Unified State Exam in Russian: detailed analysis of tasks with specialists. Algorithms for completing exam tasks in the Russian language

Line UMK M. M. Razumovskaya. Russian language (5-9)

Line UMK V. V. Babaytseva. Russian language (10-11) (in-depth)

Line UMK Kudryavtseva. Russian language (10-11)

Line UMK Pakhnova. Russian language (10-11) (B)

Unified State Exam in Russian: detailed analysis of tasks with specialists

New materials on the Unified State Exam are available for review at the following link:

Below is a breakdown of the 2017 assignments.

3.5 hours (210 minutes) are allotted to complete the examination work.

Minimum number of points in Russian language:

• to obtain a certificate - 24 points;
• for admission to a university - 36 points.

Structure of the examination paper:

Each version of the examination paper consists of two parts and includes 25 tasks that differ in form and level of difficulty.

Part 1 contains 24 short answer questions. The examination paper offers the following types of short-answer tasks:

• open-type tasks to record a self-formulated correct answer;
• selection tasks and recording one correct answer from the proposed list of answers.

Part 2 contains 1 open-type task with a detailed answer (essay), testing the ability to create your own statement based on the text you read.

Irina Vasilievna Sosnina, teacher of Russian language and literature, laureate of the Moscow Grant competition in the field of science and technology in education.
Awarded a Certificate of Honor from the Ministry of Education and Science, work experience - 34 years.

Ryabtseva Elena Aleksandrovna, a teacher of the highest category, teaches at a high school. Veteran of labor, Winner of the competition for the best teachers of the Russian Federation within the framework of the Priority National Project “Education”. Twice Laureate of the Moscow Grant competition in the field of science and technology in education. Teaching experience - 46 years.

Part 1

Read the text and complete tasks 1–3.

(1)L.N. Gumilyov, studying the features of the historical development of the peoples of Eurasia, noticed that rapid social changes on the continent associated with solar activity cycles , which are described quite fully by astronomers. (2) Following experts in the field of natural science, the scientist suggested that this connection is natural . (3)<…>he put forward and developed the hypothesis that sharp increase in solar activity favors that , which is found in large quantities on Earth “passionaries” are born - people of increased activity , promoting social change and guiding the historical movement of peoples.

1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The main discovery of L.N. Gumilyov was that he was the first to see the connection between active members of society - “passionaries” - and a number of historical events in Eurasia.

2) L.N. Gumilyov drew attention to the fact that social changes and the strengthening of ethnic processes on Earth are somehow connected with the cosmic energy of the galaxy.

3) L.N. Gumilyov, having put forward a hypothesis about “passionaries,” explained the connection between solar activity cycles and the intensification of socio-historical processes on Earth.

4) The peoples of Eurasia, according to L.N. Gumilyov, owe their historical development primarily to solar activity cycles, which are described in sufficient detail by astronomers.

5) While studying the features of the historical development of Eurasia, L.N. Gumilyov put forward a hypothesis about “passionaries”, according to which there is a relationship between the cycles of solar activity and socio-historical processes on Earth.

Answer: 3 5

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Highlight in each sentence the key words that are important for understanding the issue addressed in this text.

2. Determine cause-and-effect relationships between sentences in the text.

3. Shorten the text by deleting secondary information (various types of explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).

4. Convey in one sentence the main information contained in the text.

5. Correlate your version of text compression (your sentence conveying its main idea) with the answer options.

Try to retell the text concisely:

Let's compare the retelling with the options:

1. in the first version, the emphasis is placed on the connection between active members of society - “passionaries” - and a number of historical events in Eurasia;
2. in the second option there is extra information that social changes and the strengthening of ethnic processes on Earth are associated with the cosmic energy of the galaxy;
3. in the third version, a hypothesis about “passionaries” is put forward, the connection between solar activity cycles and the intensification of socio-historical processes on Earth is explained, this is true;
4. in the fourth version, erroneous information is given that the peoples of Eurasia owe their historical development primarily to solar activity cycles, which are described in sufficient detail by astronomers;
5. in the fifth version, the hypothesis about “passionaries” is correctly explained, according to which there is a relationship between the cycles of solar activity and socio-historical processes on Earth.

Correct answer options - 3 5

2. Which of the following words or combinations of words should be missing in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

But
Because
Meanwhile
However
Moreover,

Answer: 5

Algorithm for completing the task:

To correctly determine the word (combination of words) necessary for a given context:

1) Read the test carefully and understand the logic of the author’s reasoning.

2) Determine which logical link in the author’s reasoning is the sentence with a gap:

Does not indicate the cause of the described phenomena (hence, it is impossible to insert BECAUSE );

It is not an introductory phrase and does not indicate a mention of anything (hence, the meaning of the gap cannot be replaced MEANWHILE );

Used for contrast, emphasizing the contradiction (hence, in place of the gap, according to the meaning, it is impossible to insert HOWEVER, THEN, BUT );

Used to indicate of special importance the following phrase (therefore, in place of the gap according to the meaning, you need to choose MOREOVER );

3) Carry out the substitution, and then re-read the resulting option again and make sure that you have correctly established the logical correspondence between the sentence with the gap and the one that precedes it.

3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word DEVELOP. Determine in what sense this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

DEVELOP, -I’m calling, -you’re calling, owls.

1) Strengthen, give something. strengthen, strengthen. R. interest in music.

2) Bring to a certain degree of spiritual maturity, consciousness, and culture. R. child. Reading developed her.

3) Distribute, expand, deepen the content or application of something. R. idea. R. argumentation.

4) Do something. to unfold something in a wide manner with all the energy. R. agitation. R. activity.

Answer: 3.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Read the assignment carefully.

2. Find the given sentence.

3. Include each of the suggested lexical interpretations to replace the word given for analysis.

4. Determine whether the sentence lost or did not lose its semantic integrity during the linguistic experiment:

If the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct;

If the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is incorrect.

Word DEVELOP, -I’m calling, -you’re calling, owls. used in the sense of spreading, expanding, deepening the content or application of something.

R. idea. R. argumentation.

4. Which word has an error in stress placement: WRONG Is the letter indicating the stressed vowel sound highlighted? Write this word down.

Boyhood

bleeding

vulgarize

Answer: vulgarize

Algorithm for completing the task:

It is necessary to remember: the mobility of the Russian accent creates objective difficulties when completing this task, so pay attention to the recommendations and repeat the words from the link.

1. In feminine past tense verbs, the stress, as a rule, falls on the ending A: took, took, tookA, took, poured in, rushed in, took in, recreated, drove, chased, got, got, waited, waited, occupied, locked, locked, called, lied, poured, poured, lied, overstrained, called As, poured, narwala, started, doused, hugged, overtook, stripped, departed, gave, recalled, recalled, poured, called, watered, understood, arrived, tore, removed, created, tore, removed.

Note:

The exception is feminine past tense verbs with the prefix YOU-, which draws the emphasis: Poured, called ;

For the verbs put, sneak, send, send, send, the emphasis in the feminine form of the past tense does NOT fall on the ending A, but remains on the basis: put, stole, sent, sent, sent.

5. In one of the sentences below, the highlighted word is used INCORRECTLY. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

The jury returned a GUILTY verdict in the case.

Experiments have shown that when lightning strikes soil containing silicates and ORGANIC carbon, a tangle of silicon fibers and silicon carbide is formed.

“He was a very HIDDEN man who knew how to remain silent,” recalled the writer’s contemporaries.

Inside the Soviets, instead of democracy, the DICTATE of the Bolsheviks was established.

I am ready to forgive even cruelty if I see compassion COMING from the one who is talking about it.

Answer: secretive.

Paronyms are words with the same root, belonging to the same part of speech, similar in sound, but having different lexical meanings: addresser - addressee; ignorant - ignorant; put on - put on, etc.

Members of paronymic pairs

They have different lexical meanings;

Combined with different words.

