Examples of manifestations of humanity in fiction. Humanity (Unified State Examination Arguments)

January 10, 2018

Humanity is one of the most important and at the same time complex concepts. It is impossible to give it an unambiguous definition, because it manifests itself in a variety of human qualities. This is the desire for justice, honesty, and respect. Someone who can be called humane is capable of caring for others, helping and patronizing. He can see the good in people and emphasize their main advantages. All this can be confidently attributed to the main manifestations of this quality.

What is humanity?

There are a large number of examples of humanity from life. These are the heroic actions of people in wartime, and very insignificant, seemingly insignificant actions in everyday life. Humanity and kindness are manifestations of compassion for one's neighbor. Motherhood is also synonymous with this quality. After all, every mother actually sacrifices the most precious thing she has - her own life - as a sacrifice to her baby. The brutal cruelty of the fascists can be called a quality opposite to humanity. A person only has the right to be called a person if he is capable of doing good.

Dog rescue

An example of humanity from life is the act of a man who saved a dog in the subway. Once upon a time, a stray dog found itself in the lobby of the Kurskaya station of the Moscow metro. She ran along the platform. Maybe she was looking for someone, or maybe she was just chasing a departing train. But it so happened that the animal fell on the rails.

There were many passengers at the station then. People were scared - after all, there was less than a minute left before the next train arrived. The situation was saved by a brave police officer. He jumped onto the tracks, picked up the unlucky dog under his paws and carried him to the station. This story is a good example of humanity from life.

Action of a teenager from New York

This quality is not complete without compassion and goodwill. There is a lot of evil in real life these days and people need to show each other compassion. An indicative example from life on the topic of humanity is the action of a 13-year-old New Yorker named Nach Elpstein. For his bar mitzvah (or coming of age in Judaism), he received a gift of 300 thousand shekels. The boy decided to donate all this money to Israeli children. It's not every day that you hear about such an act, which is a true example of humanity from life. The amount went towards the construction of a new generation bus for the work of young scientists on the periphery of Israel. This vehicle is a mobile classroom that will help young students become real scientists in the future.

An example of humanity from life: donation

There is no nobler act than giving your blood to someone else. This is real charity, and everyone who takes this step can be called a real citizen and a person with a capital “P.” Donors are strong-willed people who have a kind heart. An example of the manifestation of humanity in life is Australian resident James Harrison. He donates blood plasma almost every week. For a very long time he was awarded a unique nickname - “The Man with the Golden Arm”. After all, blood was taken from Harrison's right hand more than a thousand times. And in all the years that he has been donating, Harrison has managed to save more than 2 million people.

In his youth, the hero donor underwent a complex operation, as a result of which he had to have his lung removed. His life was saved only thanks to donors who donated 6.5 liters of blood. Harrison never knew the saviors, but decided that he would donate blood for the rest of his life. After talking with doctors, James learned that his blood type was unusual and could be used to save the lives of newborn babies. His blood contained very rare antibodies that can solve the problem of incompatibility of the Rh factor of the mother’s blood and the embryo. Because Harrison donated blood every week, doctors were able to constantly produce new batches of the vaccine for such cases.

An example of humanity from life, from literature: Professor Preobrazhensky

One of the most striking literary examples of possessing this quality is Professor Preobrazhensky from Bulgakov’s work “The Heart of a Dog.” He dared to challenge the forces of nature and turn a street dog into a man. His attempts failed. However, Preobrazhensky feels responsible for his actions, and tries with all his might to turn Sharikov into a worthy member of society. This shows the highest qualities of the professor, his humanity.

Source: fb.ru

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What is humanity?

Dog rescue

Action of a teenager from New York

An example of humanity from life: donation

An example of humanity from life, from literature: Professor Preobrazhensky

Humanity is a personality quality that is characterized by moral principles that express humanism regarding the everyday relationships of people. Humanity is an acquired and conscious manifestation, formed in the process of socialization and education of a person using the example of significant authorities. Humanity is considered to be the highest virtue and dignity of a person.

