the characteristic features of folk speech, melodious and melodic. At the same time, proverbs and sayings demonstrate the conciseness and wisdom of folk speech. Oral folk art is an inexhaustible source for the moral and aesthetic education of children.

In this regard, we decided to define the problem as follows: what proverbs and sayings can make you think.

Solving this problem was the goal of our study.

The object of the study is the proverbs and sayings of the Karachais and Balkars.

The subject of the study is interesting and most often used proverbs and sayings.

The Karachais and Balkars, like other peoples of the North Caucasus, have accumulated a huge number of diverse works of verbal art, which constitute their common artistic fund. The life of the people, various social and political events are reflected both in songs, stories, legends, and in proverbs and sayings. The people have created a countless number of proverbs and sayings, apt words that reflect the centuries-old experience of the people, their wisdom and observation. They talk about love for the Motherland, about courage, hard work, a thirst for knowledge, about peacefulness and intransigence to all evil, they teach hospitality, they stigmatize human vices such as betrayal, cowardice, laziness, greed, and so on.

Proverbs are short figurative judgments that contain an artistic generalization of the life, socio-historical experience of working people and are used in colloquial speech to deepen its meaning and expressiveness.

Sayings are close to proverbs - stable short expressions. Unlike proverbs, sayings do not contain a complete judgment. A saying refers to a specific, specific case, and a proverb contains a generalization. Most proverbs and sayings arose on the basis of life impressions and observations.

Proverbs and sayings are distinguished by their richness of content and themes, versatility of functions, differences in the time of origin and the social environment in which they arose or enjoyed the widest popularity.

Folk wisdom, combined with high artistic perfection, gave proverbs and sayings a long and fruitful life in the colloquial speech of the people who created them.

Proverbs and sayings are short sayings, but they have found a new life in the works of writers, scientists, etc. and therefore they say:

"Nart sezden kuutulmazza"

(You can’t escape proverbs and sayings).

The themes of Karachay-Balkar proverbs and sayings are rich and varied.

In proverbs:

“Ishlemegen ashamaz”, “Ishlemegen - tishlemez”

(Who does not work shall not eat).

“Erinchekni er diamond, er alsada - kel salmaz”

(They won’t marry a lazy woman, and if they do, they will regret it) laziness is condemned.

Friendship, honesty, trust are clearly reflected in the following proverbs:

“Konagay jokynu - shohu jok”

(No guest, no friend)

"Tuzlyuk shokhluknu begitir"

(Honesty (fairness) strengthens friendship)

Proverbs reflect agricultural work and life. For example:

“Ishleb ishden toymag’an, ishin chiysil koymag’an”

(Does a lot of work conscientiously)

“Qar keb bolsa – bitim igi bolur”

(Snow in the fields - bread in the bins), etc.

In Karachay proverbs and sayings there is an idea of ​​sacred concepts for humans - such as the Motherland. The people captured their love for her in a number of proverbs:

“Ata jurt – kez dzharygyngdy”

(Motherland is the light of your eyes)

“Kesingi Eling – Altyn Beshik”

(Native village is a golden cradle), etc.

“Ata jurtungu jeri dzhandet, suuu - ball”

(The land at home is paradise, and the water is honey)

"Jerry buys - millety buys"

(He who has rich land has rich people)

Thus, proverbs and sayings reflect the spiritual image of the masses, the originality of their judgments about the most diverse aspects of life and everyday life, such as work, skill, sharp mind, courage, bravery, friendship, joy, trust, honesty, irony, grief, misfortune, cowardice, laziness, greed, deceit, etc.

The most important thing in a proverb and saying is the ability to express an essential feature of a life phenomenon in a concise, meaningful form.

There is nothing accidental in proverbs, because people carefully select the most accurate words. In most cases, proverbs are two-term, for example,

“Bir kunge karaibyz, birni ashamaybyz”

(We look at the same sun, but we eat more than one)

“Atny burnun bursang, jauurun unutur”

(Turn up a horse’s nose, he will forget the pain in his back), but there are also single-membered ones, for example.

"Guduchu kölekkesinden korkar"

(The thief is afraid of his own shadow)

"Jazyuung jardan atar"

(Fate will throw you off a cliff)

“It’s arbazda kyuchlyudyu”

(A dog is strong in its own yard), etc.

Most often, two-part proverbs are constructed according to a similar type, maintaining syntactic parallelism. For example,

“Terek jerni jashnatyr,

Khalqa keget ashatyr"

(The tree decorates the earth,

Treats people with fruits)

“Adam sezge tyngyla,

Adam seznu angyl"

(Listen to the advice of a wise man)

“Gitcheme deb jylama,

Ulluma deb jirlama"

(Don't cry that you're little,

Don't sing that you're big), etc.

The coherence and conciseness of the proverb are supported by its intonation-syntactic and rhythmic structure. It is always determined by its ideological mission.

