Ancient Turkic peoples. Turkic and Mongolian peoples of Russia

An ethno-linguistic group speaking Turkic languages. This population group is considered one of the ancients, and its classification is the most complex and still causes controversy among historians. 164 million people today speak the Turkic language. The most ancient people of the Turkic group are the Kirghiz, their language has been preserved almost unchanged. And the first information about the appearance of Turkic-speaking tribes dates back to the first millennium BC.

Current number

The largest number of modern Turks is. According to statistics, this is 43% of all Turkic-speaking peoples or 70 million people. Next come 15% or 25 million people. Slightly fewer Uzbeks - 23.5 million (14%), after - - 12 million (7%), Uyghurs - 10 million (6%), Turkmens - 6 million (4%), - 5.5 million (3%) , - 3.5 million (2%). The following nationalities make up 1%: , Qashqais and - on average 1.5 million. Others are less than 1%: Karakalpaks (700 thousand), Afshars (600 thousand), Yakuts (480 thousand), Kumyks (400 thousand), Karachais (350 thousand ), (300 thousand), Gagauz (180 thousand), Balkars (115 thousand), Nogais (110 thousand), Khakass (75 thousand), Altaians (70 thousand). Most Turks are Muslims.

Origin of peoples

The first settlement of the Turks was in Northern China, in the steppe zones. They were engaged in land science and cattle breeding. Over time, the tribes settled and reached Eurasia. The ancient Turkic peoples were:

• Huns;
• Turkuts;
• Karluks;
• Khazars;
• Pechenegs;
• Bulgars;
• Cumans;
• Oghuz Turks.

Very often in historical chronicles the Turks are called Scythians. There are many legends about the origin of the first tribes, which also exist in several versions.

Language group

There are 2 main groups: eastern and western. Each of them has a branch:

• Eastern:
  • Kyrgyz-Kypchak (Kyrgyz, Altaians);
  • Uyghur (Saryg-Uighurs, Todzhins, Altaians, Khakassians, Dolgans, Tofalars, Shors, Tuvinians, Yakuts).
• Western:
  • Bulgarian (Chuvash);
  • Kipchak (Kypchak-Bulgar: Tatars, Bashkirs; Kipchak-Polovtsian: Crimeans, Krymchaks, Balkars, Kumyks, Karaites, Karachais; Kipchak-Nogais: Kazakhs, Nogais, Karakalpaks);
  • Karlukskaya (Ili Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Uyghurs);
  • Oguz (Oguz-Bulgar: Balkan Turks, Gagauz; Oguz-Seljuk: Turks, Azerbaijanis, Capriot Turks, Turkomans, Qashqais, Urums, Syrian Turks, Crimeans; Oguz-Turkmen peoples: Trukhmen, Qajars, Gudari, Teymurtash, Turkmens, Afshars , salars, karapapakhi).

The Chuvash speak the Chuvash language. Dialectics among the Yakuts in Yakut and Dolgan. The Kipchak peoples are located in Russia and Siberia, so Russian becomes the native language here, although some peoples retain their culture and language. Representatives of the Karluk group speak Uzbek and Uyghur languages. The Tatars, Kyrgyz and Kazakhs achieved independence for their territory and also preserved their traditions. But Oguzes tend to speak Turkmen, Turkish, and Salar.

Characteristics of peoples

Many nationalities, although they live on the territory of Russia, retain their language, culture and customs. Vivid examples of the Turkic people who are partially or completely dependent on other countries:

• Yakuts. Often the indigenous people call themselves Sakhas, and their Republic is called Sakha. This is the easternmost Turkic population. The language was acquired a little from the Asians.
• Tuvans. This nationality is found in the east, closer to the border with China. Home Republic – Tuva.
• Altaians. They preserve their history and culture the most. They inhabit the Altai Republic.
• Khakassians. Approximately 52 thousand people live in the Republic of Khakassia. Some of them moved to the Krasnoyarsk Territory or Tula.
• Tofalars. According to statistics, this nationality is on the verge of extinction. Found only in the Irkutsk region.
• Shors. Today there are 10 thousand people who have taken refuge in the southern part of the Kemerovo region.
• Siberian Tatars. They speak Tatar, but live in Russia: Omsk, Tyumen and Novosibirsk regions.
• Dolgans. These are bright representatives living in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Today the nationality consists of 7.5 thousand people.

Other peoples, and there are six such countries, have achieved their own nationality and now these are prosperous countries with a history of Turkic settlement:

• Kyrgyz. This is the oldest settlement of Turkic origin. Even though the territory was vulnerable for a long time, they managed to preserve their way of life and culture. They lived mainly in the steppe zone, where few people settled. But they are very hospitable and generously greet and see off guests who come to their home.
• Kazakhs. This is the most common group of Turkic representatives. They are a very proud, but at the same time strong-willed people. Children are raised strictly, but they are ready to protect their neighbors from bad things.
• Turks. A peculiar people, they are patient and unpretentious, but very insidious and vindictive. Non-Muslims do not exist for them.

All representatives of Turkic origin have one thing in common - history and common origin. Many managed to carry their traditions through the years and even despite other problems. Other representatives are on the verge of extinction. But even this does not prevent you from getting to know their culture.

Turks of Russia, Turks Wikipedia
Total: approximately 160-165 million people

Turkey Turkey - 55 million

Iran Iran - from 15 to 35 million (Azerbaijanis in Iran)
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan - 27 million
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan - 12 million
Russia Russia - 11 million
PRC PRC - 11 million
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan - 9 million
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan - 5 million
Germany Germany - 5 million
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan - 5 million
Caucasus (without Azerbaijan) - 2 million
EU - 2 million (excluding UK, Germany and France)
Iraq Iraq - from 600 thousand to 3 million (Turkomans)
Tajikistan Tajikistan - 1 million
USA USA - 1 million
Mongolia Mongolia - 100 thousand.
Australia Australia - 60 thousand
Latin America (without Brazil and Argentina) - 8 thousand.
France France - 600 thousand.
Great Britain Great Britain - 50 thousand
Ukraine Ukraine and Belarus Belarus - 350 thousand.
Moldova Moldova - 147,500 (Gagauz)
Canada Canada - 20 thousand
Argentina Argentina - 1 thousand.
Japan Japan - 1 thousand
Brazil Brazil - 1 thousand.
Rest of the world - 1.4 million

Turkic languages

Islam, Orthodoxy, Buddhism, ayyy shamanism

Mongoloids, transitional between Mongoloids and Caucasoids (South Siberian race, Ural race) Caucasians (Caspian subtype, Pamir-Fergana type)

Türks(also Turkic peoples, Turkic-speaking peoples, peoples of the Turkic linguistic group) - an ethno-linguistic community. They speak languages ​​of the Turkic group.

Globalization and increased integration with other peoples have led to the widespread spread of the Turks beyond their historical area. Modern Turkic-speaking peoples live on different continents - in Eurasia, North America, Australia and in the territories of various states - from Central Asia, the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, the Mediterranean, Southern and Eastern Europe and further east - all the way to the Russian Far East. There are also Turkic minorities in China, America, the Middle East and Western Europe. The largest settlement area is in Russia, and the largest population is in Turkey.

• 1 Origin of the ethnonym
• 2 Brief history
• 3 Culture and worldview
• 4 Lists of Turkic peoples
  • 4.1 Disappeared Turkic peoples
  • 4.2 Modern Turkic peoples
• 5 See also
• 6 Notes
• 7 Literature
• 8 Links

Origin of the ethnonym

According to A. N. Kononov, the word “Turk” originally meant “strong, strong.”

Short story

The ethnic history of the proto-Turkic substrate is marked by the synthesis of two population groups:

• formed west of the Volga, in the III-II millennium BC. e., during centuries-long migrations in eastern and southern directions, became the predominant population of the Volga region and Kazakhstan, Altai and the Upper Yenisei valley.
• which appeared in the steppes east of the Yenisei later, was of intra-Asian origin.

The history of the interaction and fusion of both groups of the ancient population over the course of two to two and a half thousand years is the process during which ethnic consolidation was carried out and Turkic-speaking ethnic communities were formed. It was from among these closely related tribes that in the 2nd millennium BC. e. modern Turkic peoples of Russia and adjacent territories emerged.

D. G. Savinov wrote about the “Scythian” and “Hunnic” layers in the formation of the ancient Turkic cultural complex, according to which they “gradually modernized and mutually penetrated each other, became the common property of the culture of numerous population groups that became part of the Ancient Turkic Khaganate. The ideas of continuity of the ancient and early medieval culture of nomads are also reflected in works of art and ritual structures.”

Since the 6th century AD, the region in the middle reaches of the Syr Darya and the Chu River began to be called Turkestan. According to one version, the toponym is based on the ethnonym “Tur”, which was the common tribal name of the ancient nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of Central Asia. Another version is based on an early analysis of the ethnonym at the beginning of the 20th century by the Danish Turkologist and President of the Royal Danish Scientific Society Wilhelm Thomsen and suggests the origin of the specified term from the word “toruk” or “turuk”, which from most Turkic languages ​​can be translated as “standing upright” or "strong", "steady". At the same time, a prominent Soviet Turkologist, Academician. Barthold criticized this hypothesis of Thomsen and, based on a detailed analysis of the texts of the Türkuts (Turgesh, Kök-Türks), concluded that the term more likely originated from the word “turu” (establishment, legality) and the designation of the people under the rule of the Turkic Kagan - “ future Turks,” that is, “the people governed by me.” The nomadic type of state was for many centuries the predominant form of organization of power in the Asian steppes. Nomadic states, replacing each other, existed in Eurasia from the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. until the 17th century.