The correct answer is " SECRETIVE", not inclined to share his thoughts and experiences with others.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

WILL ERASE from the board

sing ZVONCHE

V A HUNDRED AND A HUNDRED meters

two pairs SOCKS

Not DROPING not a word

Answer: having spoken

Algorithm for completing the task:

To complete this task you need a good knowledge of theory.

1. Formation and use of the nominative and genitive plural cases of nouns (For most masculine nouns ending in a hard consonant ( orange, tomato, fly agaric, computer, sock ), the ending is typical -OV in the genitive plural form: oranges, tomatoes, fly agarics, computers, socks etc).

2. Use of the numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred ( The numerals one and a half and one and a half hundred in all indirect cases, except the accusative, have the form one and a half, one and a half hundred ).

3. Formation and use of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

The comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs differ from each other in their syntactic functions in a sentence: the comparative degree of an adjective acts as a predicate of a personal clause, a determiner and, very rarely, a subject; comparative degree of an adverb - in the role of circumstance.

There was a mistake in the word " uttering" This is a gerund formed from a perfective verb. Perfect participles are formed by adding a suffix -V- to the basics of the vowel infinitive: push - pushing, come - having arrived, look - after looking.

We also offer to your attention work program for teaching materials Gusarova I.V. (basic and advanced levels) for grades 10-11.

From the fifth grade you can already start working work program for teaching materials of R.I. Albetkova in Russian literature.

7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun

with a pretext

B) incorrect construction of a sentence with an adverbial phrase

C) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate

D) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

D) violation in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members

OFFERS

1) In 1915, Charlie Chaplin participated in the Charlie Chaplin look-alike competition in San Francisco, but he not only did not win, but did not even make it to the finals.

2) The student told his teacher that I had not yet prepared for the answer.

3) Nekrasov’s poem “The Railway” presents a picture of folk life.

4) Turning back, it seemed to me that the dog was still following me, but there was no one.

5) Many years ago, here, in the very center of the village, there was a wooden church, and everyone who saw it admired the elegance of the building.

6) From June 1, commuter trains will depart according to the summer schedule.

7) The beast carefully made its way along the road leading to the village and along which it had walked more than once.

8) A squad of rescuers advanced towards the group of tourists.

9) All parcels sent abroad undergo strict epidemiological control.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Answer:

A.8. Errors associated with incorrect use of the CASE FORM of a NOUN WITH A PREPOSITION.

B.4. Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases.

A sentence in which the action expressed by the predicate verb and the action expressed by the gerund are performed by different persons is grammatically incorrect.

AT 5. Errors associated with a violation of the connection between the SUBJECT and the SUBJECT.

In complex sentences built according to the model “ THOSE WHO... », « EVERYONE WHO... ", with the subject CTO the predicate verb is placed in the singular, and with the subjects TE (ALL) the predicate verbs are used in the plural.

D.2. Errors in constructing sentences with INDIRECT SPEECH.

When translating direct speech into indirect speech, it is unacceptable to use the personal pronoun “I” in the subordinate part: pronouns and verbs in the first person form should be replaced with pronouns and verbs in the third person form.

D 7. Errors in constructing sentences with HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS.

The error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members (sentence 7) lies in the fact that different syntactic constructions are included in the series of homogeneous members. You need: either two participial phrases, or two homogeneous subordinate clauses.

8. Identify the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

Noteworthy

near..native (station)

hug..mother

Sat..regulate

analog..gical

Answer: hug

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Select test words for each word, remembering that among them there may be dictionary words, the unstressed vowel at the root of which requires memorization.

If you find words that have a vowel being tested in the root, or dictionary words, you can cross them out, as they will not be the correct answer

2) Read all the words carefully and find among them a word with an alternating vowel in the root:

GAR - GOR; ZAR - ZOR; CLAN - CLONE; TVAR - CREATIVE; LAG- LOG; BIR - BER; PIR - PER; DIR - DER; TIR - TER; WORLD - MER; BLIST - SHINE; STEEL - STEEL; JIG - BURN; CHIT - CHIT; KAS - KOS A; (I) - IM (IN); RAST - RASCH - ROS; JACK - SKOCCH; MAC - MOC; EQUAL - EQUAL; PLAV - PLOV; CHA - CHIN; MY - MIN; ZHA - bench press; NY - NIM; KLYA - WEDGE.

Things to remember:

1. Tested unstressed vowels in the root of the word

(in the unstressed position at the root of the word the same vowel is written as under stress in words with the same root or forms of this word: noteworthy - notice; save - carefully; analogous - analogy).

2. Alternating vowels in the root of the word (Hug - hug).

9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

pr..miracle, pr..gate (interpret)

pr..smear (with glue), pr..grandfather

not..bending, ..give

about..chalk, between..grove

under..yachy, over..eat

Answer: unbending, surrender

To complete the task correctly, you must know the following spelling rules:

Spelling of unchangeable prefixes: (always written the same way. You need to know them by sight: in-, in-, inzo-, you-, do-, for-, iso-, on-, over-, necessary-, not-, under-, o-, about-, about-, over-, over- , sub-, sub-, pra-, pre-, pro-, dis-, s-, co- . In the word “smear” (with glue) write the prefix PRO-, and in the word “great-grandfather” - PRA-)

Spelling of variable prefixes ending in -3 And -WITH(the prefix is ​​written with the letter Z if the root begins with a vowel or a voiced consonant, and with the letter S if the root begins with a voiceless consonant (k, p, s, t - a word for remembering “KaPuST”: without-/bes-, who-/res- (up-/sun-), from-/is-, bottom-/nis-, times-/ras, rose-/ros-, through/through (through/through) ;

Spelling of prefixes PRE- And AT-: (so as not to make a mistake in spelling the prefix AT- or PRE- in a word, you should know their meaning. These prefixes are considered semantic, that is, the choice in their spelling is based on the meaning of the prefixes, which they contribute to the lexical meaning of the word. So the root of the word “quirk” turns out to be a morpheme -MIRACLE-: Quirk-Wonderful-Wonderful. ... The semantics (meaning) of the prefix PRI- in a word is unclear, so we remember the spelling of this prefix in a given word. And in the word “misinterpret” the choice of prefix depends on the lexical meaning of the word. Words with prefixes PRE-/PRI-, which are pronounced the same, but have different lexical meanings that determine the choice of prefix: in this case - “false, distorted”, so we choose the prefix PRE-);

Spelling I, Y after prefixes (if the prefix ends in a consonant, then AND the root changes to Y: a game- draw , famous - unknown , story - background .

But, after the prefixes of inter-, super- and foreign language prefixes dez-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, pan- And does not change: ultra-refined, inter-institutional, disinfection, counter-play, post-impressionism, trans-Indian, pan-Islamism.

Excl.: charge);

Spelling separators Kommersant And b signs (dividing Kommersant written only after consonant prefixes before letters e, e, yu, i, denoting two sounds (the sound [th’] appears): entrance, overeat. Inside the word, before the letters e, e, i, yu, i(not after the prefix!): curtain, serious, nightingale, blizzard, peasant, clerk (cf. clerk) etc. write b).

The prefix is ​​missing from the words “unbending” and “surrender” WITH-. There is no prefix Z-. The prefix C- does not change. Formally, the prefix C- is used in combinations sb, sg, sd, szh, sk, sch.

10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.

nomadic

suede

outshine

thoughtful...

Answer: Thoughtful

This is an adjective, the spelling is in the suffix. Adjective name suffixes –LIV-, -CHIV-, are always written with the letter I.

Adjectives have suffixes -A LION-,-CHEV- can not be.

Reasoning algorithm:

1) Determine in which part of the word the letter is missing: in the ending or in the suffix.

2) If a vowel is missing from the ending, then use the indefinite form of the verb to determine its conjugation:

vowels are written in the personal endings of verbs of the first conjugation E, U ;

vowels are written in the personal endings of verbs of the second conjugation I, A (Z) .

3) If a vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:

· missing vowel in participle suffixes ushch, yushch, ushch, yashch, im, eat (ohm) .

· missing vowel before participle suffix vsh, nn.