“Kyzbayny yuyune deri kuusang, batyr bolur”

Sound repetitions and rhymes are of great importance in proverbs. Proverbs have a rich rhyme pattern. It is built on the main words.

For example, “Sozulgan ish bitmez”

(If you procrastinate, you won’t finish it)

“Keb jatda – bek chab”

(Lie down for a long time - run fast)

(If you miss time, it will take you a long time to catch up)

(It’s easy to miss time, it’s hard to catch up)

“Keb juklasang – borchung bolurchad”

(To sleep long is to live with debt)

Often proverbs are built on words that have opposite meanings. For example, “Bai Bir Satylyr – Jarly Eki Satylyr”

(A rich man spends once, a poor man spends twice), etc.

“Dzharlyny tyuege minseda it kabar”

(A dog will bite a poor man even on a camel)

The poetic language of proverbs and sayings is rich, simple, precise, and figurative. Homonyms are often found in proverbs. For example,

“Akylli atyn makhtar,

Teli katynin makhtar"

(A smart man praises his horse, a fool praises his wife)

“Menge minse – seni unutkhan,

Mende tyushse - meni unutkhan"

(If with me, then he forgets you,

If with you, then me)

Very often, proverbs are built on simple or extended sayings. For example,

“Akyly dzhartydan, ranks of jrty ashkhi”

(It's better to have a physical handicap than to be a fool)

“Aman juukdan ese igi honshum bolsun”

(It is better to have a good neighbor than a bad relative)

Metaphor is also found in proverbs. For example,

“Közden bir türlyu, kölde bir türlyu”

(One thing in the eyes, another behind the eyes)

"Auuzda chykgan bashkha tier"

(The word is not a sparrow, you won’t catch it if it flies out)

Proverbs especially often like to turn to irony in order to create subtle ridicule. For example,

“Askhak koy arbazynda keche kalmagandy”

(Not a single lame sheep slept in his yard)

“At ayagy da boklaydy suunu”

(A horse's foot muddies the waters), etc.

For example, in Russian proverbs there are also three-term ones. For example,

Need gallops, need dances, need sings songs (difference)

Binary proverbs are constructed using syntactic parallelism.

People quarrel, and the governors feed.

Two are plowing, and seven are waving their hands, etc.

The intonation-syntactic and rhythmic structure of a proverb is always determined by its ideological purpose. For example,

“A warrior sits under a bush and howls.”

There are two parts to this proverb. The first part is sharply highlighted in intonation, syntactic and rhythmic terms, the second part serves as an ironic explanation of the first part. In general, the proverb is a caustic mockery of cowards.

In the rich oral literature of various peoples, proverbs and sayings occupy a special place. Getting to know them enriches our understanding of the particular people who created them, and on whose lips they live for centuries. Many nations have similar sayings.

One word from the wise speech of the sage
Remember so it doesn't go to waste.
After all, even a sliver of a large tree
Gives us warmth in the furnace of grief.
K. Lomia

From the compiler

The mountains are singing... Gray peaks in snow-white hats are talking among themselves. They are taciturn witnesses of bygone times. Here even the stones speak. The mountain peoples of the Caucasus absorbed the song of their native land with their mother's milk; their folklore is rich in proverbs and sayings. Their themes are varied, each of them is a small work of art, reflecting the life, history and socio-political thinking of the people.
The collection includes more than eight hundred proverbs and sayings - this is just a small grain of the golden fund of folklore that is widespread today.
The publication, of course, is far from complete, but it gives at least some idea of ​​the talent and wisdom of the mountain peoples of the Caucasus - this wonderful region with an ancient culture, rich history, which has long attracted the attention of thinkers, historians, local historians and travelers like a magnet. .
Most proverbs are apt, colorful, original and rhyme. In some cases, unfortunately, this accuracy is lost in translation, since it is difficult to put it into the verbal form of another language.
The main sources in compiling the collection were the works of scientific research institutes, the works of D. Gulia, academician A. Shifner, A. Matskov, O. Shogentsukov, A. Putsko, Kh. Bgazhba, A. Nazarevich, G. Bolshakov and others, magazines , direct communication with centenarians, archive of the compiler of the collection.