One of the traditional occupations of the Turks was nomadic cattle breeding, as well as iron mining and processing.

In 552-745, the Turkic Khaganate existed in Central Asia, which in 603 split into two parts: the Eastern and Western Khaganates. The Western Kaganate (603-658) included the territory of Central Asia, the steppes of modern Kazakhstan and East Turkestan. The Eastern Kaganate included the modern territories of Mongolia, northern China and southern Siberia. In 658, the Western Kaganate fell under the blows of the Eastern Turks. In 698, the leader of the Turgesh tribal union, Uchelik, founded a new Turkic state - the Turgesh Kaganate (698-766).

In the V-VIII centuries, the Turkic nomadic tribes of the Bulgars who came to Europe founded a number of states, of which the most durable were Danube Bulgaria in the Balkans and Volga Bulgaria in the Volga and Kama basin. 650-969 in the territory of the North Caucasus, the Volga region and the north-eastern Black Sea region there was the Khazar Khaganate. 960s it was defeated by the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav. The Pechenegs, driven out by the Khazars in the second half of the 9th century, settled in the northern Black Sea region and posed a threat to Byzantium and the Old Russian state. In 1019, the Pechenegs were defeated by Grand Duke Yaroslav. In the 11th century, the Pechenegs in the southern Russian steppes were replaced by the Cumans, who were defeated and conquered by the Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century. The western part of the Mongol Empire - the Golden Horde - became a predominantly Turkic state in population. XV-XVI centuries it broke up into several independent khanates, on the basis of which a number of modern Turkic-speaking peoples were formed. At the end of the 14th century, Tamerlane created his own empire in Central Asia, which, however, quickly disintegrated with his death (1405).

In the early Middle Ages, a settled and semi-nomadic Turkic-speaking population formed in the territory of the Central Asian interfluve, which was in close contact with the Iranian-speaking Sogdian, Khorezmian and Bactrian populations. Active processes of interaction and mutual influence led to the Turkic-Iranian symbiosis.

The initial penetration of Turkic-speaking tribes into the territory of Western Asia (Transcaucasia, Azerbaijan, Anatolia) began in the 5th century. AD, during the so-called “Great Migration.” This became more widespread in the 8th-10th centuries; it is believed that it was at this time that the Turkic tribes of Khalaj, Karluk, Kangly, Kipchak, Kynyk, Sadak and others appeared here in the middle of the 11th century. e. A massive invasion of Oguz tribes (Seljuks) began in these territories. The Seljuk invasion was accompanied by the conquest of many Transcaucasian cities. This led to the formation in the X-XIV centuries. Seljuk and its subordinate sultanates, which broke up into several Atabek states, in particular the state of the Ildegizids (territory of Azerbaijan and Iran).

After the invasion of Tamerlane, the sultanates of the Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu were formed on the territory of Azerbaijan and Iran, which were replaced by the Safavid Empire, the third great Muslim empire in size and influence (after the Ottoman and Great Mughals), with a Turkic-speaking (Azerbaijani dialect of the Turkic language) imperial court, supreme clergy and army command. The founder of the empire, Ismail I, was the heir to the ancient Sufi order (based on an indigenous Aryan Iranian root), represented mainly by the Turkic-speaking “Kizilbash” (“red-headed”, wore red stripes on their turbans) and was also the direct heir to the Sultan of the Ak Koyunlu Empire, Uzun-Hasan ( Uzun Hasan); in 1501 he took the title of Shahinshah of Azerbaijan and Iran. The Safavid state existed for almost two and a half centuries and during its heyday covered the territories of modern Azerbaijan, Armenia and Iran (entirely), as well as modern Georgia, Dagestan, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan (partially). Replaced on the throne of Azerbaijan and Iran in the 18th century. Safavid Nadir Shah was from the Turkic-speaking Afshar tribe (a sub-ethnos of Azerbaijanis living in Azerbaijani Iran, Turkey and part of Afghanistan) and founded the Afsharid dynasty. Nadir Shah became famous for his conquests, thanks to which he later received the title “Napoleon of the East” from Western historians. 1737 Nadir Shah invaded Afghanistan and captured Kabul, and in 1738-39. entered India, defeated the Mughal army and captured Delhi. After an unsuccessful campaign against Dagestan, Nadir, who fell ill on the way, died suddenly. The Afsharids did not rule the state for long, and in 1795 the throne was taken by representatives of another Turkic-speaking tribe, the “Qajars” (a subethnic group of Azerbaijanis in Northern Iran, the northern regions of Azerbaijan and Southern Dagestan), who founded the Qajar dynasty, which ruled for 130 years. The rulers of the northern Azerbaijani lands (historically located in the territories of the Seljuk atabeks and Safavid beglerbegs) took advantage of the fall of the Afsharids and declared their relative independence, which gave rise to the formation of 21 Azerbaijani khanates.

As a result of the conquests by the Ottoman Turks in the XIII-XVI centuries. territories in Europe, Asia and Africa, a huge Ottoman Empire was formed, but from the 17th century it began to decline. Having assimilated the majority of the local population, the Ottomans became the ethnic majority in Asia Minor. In the 16th-18th centuries, first the Russian state, and then, after the reforms of Peter I, the Russian Empire, included most of the lands of the former Golden Horde, on which the Turkic states existed (Kazan Khanate, Astrakhan Khanate, Siberian Khanate, Crimean Khanate, Nogai Horde.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia annexed a number of Azerbaijani khanates of Eastern Transcaucasia. At the same time, China annexes the Dzungar Khanate, exhausted after the war with the Kazakhs. After the annexation of the territories of Central Asia, the Kazakh Khanate and the Kokand Khanate to Russia, the Ottoman Empire, along with the Makin Khanate (Northern Iran) and the Khiva Khanate (Central Asia) remained the only Turkic states.

Culture and worldview

During the period of antiquity and the Middle Ages, ethnocultural traditions took shape and were successively consolidated, which, often having different origins, gradually formed features that are, to one degree or another, inherent in all Turkic-speaking ethnic groups. The most intensive formation of this kind of stereotypes occurred in ancient Turkic times, that is, in the second half of the 1st millennium AD. e.. Then the optimal forms of economic activity were determined (nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding), in general, an economic and cultural type took shape (traditional housing and clothing, means of transportation, food, jewelry, etc.), spiritual culture, social family organization, folk ethics, fine arts and folklore. The highest cultural achievement was the creation of their own written language, which spread from its Central Asian homeland (Mongolia, Altai, Upper Yenisei) to the Don region and the North Caucasus.

Shaman from Tuva during the ceremony

The religion of the ancient Turks was based on the cult of Heaven - Tengri; among its modern designations, the conventional name - Tengrism - stands out. The Turks had no idea about Tengri's appearance. According to ancient views, the world is divided into 3 layers:

• the upper one (the sky, the world of Tengri and Umai), was depicted as an outer large circle;
• middle (of earth and water), depicted as a middle square;
• the lower (underworld) was depicted as an inner small circle.

It was believed that originally Heaven and Earth were fused, creating chaos. Then they separated: a clear, clean Sky appeared above, and brown earth appeared below. The sons of men arose among them. This version was mentioned on steles in honor of Kül-tegin (died in 732) and Bilge Kagan (734).

Another version is about a duck(s). According to the Khakass version:

first there was a duck; making the other a comrade, she sent her to the bottom of the river for sand; she brings it three times and gives it first; the third time she left some of the sand in her mouth, this part became stones; the first duck scattered the sand, pushed for nine days, the earth grew; the mountains grew after the messenger duck spat stones out of his mouth; because of this, the first refuses to give her land; agrees to give land the size of a cane; the messenger pokes a hole in the ground and goes into it; the first duck (now God) creates a man from the earth, a woman from his rib, gives them cattle; second duck - Erlik Khan

Erlik is the god of the empty and cold underworld. He was represented as a three-eyed bull-headed creature. One of his eyes saw the past, the second - the present, the third - the future. “souls” languished in his palace. He sent troubles, bad weather, darkness and messengers of death.

Tengri's wife is the goddess of women's crafts, mothers and women in labor - Umai. In Turkic languages, words with the root “umai” have been preserved to this day. Many of them mean “umbilical cord”, “female reproductive organs”.

The deity Ydyk-Cher-Sug (Sacred Earth-Water) was called the patron of the earth.

There was also a cult of the wolf: many Turkic peoples still retain legends that they descend from this predator. The cult was partially preserved even among those peoples who adopted a different faith. Images of a wolf existed in the symbolism of many Turkic states. The image of a wolf is also present on the national flag of the Gagauz people.

In Turkic mythical traditions, legends and fairy tales, as well as in beliefs, customs, rituals and folk holidays, the wolf acts as a totemic ancestor, patron and protector.

The cult of ancestors was also developed. There was polytheism with the deification of the forces of nature, which was preserved in the folklore of all Turkic peoples.