4) Spelling of participle suffixes ushch, yushch, ushch, yashch, im, eat (ohm) depends on the conjugation of the original verb:

· in participles formed from verbs of the first conjugation, suffixes are written ush, yush, eat(om) ;

· in participles formed from verbs of the second conjugation, suffixes are written yash, yash, them.

5) Spelling vowels before participle suffixes Vsh And NN depends on yat - yat or it - there the infinitive form of the original verb ends:

· if the original verb ends in at or yat, then before NN in passive past participles the vowel a(я) is retained;

· if the original verb ends in it or eat , then before NN only written e ;

before the suffix Vsh the same vowel is retained as before the ending t in an indefinite form.

Help: Put the verb into the 3rd person plural. (What are THEY doing? What will THEY do?) ending -ut-ut – verb 1 conjugation - a letter should be written at the endings E ,

Ending - at-yat - verb 2 conjugations - a letter should be written at the endings AND .

11. Write down the word in which the letter Y is written in place of the gap.

hopeful

(they) are offended...

(patients) recovered..t

sealed

(they) visit..t

Answer: They will be offended

It is a verb derived from the verb "OFFEND", relating to the second conjugation. See table:

Conjugation of verbs

12. Determine the sentence in which NOT is written together with the word.

Open the brackets and write down this word.

We lived poorly, constantly (NOT) EATED, and exchanged the things we brought with us for food.

My trained eye determined that the area was (UN)INHABITABLE, but I still decided to look for at least some signs of human presence.

It is still far (UN)CLEAR whether such an evaluation criterion is applicable to everyone and to the same extent.

The zoo is accepting (NOT) SOLD OUT fruits for the New Year, which will be enjoyed by elephants, kangaroos, bears and artiodactyls.

She is an amazing Russian actress, he is a (UN)KNOWN genius teacher, and both are true servants of the theater.

Answer: They were malnourished, because.:

UNDER-- a complex prefix indicating incompleteness, lack of action or quality, for example, underfill, under-release, underdeveloped . It consists of two independently used elements: prefixes before- , denoting achievement of a goal, completion of an action ( finish, get there, finish reading, survive ), and particles Not-, which negates what "before" denotes ( not enough to eat, not enough to eat …).

Verbs with UNDER- Incompleteness of action, manifested in the absence of a sufficient norm, is associated in verbs

1) with a lack of quantity of something ( not enough, not enough, not enough, not enough ),

2) with a lack of extension of something in time ( underexpose, undersing, undersleep, underexposure ),

3) with insufficient intensity of action ( overlook, overlook, underhear, undersee ).

The most numerous is the first group of verbs. Among the verbs with UNDER- there are those who are without NOT not used (n to bother, to misunderstand, to underuse, to underestimate, to dislike, to mishear, to be perplexed, to miss... ) Verbs to solicit, to understand, to further use, to overestimate, to cherish, to hear, to understand, to account... are absent in the language.

It should be remembered that the writing rules NOT with different parts of speech can be grouped as follows:

13. Identify the sentence in which both highlighted words are writtenFULL. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

Examining evidence (BECAUSE OF preceded by the announcement of documents formulating the accusation, and ALSO) discussion of the procedure for examining evidence.

Nihilistic philosophy does not allow any (OVER)PERSONAL values ​​on which a person could rely, TO) justify your existence.

(FIRSTLY , everything must be fair, so the spoils must be divided (EQUALLY .

(DESPITE despite the hostility of critics, Turgenev was extremely popular among Russian readers: his novels enjoyed enormous fame even ( AT FIRST XX century.

The theater was (WHITE)STONE building with a high porch and SO (SAME) tall oak doors.

Answer: Superpersonal, to

Adjective " SUPERPERSONAL "is written together, because

The first part of a compound adjective " ABOVE » enters the value of exceeding the usual measure, limit;

Word " TO " is a conjunction and can be replaced with a synonym.

Reasoning algorithm:

1) Read the sentence, think about its meaning.

2) Determine which part of speech the highlighted word belongs to.

Unions so that, too, also, but, moreover, moreover, so, therefore written together; they can be replaced with synonyms of the same part of speech.

Words of other parts of speech similar in sound to these conjunctions that, the same, in the same way, for that, with that, and so, from that are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them (would) can either be removed from the sentence or rearranged to another place; another component ( that, that, with which, so, that ) replace with other words.

Derivative prepositions are written together: AS A RESULT = because of , IN VIEW = because of , ABOUT = O , TOWARD = To , DESPITE = contrary to .

Derivative prepositions are written separately: DURING = IN CONTINUATION, IN CONTRAST, FINALLY , FOR .

For continuous, hyphenated or separate writing of adverbs, apply the appropriate rules.

Derivative prepositions - during E: There was no news for a year. (time value)

Nouns with prepositions - during AND(what?) rivers. She spoke for an hour. Watch the continuation AND(what?) series. In contrast E from others (used with from). As a result E= due to

Nouns with prepositions - go up (refers to the verb),

Climb to the top of the mountain.

Participles with negation

Despite the rain, we left the city (even though it was raining). Despite the bad weather, we went hiking.

14. Indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) NN is written.

The young officers assigned to the regiment were spoiled (2) by a soft attitude towards them during the training period and knew absolutely (3) nothing about the true (4) life of ordinary soldiers.

Answer: 1,3,4.

The word "appointed" is the passive past participle should be written NN

1. The word “spoiled” is a short form (except for the masculine form) of an adjective with a qualitative meaning that matches in form the passive participles of the past tense of perfective verbs, written with NN

2. The word “True” - NN - because it is formed at the junction of a stem ending in the letter N, and suffix N

Reasoning algorithm:

1 Determine which part of speech the word with the missing letter belongs to;

2.Apply spelling rule N And NN in the suffix of this part of speech.

Noun: NN

1. If the root of a word ends in N , and the suffix begins with N: raspberry(raspberries)

2.If noun. derived from adj., having NN, or from the participle: soreness (sick), spoiled (spoiled)

3. Remember: homeless woman

1. In words formed from nouns that have suffixes -in-, -an-, -yang- : peat bog (from noun peat)

2. In words formed from adj. with one N : student (from adj. scientist), martyr, worker

3. In words: crimson (crimson), hemp (hemp), dumpling (boiled), smoked meats (smoked), kostyanika (bone), wisdom (sophisticated), Maslenitsa (butter), fescue (oat), hotel (living room), drovyanik (wood-burning), cleverness (clever), great martyr

Adjective:

1. noun -H+ -H -: pocket

2. -HE N- , -ENN- : commission, cranberry! windless

3. exceptions with -YANN-: GLASS, TIN, WOODEN

Yunnats (young naturalists)

4. -IN- : goose , exception WINDY (day, person)

5. -AN- (-YAN-) : leather Remember: young; crimson, ruddy, zealous, drunk, spicy (historical suf. -YAN- ); lamb, pork, blue, green, single, vigorous .

The same amount is written in short adjectives n, how much and in full

foggy distance - foggy distance, windy girl - windy girl

Participles:

N - NN IN SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES AND VERBAL ADJECTIVES

1. There is a prefix: sifted flour (except for the attachment Not-)

But: wholemeal flour

1. There is a prefix Not-: unsifted flour

2. No ¬, but there is ZS: flour sifted through a sieve

3. No ¬: sifted flour

4. there is a suffix -ova-/-eva-: pickles

Exceptions: forged, chewed, pecked (-ov-, -ev- are part of the root)

5. Formed from an unprefixed perfective verb:

Solved problem (decide - what to do?) But: a wounded soldier, wounded in the leg! Although wounded, the soldier remained in service.

The women immediately hung up the laundry. (Passive parables, because they retain a verbal meaning, indicate a temporary state, and not a permanent attribute-quality)., windless

Exception: wounded, windy

6. These same words in their literal meaning will be participles: named play, finished work.

7. When a participle changes into an adjective, the lexical meaning of the word can change: a smart child, an uninvited guest, a sworn brother, a jailed father, a dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, a finished man.

Exceptions: cutesy, desired, unheard of, unprecedented, sacred, unexpected, unforeseen, accidental, done, slow, awake, swaggering, minted.