MOTHERLAND IS MORE THAN GOLD (ABOUT MOTHERLAND)

He who loses his homeland loses everything.
Abkhazian

He who does not love his homeland cannot love anything.
Abaza

The land where you fed is good, but no better than the one where
you born.
Balkarskaya

There is no better country than the Motherland; your best friend is your mother.
Kabardinskaya

You won’t be lost on your land, you won’t be lost outside your land.
you will rejoice.
Karachaevskaya

The homeland is the mother, and the foreign land is the stepmother.
Lakskaya

It is better to be a poor man in your homeland than a king in Cairo.
Nogai

Those who do not live in their homeland do not know the taste of life.
Ossetian

He who fights under his native sky gains
courage of a lion.
Pytulskaya

It’s better to live one winter in your homeland than in a foreign land
tens of years of spring.
Tatskaya

Homeland - the past, present, and future of the people.
Tabasaran

Everyone has one homeland and one mother.
Circassian

TWO HANDS ARE STRONGER THAN ONE (ABOUT FRIENDSHIP)

If you want to test a friend, look at him in anger.
Your father died - don’t lose his friends.
An unreliable friend is worse than a traitor.
Get to know a friend before you get ready to travel, a neighbor before you start building a house.
If your faithful friend is wearing your shirt on fire, don’t throw it off.
Abkhazian

A good friend is better than a bad brother.
He who does not have a firm word will not have a friend.
The bitter word of your friend is honey and butter, the sweet word of your enemy is poison.
The skin of a lamb covers those who are friendly, but the skin of an ox will not cover those who are not friendly.
Abaza

Your friend is your mirror.
It is better to have a smart enemy than to have a stupid friend.
Adyghe

With a good friend you can go to the ends of the world.
Ingush

Two hands are stronger than one.
Kabardinskaya

Two united - and the rock is moved from its place.
Kumyk

Happiness, where are you going? - Where there is friendship.
There is no friendship between a wolf and a goat.
Lakskie

The power of life is in friendship.
He who is alone is bound, he who is with everyone is free.
Nogai

Even birds do not live alone in the forest.
Ossetian

If everyone is a friend, then it means no one.
Rutulskaya

Don't be friends with those who have a flexible conscience.
Tatskaya

Anyone who does not want to know the truth from a friend is hopeless.
Tabasaran

Two mountains do not converge, but two people do.
Circassian

Without a brother, a brother is like a falcon without a wing.
If a friend comes to visit, treat him to whatever you can, he will come
bad person - feed him well.
Chechen

THE PRICE OF A MAN IS HIS BUSINESS (ABOUT WORK)

Labor feeds a person, but laziness spoils him.
Rather than sit in vain, it is better to walk in vain.
If you want to become famous, respect the work.
Bread must be kneaded before baking.
What is sown on time comes up on time.
Abkhazian

A hardworking person will not be idle.
A hard-earned piece of pepper is sweeter than honey.
Abaza

He who grows a forest does not destroy it.
Working together is more fun, eating together is tastier.
Two neighbors milk a cow differently.
Adyghe

Without work there is no peace.
If two heads agree and four hands work, the house will become rich.
And work with a friend is joy, and honey with an enemy is sorrow.
He who does not sow in spring does not reap in autumn.
Avar

The one who finishes the job first can rest first.
Balkarskaya

Be moderate in food, but not in work.
The owner of the land is the one who plows it.
Darginsky

What was made during plowing will be found during threshing.
Whoever loses one day in the summer will go hungry for ten in the winter.
Ingush

What comes with hard work is delicious later.
If you work, you eat meat; if you sit back, you eat grief.
He who does not work does not know rest.
Kabardian

The postponed matter is covered with snow.
If you want fish, get into the water.
Kumyk

The worker is afraid of business, the lazy man is afraid of business.
He who loves his work will be a master.
Karachaevskys.

Labor and knowledge are twins.
The field is sown not with words, but with seeds.
Only labor feeds a person.
Lakskie

Anyone who doesn’t value a penny doesn’t care about a ruble.
Rolling up your sleeves does not mean milking a cow.
Lezginskie

Those who rely on God will be left with nothing.
Nogai

Anyone who has two things in sight will not accomplish either one.
If a person wants it, milk will come from the goat.
Honor and valor are on the ground, bend down and pick up.
Ossetian

The pot will not boil until the cook boils.
Rutulskaya

The short road to glory is work.
Shapsugskaya

WHERE THERE IS NO CONSENT, THERE IS NO HAPPINESS
(ABOUT LOVE AND KINDNESS)

Do something good and throw it into the water - it won’t go to waste.
It's easier to stop the rain than a girl getting married.
Men are looking for a beautiful woman, but an ugly woman is looking for a husband.
Love hides many flaws.
A man dies for his friends, and a woman for her loved one.
What is stored in the heart will be reflected on the face.
Abkhazian

He who has not given birth to children does not know love; he who has not had children die does not know grief.
If you give free rein to the desires of the body, endure the troubles that will appear.
Avar

If you build a bridge, you can walk across it yourself. If you dig a hole for someone else, you yourself will fall into it.
Balkarskaya

Partial eyes are blind.
He who loves another man's wife becomes her husband's friend.
Darginsky

When they offered to bring the most beautiful thing, the crow brought her chick.
A mother's anger is like snow: it falls a lot, but melts quickly.
Ingush

Whoever loves you will directly show you all your sins, and whoever hates you will tell you about them behind your back.
He who is loved is beautiful.
Whoever cares about the bride goes after her himself.
Kabardian

Mother's beatings don't hurt.
Kumyk

Everything is forgiven to the beloved.
Lezginskaya.