Lists of Turkic peoples

Disappeared Turkic peoples

Avars (debatable), Alty Chubs, Berendeys, Bulgars, Burtases (debatable), Bunturks, Huns, Dinlins, Dulu, Yenisei Kyrgyz, Karluks, Kimaks, Nushibis, Oguzes (Torks), Pechenegs, Polovtsians, Tyumens, Turkic-Shatos, Turkuts , Turgesh, Usun, Khazars, Black Klobuks and others.

Modern Turkic peoples

see also

• Turkology
• Pan-Turkism
• Turan
• Turkic (language)
• Turkisms in Russian
• Turkisms in the Ukrainian language
• Turkestan
• Nomadic state
• central Asia
• Turkvision Song Contest
• Proto-Turks
• Turk (disambiguation)

Notes

1. Gadzhieva N.Z. Turkic languages ​​// Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. - P. 527-529. - 685 s. - ISBN 5-85270-031-2.
2. Milliyet. 55 million kişi "etnik olarak" Türk. Retrieved January 18, 2012.
3. Estimates of the number of Iranian Azerbaijanis given in various sources can vary significantly - from 15 to 35 million. See, for example: Looklex Encyclopaedia, Iranian.com, “Ethnologue” Report for Azerbaijani Language, UNPO information on Southern Azerbaijan, Jamestown Foundation, The World Factbook: Ethnic groups by country (CIA)
4. VPN-2010
5. 1 2 Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev. Ancient Turks
6. Chapter 11. A War Within a War, page 112. // Losing Iraq: Inside the Postwar Reconstruction Fiasco. Author: David L. Phillips. Reprinted edition. Hardcover first published in 2005 by Westview Press. New York: Basic Books, 2014, 304 pages. ISBN 9780786736201 Original text (English)

   Behind the Arabs and the Kurds, Turkmen are the third-largest ethnic group in Iraq. The ITF claim Turkmen represent 12 percent of Iraq's population. In response, the Kurds point to the 1997 census which showed that there were only 600,000 Turkmen.

7. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. 2008. volume 1 page 826
8. Ayagan, B. G. Turkic peoples: an encyclopedic reference book. - Almaty: Kazakh encyclopedias. 2004.-382 p.: ill. ISBN 9965-9389-6-2
9. Turkic peoples of Siberia / resp. ed. D. A. Funk, N. A. Tomilov; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after. N. N. Miklouho-Maclay RAS; Omsk branch of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS. - M.: Nauka, 2006. - 678 p. - (Peoples and cultures). - ISBN 5-02-033999-7
10. Turkic peoples of Eastern Siberia / comp. D. A. Funk; resp. editor: D. A. Funk, N. A. Alekseev; Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after. N. N. Miklouho-Maclay RAS. - M.: Nauka, 2008. - 422 p. - (Peoples and cultures). ISBN 978-5-02-035988-8
11. Turkic peoples of Crimea: Karaites. Crimean Tatars. Krymchaks / Rep. ed. S. Ya. Kozlov, L. V. Chizhova. - M., 2003. - 459 p. - (Peoples and cultures). ISBN 5-02-008853-6
12. Scientific Editorial Council, Chairman Chubaryan A. O. Scientific editor L. M. Mints. Illustrated encyclopedia "Russica". 2007. ISBN 978-5-373-00654-5
13. Tavadov G. T. Ethnology. Textbook for universities. M.: Project, 2002. 352 p. P. 106
14. Ethnopsychological Dictionary. - M.: MPSI. V. G. Krysko. 1999
15. Akhatov G. Kh.. Dialect of West Siberian Tatars. Ufa, 1963, 195 p.
16. Kononov A. N. Experience in analyzing the term Turk // Soviet ethnography. - 1949. - No. 1. - P. 40-47.
17. Klyashtorny S. G., Savinov D. G. Steppe empires of Eurasia // St. Petersburg: Farn. 1994. 166 pp. ISBN 5-900461-027-5 (erroneous)
18. Savinov D.G. About the “Scythian” and “Hunnic” layers in the formation of the ancient Turkic cultural complex // Questions of archeology of Kazakhstan. Vol. 2. Almaty-M.: 1998. P. 130-141
19. Eremeev D.E. “Turk” - an ethnonym of Iranian origin? // Soviet ethnography. 1990. No. 1
20. Bartold V.V. Türks: Twelve lectures on the history of the Turkish peoples of Central Asia (published according to the edition: academician V.V. Bartold, “Works”, vol. V. Publishing house “Science”, Main editorial office of Eastern literature, M., 1968) / R. Soboleva. - 1st. - Almaty: ZHALYN, 1998. - P. 23. - 193 p. - ISBN 5-610-01145-0.
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22. A.Bakıxanov adına Tarix institutu. Azərbaycan tarixi. Yeddi cilddə. II cild (III-XIII əsrin I rübü) / Vəlixanlı N.. - Bakı: Elm, 2007. - P. 6. - 608 p. - ISBN 978-9952-448-34-4.
23. Eremeev D.E. Penetration of Turkic tribes into Asia Minor // Proceedings of the VII International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnographic Sciences. - Moscow: Science; Main editorial office eastern. Literature, 1970. - P. 89. - 563 p.
24. East in the Middle Ages. V. Transcaucasia in the XI-XV centuries
25. Soviet Historical Encyclopedia: in 16 volumes. Seljuk State / ed. E. M. Zhukova. - Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1961-1976.
26. Quinn SA. The New Cambridge History of Islam / Morgan DO, Reid A.. - New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. - pp. 201-238.
27. Trapper R. Shahsevid in Sevefid Persia // Bulletin of the Schopol of Oriental and African studies, University of London. - 1974. - No. 37 (2). - pp. 321-354.
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31. Nadir Shah. Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (April 26, 2015).
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35. Klyashtorny S. G. The main stages of politogenesis among the ancient nomads of Central Asia
36. Katanov N.F. Kachin legend of the creation of the world (Recorded in the Minusinsk district of the Yenisei province in the Kachin dialect of the Turkic language on June 2, 1890) // IOAIE, 1894, vol. XII, no. 2, pp. 185-188. http://www.ruthenia.ru/folklore/berezkin/143_11.htm
37. “Maral”, “Bear” and “Wolf” reward the winners of the Altai World Music Festival:: IA AMITEL
38. Turkology
39. Origin of the Turkic language
40. Cult of the wolf among the Bashkirs
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Literature

• Türks // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
• Turko-Tatars // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
• Akhatov G. Kh. On the ethnogenesis of the West Siberian Tatars // Questions of dialectology of Turkic languages. - Kazan: Kazan University Publishing House, 1960.
• Ganiev R. T. Eastern Turkic state in the VI-VIII centuries. - Ekaterinburg: Ural University Publishing House, 2006. - P. 152. - ISBN 5-7525-1611-0.
• Gumilyov L. N. History of the Xiongnu people
• Gumilyov L. N. Ancient Turks
• Mingazov Sh. Prehistoric Turks
• Bezertinov R. Ancient Turkic worldview “Tengrianism”
• Bezertinov R. Turkic-Tatar names
• Faizrakhmanov G. L. Ancient Turks in Siberia and Central Asia
• Zakiev M.Z. Origin of the Turks and Tatars. - M.: Publishing House "Insan", 2002. - 496 p. ISBN 5-85840-317-4
• Voitov V. E. The ancient Turkic pantheon and the model of the universe in the cult and memorial monuments of Mongolia in the 6th-8th centuries - M., 1996

Links

• Ancient Turkic dictionary
• - Texts and variants of the Kyrgyz epic “Manas”. Research. Historical, linguistic and philosophical aspects of the epic. “Small Epic” of the Kyrgyz. Kyrgyz folklore. Fairy tales, legends, customs.

Turks, Turks Wikipedia, Turks of India, Turks against Armenia, Turks of Russia, Seljuk Turks, Turkisms in the Russian language, Mikhail Leonidovich Turkin, Turkis cabbage, Turkistan

Turki Information About

About 90% of the Turkic peoples of the former USSR belong to the Islamic faith. Most of them inhabit Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The remaining Muslim Turks live in the Volga region and the Caucasus. Of the Turkic peoples, only the Gagauz and Chuvash living in Europe, as well as the Yakuts and Tuvans living in Asia, were not affected by Islam. The Turks have no common physical features, and only their language unites them.

The Volga Turks - Tatars, Chuvash, Bashkirs - were under the long-term influence of Slavic settlers, and now their ethnic areas do not have clear boundaries. The Turkmen and Uzbeks were influenced by Persian culture, and the Kyrgyz were influenced by the Mongols for a long time. Some nomadic Turkic peoples suffered significant losses during the period of collectivization, which forcibly attached them to the land.

In the Russian Federation, the peoples of this language group make up the second largest “bloc”. All Turkic languages ​​are very close to each other, although they usually include several branches: Kipchak, Oguz, Bulgar, Karluk, etc.

Tatars (5522 thousand people) are concentrated mainly in Tataria (1765.4 thousand people), Bashkiria (1120.7 thousand people),

Udmurtia (110.5 thousand people), Mordovia (47.3 thousand people), Chuvashia (35.7 thousand people), Mari-El (43.8 thousand people), but live dispersedly in all regions of European Russia, as well as in Siberia and the Far East. The Tatar population is divided into three main ethno-territorial groups: Volga-Ural, Siberian and Astrakhan Tatars. The Tatar literary language was formed on the basis of the middle one, but with the noticeable participation of the Western dialect. There is a special group of Crimean Tatars (21.3 thousand people; in Ukraine, mainly in Crimea, about 270 thousand people), speaking a special, Crimean Tatar language.