8. The spelling does not change in the composition of complex words: gold-woven, broken-broken, the word everything as a whole has the meaning adj. (high degree of quality), and not the meaning “adj. + participle."

9. Short participles: the girl is spoiled

SHOULD BE DIFFERENTIATED

Short adjective

The girl is well-mannered (herself – short adjective). Can be replaced with a full adjective: well-mannered.

Short Communion

The girl was raised in an orphanage (by whom?) - a short parable. Replaced with a verb: the girl was raised.

Exist. ? cr. ???

The matter has been thought out (what?) from all sides. Thought out - predicate.

15.Place punctuation marks. List two sentences that require ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) His relatives and colleagues and numerous friends came to congratulate the hero of the day.

2) The romantic hero finds his equal beginning only in communication with the elements: with the world of the ocean or sea, mountains or coastal rocks.

3) In the excerpt from Bunin’s Antonov Apples, one senses not so much the author’s desire to be a landowner as the desire to be free from petty matters.

4) Constant movement and striving towards other limits is the essence of creative life, and this is exactly what Pasternak wrote about in one of his poems.

5) In the morning the east lit up with a blush and the small clouds turned a delicate color.

Answer:2,3

2-sentence - repeating conjunction OR with homogeneous terms.

3rd sentence - conjunction " as much as", which expresses a comparison under constraint; same as " not to the same extent... as" A punctuation mark is placed between parts of a sentence (before the second part of the conjunction).

Reasoning algorithm:

1. Find homogeneous members in the sentence.

2. Determine what conjunctions connect them:

· if it is a single connecting or dividing conjunction (and, or, either, yes (= and) , no comma is placed in front of it;

· if it is a double union ( both... and; not so much..., but; not only but; although... but ), a comma is placed only before the second part of a double conjunction;

· if these are repeating conjunctions, then a comma is placed only in front of those that are between homogeneous members;

· a comma is always placed before adversative conjunctions between homogeneous members.

3. Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members connected in pairs. Remember: if homogeneous members in a sentence are connected in pairs, then a comma is placed between the paired groups and only one.

16. Place all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

Mathematics (1) originated in Ancient Greece (2) has two “parents” - logic and geometry, therefore (3) without understanding (4) the nature of the “parents” (5) its essence cannot be understood.

Answer: a) 1,2 - participial phrase, standing after the word being defined, b)3,4- gerund (single)

Reasoning algorithm:

Participial phrase answers questions Which? which? which? which?;

The participle answers questions what did you do? doing what? And denotes an additional action with a predicate verb; participial phrase answers questions How? When? Why?

*the placement of punctuation marks in a participial phrase depends on its location in relation to the noun being defined;

*adverbial phrases are always highlighted in writing with commas;

*homogeneous definitions and circumstances, expressed by participial and participial phrases and connected by a single conjunction AND, are not separated by a comma.

Reasoning algorithm:

1) Find participial and adverbial phrases in the sentence, correctly defining their boundaries. Always separated by commas.

2) Determine what position in the sentence the participial phrase occupies ( BEFORE- is not separated by commas. AFTER the defined word – highlighted

3) Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members with the conjunction I, expressed by participial or participial phrases. There is no comma before the conjunction I.

Difficult cases of punctuation in participial and participial phrases.

17. Place all missing punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentences.

Winds (1) winds (2) snowy (3) winds (4)

Notice my past life.

I want to be a bright boy

Or a flower from a meadow border.

I (5) would like (6) to hear horses snore

Hugging a nearby bush.

Raise your (7) you (8) moon paws (9)

My sadness goes to heaven like a bucket.

(S. Yesenin)

Answer: 1,2,4 is an appeal

8.9 is an appeal

Remember: introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of ​​the syntactic structure. Use the technique of eliminating highlighted words.

Reasoning algorithm:

1) Check whether the highlighted words are introductory.

· Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas.

· Members of a sentence that are homonymous with introductory words cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic structure; they are not separated by commas.

Remember that the following words are not introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, because, ultimately, it seems, hardly, anyway, after all, even, precisely, sometimes, as if, moreover, only, Meanwhile, for sure, extremely, I suppose, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, as before, therefore, simply, albeit, decisively, nevertheless, only, allegedly.

18. Place all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

Chekhov seemed unable to keep in focus for a long time the pattern of life (1) the essence (2) of which (3) his genius (4) picked out everywhere, so he became a master of short stories.

Answer: 1.4 - subordinate clauses are separated

Reasoning algorithm:

1. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence.

2. Determine the boundaries of the main and subordinate parts.

3. Read the sentence, observing the selected signs. This will help identify an incorrectly found solution or, conversely, confirm the correct choice.

Remember! As a rule, this task presents complex sentences with subordinate clauses, in them conjunction word which stands not at the beginning of the subordinate clause, but in the middle of it, therefore A comma is not placed before a conjunctive word. (1. Eliminate the numbers around the word “which”

4. Attention to the conjunction I). Determine what it connects: parts of a complex sentence - a comma, homogeneous members of a sentence - no comma.

19. Place all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

How nice it is to look at a ship with white sails from afar (1) and (2) when you get into this web of gear (3) from which (4) there is no way (5) and see everything from the inside (6) you immediately recognize the superiority of the steamship over the sailboat.

Answer: put commas

3-the subordinate clause has ended, a new one begins

5-between parts of a complex sentence

6-end of subordinate clause

Reasoning algorithm:

1. Identify the grammatical bases in the sentence.

2. Determine the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex syntactic structure.

3. See how these parts are connected to each other.

4. Find out if it is present in the sentence union I , and if it is present in the sentence, determine what it connects:

· If homogeneous members, then there is a comma before it not placed;

· If parts of a complex sentence, then in front of him a comma is placed.

5. Find 2 unions nearby: what if, what when, and if, and although, but when, so that if, and when:

· A comma is NOT placed between conjunctions if the words follow in the sentence then, yes, but

· A comma is placed between conjunctions if not SO, SO, BUT

Read the text and complete tasks 20–24.

(1) The sky was overcast with evil clouds, the rain sadly pounded the windows and made me sad. (2) In a thoughtful pose, with his vest unbuttoned and his hands in his pockets, the owner of the city pawnshop, Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin, stood at the window and looked at the gloomy street.

(3) “Well, what is our life? - he reasoned in unison with the crying sky. - (4) What is she? (5) Some kind of book with a lot of pages on which more suffering and grief are written than joys... (6) Why was it given to us? (7) After all, God, the good and omnipotent, did not create the world for sorrows! (8) But it turns out the other way around. (9) There are more tears than laughter..."

(10) Judah took his right hand out of his pocket and scratched the back of his head.

(11) “Well,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, corruption and shame, but in reality they exist. (12) They were created by humanity itself. (13) It itself gave birth to this scourge. (14) And for what, one might ask, for what?”

(15) He took out his left hand and sadly ran it over his face.

(16) “But how easily it would be possible to help people’s grief: you just have to lift a finger. (17 For example, there is a rich funeral procession. (18) A gear of horses in black blankets is carrying a magnificent coffin, and behind it rides almost on a mile away there is a line of carriages. (19) The torchbearers step out importantly with lanterns. (20) Cardboard coats of arms dangle from the horses: they are burying an important person, the dignitary must have died. (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life? (22) Did you warm the poor man? (23) Of course not... tinsel!

- (24) What do you want, Semyon Ivanovich?

- (25) Yes, I find it difficult to evaluate the costume. (26) In my opinion, it is impossible to give more than six rubles for it. (27) And she asks for seven; He says the kids are sick and need to be treated.

- (28) And six rubles will be too much. (29) Don’t give more than five, otherwise we’ll go bankrupt. (30) Just take a good look around to see if there are any holes or spots left somewhere... (31) “Okay, sir, so this is life that makes you think about human nature. (32) Behind the rich hearse is a cart, on which a pine coffin is loaded. (33) Only one old woman trudges behind her, splashing through the mud. (34) This old woman, perhaps, is burying her breadwinner son... (35) But let me ask if the lady sitting in the carriage will give her even a penny? (36) Of course, he won’t give it, although maybe he will express his condolences... (37) What else is there?”