The lover has poor eyesight.
Nogai

He who does not love children does not love anyone.
Ossetian

If you love a child, love his crying.
Tatskaya

He who did not love did not live.
Tabasaran

To be afraid of love is to be afraid of life.
Circassian

True love knows no fear.
Shapsugskaya

WISDOM HAS BOUNDARIES, STUPIDITY IS LIMITLESS
(ABOUT MIND AND STUPIDITY)

A raven saw a man with a gun and thought: “If he has his head, he won’t shoot at me,
and if he’s a fool, he won’t hit me.”
Rather than pretending to be a fool, it is better to pretend to be smart.
Intelligence is a necessary condition for happiness.
Education is the guest, mind is the host.
Not the fool who sowed in the attic, but the one who helped him.
One of the signs of a sage is patience.
Wisdom is intelligence infused with conscience.
Abkhazian

If you give way to your enemy, then you yourself will be left without a road.
A person is recognized not by his beard, but by his mind: even a goat has a beard.
Abaza

The whole village is never stupid, and among the stupid there will be smart ones.
If you are deceived by the same person three times, you are stupid. If you fall into the same hole three times, you are blind.
If a person who does not know what to say remains silent, he is not stupid.
The mind has no price, but education has a limit.
A person who does not know, but listens to someone who knows, is not stupid.
Two minds are better than one mind.
Adyghe.

Science is the best treasury: it won’t be stolen, won’t burn, won’t rot, won’t be lost - it’s always with you.
Avar

To whom, when and what he gave - that is what the miser repeats;
The sage tells us about what he has seen in life.
Praise spoils a fool.
Balkar

A person without education is blind.
Whoever, having warmed up, throws away his fur coat, and when he is full, throws away bread, is a fool.
Greed makes you stupid.
Darginsky

The wise one is the one who consults with the people.
The mind destroys mountains, hops destroys the mind.
Know how to deal with a stupid person, and a smart person will deal with you.
Even if you exalt the evil one, even if you respect him, you won’t give him your mind.
Kabardian

Put a fool on a horse, he won't even recognize his father.
Kumyk

Happiness will recoil from the hand of a fool.
Karachaevskaya

Where the village is larger, there is more intelligence.
If the speaker is stupid, then at least the listener must be smart.
Lakskie

The mind in the head is pure gold.
Lezginskaya

Intelligence is determined not by age, but by the head.
He who has a strong hand will kill one, and he who is strong in knowledge will kill thousands.
Nogai

Wisdom is the assistant to happiness.
Strive not to conquer the world, but its knowledge.
A smart person listens more than he talks.
Ossetian

Make shoes for a dog - he will chew them off.
Rutulskaya

Go carry stones with a smart person, don’t even go eat porridge with butter with a stupid person.
Grapes take on color from grapes, and man takes on intelligence from man.
Tat

One fool can ask so many questions that ten wise men will not answer.
Tabasaran

Whoever argued with the village remained behind the village.
Intemperance is stupidity, patience is wisdom.
A dagger drawn by a fool is more dangerous than a brave man's.
The mind of a stupid person is silence.
Chechen

Wisdom has boundaries, stupidity is limitless.
The smart one is not the one who knows what is good and what is evil, but the one who chooses the lesser evil.
Shapsugsky

THE COWARD'S WEAPON BELONGES TO THE BRAVE
(ABOUT COURAGE AND COWARDNESS)

He who pushed the king is not afraid of the courtier.
Those who rely on their own strength do not threaten.
A frightened dog barks at the stars.
The hero is not the family, the people know more.
And sometimes a mosquito will defeat a lion.
Abkhazian

The weapon of the coward belongs to the brave.
Abaza

A hero dies once, a coward dies a hundred times
Let a mother die rather than give birth to a coward.
Bravery is like lightning - it is instantaneous.
The daring of one brave man cannot take the fortress.
Avar

If you lose courage, you will lose everything.
Balkarskaya

The hero's grave is not in the cemetery.
Starting without fear is the same as winning.
A dog will bite a coward, even if he is on a horse.
Darginsky

Retreating in the face of inevitable defeat is not cowardice.
Ingush

If an eagle is at the head of a flock of birds, then the flight of the birds is likened to the flight of an eagle;
if at the head of a flock of crows, then he will only lead to carrion.
If the rider loses heart, then the horse will not gallop.
If your companion is a coward, don’t fight the bear.
Sometimes even a mouse is brave when there is a hole nearby.
Kabardian