Humanity is characterized by a number of characteristics that are specific qualities of character and attitude to the world. These qualities include kindness, self-sacrifice for the benefit of others, goodwill, sincerity, empathy, generosity, respect, modesty, and honesty.

What is humanity

Humanity manifests itself as a personality trait in a person’s actions in relation to the outside world. Respect for people, promoting and supporting their well-being, a sincere desire to help or support. This trait is revealed more fully in collective and interpersonal relationships during joint work and direct communication between people. In social groups this quality is the most referent.

This personality trait is formed by the example of parents or other authoritative adults. The manifestation or absence of such a way of manifesting a person is determined by the family structure and the script passed on by the older generation to the younger.

The main role in the formation of this quality is played by the upbringing of the mother, who creates the norms of the family structure, which contributes to the development of the child’s morality. There are situations where children are required to demonstrate high moral qualities without prior teaching and example, which becomes the reason for the internal and external growth of the personality.

In the process of development and socialization in a group, the individual is required to show friendliness and participation, the ability to communicate with other participants in the process, form and voice his position, and defend it. When the required skills are poorly developed, rejection by the team or group occurs, which contributes to the emergence of outsiders. The reason for this is the separation of the issue of success and morality as different categories.

A person begins to master the rules of relationships in early preschool age, acquiring cultural and hygienic skills. Children, obeying the demands of adults, strive to follow the rules themselves and monitor the observance of these rules by the rest of the children in the group. Often, young children turn to adults with complaints about the behavior of their peers with a request to confirm the rule, and here the problem of showing humanity arises, because it is sometimes very difficult for educators to calmly respond to such requests. And the child who has filed a complaint is advised to personally stop his peer another time and remind him of the rule in force in the group.

The process of formation of humanity is especially active during the “I myself” period, when the child acquires independence and the requirements for his behavior increase, because the little person begins to identify himself as an individual member of society. At this time, the child learns about the rules and methods of communication, about interaction using the example of nearby authoritative objects (parents, friends, characters in books, films).

Humanity is a paradoxical phenomenon, it manifests itself through the actions of a person without reflecting his real personality and attitude. In market relations, which have formed and are successfully developing in interpersonal relationships, moral values and personality are no longer connected due to the pursuit of material goods, attributes of success and well-being. Humanity and humanity have become a kind of synonym for weakness, although literature and cinema often exaggerate these manifestations in their heroes.

The need for love, acceptance, respect is realized through the manifestation of interest, as involvement in the lives of others. The difficulty of this manifestation of humanity is that many people grew up in less favorable conditions than were necessary to instill such qualities. This is especially reflected in children whose parents grew up at the end of the twentieth century in the CIS countries. At that time, it was necessary to survive, and the manner of upbringing changed, children grew up in a gushing flow of information with missing positive examples, adjustments and the authorities of their parents.

For the formation of moral standards and instilling skills in demonstrating them, an important component is the family and its traditions. In authoritarian families, where parents demand obedience and their authority is absolute, children grow up as opportunists who have obvious difficulties in communication. Children who have been subjected to overly strict methods of upbringing have a distorted understanding of relationships with people and in the family, which can find its way out in various behavioral characteristics, for example.

The manifestation of humanity in people who grew up in democratic families occurs more naturally. These families create a sense of self-worth and teach children to be open to other people. The emotional environment in families, which is based on interest in children, their care and respect, is the main condition for the formation of the child’s moral values.

The number of family members also influences the formation of humanity. Children who grow up in large families with numerous relatives have more examples of behavior and options for dealing with situations, authorities and opinions. A large number of relatives contributes to the formation of kindness, community, friendliness, respect, trust, and in such families the skills of empathy are acquired, which are components of humanity.

The problem of humanity exists in its absence. Its manifestation lies in our self, the abilities of our own and others, our responsibilities, perception of the environment, ourselves in the world, as having the right to a place in the sun. For most, this is a problem because there is no feeling of security sufficient to show humanity as the norm in communication. Kindness, compassion and other moral qualities of a person create a feeling of weakness and danger. Therein lies the problem.