- (38) The old woman brought a fur coat... how much should I give?

- (39) Rabbit fur... (40) Nothing, strong, worth five rubles. (41) Give three rubles, and interest, of course, forward... (42) “Where, in fact, are people, where are their hearts? (43) The poor are dying, but the rich don’t even care..."

(44) Judah pressed his forehead to the cold glass and thought. (45) Large, shiny, crocodile tears appeared in his eyes.

(according to A.P. Chekhov*)

*Alexander Pavlovich Chekhov (1855–1913) - Russian writer, prose writer, publicist, elder brother of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.

20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin is one of the ordinary employees of the city pawnshop.

2) The woman who gave the suit to the pawn shop had sick children.

3) In the city pawn shop of Judah, interest is taken in advance.

4) The owner of the city pawnshop is worried about the fate of the people, so he is ready to do charity work.

5) One old woman went to a pawnshop to sell a hare’s fur coat, because she was very poor and needed money for a funeral.

To complete the task, use the following algorithm:

· Read the text carefully

Find in it confirmation or refutation of this or that statement

· Choose the correct answers

Let's consider how this algorithm can be applied to complete this task.

The first answer is unfaithful, because Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin is the owner of the city pawnshop (proposal No. 2)

Statement stated in the fourth answer option is exactly the opposite of what the author says in the text itself. So this answer incorrect.

In the fifth version the answer contains only part of the correct information (the old woman was poor), but she did not need the money for a funeral

So answer number 5 too incorrect.

Statement No. 2 is correct: “He says the kids are sick and need to be treated” (sentence 27). This loyal answer.

Statement No. 3 is correct: “Give me three rubles, and the interest, of course, will be forward...” (sentence No. 41). This loyal answer.

Therefore, the correct answer is: 2.3

21. Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.

1) Sentence 2 contains a description.

2) Sentences 11–14 present the narrative.

3) Proposition 23 contains an answer to the question formulated

in sentences 21–22.

4) Sentences 34–36 present the reasoning

5) Proposition 45 explains the reason for what is said in sentence 44.

Algorithm for completing the task:

Read the suggested fragments carefully;

Remember that the description shows, describes.

Varieties of description:

1) description of an object, person (its characteristics)

2) description of the place

3) description of the state of the environment

4) description of the state of the person (person)

5) description of actions

The narrative tells about the actions and deeds of the hero. We can trace a series of events that follow each other (was, is, will be).

Reasoning is built according to the scheme: thesis, evidence, conclusion.

Attention! There is not always a clear thesis statement in a passage. But if there is an explanation, a discussion of any event, phenomenon, then this reasoning, not storytelling. The presence of rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations, introductory words will tell you that this is reasoning.

Determine what type of speech each fragment belongs to

Let's try to apply this algorithm.

1) Sentence 2 contains a description.

“In a thoughtful pose, with his vest unbuttoned and his hands in his pockets, the owner of the city pawnshop, Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin, stood at the window and looked at the gloomy street.”

The fragment describes the pose and clothing. We “see” this hero.

So this one the answer is correct

2) Sentences 11–14 present the narrative.

(11) “Well,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, corruption and shame, but in reality they exist. (12) They were created by humanity itself. (13) It itself gave birth to this scourge. (14) And for what, one might ask, for what?”

This answer incorrect. In this passage, the hero talks about the universe, poverty, and humanity. It contains an introductory word, a rhetorical question. So, uh then the reasoning.

3) Proposition 23 contains the answer to the question formulated in sentences 21–22.

(21) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life? (22) Did you warm the poor man? (23) Of course not... tinsel! Question, question and answer. This correct answer.

4) Sentences 34–36 present reasoning.

(34) This old woman, perhaps, is burying her breadwinner son... (35) But let me ask if the lady sitting in the carriage will give her even a penny? (36) Of course, he won’t, although maybe he will express his condolences...

This is the correct answer. The hero talks about kindness and condolences. We observe in this fragment introductory words, a rhetorical question.

5) Proposition 45 explains the reason for what is said in sentence 44.

(44) Judah pressed his forehead to the cold glass and thought. (45) Large, shiny, crocodile tears appeared in his eyes.

A series of actions: he pressed his forehead, thought, and tears came out. So this answer incorrect, This narration.

Therefore, the correct answer is: 134

22. From sentences 39–45, write down antonyms (antonymous pair).

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Remember what antonyms are.

Antonyms are words that belong to the same part of speech, differ in spelling and sound, and mean directly opposite concepts.

Do not forget about contextual antonyms, which are the individual stylistic use of a particular word... In general use, these words do not stand in antonymic relationships with each other. Thus, in the context of A. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin,” the words “wave” and “stone,” “poetry” and “prose,” “ice” and “fire” are antonyms.

3. Define the specified lexical item

4. Choose the correct answer

(43) The poor are dying, but the rich don’t even care..."

These are nouns with the opposite lexical meaning.

Therefore, we write out: poor people, rich people

23. Among sentences 15–23, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a coordinating conjunction and a personal pronoun. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).

Reasoning algorithm:

Remember what types of conjunctions there are (coordinating and subordinating)

1. Find a coordinating conjunction

2. Remember the categories of pronouns

3. Find a personal pronoun

4. See which sentence contains both a coordinating conjunction and a personal pronoun

Coordinating Conjunctions

Connecting and, yes(=and), neither, nor, too, also

Nasty a, but, yes (=but), but, however, same

Separating or, either, so-and-so, either... or, not that... not that

Personal pronouns (initial form)

Case forms

Attention! Case forms of personal pronouns HER, HIS, THEM coincide with possessive pronouns HER, HIS, THEM. How to distinguish?

For the initial form and question:

saw (who?) her, him, them .

Initial form: she, he, it, they.

Therefore, it is a personal pronoun.

Her, his, theirs books (R.p.).

Initial form: her, him, them books.

Books (whose?) her, his, theirs.

Therefore, these are possessive pronouns.

(20) Cardboard coats of arms are dangling from the horses: an important person is being buried, the dignitary must have died. (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life?

24. Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks 20–23. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Insert into the blanks (A, B, C, D) the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter.

Chekhov's stories are compact in form and deep in content, and the author avoids direct value judgments - his voice sounds quiet, but at the same time firmly and clearly. This is facilitated by a complex composition and, of course, a competent selection of visual and expressive means. In the presented fragment it is worth noting the trope - (A)__________ (“angry clouds” in sentence 1, “gloomy street” in sentence 2), lexical device - (B)__________ (“hanging out” in sentence 20, “we’ll burn out” in sentence 29 , “travels, spanking...” in sentence 33), syntactic means - (B)__________ (sentences 3, 14, 21). It is worth paying attention to such a technique as (G)__________ (sentence 11), which becomes, perhaps, one of the main ones in the construction of this text.”

List of terms

1) phraseological units

2) antithesis

3) epithets

4) colloquial vocabulary

6) interrogative sentences

7) lexical repetition

8) hyperbole

9) synecdoche

Reasoning algorithm:

Let's divide all terms into 3 groups

There is a hint in the first task:mark the trope.

Trails - words and expressions used by the author of the text in a figurative meaning.

Let's remember the tropes: personification, epithet, comparison, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, litotes, irony, periphrasis.

Let's see which of them are in the list of terms: epithet, synecdoche, hyperbole - this is first group

Let's remember the definitions: Hyperbole is an excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object. Synecdoche is a type of metonymy when the name of a part is used instead of the name of the whole or vice versa. An epithet is a figurative, emotional and evaluative definition.

Hyperbole and synecdoche are not appropriate.

« Evil clouds», « gloomy street" is a figurative, emotional-evaluative definition expressed by an adjective.

Therefore this epithet.

The second task deals with lexical means.

We add to our list: synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, neologisms, archaisms, historicisms, phraseological units, aphorisms, dialectisms, professionalisms, colloquial vocabulary.