Bravery is the ability to control not only a horse, but also oneself.
Lakskaya

If you met the enemy face to face, act boldly.
Lezginskaya

Where there are people, there is a hero.
Nogai

The powerless one scolds.
Fear will not save you from courage.
Ossetian

Cowardice is the companion of untruth.
Tabasaran

A coward is afraid of his shadow.
Circassian

Only war can fight back against war.
Chechen

THE RICH HEART HAS A RICH HOME
(ABOUT HUMAN ADVANTAGES)

A good person brings peace.
The world is beautiful with the sun, and man with education.
Abkhazian

Fame does not come on its own, it is won.
If you don't respect yourself, no one will respect you.
Abaza

The most beautiful clothing is modesty.
Better to have seen a lot than to have lived a lot.
It's better to be sure than to assume.
It's never too late to learn.
Adyghe

You can recognize a master by his things.
Avar

Those who have traveled have seen, those who have studied know.
If you have a head on your shoulders, you can get a hat.
He who knows how to take, knows how to give.
A man with a song is a horseman, but without it he is on foot.
Balkar

A good name is better than treasures.
Darginskaya

He who does not save a penny is not worth a penny.
He who thinks about the consequences cannot be brave.
Ingush

Conscience is stronger than the torment of hell.
It is easy to become a scientist; it is difficult to become a human being.
Kumyk

Rather than live without honor, it is better to die with honor.
He who does not live for others does not live for himself.
If a skillful fire starts, it will burn at the bottom of the sea,
but an incompetent one will take it on and will not catch fire even on land.
Lakskie

The gardener decorates the garden.
A generous person always has money in his pocket.
A woman is decorated with tenderness.
Lezginskie

Steel is tempered in fire, man is tempered in struggle and difficulties.
There is no shame in asking, it is a shame in stealing.
Truth is stronger than force.
Ossetian

It’s better to be thin in the wild than well-fed in a leash.
Let the dagger be wooden, as long as the heart is iron.
Rutulskie

There should be moderation in everything, even modesty.
Tatskaya

Fire will not burn a clean person, and water will not wash away a dirty person.
Beauty until the evening, and kindness forever.
The beauty looks good in an old dress.
It's hard to be good, but easy to be bad.
Chechen

AS ARE THE ROOT, SO ARE THE SHOOTS
(ABOUT FAMILY, PARENTS AND CHILDREN)

There is no such thing as a freak in your family.
In a large family, the crust of bread does not go stale.
Parents are for children, and children are for themselves.
There are only five fingers on the hand, but even those are equal - so are children.
You cannot raise a child with caresses alone.
Abkhazian

In a house where there is a lot of noise, there is little intelligence.
Whoever fails to protect his hearth, another will take over his hearth.
Abaza

Without a child there is no happiness in the family.
The wax is crushed while it is hot, the child is raised from childhood.
He who does not honor his elders is not worthy of honor.
The father's character will affect his son at least once a day.
Adyghe

Consult ten about your son's marriage, and a hundred about divorce.
Avar

Alone in the world - no problem. Bad children are the problem.
Don't just be your father's son, be the son of the people.
Balkarskaya

As are the roots, so are the shoots.
The family needs peace.
Darginsky

There is nothing better than a good wife, nothing worse than a bad wife: bad or good, but without one you cannot
make do.
Ingush

Because of a bad son, the father is scolded.
Kabardinskaya

The mother of the brave does not cry.
Children's children are sweeter than honey.
Kumyk

Mother is the support of the home.
A family without love is a tree without roots.
Work day and night all your life - you cannot compensate for your mother’s work.
Lakskie

A child must be raised while he is in the cradle, and a calf while he is on a leash.
The son will not become good just because the father is good.
Lezginskie

A house with children is a bazaar, a house without children is a grave.
The son is a monument to his father.
Nogai

What you do for your father, your son will do for you.
Ossetian

Love is cemented by children.
Rutulskaya

If you want to marry a girl, first meet her mother.
Tatskaya

A hardworking son is a mother's joy, a lazy son is a mother's tears.
Circassian

Don't doubt your mother and father.
Shapsugskaya

A WORD FROM YOUR TONGUE LIKE A BULLET FROM A RIFLE...
(LANGUAGE AND WORD)

Native language - affectionate mother.
Mother tongue is medicine.
Those who have a long tongue have little strength.
Speak your word to someone who appreciates it.
The tongue brings glory and glory.
What happened to me was done by my tongue.
A snake can change its skin, but its tongue never.
Abkhazian

Today you lie, tomorrow they won’t believe you.
A tongue without bones - whatever you force, it will say everything.
Abaza

It's easy to say, difficult to do.
What people say is true.
Adyghe

A bullet will kill one, a word will kill ten.
Avar

If you want to save your head, don’t use your tongue.
Darginskaya

Although it is good to talk a lot, it is even better to remain silent.
The weak have a long tongue.
Don’t take a chatterbox out fishing either.
Ingush