Bashkirs (1345.3 thousand people) live in Bashkiria, as well as in the Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Kurgan, Tyumen regions and in Central Asia. Outside Bashkiria, 40.4% of the Bashkir population lives in the Russian Federation, and in Bashkiria itself this titular people constitutes the third largest ethnic group, after the Tatars and Russians.

The Chuvash (1,773.6 thousand people) linguistically represent a special, Bulgarian, branch of the Turkic languages. In Chuvashia the titular population is 907 thousand people, in Tataria - 134.2 thousand people, in Bashkiria - 118.6 thousand people, in the Samara region - 117.8

thousand people, in the Ulyanovsk region - 116.5 thousand people. However, currently the Chuvash people have a relatively high degree of consolidation.

Kazakhs (636 thousand people, the total number in the world is more than 9 million people) were divided into three territorial nomadic associations: Semirechye - Senior Zhuz (Uly Zhuz), Central Kazakhstan - Middle Zhuz (Orta Zhuz), Western Kazakhstan - Younger Zhuz (kishi zhuz). The zhuz structure of the Kazakhs has been preserved to this day.

Azerbaijanis (in the Russian Federation 335.9 thousand people, in Azerbaijan 5805 thousand people, in Iran about 10 million people, in total about 17 million people in the world) speak the language of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages. The Azerbaijani language is divided into eastern, western, northern and southern dialect groups. For the most part, Azerbaijanis profess Shiite Islam, and only in the north of Azerbaijan is Sunnism widespread.

The Gagauz (10.1 thousand people in the Russian Federation) live in the Tyumen region, Khabarovsk Territory, Moscow, St. Petersburg; the majority of Gagauz people live in Moldova (153.5 thousand people) and Ukraine (31.9 thousand people); separate groups - in Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Canada and Brazil. The Gagauz language belongs to the Oguz branch of the Turkic languages. 87.4% of Gagauz people consider the Gagauz language to be their native language. The Gagauz people are Orthodox by religion.

Meskhetian Turks (9.9 thousand people in the Russian Federation) also live in Uzbekistan (106 thousand people), Kazakhstan (49.6 thousand people), Kyrgyzstan (21.3 thousand people), Azerbaijan ( 17.7 thousand people). The total number in the former USSR is 207.5 thousand.

People speak Turkish.

Khakass (78.5 thousand people) - the indigenous population of the Republic of Khakassia (62.9 thousand people), also live in Tuva (2.3 thousand people), Krasnoyarsk Territory (5.2 thousand people) .

Tuvans (206.2 thousand people, of which 198.4 thousand people are in Tuva). They also live in Mongolia (25 thousand people), China (3 thousand people). The total number of Tuvans is 235 thousand people. They are divided into western (mountain-steppe regions of western, central and southern Tuva) and eastern, or Tuvan-Todzha (mountain-taiga part of northeastern and southeastern Tuva).

Altaians (self-name Altai-Kizhi) are the indigenous population of the Altai Republic. 69.4 thousand people live in the Russian Federation, including 59.1 thousand people in the Altai Republic. Their total number is 70.8 thousand people. There are ethnographic groups of northern and southern Altaians. The Altai language is divided into northern (Tuba, Kumandin, Cheskan) and southern (Altai-Kizhi, Telengit) dialects. Most of the Altai believers are Orthodox, there are Baptists and others. At the beginning of the 20th century. Burkhanism, a type of Lamaism with elements of shamanism, spread among the southern Altaians. During the 1989 census, 89.3% of Altaians called their language their native language, and 77.7% indicated fluency in Russian.

Teleuts are currently identified as a separate people. They speak one of the southern dialects of the Altai language. Their number is 3 thousand people, and the majority (about 2.5 thousand people) live in rural areas and cities of the Kemerovo region. The bulk of Teleut believers are Orthodox, but traditional religious beliefs are also common among them.

Chulym people (Chulym Turks) live in the Tomsk region and Krasnoyarsk Territory in the river basin. Chulym and its tributaries Yaya and Kii. Number of people - 0.75 thousand people. The Chulym believers are Orthodox Christians.

Uzbeks (126.9 thousand people) live in diaspora in Moscow and the Moscow region, in St. Petersburg and in the regions of Siberia. The total number of Uzbeks in the world reaches 18.5 million people.

The Kyrgyz (about 41.7 thousand people in the Russian Federation) are the main population of Kyrgyzstan (2229.7 thousand people). They also live in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang (PRC), and Mongolia. The total Kyrgyz population of the world exceeds 2.5 million people.

Karakalpaks (6.2 thousand people) in the Russian Federation live mainly in cities (73.7%), although in Central Asia they constitute a predominantly rural population. The total number of Karakalpaks exceeds 423.5

thousand people, of which 411.9 live in Uzbekistan

Karachais (150.3 thousand people) are the indigenous population of Karachay (in Karachay-Cherkessia), where most of them live (over 129.4 thousand people). Karachais also live in Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Turkey, Syria, and the USA. They speak the Karachay-Balkar language.

Balkars (78.3 thousand people) are the indigenous population of Kabardino-Balkaria (70.8 thousand people). They also live in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Their total number reaches 85.1

thousand people Balkars and related Karachais are Sunni Muslims.

Kumyks (277.2 thousand people, of which in Dagestan - 231.8 thousand people, in Checheno-Ingushetia - 9.9 thousand people, in North Ossetia - 9.5 thousand people; total number - 282.2

thousand people) - the indigenous population of the Kumyk plain and the foothills of Dagestan. The majority (97.4%) retained their native language - Kumyk.

The Nogais (73.7 thousand people) are settled within Dagestan (28.3 thousand people), Chechnya (6.9 thousand people) and the Stavropol Territory. They also live in Turkey, Romania and some other countries. The Nogai language is divided into Karanogai and Kuban dialects. Believing Nogais are Sunni Muslims.

The Shors (the self-name of the Shors) reach a population of 15.7 thousand people. The Shors are the indigenous population of the Kemerovo region (Mountain Shoria); they also live in Khakassia and the Altai Republic. Believing Shors are Orthodox Christians.

Where did the Turks come from?

The Huns, led by Atilla, invade Italy. . Vcentury n.uh.

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The question is not simple. It seems that the Turks consider themselves a people who have lost their roots. Ataturk (father of the Turks), the first president of Turkey, assembled a representative scientific commission and set it the task of finding the origin of the Turks. The commission worked long and hard, discovered a huge number of facts from the history of the Turks, but there was no clarity on the issue.

Our compatriot L.N. Gumilyov made a great contribution to the study of the history of the Turks. A number of his serious works (“Ancient Turks”, “A Millennium around the Caspian Sea”) are dedicated specifically to the Turkic-speaking peoples. It can even be argued that his works laid the foundation for scientific ethnology.

However, the respected scientist makes one completely tragic mistake. He pointedly refuses to analyze ethnonyms and, in general, claims that language has no influence on the formation of an ethnos. This more than strange statement makes the scientist completely helpless in the simplest situations. Let's show this with an example.

Talking about the Kimaks, an ancient Turkic people who, on the verge of the first and second millennia, formed a strong state somewhere in the region of modern Kazakhstan that lasted about three hundred years, he cannot help but express surprise at its sudden and complete disappearance. In search of the disappeared ethnic group, the scientist documentedly searched all the surrounding areas. There were no traces of him in the sheger of the Kazakh tribes.

Perhaps, the scientist suggests, the Kimaks assimilated with the peoples who conquered them or scattered across the steppe. No, we will not explore the ethnonym. “It won’t give anything anyway,” says Lev Nikolaevich. But in vain.

Kimaki – this is a slightly distorted Russian word hamsters. If you read this word backwards, it turns out to be Arabicقماح To amma :X  "wheat" The connection is clear and does not require explanation. Now let’s compare the current expression “Tashkent– city ​​of grain.” And we didn’t invent jerboas. As for the name of the city of Tashkent, it consists of the part Kent"city" and the Arabic root, which we can observe in the wordعطشجي at Ashji "stoker". If you don't light the oven, you won't bake bread. Some translate the name of the city as “stone city.” But if it is a grain city, its name must be translated as a city of stokers and bakers.

In the outlines of the borders of modern Uzbekistan, we can easily see a wheat lover.

Here is his photo and drawing in life

Only Simia can give simple answers to complex questions. Let's continue. Let's read the ethnonym Uzbeks in Arabic, i.e. backwards:خبز XBZ means “bake bread” and henceخباز X Abba :z “ovenmaker, baker”, “bread seller or one who bakes it.”

If we now take a quick look at the culture of Uzbekistan, we will find that it is all filled with ceramics. Why? Because the technology for its production coincides with the technology for baking bread. By the way, Russian baker and Arabicفخار F X A :R "ceramics" – the same word. It is for this reason that Tashkent is a grain city and for the same reason Uzbekistan is a country that can be proud of its karama for centuries. Samarkand, the capital of Tamerlane's empire, Bukhara, Tashkent are monuments of ceramic architecture.

Registan, main square of Samarkand

Registan:

Here we have traced the path of the supposedly disappeared Turkic tribe of Kimaks. It turns out that it manifested itself through another name that has the same meaning.

