How does a map differ from a globe? Presentation on the topic "Globe and geographical map"
For the first time I saw real globe at school in a geography lesson. Then it didn’t seem surprising to me; at first glance, the map looked like a map, simply applied to a rotating ball. The realization of the importance of the globe came somewhat later. In order to find out what is the difference between a globe and a map, you need to consider both separately.
What is a card
Geographic map– this is a significantly reduced image in the plane . This is one of the most important inventions.
Found the cards widely used in people. Thanks to them, you can get acquainted with the terrain without direct contact with it. Maps are actively used as navigation aids in guidebooks for tourists, in ship navigation and even in astronautics! They are also needed in the development of mineral resources, in military affairs and construction. In other words, geographic maps are used in almost all areas.
What is a globe
So, as we have already found out, the first image of the Earth was a map. The globe appeared much later, after people came to the conclusion that our planet was spherical.
The globe is a mini-copy of the Earth. The history of its creation goes deep into ancient times. Around the second century BC scientist Crates Malossi The very first primitive globe was developed. This scientist was very fond of the poem “Odyssey”. He undertook to paint the ball along all the routes his favorite hero took. It turned out primitive, but nevertheless it was a real globe, corresponding to the level of knowledge of those times, and appreciated by our contemporaries.
The world's largest globe created in America. His diameter is 12.6 m, which corresponds to the height of a four-story building!
Advantages of the globe
To the undeniable merits globe include the following:
- A globe is more visual compared to a map. He shows spherical shape Earth.
- The relative position is preserved relative to each other poles, and meridian and parallels.
- In all areas globe the scale is the same.
- Shapes are not distorted objects and their proportions.
Slide 2
globe
Stands on one leg
He twists and turns his head.
Shows us countries.
Rivers, mountains, oceans.
Provide evidence that the Earth is spherical.
- The shape of the Earth is clearly visible in its miniature model, which is called the terrestrial globe. Continents and islands, oceans and seas are depicted on its surface. They have the same outlines and are located in the same way as on the Earth itself, only reduced by several million times.
- A globe is a model of the Earth. A model is a reduced-scale reproduction of an object. This means that the globe also has a scale.
Slide 3
- Using the globe, determine the distance from Moscow to St. Petersburg.
- Determine the scale of the educational globe.
- Using a globe, determine the distance from Moscow to Novosibirsk
- Using a globe, determine the distance from Moscow to the equator
Slide 4
Dimensions of the Earth
The distance from the center of the Earth to the equator is 6378 km, and from the center to the poles I am 22 km and equal to 6356 km. The circumference of the Earth is 40 thousand km. It would take about a month to travel this distance by fast train. And walking takes about five years. - 22 km
- The average radius of the earth is 6371 km
- The total area of the planet is 510 million km²
Slide 5
Geographic map
It looks like a piece of paper
Our Earth is a very clever drawing.
Mountains, plains, seas, oceans,
There are cities on the map, and countries...
Slide 6
Distortions on the geographical map
Which parts of the map have the most distortion in the images?
Slide 7
Types of projections
Construction
Cylindrical (1),
Conical (2)
Azimuthal (3)projections
Which continent on the map of the hemispheres has the greatest distortions?
Slide 8
Similarities and differences between a plan and a map
Compare the terrain plan and the physical map of the hemispheres in the atlas.
Identify similarities and differences on the site plan and on the map.
- Conventional signs
- Conventional signs
- Scale
- Scale
- Off-scale signs
What information can you get about rivers from a plan and a map?
Geographic map is a reduced image of the Earth's surface or its parts on a plane using symbols.
Slide 9
Types of cards
- Describe the atlas maps
- Physical map of the hemispheres
- Physical map of Russia
- A political map of the World
- Oceans map
- Outline maps
- Atlas page
- Atlas page
- Atlas page
- Atlas page
- Atlas page
Globe - model of the globe Equator km Dimensions of the Earth North Pole The surface area of our planet is km2. The distance from the center of the Earth to the equator is 6378 km, and to the poles 6356 km, that is, our planet is slightly flattened at the poles. In order to travel around the Earth on a fast train, it will take about a month, since the circumference of our planet is equal to km.