What is wounded by a saber will heal again, but what is wounded by the tongue will not heal.
What passes through one mouth passes through a hundred.
Kabardian

The tongue of a chatterbox beats a chatterbox.
The tongue has no bones, but it breaks bones.
Kumyk

In one word you can’t crush a mosquito.
Karachaevskaya

A kind word and a naked saber will be sheathed.
Eat sheep's tongue, but beware of human tongue.
Lakskie

A wise word is the best wealth.
Nogai

What they don’t ask you about, don’t talk much about it.
The word rolls off the tongue like a bullet from a rifle: you won’t catch it.
A kind word is the door to the soul.
Ossetian

The tongue makes gold, the tongue makes dirt.
Rutulskaya

One good word and the stone will become kinder.
Tabasaran

A flattering word will bring a snake out of its hole.
Circassian

The word, until it jumps out through your lips - your slave, jumps out - you are his slave.
Chechen

He who speaks well speaks briefly.
Shapsugskaya

WHO SOWS EVIL, REAPS REPENTANCE
(ABOUT VICES AND DISADVANTAGES)

A stingy person can be smart and talented, but he cannot be charming.
The one who stole a buffalo and the one who stole a needle are both thieves.
“If I don’t eat, I can’t work; if I eat, I feel sleepy,” said the quitter.
If a smart person makes a mistake, they think that he says it on purpose.
Abkhazian

Envious - unhappy.
He who does not know what to do lights a lamp during the day.
Having done evil, do not expect good.
If you don’t point out your shortcomings to your wife, she will find them in you.
Abaza

Whoever does not see you while you are sitting will not see you when you stand up.
A fool talks about himself when no one asks him.
Adyghe

In the arable land of dreams, only donkey dung grows.
Avar

He who cannot do it himself judges the work more strictly.
I sat down with the bad one at the table - don’t wait, cut off the floor and leave.
Balkar

He gave the mullah his hand and checked the ring to see if the stone was intact.
The wind knocks down a lonely tree easier.
Darginsky

Wine brings out the rust in a person.
A house where people don't visit is an unhappy house.
Lakskie

The wrong person constantly makes excuses for everything.
Good clothes will not make an evil person good.
Ossetian

There is no good in an unfriendly family.
When they said: “Let’s go destroy bad people,” the worst one began to sharpen his dagger.
Ingush

He who flatters in the eyes scolds behind the eyes.
Kabardinskaya

Conceit is a mountain next to stupidity.
Rutulskaya

When a guest comes to the house, do not look at the clock.
He is not a friend who brings pain to the heart.
Tat

One dirty lamb spoils the whole flock.
Tabacapanskaya

A lazy person is always going to do something.
Chechen

Living for yourself is not life.
He who has been afraid once, will be afraid again.
He who sows evil reaps repentance.
Shapsugsky

WHERE THERE ARE NO GOOD OLD PEOPLE, THERE ARE NO GOOD YOUTH
(ABOUT HEALTH, YOUTH AND OLD AGE)

Those who spent their youth in idleness will repent in old age.
If you have a son in old age, you won’t be able to raise him.
The best medicine is moderation in everything.
The young live with hopes, the old with memories.
The mood in the minds of the young is the character of the next generation.
The young are strong in strength, the old are strong in intelligence.
Abkhazian

Where there are no good old people, there are no good young people.
Sometimes an old tree stands, but a young tree falls.
Adyghe

Even a decrepit lion will not become a fox.
If others were rich, I would be healthy.
Avar

Old age is a chair for illnesses.
Don't talk about a headache to someone who doesn't have a headache.
Kabardian

Kabardinskaya

Youth is like a diamond, lost and never found.
Disease with dirt is friendship.
Lakskie

There is no death for the people.
Lezginskaya

Old age begins when courage dies.
Ossetian

Praise the old, but take the young.
Circassian

Willingness to be treated is the beginning of healing.
Shapsugskaya

MOUNTAIN PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS ADVISE...

First, see who is listening to you, and then start your speech.
Stretch your legs while looking at your blanket.
Don't fight with the boatman when crossing the river.
Do not put a young man who has fallen off a donkey onto a horse.
Rather than sit in vain, it is better to walk in vain.
When choosing a bride, do not consult a bachelor.
Fear not the court anymore, but the judge.
Abkhazian

Do not share the meat of an unkilled bear.
Hoping for what lies in the grass, do not throw away what is in your hands.
Don't play with fire and don't trust water.
Don't wake a sleeping bear.
Abaza

In the forest and in the dark, do not tell your secret.
During haymaking time, remember about the snow storm.
Go for knowledge, wherever it is.
Adyghe