But the Turkic tribes are numerous. It is known that their homeland is Altai, but they traveled a long way from Altai along the Great Steppe to the center of Europe, several times experiencing the so-called “passionary explosion” (Gumilev). The final explosion was embodied in the Ottoman Empire, which ended with the end of the First World War, when the empire shrank to a small state called Turkey.

Ataturk's task remains unsolved. At the same time, another awakening of the Turks is planned, which forces them to look for their roots.

In the heat of passionary excitement, all sorts of theories are put forward. It sometimes comes to the point that Russians are Turks in the past, and the same applies, naturally, to the Slavs. And there can be no talk about Ukrainians. Khokhol means “son of heaven” in Turkic.

A leading position in the new pan-Turkism movement is occupied by journalist Adji Murad, who literally tries to show in just a few words that all, for example, Russian words are from Turkic languages. Judging by the method of juggling words, it is clear that the journalist is very far from linguistics. And in the topic he declared, such knowledge would be useful to him. After all, linguistics has long learned to distinguish between its own and someone else’s languages. Even the average person can see this in most cases. For example, in the Russian language no one tries to declare such words as expedition, modernization, saxaul, horde, balyk as originally Russian. The criterion is simple: the word belongs to the language in which it is motivated. There are other signs, additional. Borrowed words, as a rule, have a meager set of derivative words, a strange syllabic structure, and in their morphology they carry grammatical features of a foreign language, for example, rails, marketing. In the first, the English plural indicator remains, in the second, traces of the English gerund.

Yes, word topknot is motivated in Slavic languages. It also has another meaning: “an unruly strand of hair”, “a sticking out tuft of hair or feathers”. And this was in reality. Ukrainians wore crests and were and remain stubborn by nature. Who doesn't know this?

This also has a counterpart in Arabic:لحوح lah O: X  "stubborn, persistent", derived from the verbألح " alah X A "insist". Almost also called Poles, their eternal rivals Poles, of which the most stubborn Pole Lech Kaczynski.

But what is most surprising in the works of Adji Murad is that he does not even try to raise the question of the meaning of the numerous names of the Turkic tribes. Well, okay, at least I thought about the meaning of the word TURKI, denoting the Turkic superethnos. Since I really want to put them at the head of all the peoples of the world.

Let's help the Turks. For Simiya, this is not such a difficult task.

Let's turn to the ancient Egyptian fresco "Creation of the World", which is a program file for the deployment of ethnic groups.

There are 6 characters on the fresco, which corresponds to the biblical text about the creation of the world, called the Six Days in the Christian tradition, for God created the world in six days, and on the seventh day he rested. And the hedgehog understands that nothing serious can be done in six (seven) days. It’s just that someone read the Russian word dny (levels) as days (weeks).

The silhouettes of the letters of the Arabic alphabet are easily recognizable behind the figures on the Egyptian fresco. You can read about them in my book “System Languages ​​of the Brain” or “World Periodic Law”. We will be interested here only in the central couple “Heaven and Earth”.

The sky is depicted by the heavenly goddess Nut. And under it is the Celestial Yeb, the god of the earth. What happens between them is exactly what is written in their names, if you read them in Russian: Eb and Nut. The Russian language has emerged again. In Ancient Egypt, did priests write in Russian? Let's leave the question unanswered for now. Let's move on.

If you put the sky goddess on the "butt", you get ancient Aramaic letter gimel ( ג ), in Arabic "gym". And if Eba, the god of the earth, is placed on the sinful earth with his feet, the Arabic letter vav will be obtained ( و ).

It is clear that the Celestial Eb is China, whose residents never tire of pronouncing the name of the producing organ in Russian. Russian again? And the Goddess of the sky, Nut, is India, in which the Himalayas are mountains.

Arabic and Aramaic letters have numerical values. The letter gim is in third place and has a numerical value of 3. The letter vav is in sixth place and has a numerical value of 6. And so it is clear that the Arabic vav is just an Arabic six.

The Heavenly Goddess was often depicted as a cow.

In fact, the image of the cow belonged to the goddess of Wisdom, Isis. Between her horns she has the disk of the sun RA. Otherwise, that under it, under Heaven, was always depicted in the form of a man, sometimes with a snake's head.

This is because the Arabic name for snake, the root CUY, is similar to what is written on our fence. That's why the Celestial Empire built the longest fence for itself. Despite the fact that ZUBUR, this is a plural form. numbers of the Arabic word BISON.

In Russian BISON is “BULL”, in Arabic it isطور TOUR.

For some time, the bison was found inside China and was its necessary accessory. But for some time I realized my own importance. After all, you must agree, it is he who should be with the cow so that roof at her, and not some person. In short, the moment has come for the bison (bull, aurochs) to say to the man: shoo, scratch, get out of here. Since then, man in Turkic is kishi, kizhi.

Let's formulate this more precisely. The Turkic word kishi "man", comes from the Russian kysh. One could say that from Arabicكش ka :sh sh “drive away,” but the Russian interjection is more emotional and more accurately conveys the indignation of the tour. Word tour comes from ArabicWith aura "bull", derived from the verbثار With A :R "be angry".

From this moment, when the Russian word kysh was heard, the history of the TURKS, the bulls, begins. They leave the heavenly god of the earth, depriving him of the organ of copulation, which is why Geb becomes feminine, i.e. Celestial Empire. Like on this map:

Photo of a modern TOURIST map of Tibet.

Easy to say!!! In reality, acquiring independence, it was necessary to leave the god of the earth. Where? To the north, to where the sky was not blue, like the Chinese, but blue, like the Turkic one. To Altai. We saw the blue sacred color of the Turks on Uzbek palaces and mosques. But these are quite late times. At first, the new color of the sky appeared on the Turkic yurts.

What palaces are there!

Did the prince cover his palaces with carvings?
What are they in front of the blue yurt!

Archaeological research shows that the yurt has existed since the 12th century BC.

Although the Turks separated from China, the idea of ​​a Chinese “heavenly state” still remained. These are the roots. Simia found out that when a bull becomes sacralized, it always reflects No. 2. Compare American bison, Belarusian bison. And if this happens to a cow, then it becomes the carrier of number three. There is no brighter example than the Indian sacred cow, which walks the roads of India, located on a triangular peninsula.

The Chinese number is 6, we saw this both in the Arabic letter and in the pose of the Celestial Empire, and at the same time, the Turks have their own, anti-Chinese number – 5.

The union of a bull and a cow: 2 + 3 = 5. But if the addition sign is made rotating, then the five will alternate with the six, in this situation: 2 x 3 = 6. This is the cybernetic meaning of the Turkic number.

So that no one doubts that the Turks are bulls, tours, the Turks use the word as an honorific beck. "This word generally means master and is always placed after one's own name, for example Abbas Beg." (Brockhaus). It doesn’t occur to anyone that this appeal comes from the Russian word bull. Meanwhile, there is nothing strange in the fact that bulls call especially respected individuals among themselves bulls.

What's a bull without a cow? The sacredness of the cow is reflected in the sacredness of milk for the Turkic tribes. And from here, for example, Caucasian Albania, which is in the north of Azerbaijan. This is an Arabic wordألبان alba :n "dairy" . What is the name of the capital of Azerbaijan? In Azerbaijani Baki. It is clear that this is a Russian word BULLS.

Some might think that this could be a coincidence. Yes, a strange coincidence. But there is another Albania, Balkan. Its capital Tirana. The name is not clear to anyone. Why is it unclear? Every Arab will say that these are "bulls" (ثيران you :r a:n ). Moreover, the Arab can be checked.Easily. I looked in the dictionary and made sure that the Arab had not lied.You can’t invent such parallelism on purpose. Look: One Albania is connected with the “Russian bulls”, the other with the “Arab ones”. It’s as if the Turks conspired to show the importance of RA. What does the name of the country Azerbaijan mean? No one knows. Only simiya gives direct and clear answer . First part from Arabicجازر ja : h er , yea : zer " Reznik", second part - Russian. BYCHINA.

So, the topic of “cutting up a bull carcass” appears. I read in one historical book about the Turks that Bashkirs,Pechenegs and Oguzes connected by a common historical destiny. Not being a historian, I cannot verify this. But as a linguist, it amazes me that these names refer specifically to the cutting of bovine carcasses. Bashkirs from the head, i.e. This refers to the front part of the carcass. Pechenegs from Russian liver. In Arabic this concept is broader. This refers not only to a well-known organ, but also to the central part of something. Oghuz, of course, from Russian. O tail, i.e. rear end. The bull's carcass is ritually divided into three parts according to the number of the cow. The numbers of the number are repeated again (2 and 3). Let's take note of this matter in our minds.

So, a Turk is a bull. The creator did his best genetically. The Turks, as a rule, have a short, massive neck, which gives them the opportunity to easily win prizes in classical wrestling (now Greco-Roman, in the time of Poddubny - French). After all, in this type of wrestling the main thing is a strong neck, so that there is a strong “bridge”. And this is so that you have enough strength to withstand the Six pose. I know, because in my youth I studied the “classics” at that time. You come to training and stand in the Eba pose. This is called "rocking the bridge".

Sobbing is soothing. Calmness, repose of the soul in Arabic is calledرضوان read va :n . In Arab Egypt, where the ancient funeral cult is preserved, and where the newspapers are filled with obituaries, you see this word in every obituary. The second part of the ethnonym MEN comes from Ar.أمان "ama :n , "ame:n"calmness".