The list of terms includes: Phraseologisms - a stable combination of words, the meaning of which is determined as a whole, and not by the meaning of the individual words included in it.

Colloquial vocabulary gives speech a character of ease and some reduction (rudeness, familiarity, playfulness).

Phraseologisms and colloquial vocabulary are second group

• The words “hanging out”, “burning out”, “tragging, splashing...” refer to colloquial vocabulary.

Therefore, the answer is: No. 4

In task “B” they ask about a syntactic device.

• Let’s remember the syntactic means of expressiveness and look at what is in the list of terms:

antithesis, inversion, gradation, oxymoron, parcellation, anaphora, epiphora, rhetorical question, interrogative sentences, rhetorical appeal, ellipsis, lexical repetition, question-answer form, syntactic parallelism, homogeneous members of the sentence.

• The list of terms includes:

Antithesis is a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images.

Interrogative sentences are a question that is posed in order to obtain an answer.

Lexical repetition is the deliberate repetition of the same word or phrase.

Homogeneous members of a sentence are listed actions, objects, signs.

Antithesis, interrogative sentences, lexical repetition. homogeneous members of the sentence are the third group.

(3) “Well, what is our life? - he reasoned in unison with the crying sky. - (4) What is she? (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his entire life?

These are interrogative sentences.

Therefore, answer #6

I propose to complete task “D” by the method of elimination.

1) phraseological units

2) antithesis

3) epithets

4) colloquial vocabulary

5) series of homogeneous members of the sentence

6) interrogative sentences

7) lexical repetition

8) hyperbole

9) synecdoche

(11) “Well,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, corruption and shame, but in reality they exist.

The text is based on opposition. The thoughts and deeds of the hero of the story are contrasted.

Therefore, answer "No. 2"

Fill out the table: A- 3, B- 4, C- 6, D- 2

25. Write an essay based on the text you read.

State one of the problems delivered author of the text.

Comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid excessive quoting).

Formulate the position of the author (storyteller). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on reading experience, as well as knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or a complete rewrite of the original text without any

(1) The metaphysical worldview as a system of human views on the world around us has been formed since ancient times. (2) It is based on the idea of ​​the constancy and original purposefulness of living nature. (3) People’s idea of ​​the original purposefulness of living nature is based on the conviction that each type of organism was created for a specific purpose: to live in certain conditions,<...>to perform certain functions.

1) Metaphysical worldview is a conviction in the original purposefulness of living nature, the driving force of which is the variability of organisms.

2) The ancient worldview was based on the belief that living nature is characterized by constancy and man has no right to violate this constancy.

3) The basis of the metaphysical worldview, which has been formed since ancient times, is the idea of ​​​​the constancy and original purposefulness of living nature, in accordance with this idea, each type of organism is created to perform certain functions in certain conditions.

4) Initial expediency is the idea that each type of organism is created for a specific purpose, to perform certain functions based on gradual adaptation to the environment.

5) Since ancient times, a metaphysical worldview has been formed, which is based on the idea that living nature is distinguished by constancy and original purposefulness: each type of organism is created for a specific purpose.

Statements 1 and 2 contain information that is not in the text. Therefore they cannot be true.

Answer: 35

Task 2 #6475

(1) Dialectology is closely connected with such sciences as the history of language and ethnography. (2) Historians of language have always turned to the data of modern dialects, since, due to uneven development, they often retain archaic elements of the phonetic and grammatical structure, which can be used to explain the history of sounds. (3)<...>ethnographers and historians of folk culture are primarily interested in dialect vocabulary, since the main thematic groups of dialect vocabulary express folk ideas about the world.

Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The close connection of dialectology with the history of language and ethnography is due to the fact that surviving archaic elements help language historians explain the origin of certain sounds, and dialect vocabulary, which reveals folk ideas about the world, is of interest to ethnographers and historians of folk culture.

2) Dialectology is closely related to such sciences as the history of language and ethnography, because modern boundaries of dialects make it possible, with a greater or lesser degree of probability, to restore the boundaries that separated ancient tribes and then various feudal regions.

3) Historians of language have always turned to data from modern dialects, since they preserve archaic lexical elements that can be used to explain the history of sounds.

4) Ethnographers and historians of folk culture are primarily interested in dialect vocabulary, since, due to uneven development, it often retains archaic elements of the phonetic and grammatical structure.

5) Modern dialects retain archaic elements that can be used to explain the history of sounds, and dialect vocabulary helps to understand folk ideas about the world, which explains the close connection of dialectology with the history of language and ethnography.

When completing this task, it is important to understand why some statements are not appropriate answers.

Statement 2 contains information that is not in the text. Therefore it cannot be true.

Statement 3 contradicts the text, since it contains “mixed” information from the second (2) and third (3) sentences of the text.

Statement 4 reflects one of the ideas discussed in the text. But this idea is not the main one. It only helps to reveal the main idea.

Statements 1 and 5 retell the entire text, selecting the most important things from it. Moreover, they are identical to each other and, choosing one of these answers, we must also choose the second one, because they have no differences.

Answer: 15

Task 3 #6476

(1) If you look at the map, you will see that Siberia is more than half the territory of the Russian Federation, it is approximately equal to Europe, makes up almost a quarter of all Asia and one fifteenth of the entire landmass of the Earth. (2) But Siberia surprises us not only with its size, but also with the fact that it is the world’s largest treasury of forests, oil and gas reserves. (3) Exactly<...>Siberia is given much attention in Russia's economic development plans.

Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Siberia, which occupies two-fifths of Asia, receives great attention in Russia’s economic development plans.

2) Siberia surprises us not only with its size and uniqueness, but also with the fact that it is the world's largest treasury of minerals.

3) In Russia's economic development plans, much attention is paid to Siberia, since enormous natural resources are concentrated in this region.

4) Siberia occupies a special place in the development of the world economy, since this region occupies one fifteenth of the entire landmass of the Earth and enormous natural resources are concentrated here.

5) Siberia, which has enormous natural resources, receives great attention in Russia’s economic development plans.

When completing this task, it is important to understand why some statements are not appropriate answers.

Statement 4 contains information that is not in the text. Therefore it cannot be true. The text says nothing about the global economy, but the statement contains these words.

Statement 1 directly contradicts the content of the text. In the statement: information that Siberia occupies two-fifths of Asia. In the text: Siberia is almost a quarter of Asia.

Statement 2 reflects several ideas discussed in the text. But this statement does not reflect the very important information contained in the third (3) sentence of the text.

Statements 3 and 5 retell the entire text, selecting the most important things from it. Moreover, they are identical to each other and, choosing one of these answers, we must also choose the second one, because they have no differences.

Answer: 35

Task 4 #6477

(1) The consequence of the ongoing struggle for existence in the animal world is natural selection - a process that eliminates less adapted organisms and favors more adapted organisms. (2) In this competition, those representatives of the species who turn out to be the most viable, that is, adapted to specific living conditions, gain an advantage. (3)<...>they have a greater chance of leaving behind full-fledged offspring.

Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The basis of natural selection is hereditary variability, and the selecting factor is human activity.

2) In the process of natural selection, those animals that are more adapted to specific living conditions survive and leave full-fledged offspring.

3) Animals that are better adapted to specific living conditions are more likely to survive as a result of natural selection and leave behind full-fledged offspring.

4) In the process of the ongoing struggle for existence, traits useful for humans gradually accumulate in the offspring of animals from generation to generation.

5) Due to the incessant struggle for existence, only those animals whose hereditary characteristics are useful for humans survive and leave offspring.

When completing this task, it is important to understand why some statements are not appropriate answers.

Statements 1, 4, and 5 contain information that is not in the text. Therefore they cannot be true. The text does not mention either the person or his activities.

Statements 2 and 3 retell the entire text, selecting the most important things from it. Moreover, they are identical to each other and, choosing one of these answers, we must also choose the second one, because they have no differences.