While the hare is in the bushes, do not put the boiler on fire.
Avar

Whoever crossed the river has no need to be afraid of dew.
Balkar

It is easier to pick nettles with someone else's hands.
If you break a snake's head, its tail will calm down on its own.
Darginsky

If time doesn't follow you, follow time yourself.
Kumyk

If you put your finger in the enemy's mouth, you will be left without a finger.
You can’t catch up even on a good horse, something that’s not there.
Anyone who has not been sick does not know the value of health.
Karachaevskie

Don't put your finger in the wolf's mouth.
People do not throw stones into the spring from which they drink water.
The snake must be killed before it turns into a dragon.
First tie the donkey, and then entrust it to God.
Don't put off what needs to be done today until tomorrow. What you are going to eat today, leave for tomorrow.
Lakskie

If you're alone on the road, turn your eyes to the back of your head.
Better your own donkey than someone else's horse.
After killing a snake, do not leave the baby snake.
Wanting does not mean holding the world in the palm of your hand.
You can't take two skins off one sheep.
Lezginskie

Don’t rely on the water, don’t trust the enemy.
He who fell himself should not cry.
Nogai

You run forward, look back.
The foal is selected based on its mother.
And on a sunny day, don’t leave your burqa behind.
The key is matched to the lock, not the lock to the key.
If you don't get into the water, you won't learn to swim.
He who aims at two will not hit either.
Ossetian

Better soup today than porridge tomorrow.
Don't think that the quiet forest is empty; there might be a tiger hiding there.
Tabasaran

Don't look for a large number of cattle, but look for a good breed.
Don’t take stock when you set out on a journey, but take stock when you return from the road.
Chechen

Don't laugh at those who tripped before you.
Do the job first, and then be proud.
Shapsugsky

THE MOUNTAIN PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS ARE CONVINCED THAT...

Man is not fit to be his own judge.
A liar will always find something to say.
A good person brings peace.
The hand knows where the mouth is.
And a fool sometimes speaks the truth.
A person does not value what he has.
What a blind man desires is an eye.
He who is not useful to himself is also useless to others.
Abkhazian

A slacker is worse than a scarecrow; at least a scarecrow scares the animals.
If you fall into the water, you won't come out dry.
There are many insects in standing water.
Two bears cannot live in the same den.
He who has not eaten bitter food will not recognize sweetness.
Until you untie the wineskin, you won’t know what’s in it.
Abaza

The snake is killed for its sting.
Anyone who gets burned on milk blows on yogurt.
Adyghe

The mountain does not need the mountain, and man cannot exist without man.
Ask: “Will you eat?” - the same as saying: “Don’t eat!”
Avar

A broken jug won't hold water.
And the one who sinned in secret clearly gives birth.
Near gold and iron shines.
It is not the one who said “jump” who breaks his leg, but the one who jumped.
If the heart does not see, then the eyes are holes.
Darginsky

Fire can be kindled by fire.
An apple that is picked will not grow back.
Ingush

If a person is unlucky, he will even break his teeth on hominy.
No matter how hungry a wolf is, he will not touch a sheep near his lair.
When there is little food, the calf eats a lot.
Not saving and not having are the same thing.
A secret known to three is no longer a secret.
Kabardian

One tree is not a garden, one stone is not a wall.
A pockmarked or brown pig is still a pig.
Kumyk

The eagle circles where the meat is.
Karachaevskaya

War kills a son, not gives birth.
Where there is water, there can be ice.
Every bird loves its nest.
Gold settles at the bottom of patience.
Without seeing the bad, you cannot appreciate the good.
No matter how much you shout: “Honey! Honey!” - it won't be sweet in your mouth.
He who doesn't have a shovel doesn't have a garden.
Lakskie

There are no continuous rains and clouds.
Lezginskaya

Deep water flows without noise.
Nogai

The one carried away by the storm grabs a bush.
Rutulskaya

There will be a wedding - woe to the hen, there will be a wake - woe to the hen again.
I came to the bathhouse and had to sweat.
Tat

A searching dog will find either a bone or a stick.
The required stone is not heavy.
Tabasaran

What is not in the cup will not pour out of the cup.
Circassian

If you eat a lot, the honey becomes bitter.
Realized poverty is better than hopelessly expected wealth.
It is better to die as a rooster than to live as a chicken.
When you feel sleepy, you don’t choose a pillow; When you fall in love, you don’t choose beauty.
Chechen

You can't dance to just any music.
Gunpowder and fire are enemies.
When there are many shepherds, the sheep die.
Shapsugskys.

AND THE MOUNTAIN PEOPLE SAY...