Geographic map - image of the Earth on a plane Types (groups) of maps By territory coverage By content By scale - World and hemispheres - Continents and oceans and their parts - States and their parts - General geographical - Thematic - Small-scale (smaller than 1:) - Medium-scale (from 1: up to 1: inclusive) - Large-scale (larger than 1:) - a reduced image of the Earth’s surface or its parts on a plane using symbols
The scale shows how many times each line drawn on the map is reduced in relation to its actual dimensions on the ground Numerical Named Linear 1:100 This means that 1 cm on the map corresponds to 100 cm on the ground Measures of length on both sides of the “:” sign are the same B 1 cm - 1 m To record a named scale, convenient measures of length are used (100 cm = 1 m) m1 m Linear scale - is a line divided into equal segments. The segments to the right of 0 show what distance on the ground corresponds to distances on the plan of 1 cm, 2 cm, etc. The segment to the left of 0 is divided into equal small parts. Knowing the distance on the ground to which a large segment corresponds, and the number of small segments, one can calculate what distance on the ground these small segments correspond to. For example, the length of the large segment to the left of 0 is 1 m. This segment is divided into 5 small parts, which means that the length of one such part is 1 m: 5 = 20 cm.
An image from the convex surface of a ball (planet Earth) cannot be transferred to a plane (map) without distortion. All images on the plane will inevitably be changed in shape and size, and in different areas of the ball the degree of distortion will be different. The smaller the scale, the more distortions and errors there are on the map, since objects are reduced many times. It must be remembered that... Distortions By shape By size By area
Degree grid of a geographic map and globe Meridians are the shortest lines conventionally drawn on the surface of the Earth from one geographic pole to another. Parallel lines are conventionally drawn along the surface of the Earth parallel to the equator. The main concepts of the topic are lines of meridians and parallels, divided into degrees.
Features Meridians - directed north and south; - represent semicircles converging at the poles; - the magnitude of the arc is measured in degrees; - have the same length - length 1° is always equal to 111 km; Parallels - directed to the east and west; - circles parallel to the equator; - the circumference is measured in degrees; - the circumference decreases from the equator to the poles; - length 1° in kilometers is indicated at the map frame (class 6,7 atlas)
Geographical coordinates Geographical latitude – The magnitude of the meridian arc in degrees from the equator to a given location. - Determined by parallels - There are northern (N) and southern (S) Geographic longitude - The magnitude of the parallel arc in degrees from the prime meridian to a given place. -Determined by meridians - There are western (W) and eastern (E). - geographic latitude and geographic longitude of a point on the earth’s surface Example: Cape Igolny - 34 o S. St. Petersburg - 60 o N Example: Igolny metro station – 20°E. St. Petersburg – 30°E.
What is the degree grid used for? Determining directions Determining geographic coordinates (Examples, see earlier) Measuring distances between objects To measure distances on a map, you need to know: - coordinates of points (A and B) - length of the 1 0 parallel or meridian (depending on the direction of measurements) (Examples, see earlier)
Determining directions Orientation is the ability to determine the sides of the horizon. ssz sun south south south To determine the exact direction of an object, it is not enough to know which side of the horizon it is located on. In such cases, the azimuth to the object is determined using a compass. Dictionary North Direction to an object Azimuth (angle) Azimuth is the angle between the direction north and the direction to some object, measured from the direction north clockwise.
3) in the figure we see that the angle we need is 120 o figure 1 figure 2 Determine the azimuth and the exact direction to the well yourself (Figure 1) south southwest north south we need to determine the azimuth to the tree (from figure 1) Conclusion: azimuth = 120 o, which corresponds to the direction ESE (east-southeast) (according to Figure 2) Example: 1) draw an imaginary direction line to the object as shown in Figure 2) determine the azimuth, i.e. determine the angle from the direction north to the direction towards the object clockwise
Examples of Unified State Examination tasks on the topic “Globe and Geographical Map” 1. What letter on a fragment of a world map indicates the parallel of 20 ° N. w. ? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 2. Which arrow on a fragment of the world map corresponds to the direction to the southeast? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D
3. Which of the points indicated on a fragment of the world map has the geographic coordinates of 24 °S. and 92 °E ? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 4. Which of the points indicated by letters on the world map has the geographic coordinates of 5 °N. and 72 °E ? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D
5. Which direction corresponds to direction A-B on the map of the European part of Russia? 1) north 2) northeast 3) east 4) southeast 6. Which direction does the A-B direction correspond to on the map of the European part of Russia? 1) west 2) northwest 3) north 4) northeast
7. Which of the points indicated by letters on a fragment of the world map has the geographic coordinates of 35°S. and 14 °W ? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D 8. Which of the points indicated by letters on the map of Europe has the geographic coordinates of 37°N. and 3°W? 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D
9. Fill in the missing number: “1 centimeter on a scale 1 map: corresponds to _______ km on the ground.” 10. What azimuth do you need to follow to get from point B to point A on the shore of a forest lake?