Dutar- a two-stringed instrument, to the music of which dastans (fairy tales) are sung. Fairy tales also tell the stories of that other world, world number 2. The dutar was scattered by a cultural wave throughout Central Asia, but “the dutar is an integral part of the centuries-old musical culture of the Turkmen people. If you listen to the sound of the dutar, you can feel the heat of the hot Turkmen sun, catch the polyphony of mountain rivers and the splash of the waves of the ancient Caspian Sea." This text is taken from the website سنةWith anat "year"سنة sinat “sleep” - N.V.) to get to the condition, to soak in juices of the earth, - Nazarguli continues. - If you start working with the material right away, this will subsequently lead to deformation of the dutar and distortion of the sound. When it comes term(cf. ar.أجل "A gal "deadline, end"آجلة "agila "that light". where is the Russian from? grave- N.V.), I take out logs, make blanks from them... To make a good dutar, you first need a good tree. Best fit mulberry"If Tutankhamun had heard these words, he would have turned over in his grave twice.

Russian word string comes from Arabicوتر Vatar "string", "string", derived from Arabicوتر watara "pull on". It’s just that Russians sometimes see the letter vav as the Russian s. Hence fire And shooter. And again and again wind, because he is tightening the sails. And if you read it the other way around, it turns out zealous. These are the horses that the Turks, especially the Tajiks, love. After all, there are two reasons that the strings of the dutar.

But this is also important for us: " Turkmen music is different... connection rhythmic. links of even and odd structure: 2 + 3, 3 + 2. (Website "Belkanto.ru) . Let's find out the formula for the structure of the Turkic number? Let's translate it into words: "bull + cow, cow + bull."

Sing, my dutar, cry and sing about your dear side.

In Egypt, the sleep of the pharaohs was guarded by a sphinx with the body of a lion. Here is a lioness, the silhouette of whose muzzle can be seen in the outline of the borders of modern Turkmenistan.

The lioness is numbered five. This is a common Turkic number, which is supported by the administrative division of the country. And this can be seen on the flags of Turkmenistan.

On the Soviet flag, 2 blue lines divided the red field in two. On the modern one, a green field is crossed by a brown carpet with five patterns. Flag Day is celebrated on February 19th. On this day in 2001, the leadership changed the aspect ratio of the flag, they became 2 to 3. To the rhythms of dutar? Five stars symbolize 5 regions of the country.

In general, the dutar is a descendant of the Turkic bow, adapted to territory No. 2. The transition was obviously smooth. According to ancient Arabic sources (mentioned above), in ancient times the Turkmens had a wedding custom: the groom’s friends shot at his ring with arrows. And then the groom himself appointed the place of the first wedding night by throwing an arrow. I don’t know if that custom has been preserved, but the dutar player from time to time bends it with a special technique, as if showing where this instrument comes from.

There is a disease, the companion of all wars. Tetanus is called tetanus in Latin.

Tetanus (Tetanus).

A wounded warrior before death.

The Russian name is externally motivated by the verb stiffen . In fact, the name of the disease comes from the addition of the Arabic prefixاست ist "to ask" + read backwardsنبل observable"arrows", + يقي yak And "to defend oneself", literally "to ask for arrows for protection." Hence the bow-stretched pose.The Latin name for the deadly disease comes from the Russian word bowstring. (see Vashkevich “Dictionary of etymological and hidden meanings”. Issue 4).

About the Turks.

About modern Turks, the same Wikipedia says something very vague: “Turks are an ethno-linguistic community of peoples speaking Turkic languages.” But she is much eloquent about the “ancient” Turks: “The ancient Turks are the hegemonic tribe of the Turkic Kaganate, led by the Ashina clan. In Russian-language historiography, the term Turkyuts (from Turkic - Turk and Mongolian - Yut - Mongolian plural suffix), proposed by L.N. Gumilyov, is often used to designate them. By physical type, the ancient Türks (Türkuts) were Mongoloids.”

Well, okay, let them be Mongoloids, but what about the Azerbaijanis and Turks - a typical “Mediterranean” subrace. What about the Uyghurs? Even today, a considerable part of them can be attributed to the Central European subrace. If anyone doesn’t understand, all three peoples, according to today’s terminology, are Turks.

The picture below shows Chinese Uyghurs. If the girl on the left already clearly has Asian features in her appearance, then you can judge the appearance of the second one for yourself. (photo from uyghurtoday.com) Look at the correct facial features. Today, even among Russians, you don’t often see something like this.

Especially for skeptics! There is no one who has not heard anything about the Tarim mummies. So, the place where the mummies were found is the Xinjiang Uyghur National District of China - and in the photo are their direct descendants.

Small addition!

You must understand that haplogroup C is not purely Mongolian - it is one of the oldest and most widespread haplogroups, it is even found among the Amazon Indians. C today reaches high concentrations not only in Mongolia, but also among the Buryats, Kalmyks, Hazaras, Kazakh-Argyns, Australian aborigines, Polynesians, and Micronesians. The Mongols are just a special case.

If we talk about paleogenetics, the range is even wider - Russia (Kostenki, Sungir, Andronovo culture), Austria, Belgium, Spain, Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, China.

Let me explain for those who believe that haplogroup and nationality are one and the same. Y-DNA does not carry any genetic information. Hence the sometimes perplexed questions - I, a Russian, what do I have in common with a Tajik? Nothing but common ancestors. All genetic information (eye color, hair, etc.) is located in autosomes - the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. Haplogroups are just markers by which one can judge a person’s ancestors.

In the 6th century, intensive negotiations began between Byzantium and the state today known as the Turkic Khaganate. History has not even preserved the name of this country for us. The question is, why? After all, the names of more ancient state formations have reached us.

Kaganate just meant a form of government (the state was ruled by a khaan elected by the people, kaan in another transcription), and not the name of the country. Today, instead of the word “America,” we do not use the word “Democracy.” Although such a name suits no one but her (just kidding). The term “state” in relation to the Turks is more appropriate “Il” or “El”, but not the Kaganate.

The reason for the negotiations was silk, or rather its trade. Residents of Sogdiana (between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers) decided to sell their silk in Persia. I didn’t make a mistake when I wrote “my own”. There is evidence that in the Zarafshan Valley (the territory of present-day Uzbekistan), at that time, they already knew how to both raise silkworms and produce fabric from it no worse than Chinese, but this is a topic for another article.

And it is not at all a fact that the birthplace of silk is China and not Sogdiana. Chinese history, as we know it, was 70% written by the Jesuits in the 17th-18th centuries*, the remaining thirty were “added” by the Chinese themselves. “Editing” was especially intense during the time of Mao Zedong, he was still an entertainer. He even has monkeys, from which the Chinese descended. were their own, special.

*Note. Just a small part of what the Jesuits did: Adam Schall von Belle took part in the creation of the Chongzhen calendar. Later he served as director of the Imperial Observatory and the Tribunal of Mathematics, and was actually involved in Chinese chronology. Martino Martini is known as the author of works on Chinese history and the compiler of the New Atlas of China. An indispensable participant in all Chinese-Russian negotiations during the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 was the Jesuit Parreni. The result of Gerbillon's activities was the so-called imperial edict of toleration of 1692, which allowed the Chinese to accept Christianity. Emperor Qianlong's scientific mentor was Jean-Joseph-Marie Amiot. Jesuits led by Regis in the 18th century participated in the compilation of a large map of the Chinese Empire, published in 1719. In the 17th and 18th centuries, missionaries translated 67 European books into Chinese and published them in Beijing. They introduced the Chinese to European musical notation, European military science, the construction of mechanical watches and the technology of manufacturing modern firearms.

The Great Silk Road was controlled by the Venetians and Genoese, the same “black aristocracy” (Italian aristocrazìa nera *) - Aldobrandini, Borgia, Boncompagni, Borghese, Barberini, Della Rovere (Lante), Crescentia, Colonna, Caetani, Chigi, Ludovisi, Massimo, Ruspoli, Rospigliosi, Orsini, Odescalchi, Pallavicino, Piccolomini, Pamphili, Pignatelli, Pacelli, Pignatelli, Pacelli, Torlonia, Theophylacti. And don't let the Italian surnames fool you. Taking the names of the people among whom you live is a long-standing tradition of initiates**. This aristocrazìa nera actually rules the Vatican and, accordingly, the entire Western world, and it was on their orders that later Jewish merchants took all the gold out of Byzantium, as a result of which the country's economy collapsed and the empire fell, conquered by the Turks***.

Notes

*It is the members of the aristocrazìa nera who are the true “masters of the world”, and not some Rothschilds, Rockefellers, Kuns. From Egypt, foreseeing its imminent fall, they move to England. There, quickly realizing what “good things” the teachings of the crucified man bring with them, most of them move to the Vatican. My dears, read the Masonic literature of the 18th-19th centuries, everything is very frank there - today they are “encrypted”.

** The Jews simply adopted this, and much more, from the arsenal of their masters.

*** If anyone doesn’t know, almost the entire gold reserve was also taken out of the USSR before its end.

It is worth adding here that the Hephthalite tribes, also called the White Huns, Chionite Huns, and to whom Central Asia (Sogdiana, Bactria), Afghanistan and northern India (Gandhara) belonged, were completely conquered by the Ashina Turks by that time (Bactria passed to the Persians). The question arose - Persia does not want to buy Turkic silk - we will trade with Byzantium, there is no less demand for it there.