Answer: 23

Task 5 #6478

(1) The idea of ​​biogenesis comes from ancient Hindu and Persian religious ideas about the absence of beginning and end in natural phenomena and represents one of the hypotheses for the origin of life on Earth. (2)<...>In this version, life exists in the Universe forever. (3) The simplest organisms or their spores (“seeds of life”) could be brought from space to Earth, where they found favorable conditions, multiplied and gave rise to evolution from simple forms to more complex ones.

Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The idea of ​​biogenesis, based on ancient Eastern religions, is a hypothesis of the cosmic origin of life on Earth, according to which life exists in the Universe forever.

2) The cosmic origin of life on Earth, as the idea of ​​biogenesis states, is evidenced by rock paintings of “seeds of life” - objects similar to aircraft.

3) According to Persian religious beliefs, the “seeds of life” that appeared on Earth multiplied and gave rise to evolution in the Universe.

4) In accordance with the idea of ​​biogenesis, based on ancient Eastern religions, life in the Universe exists forever, and on Earth it appeared thanks to the simplest organisms brought from space or their spores.

5) The biogenesis hypothesis states that life could have been brought to Earth from space using spaceships sent by extraterrestrial civilizations.

When completing this task, it is important to understand why some statements are not appropriate answers.

Statement 2 contains information that is not in the text. Therefore it cannot be true. The text says nothing about rock paintings.

Statements 3 and 5 directly contradict the content of the text. In statement 5: the idea of ​​biogenesis suggests that life was brought to earth with the help of spacecraft. In the text: the idea of ​​biogenesis suggests that life came to earth with the help of spores brought from space. In statement 3: “seeds of life” appeared on Earth and gave rise to evolution in the Universe. In the text: “seeds of life” appeared in space, and from there they came to Earth.

Statements 1 and 4 retell the entire text, selecting the most important things from it.

Answer: 14

Task 6 #6479

(1)In ancient Greece, agriculture was the main source of human existence. (2)<...>urban residents often had a farm outside the city and used what it provided. (3) At the same time, the terrain of Greece was not favorable for agriculture: approximately three-quarters of the territory was occupied by mountains and areas unsuitable for agriculture.

Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) About three-quarters of the territory of Ancient Greece was occupied by mountains and areas unsuitable for agriculture.

2) Agriculture, despite the fact that the terrain was not conducive to the development of agriculture, was the main source of human existence in Ancient Greece.

3) In Ancient Greece, city dwellers often enjoyed the fruits of agricultural activity.

4) The main source of human subsistence in Ancient Greece was agriculture, despite the fact that the terrain was unfavorable for agriculture.

5) The main source of livelihood for urban residents of Ancient Greece was agriculture.

When completing this task, it is important to understand why some statements are not appropriate answers.

Statements 1 and 3 reflect information contained in the text. But this information is not the main one. It only helps to reveal the main idea.

Statement 5 directly contradicts the content of the text. In the text: city residents “often had a farm outside the city and used what it provided.” In the statement: agriculture is the main source of livelihood for urban residents. These are different thoughts.

Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Scientists have found that children who receive basic information from the Internet change their perception, and teachers were the first to talk about changes in their ability to concentrate and remember.

2) Researchers have identified an obvious increase in the ability to concentrate attention and remember information in a person for whom the Internet becomes the only source of information.

3) Based on the analysis of experimental data, scientists concluded that a person whose main source of information is the Internet develops “acquired attention deficit” syndrome.

4) In people whose main source of information is the Internet, scientists have identified obvious changes in the “nature” of reading texts, in the ability to concentrate attention and remember information, and a significant change in perception.

5) Scientists have found that a person who receives information primarily from the Internet has a change in perception: the ability to concentrate and remember information decreases, and the “nature” of reading changes.

When completing this task, it is important to understand why some statements are not appropriate answers.

Statements 1 and 3 contain information that is not in the text. Therefore they cannot be true. The text does not talk about teachers (statement 1) or “acquired attention deficit disorder” (statement 3).

Statement 2 directly contradicts the content of the text. In the text: a person’s ability to concentrate and remember information decreases. In the statement: this ability increases.

Statements 4 and 5 retell the entire text, selecting the most important things from it. Moreover, they are identical to each other and, choosing one of these answers, we must also choose the second one, because they have no differences.

Task 1. Information processing of texts

Approximate wording of the task: Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

Algorithm for completing task 1 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language:

1. Read the text carefully.

2. Think about what the text says, retell it concisely.

3. Compare your retelling with the answer options.

4. Eliminate those options that least fully reflect the meaning of the text read.

Let's look at an example (text taken from the 2014 demo).

Example task 1.

Read the text.

(1) If you look at the map, you will be convinced that Siberia is more than half of the territory of the Russian Federation, it is approximately equal to Europe, makes up almost a quarter of all Asia and one fifteenth of the entire landmass of the Earth. (2) But Siberia surprises us not only with its size, but also with the fact that it is the world’s largest treasury of forests, oil and gas reserves. (3) Exactly<…>Siberia is given much attention in Russia's economic development plans.

Let's try to retell the text concisely:

Siberia has great natural resources, so Russia’s economic development plans pay great attention to it.

Let's compare the retelling with the options:

1. the first option places emphasis on the large territory of Siberia. and not on its natural resources, so it is not suitable for us;
2. the second option contains part of the main idea, but not all of it, as required by the assignment, so we exclude it too;
3. in the fourth version there is unnecessary information, the development of the world economy was not discussed in the text, and special attention is paid to Siberia mainly because of its natural resources, and not its size.

Therefore, the correct answer is 3.5.

Task 2. Means of communication of sentences in the text

Task formulation

(1) The manner of the dispute, its severity, the concessions of the disputing parties, the means they use are determined not only by considerations related to the resolution of a specific problem, but also by the entire context in which it arose. (2) You can formally win an argument, convince of the feasibility of your approach, and at the same time lose in something else, but no less important. (3) (...) the side effects of a dispute can significantly weaken the effect of victory in it or even eliminate it altogether. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text?

Vice versa,

But

In other words,

Thereby

Firstly,

Correct answer: in other words.

Usually in task 2 either an introductory word (construction), or a conjunction, or a particle, or an adverb is missing, which connects the sentence with the omission with the previous one and introduces a certain meaning into the reasoning of the author of the source text.

Algorithm for completing the task

1. Read the test carefully and understand the logic of the author’s reasoning.

2. Determine which logical link in the author’s reasoning is the sentence with a gap:

Indicates the cause of the described phenomena (in place of the gap, according to the meaning, you can insert BECAUSE, AS, AS, THE POINT IS THAT);

• is a consequence of the author’s reasoning (THEREFORE, SO, FROM HERE);
• summarizes the author's reasoning (THUS, SO, THEREFORE);
• repeats the same thought, but more clearly (IN OTHER WORDS, OTHER WORDS);
• seeks to supplement the previously expressed thought with something new and important (ADDITION);
• explains what was said before (E.G. SO); introduces into the author’s reasoning the meaning “contrary to the circumstances indicated in the previous part of the text” (DESPITE THIS, ALTHOUGH, CONTRARY TO THIS);
• clarifies what was said earlier (IE);
• used for contrast, emphasizing the contradiction (HOWEVER, THEN, BUT);
• adds clarification and emphasizes the importance of thought (EXACTLY);
• reinforces what is said (EVEN); has the meaning “for this reason” (NOT RANDOM).

3. Carry out the substitution, and then re-read the resulting option again and make sure that you have correctly established the logical correspondence between the sentence with the gap and the one that precedes it.

Comment on the task

Test task: (1) It turns out that any sound source performs complex non-sinusoidal oscillations. (2) They can be observed using a well-known device - an oscilloscope. (3)... if you connect a microphone to it and sing some melody, then not a sine wave, but a more complex curve will appear on the oscilloscope screen.

Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text?

Write down this word (combination of words).