Test yourself Questions Answers Possible: 208,209,210, 211, 212
The Earth, like other planets, has the shape of a ball, slightly flattened at the poles. A person, being on the surface of the Earth, sees only a few square kilometers of its area. At the same time, the total surface area of the Earth is 510 million square meters. km.
Based on the shape and size of the planet, a model of the Earth was created - a globe.
globe- a three-dimensional reduced model of the Earth. The globe has the same shape as the planet itself, it is three-dimensional, its axis of rotation, just like the planet’s, is tilted.
The globe depicts continents, islands, oceans, seas, etc. They have the same outlines as on the surface of the Earth, and are located relative to each other in the same way. Thus, on the globe there is minimal distortion of the earth's surface.
The first globe was created around 150 BC. e. The oldest globe that has survived to this day is the globe of Martin Behaim.
In addition to the globe and plans, maps are actively used to depict the earth's surface. On a map, unlike a plan, you can see the entire earth's surface or large parts of it. In addition, geographic maps have a small scale, since the image must be reduced a large number of times to fit on the map.
Geographic map- an image of the earth's surface containing a degree grid, in a reduced form on a plane using symbols.
Geographic maps are completely different. For example, maps that depict natural objects: mountains, seas, plains, continents are called physical; maps showing countries, their borders, capitals - political.
Rice. 4. Physical map of the world ()
Rice. 5. Political map of Eurasia ()
There is a special type of maps - contour maps. These maps have only the boundaries of geographical objects, their outlines, and a degree network. On such maps it is necessary to independently mark the geographical objects being studied, maintaining accuracy, accuracy and using other geographical maps.
Rice. 6. Outline map of the world ()
Files
There are no additional materials for this lesson.
This video lesson is devoted to the topic “Globe - a model of the Earth. Geographic Maps". You will learn about the size and shape of the Earth, and become acquainted with a new concept - “geographic maps”. The teacher will tell you in detail about the globe, as well as what types of maps exist.
Based on the shape and size of the planet, a model of the Earth was created - a globe.
A three-dimensional reduced model of the Earth. The globe has the same shape as the planet itself, it is three-dimensional, its axis of rotation, like the planet’s, is tilted.
The globe depicts continents, islands, oceans, seas, etc. They have the same outlines as on the surface of the Earth, and are located relative to each other in the same way. Thus, on the globe there is minimal distortion of the earth's surface.
The first globe was created around 150 BC. e. The oldest globe that has survived to this day is the globe of Martin Behaim.
Rice. 3. Globe of Behaim, 1492 ()
In addition to the globe and plans, maps are actively used to depict the earth's surface. On a map, unlike a plan, you can see the entire earth's surface or large parts of it. In addition, geographic maps have a small scale, since the image must be reduced a large number of times to fit on the map.
Geographic map- an image of the earth's surface containing a degree grid, in a reduced form on a plane using symbols.
Geographic maps are completely different. For example, maps that depict natural objects: mountains, seas, plains, continents are called physical; maps showing countries, their borders, capitals - political.
Rice. 4. Physical map of the world ()
Rice. 5. Political map of Eurasia ()
There is a special type of maps - contour maps. These maps have only the boundaries of geographical objects, their outlines, and a degree network. On such maps it is necessary to independently mark the geographical objects being studied, maintaining accuracy, accuracy and using other geographical maps.
Rice. 6. Outline map of the world ()
Homework
Paragraphs 9, 10, 11.
1. What are a globe and a map?
Bibliography
Main
1. Basic course in geography: Textbook. for 6th grade. general education institutions / T.P. Gerasimova, N.P. Neklyukova. - 10th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2010. - 176 p.
2. Geography. 6th grade: atlas. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2011. - 32 p.
3. Geography. 6th grade: atlas. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2013. - 32 p.
4. Geography. 6th grade: cont. cards. - M.: DIK, Bustard, 2012. - 16 p.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Rosman-Press, 2006. - 624 p.
Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam
1. Geography: initial course. Tests. Textbook manual for 6th grade students. - M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS center, 2011. - 144 p.
2. Tests. Geography. 6-10 grades: Educational and methodological manual / A.A. Letyagin. - M.: LLC "Agency "KRPA "Olympus": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Russian Geographical Society ().