Silk meant the same thing to the world economy at that time as oil does today. One can imagine what kind of pressure was put on Persia in order to force it to abandon trade with the Turks. In general, a separate article is worth writing about the secret diplomacy of that time, but today we are interested in the negotiations, or rather the journey of Zimarch, sent by Emperor Justin as an ambassador to the Turks in Altai.

Information about the embassy has reached us in the works of several authors; I will use the description of Menander the Protector. This will allow us to get closer to the answer - who the Turks really were - Mongoloids or Caucasians: “From the Turks, who in ancient times were called Saks, an embassy came to Justin for peace. Basileus also decided at the council to send an embassy to the Turks, and a certain Zemarkh from Cilicia, who at that time was the strategist of the eastern cities, ordered to equip himself for this embassy.”

How confident do you have to be that “people are grabbing everything” presented to them on a platter called “official history” in order to lie about the Mongoloid nature of the Turks? Let's look at the same Wikipedia: “Saki (Old Persian Sakā, Old Greek Σάκαι, Lat. Sacae) is the collective name of a group of Iranian-speaking nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes of the 1st millennium BC. e. - first centuries AD e. in ancient sources. The name goes back to the Scythian word saka - deer (cf. Ossetian sag "deer). Both ancient authors and modern researchers consider the Sakas, along with the Massagetae, to be the eastern branches of the Scythian peoples. Initially, the Sakas are apparently identical to the Avestan Turs; in Pahlavi sources under "Turkic tribes are already understood as Turs. In Achaemenid inscriptions, all Scythians are called "Sakas."

Few people know about this: the totem animal of the Don and Kuban Cossacks is the white deer. Remember Strabo's parva Scythia, later called Little Tartaria by cartographers.

I return again to the theme of bell ringing. This passage describes the purification ritual carried out by the Turks for Zemarkh: “They dried them (the embassy’s things) on the fire from the young sprouts of the incense tree, whispering some barbaric words in the Scythian language, ringing bells and beating tambourines...” You continue believe that the use of bell ringing is the prerogative of the Christian religion - then we are coming to you... (Pardon! I apologize for the tomfoolery... I couldn’t resist...)

Now about the technological level of the Turks: “The next day they were invited to another room, where there were wooden columns covered with gold, as well as a golden bed, which was held by four golden peacocks. In the middle of the room were placed many carts, in which there were many silver things, disks and something made of reeds. Also numerous images of quadrupeds made of silver, none of them inferior, in our opinion, to those that we have.” (emphasis mine)

Especially for those who consider Tartaria to be fake.

A little about the territory of the Turkic state. Professor Christopher Beckwith in his book “Empieres Of The Silk Road” notes that Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, Urartu, from the 7th to the beginning of the 6th century BC. submitted to the Turks. In the ruins of the walls of the cities of these countries, bronze arrowheads of the Scythian type are still found today - the result of invasions and sieges. From about 553, it occupied the territory from the Caucasus and the Sea of ​​Azov to the Pacific Ocean, in the area of ​​modern Vladivostok, and from the Great Wall of China* to the Vitim River in the north. Klapro argued that all of Central Asia was subject to the Turks. (Klaproth, “Tableaux historiques de L'Asie”, 1826)

One should not assume that this was something unshakable, the Turks, just like other peoples, quarreled among themselves, fought, dispersed in different directions, were conquered, but again and again, like the legendary Phoenix bird, they rose from the ashes - Russia for that a good example.

*Note. Do not confuse the real wall with the “remake” shown to tourists today: “... the magnificent and almost perfect structure that modern travelers see at a distance of almost fifty kilometers from the capital has little in common with the ancient Great Wall, built two thousand years ago. Most of the ancient wall is now in a dilapidated state" (Edward Parker, "Tatars. History")

Istarkhi called all fair-haired Turks Sakaliba. Constantine Porphyrogenitus and a number of eastern authors called the Hungarians Turks. In all early Arabic geographical works, the description of the peoples of Eastern Europe was located in the chapter “Turks”. The geographical school of al-Jahain, starting from Ibn Ruste and up to al-Marwazi, classified the Guz (Uighurs), Kirghiz, Karluks, Kimaks, Pechenegs, Khazars, Burtas, Bulgars, Magyars, Slavs, Russ as Turks.

By the way, the Turks of Ashina are considered by the Chinese to be “a branch of the house of the Huns.” Well, the Xiongnu (Huns) are 100% Mongols. Don't you know? Ay-yay... If not, contact your comrades from Sanity, they will show you pictures of Mongols, I answer...

And one more addition.

You know, I have always been surprised by the fact that people who do not have something attribute to themselves the possession of it. A typical example is "Sanity". What kind of, not even “sensible”, but simply “thought” can we talk about among “people”, whose brain apparatus is completely devoid of the mental functions themselves - only basic instincts and other people’s “attitudes”. There, I mean the upper part of their body, there is nothing else. Not to mention the presence of mentally ill people in their ranks... But, come on, they are “sane”, period. Jews among them are a separate story, they are on their own minds, in their articles Russophobia is literally everywhere... (Who in the topic, I think, guessed - we are talking about a “free artist” and some other “comrades”).

It was not by chance that I spoke about “other people’s attitudes” - all the reservations and omissions in my articles are not accidental. The private information that we have today allows us to classify a significant part of the members of “Sanity” into the so-called fourth group with a predominance of right-brain instinctive-animal states.

The question of the Turks would remain incomplete without evidence of who the Huns (Xiongnu) are: “In addition, the question of the origin of the Xiongnu is closely related to the question of what race and tribe the famous Huns in the history of Europe belonged to. This is evident from the fact that representatives of all theories consider it necessary to talk about this connection between the two peoples. The question of the origin of the Huns belongs to an area not only completely alien to Sinology, but even, to a certain extent, belonging to the history of Europe. So, if the history of the Xiongnu relates to a large extent to the history of China, and the Huns to the history of Europe, then the question of the relationship of one people to another belongs to the history of Central Asia, as the country through which the Huns moved to the West (if these two peoples are identical) or where the Xiongnu and the Huns collided (if they are different)." (K.A. Foreigners)

I refer everyone who wants to get acquainted with this issue in more detail to the work of the Russian historian-orientalist, doctor of oriental studies K.A. Inostrantsev "The Xiongnu and the Huns, an analysis of theories about the origin of the Xiongnu people of the Chinese chronicles, the origin of the European Huns and the mutual relations of these two peoples." (L., 1926, Second updated edition.) I will only give his conclusions.

“The results of our research boil down to the following three conclusions:

I) The Xiongnu people, who wandered north of China and founded a powerful state, were formed from the strengthened Turkish family. A significant part of the subordinate tribes consisted, in all likelihood, also of Turks, although, both from the founding of the state and especially during its prosperity, it included various other tribes, such as Mongolian, Tungusian, Korean and Tibetan.

II) After the disintegration of the state into two parts (a disintegration caused more by political and cultural reasons than by ethnic differences - the southern Xiongnu were more subject to the influence of Chinese civilization, while the northern ones better preserved their tribal traits), the northern Xiongnu could not maintain independence, and some of them moved to West. According to the historical news that has reached us, these evicted Xiongnu followed the usual path of nomads through Dzungaria and the Kyrgyz steppes and entered Eastern Europe in the second half of the 4th century AD.

III) In Northwest Asia and Eastern Europe, the Xiongnu or Hunnu Turks encountered other tribes. First of all, the Finnish tribes stood in their way (it is now difficult to decide whether the Turks completely dissolved in the Finnish mass or, on the contrary, contributed to the conversion of the Finns into a nomadic, equestrian people). The further the Huns moved, the more the Turkish element among them thinned out, and other peoples, such as Slavic and Germanic, were mixed in. It is very likely that the subjects of Mo-de and Attila had very little in common. However, it seems to us beyond doubt that the invasion of the formidable conquerors of the 4th-5th centuries is connected and caused by upheavals in the extreme eastern reaches of Asia.”

What did these same Xiongnu look like?

Below in the photo are fragments of a carpet (bedspread, mantle) found in one of the Xiongnu burials in Noin-Ula (31 mounds). The ceremony of (presumably) preparing the Soma drink is embroidered on the canvas. Pay attention to the faces.

I can assume that the fabric of the carpet could well have been imported, but why was it embroidered in India? Didn’t you have your own embroiderers? Then what about this?

The teeth belong to a 25-30 year old woman of Caucasian appearance, most likely from the coast of the Caspian Sea or the area between the Indus and Ganges rivers. The assumption that this is a slave does not stand up to criticism - the burial mounds of Noin-Ula, according to the archaeologists themselves, belong to the Xiongnu nobility. The main thing here is that the woman embroidered, and a lot, as evidenced by the marks on her teeth. So why was the found carpet rushed to be declared imported? Because those depicted on it do not fit into the official version, which says that the Xiongnu were Mongoloids?

For me, facts are of paramount importance - new ones appear and my opinion changes. In the official version of history, everything is the other way around - there the facts are adjusted to the prevailing versions, and those that do not fit into the framework are simply discarded.