Even if I wash the crow with soap, it will still remain black.
A familiar curve is shorter than an unfamiliar straight path.
A chicken can only lay an egg.
Wherever the fox goes, the tail follows.
Meowing, the cat will not understand the mouse.
It's easy to go to prison, but difficult to get out.
Fear an evil woman more than an evil man.
Abkhazian

The road to truth is wide.
Although it is easy to destroy, it is difficult to restore.
The downpour passes quickly, but the light rain lasts longer.
One rotten pear will rot a hundred pears.
What one person cannot do, two can do.
Abaza

When asked: "Whose head is more beautiful?" - The turtle stuck out its head.
If you go into a burdock, you'll pick up burrs.
What is pleasing to the soul is beautiful to the eyes.
The one standing on the shore is a skilled rower.
The only one who never got thrown off his horse was the one who never sat on it.
If you feel sorry for the enemy, you will be wounded.
It happens that you kick it away with your foot, and then pick it up with your teeth.
Don't look the horse your friend gave you in the mouth.
Two watermelons together do not fit under an armpit.
Besides death, there is a cure for everything.
Adyghe

Whoever finds the ascent will also find the descent.
Hunger has no shame, wealth - I will hold back.
Without wind, the feather grass will not move.
Avar

If you warm a snake on your chest, it will bite your chest.
It’s not difficult to throw a pebble, but if you don’t have the skill, you’ll hit it in the neck...
Balkar

Only fire makes iron soft.
What is done with ten blows is ruined by one.
A submissive sheep is milked three times.
After the car breaks down, there are countless people willing to show you the way.
From lying for a long time, the dough becomes crusty.
Darginsky

One spark burned the village.
The apple tree will only give birth to an apple.
The wolf, having grown old, hunts for grasshoppers.
A bottomless tub will not be filled with water, without grief in the heart it will not cry, without a cloud in the sky there will be no rain.
will do.
Ingush

Where the head goes, the tail goes; if you follow a crow, you will come to a carrion.
Better a tip than nothing.
The lame dog does not limp for long: until he notices the wolf.
The house and everything in the house burned down: he called people, but they didn’t believe him.
Untracked game is not killed.
There is nothing secret that would not become obvious.
Fox fur is the fox's enemy.
The ox is visible along the calf.
Kabardian

The raven calls its young white, and the hedgehog calls it soft.
Let the whole world be in the water - why should a duck grieve?
The taker is more generous than the giver - he returns.
How does a donkey know the benefits of a feather bed?
Kumyk

The snow is white and beautiful, but people trample it.
Karachaevskie

Light is provided only by the light bulb that is lit at home.
A donkey will not become a goitered gazelle by running fast.
There is no fish that cannot swim.
He who eats salt drinks water.
Life is like salt water: the more you drink, the more thirsty you become.
If shouting could do anything, a donkey would build seven houses every day.
Lakskie

It is enough for a good horse to show the whip.
On a moonless night, the stars sparkle brighter.
If a cat had wings, sparrows would not live.
Because the herd is delayed, the evening will not linger.
And flowers grow in the landfill.
An overly zealous horse gets tired quickly.
There is no onion in the world that smells like apples.
If you run towards the smell of barbecue, you will find yourself where donkeys are branded.
Lezginskie

If you cut off a wolf's tail, it will not become a dog.
Where the front wheels go, the rear wheels will not get stuck.
Where there is carrion there is a raven, where there is a dead person there is a mullah.
Nogai

In the dark, even a weak light shines far away.
All people live under the same sky.
Two dewdrops are not alike.
If a person does not have his own wings, he cannot become winged with others.
If you leave a bull with donkeys, he will either become a donkey or learn to kick.
The fruit ripens in due time.
Put a pig on the threshing floor, it will reach the top.
If the hawk takes away one chicken, it will come back for another.
Even if you saddle a donkey, it will still remain a donkey.
Ossetian

A mouse cub gnaws at a bag, a wolf cub tears at a sheep.
Rutulskaya

No one knows when the buffalo calves, but when the hen lays an egg, hundreds of neighbors hear.
A horseman does not know the thoughts of a man on foot.
Tat

A baby duck already knows water in its egg.
A stone rolling down a mountain stops only in a ravine.
Tabasaran

The dog is afraid of its tail.
Circassian

The water is cleaner at the source.
Sometimes a cart is loaded onto a boat, sometimes a boat is loaded onto a cart.
If you cook for three, even the fourth will be satisfied.
If you don’t want war, strengthen your circle (environment).
And the dog will swim when the water comes under its tail.
And the wind shakes the tall plane tree, and bad things will be said about the good fellow.
When they asked the hare what was good, the hare answered: to see the dog before it saw you.
He who did not sympathize with someone else's misfortune did not rejoice in his own happiness.
When death threatens, and the mouse bites.
Take your time and don't forget.
Chechen

Go to another with the truth as to your own home.
Don't envy, you won't know sadness.
Anyone who falls from a horse blames the girth.
A bad travel companion and a bad weapon are one and the same thing.
What the wife knows is no secret.
Shapsugsky

(Scanning, proofreading - Abkhaz Internet Library.)