• Vice versa,
• For example,
• Firstly
• However
• That's why

1. Let's determine which logical link in the author's reasoning is the sentence with a gap: Sentence No. 3 explains what was said in sentence No. 2: how you can observe non-sinusoidal sound oscillations using an oscilloscope.
2. Let us note which of the answers do not introduce the meaning of explanation into the author’s reasoning: The introductory word “on the contrary” is used when the author of the text contrasts one sentence with another, therefore it cannot stand in the place of the gap in the third sentence. The introductory word “firstly” is not suitable, since the text does not contain the introductory words “secondly” and “thirdly”. The adversative conjunction “however” is used to express opposition, so it also cannot stand in the place of the gap in the third sentence. The conjunction “therefore” is used when the author of the text wants to draw a conclusion from his reasoning. Therefore, we also cannot consider this word as the correct answer.
3. Let’s substitute the introductory word “for example” in place of the omission and re-read the resulting text: (1) It turns out that any sound source performs complex non-sinusoidal oscillations. (2) They can be observed using a well-known device - an oscilloscope. (H) FOR EXAMPLE, if you connect a microphone to it and sing some melody, then not a sine wave, but a more complex curve will appear on the oscilloscope screen. The introductory word “for example” is used when the author wants to clarify what he said before. Therefore, it does not contradict the logic of the text. This is the correct answer.
4. Correct answer: for example. For the correct answer we receive 1 primary point.

Task 3. Contextual determination of the lexical meaning of polysemous words.

Task formulation

(1) It is known that today, in different methods, the place of grammar in language teaching is defined differently. (2) In some, it is given the main place; memorization of the rules and constant training in the formation of certain forms are required. (3) ... in others it is believed that the emphasis should be transferred to the use of speech patterns, and grammatical phenomena are given second place: the rules do not need to be taught, it is enough just to practice analyzing sample texts.

Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word RULE.

Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the second (2) sentence of the text.

Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

RULE, -a, cf.

1) Generally binding laws established by state authorities. Rules of behavior in public places.

2) A decree, an order establishing the order of something. Inner order rules.

3) A position that reflects a pattern, a constant relationship between some phenomena. Rules of arithmetic.

4) Way of thinking, norm of behavior, custom, habit. A man of strict rules. Make it a rule. Cheating is not in his rules.

Correct answer: 3

What you need to know to complete the task

It is possible to determine in which lexical meaning a polysemantic word is used in a sentence only from the context, using the substitution technique: alternately substitute each of its interpretations for the polysemantic word in the sentence; if the sentence does not lose its semantic integrity, then the answer is correct.

Algorithm for completing the task

1. Read the assignment carefully.

2. Find the given sentence.

3. Include each of the suggested lexical interpretations to replace the word given for analysis.

4. Determine whether the sentence has lost its meaning or not: if the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct; if the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is incorrect.

For the correct answer you receive 1 primary point.

Task 5. Lexical norms. Paronyms.

Algorithm of actions.

1. Determine what part of speech the paronyms are.
2. Read the sentences carefully. Maybe you will find something in common in the words that are combined with paronyms.
3. Think about what word they can be formed from. Perhaps the difference lies in the fundamentals!
4. Look at what part of the word the words differ in: prefix, suffix, etc.
5. If possible, remember the differences in meaning. Remember! If you suddenly come across words like subscriber - subscription, this algorithm will not work.

Analysis of the task.

In which sentence should the word HOSTILE be used instead of the word HOSTILE?

1) Animals and plants sometimes act as HOSTILE forces in fairy tales.

2) He found himself in a world HOSTILE to him.

3) The tank division managed to break the HOSTILE enemy defenses.

4) They were not prepared for such a HOSTILE reception from the local residents.

Hostile and enemy are paronyms - adjectives. Let's try to figure out what word(s) they are formed from.

Hostile – enmity (hostility, mutual hatred, hostile relationship) + suffix -ebn-. Meaning - expressing a hostile attitude.

Enemy – enemy (a person fighting for other, opposing interests, adversary) + suffix –esk-. Meaning - belonging to the enemy.

This means that paronyms are formed from different words, therefore the difference should be sought based not so much on the suffixes, but on the basis of the words.

In options No. 2, 3, 4, the context expresses the attitude: hostile world, hostile defense, hostile reception. And in option No. 1, according to the context, the affiliation should be indicated: instead of hostile forces, you need to say enemy forces.

Thus, the correct option is number 1.

The Unified State Examination in Russian consists of two parts and 25 tasks.

First part represents 24 tasks. They can be test-type, with a choice of one or more answers, open-ended (fill in the blank yourself).

The answer to the tasks of Part 1 is given by the corresponding entry in the form of a number (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers) written without spaces, commas and other additional characters.

Part 1 tasks test graduates’ mastery of educational material at both basic and high levels of complexity (tasks 7, 23–24).

Second part - consists of one task - 25. This task involves writing an essay based on the read and analyzed text.

Part 2 task (task 25 - essay) can be completed by the examinee at any level of difficulty (basic, advanced, high).

The work is given 210 minutes - 3.5 hours.

Distribution of tasks by parts of the examination paper

Unpointing for tasks

Below I will give the “cost” of each task performed.

For the correct completion of each task first part (except for tasks 1, 7, 15 and 24) the examinee receives 1 point. For an incorrect answer or lack thereof, 0 points are given.

For completing tasks 1 and 15, you can score from 0 to 2 points.

The answer that contains all the numbers from the standard and no other numbers is considered correct.

For completing task 7, you can score from 0 to 5 points.

For each correctly indicated digit corresponding to a number from the list, the examinee receives 1 point (5 points: no errors; 4 points: one error was made; 3 points: two errors were made; 2 points: two digits were indicated correctly; 1 point: correctly indicated only one digit; 0 points: completely incorrect answer, i.e. incorrect sequence of numbers or lack thereof.

For completing task 24, you can score from 0 to 4 points. The answer that contains all the numbers from the standard and no other numbers is considered correct.

The maximum number of points that an examinee can receive if he or she completes the task correctly second part , is 24 points.

For correct completion of all tasks of the examination paper, you can receive the maximum 57 primary points .

In the "Preparation" section you will find a complete analysis of the demo version of the version for 2012. Many assignments come with reference material. Each option contains typical tasks, so with the help of comments and explanations that are attached to each task, you will learn the train of thought and learn how to complete tests quickly and efficiently.

Russian language assignments are divided into 3 parts:

Part A

Part B

Part C

IN first part you will find tips on preparation and analysis of tasks of type A (1-30) of the 2012 demo version. You can try each task yourself first. If you have any difficulties, refer to the correct answer, explanations and comments that are attached to each task. Using the "Preparation" section, you will learn how to solve standard tasks that make up the Russian language exam. This is the purpose of the site. For better assimilation of the material, each task is accompanied by systematic reference material on the Russian language (norms and rules), which you can turn to at any moment and get the necessary information.
The website "Unified State Exam. Russian Language" in the "Preparation" section also contains useful materials from official documents. For example, in the comments to task A1 you will find the orthoepic minimum for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language (words in which stress will be checked).

In second part The "Preparation" section contains tasks without answer options. In these options, you must enter the answer yourself. Here you will find a breakdown of the tasks, the correct answer, comments and explanations. If necessary, you can always refer to the reference material (norms and rules) attached to each task.

IN third part you will find the text of the demo version, as well as a complete analysis of this task. After reading the Preparation section, you will learn to identify the main problem in texts, determine the position of the author, and formulate your arguments for part “C”. The article “How to get the maximum score for an essay on the Unified State Exam” contains useful information about the criteria for evaluating essays by an expert commission, as well as tips on writing your own essay based on the proposed text.

If you think that you have already devoted enough time to preparation and the training material has already been mastered, then we invite you to go to our website and check your level of preparation. If you are not yet completely confident in your knowledge, then the test will help identify problem areas.

Preparation for the Unified State Exam in Russian using the demo version of the version for 2009

If the newer demo versions are already well studied, we can suggest trying your hand at the demo version that was in 2009. The tasks in it are almost no different from those offered this year.

Part A includes 30 tasks (A1 - A30). For each of them there are 4 possible answers, of which only one is correct.

Part B consists of 8 tasks (B1 - B8). You must formulate the answers to these tasks yourself.

Part C consists of one task (C1) and is a short written work based on the proposed text (essay).