Let us turn again to Wikipedia: “The Indo-Scythian kingdom is an amorphous state in terms of borders, created in the Hellenistic era on the territory of Bactria, Sogdiana, Arachosia, Gandhara, Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat by the eastern branch of the nomadic Scythian tribe - the Sakas.” Our woman is from there, and this is not my opinion, but that of scientists (Doctor of Historical Sciences T.A. Chikisheva, IAET SB RAS). Now re-read the place above where I talk about the territory of the Turkic state. Having a huge country always means moving not only material resources, but also people. Is it surprising if a woman born in one place ends up married thousands of kilometers from her father’s home?

All the carpets from the Noin-Ula burial mounds were made in one place and at approximately the same time. Their similarity was also pointed out by S.I. Rudenko: “The technique of embroidering drapery-mats is characterized by applying multi-colored threads of weak twist to the fabric and securing them to its surface with very thin threads.” A similar technique of embroidery “in the attachment” has been found in burials since the 1st century. BC e. throughout the territory inhabited by the Turks (Central Russia, Western Siberia, Pamir, Afghanistan). So why was it necessary to declare them imported?

What about the Mongols, you ask?

In fact, the Mongols were conquered by the Turks back in the 6th century, and since then they have been part of the Turkic state? Could Genghis Khan, whom modern historians attribute to the Mongols*, become the head of the Turkic tribes? I do not exclude this possibility, remember Stalin. However, it never occurred to anyone to call Georgia the ruler of Russia. Can we talk about the Mongols as conquerors of the universe? Well... This doesn't even sound like a bad joke...

*Note. Arab sources, the same Rashid ad-Din (Rashid al-Tabib), call Genghis Khan a native of one of the Turkic tribes.

In modern history, the Turks have had the worst luck. Under Soviet rule, almost all references to this people were destroyed (Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee of 1944, which actually prohibited the study of the Golden Horde and the Tatar khanates), and Turkic scholars went together to “logging.” The authorities simply preferred to replace the Turks with Mongols. For what? This is already the topic of another article, and it is closely related to the question of whether Stalin was in fact the sole ruler, or, albeit the main one, but still a member of the Politburo where issues were decided collectively, by a simple majority.

A completely reasonable question: the conquest of Rus' by the Mongols to this day remains the only officially recognized version of history, so all scientists are wrong, am I the only one so smart?

The answer is no less reasonable: scientists simply serve the current government. And the authorities also played tricks that weren’t quite the same - Russia lived through most of the 20th century with the firm confidence that communism, invented by a Jew, a descendant of famous rabbis, was our Russian bright future. I'm not even talking about Christianity. See with what zeal people, having betrayed their own gods, praise strangers. Continue further?

Above I talked about the mystery of the Turks, in fact there is no mystery - the Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns (Xiongnu), Turks, Tatars (Tartars) and about two hundred different names given by others - these are all the same people. As K.A. very wittily noted. Foreigners: “the Xiongnu clan defeated - everyone becomes Xiongnu, the Xian-bi clan defeated - everyone becomes Xian-bi, etc. This results in frequent changes in names in the history of nomadic peoples.”

Unfortunately, there remains one more question that has not received any explanation today: why did the Caucasian population of Altai, Siberia, and Kazakhstan so quickly, within just one and a half thousand years, mutate into Mongoloids? What caused this? The proverbial fly in the ointment (Mongols)? Or some more serious and massive changes in the genetic apparatus caused by external factors?

Let's sum it up.

We can say with confidence that the Turkic state (states) was not mononational; in addition to the Turks themselves, there were a lot of other nationalities, and the national composition varied depending on geography. And the Turks themselves preferred to become related to the local nobility.

Neo-pagans today talk about it - there were “ours” everywhere; The “thinking” ones, in turn, stomp their feet and squeal - there are only Mongols everywhere. Neither one nor the other is wrong, Russia is a perfect example of this - are there many Russians, say, in the north of Yakutia? But it's the same country.

Anthropologists V.P. Alekseev and I.I. Hoffman cites the results of studies of two Xiongnu burial grounds (Tebsh-Uul and Naima-Tolgoi): “The paleoanthropological material of the first, located in the south of Central Mongolia, is distinguished by pronounced Mongoloid features, the second - Caucasoid. If, for clarity, we resort to a comparison of the modern population, then we can say that the people who left these monuments differed from each other, just as, say, modern Yakuts and Evenks differed from Georgians and Armenians.” You can compare modern Russians and Chukchi - the situation is similar. And what is the conclusion? Are these residents of different countries? Or are there no “national” cemeteries today?

The Turks themselves were Caucasians, in fact they were Turanian tribes, descendants of the legendary Aryans.

The Turks became the ancestors of not only the Russian people, but almost three dozen others.

Why were the Turks erased from our history? There are many reasons, but the main one is hatred. The confrontation between Russia and the West has much deeper roots than is commonly thought today...

P.S. An inquisitive reader will definitely ask the question:

Why do you need it? Why rewrite history at all? What difference does it make how it actually happened, there is no need to change anything - let it be as it was, as we are all accustomed to it.

Without a doubt, the “ostrich pose” is very comfortable for the majority - I don’t see anything, I don’t hear anything, I don’t know anything... It’s easier for a person who has cut himself off from reality to endure stress - but reality doesn’t change because of it. Psychologists even have the term “hostage effect” (“Stockholm syndrome”), which describes the defensive-unconscious traumatic connection that arises between the victim and the aggressor in the process of capture, abduction and/or use (or threat of use) of violence.

Mr. Khalezov, in one of his articles, noted: “Russia rose from its knees only to rise to the ground.” And while we will all be “Ivans who do not remember kinship,” we will again and again be put in the pose known to everyone from the Kama Sutra.

We are the heirs of the Great Steppe, and not some wanker Byzantium! Awareness of this fact is our only chance to return to its former greatness.

It was the Steppe that helped Muscovy survive the unequal struggle with Lithuania, Poland, Germans, Swedes, Estonians... Read Karamzin and Solovyov - they are much more frank, you just need to be able to separate the wheat from the chaff. “... the Novgorodians drove the Muscovites beyond Shelon, but the western Tatar army suddenly attacked them and decided the matter in favor of the grand ducal troops” - this is Solovyov about the battle of June 14, 1470, and this is Karamzin, speaking about the war of 1533 - 1586, describing the composition of the troops Principalities of Moscow: “besides the Russians, the princes of the Circassian, Shevkal, Mordovian, Nogai, princes and Murzas of the ancient Golden Horde, Kazan, Astrakhan went day and night to Ilmen and Peypus.”

And it was the Steppe, call it Tartary or something else, that we betrayed, flattered by the promises of the lofty Western emissaries. So why cry now that we live poorly? Remember: “...And throwing away the pieces of silver in the temple, he went out, went and hanged himself. The high priests, taking the pieces of silver, said: it is not permissible to put them in the church treasury, because this is the price of blood. Having held a meeting, they bought a potter's land with them for the burial of strangers; Therefore, that land is called the “land of blood” to this day.” (Matt., ch. 27)

I would like to end today’s article with the words of Prince Ukhtomsky: “... there is no other outcome for the All-Russian Power: either to become what it has been called from time to time to be (a world power combining the West with the East), or ingloriously go down the path of fall, because Europe is itself In the end, we will be suppressed by our external superiority, and the Asian peoples who have awakened not by us will be even more dangerous than Western foreigners.”

Actually, I considered the article finished, but a friend just re-read it and asked me to add it - literally one or two more minutes of your attention.

People often, both in comments and in private messages, draw attention to the discrepancy between my views and the official version of history, provide links to “leftist” sites like “Anthropogenesis”, and sometimes to the opinions of fairly well-known scientists. My dears, I am familiar with the academic version no worse, and perhaps better than many KONT visitors, so don’t bother yourself.

Once upon a time, not very long ago, people believed that the flat earth rests on three huge whales, which, in turn, swim in the endless ocean, and in general, we are the center of the Universe. I'm not kidding, I'm absolutely serious. I have just very briefly voiced a version of the world order, which quite recently, by historical standards, of course, was taught in the best European universities.

The key word here is “believed.” They didn’t check it, but they believed it. The small group that decided to “check” faced an unenviable fate. Do you think anything has changed since then? No, today they no longer make fires in squares, today they act much smarter, those who think differently are simply declared fools. If the name Giordano Bruno is still known to many, then how many of those “ridiculed” have simply sunk into oblivion. Do you think there were no great ones among them?

S.A. Zelinsky, speaking about methods of manipulating consciousness, cites a technique (one of many) called “ridicule”: “When using this technique, both specific individuals and views, ideas, programs, organizations and their activities, various associations of people can be ridiculed , against which the struggle is being waged. The choice of the object of ridicule is carried out depending on the goals and the specific information and communication situation. The effect of this technique is based on the fact that when individual statements and elements of a person’s behavior are ridiculed, a playful and frivolous attitude is initiated towards him, which automatically extends to his other statements and views. With skillful use of this technique, it is possible to form for a specific person the image of a “frivolous” person whose statements are not trustworthy.” (Psychotechnologies of hypnotic manipulation of consciousness)

The essence has not changed one iota - you must be like everyone else, do like everyone else, think like everyone else, otherwise you are an enemy... The current society has never needed thinking individuals, it needs “common-minded” sheep. A simple question. Why do you think the theme of lost sheep and shepherds, that is, shepherds, is so popular in the Bible?

See you again, friends!