In the process of growing up and becoming familiar with their surroundings and the world, children are set up to fight for survival in the “jungle” of adulthood. As children become adults, they perceive others as more rivals than partners, hence the hostile attitude.

Everyone faces the problem of humanity in their lives. At some point people need support from people. This is especially felt during difficult periods, during decision-making or responsibility. And here difficulties arise regarding accepting the humane actions of other people. After all, to feel your significance through confirmation from the outside, you need to be open to this external thing. Openness to others requires trust in them, in yourself, and confidence in your own rights. Also, the problem of demonstrating humanity and other moral qualities of an individual depends on accepting one’s right to life and the right to life of other people. It can be added that acceptance of the right to life is taught by parents, namely the mother in the first years of life, the so-called basic trust in the world. When it is not there, a person feels threatened by the environment, therefore, he will defend himself and act solely in personal interests. A person who is capable of showing humanity has stable basic trust. It is formed by the person himself through a conscious choice or by the mother.

The parent's example of attitude towards others serves as an a priori behavior scenario for the child. Protection from the world, the mood to fight, encouraging the individual to doubt his own strengths, abilities and rights, leads to difficulties in understanding relationships and their necessity, to the problem of understanding or lack thereof, the benefits of showing humanity.

Examples of humanity from life

Humanity in society has become a kind of trend in relationships, which creates conditions for understanding the value of the individual. This helps to get to know the people around you better, find like-minded people and establish communication. People begin to gravitate towards those who are sincerely interested in them. A person, helping people in need, shows his ability to value life.

Humanity also manifests itself in professional activities. The most humane professions are doctors, teachers, and rescuers.

Speaking of rescuers. In 2015, four Florida boys showed humanity to a couple of elderly people. They mowed the lawn, swept the paths and changed the tires on the elderly couple's car, and also rushed the elderly man to the hospital on time and underwent surgery, which extended his life. According to the head of the fire department where Timurov’s men worked, they did not say what they did; he learned about it from a news feed on social networks.

Showing humanity saves the lives of loved ones. This is a natural manifestation of the need for love and acceptance. It’s very easy to show humanity, just start talking like the teenager did. In Dublin, USA, a 16-year-old young man named Jamie saved a man by asking only one question: “Are you okay?” Such a simple question and so useful. The man was about to say goodbye to his life, the boy asked him, then they talked. Ultimately, this man later became a happy father.

Expressing humanity enriches life. Either this is helping a person or animal to save their life, or this is the usual attention to the condition and needs of friends and strangers. This is participation in life, this is an opportunity to show yourself that stupid and disgusting thoughts about your inferiority were a mistake. Humanity is a personality trait, its manifestation is the strength of the individual, it is a value that consciously appears.

These were examples of the manifestation of humanity at the request of people, it was a conscious choice. Anyone can come to such a choice, realizing their own value and significance as a person, an individual, an ideal being who can do more than just live.

Meleshchenko Irina

Article based on materials from writers of the XX-XXI centuries. on the topic "Humanity is one of the most important phenomena reflected in Russian literature."

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Humanity is one of the most important phenomena reflected in Russian literature

Meleshchenko I., student of State Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School No. 510

Issues of humanity have always interested people, since they directly affected everyone living on earth. But they are especially acute in our “cruel age”, full of extreme situations for all mankind. Many writers set out to reveal the theme of love for people in their works, some from the point of view of conflict, some from the point of view of humanistic reasoning. This theme is reflected with particular skill in the works of our contemporaries, such wonderful writers as Anatoly Georgievich Aleksin, Vladislav Petrovich Krapivin, Vasil Vladimirovich Bykov. Almost every story or story by these authors is a hymn to humanity.

Consider, for example, the story by A. G. Aleksin “Meanwhile, somewhere...” This book is a cry for help, an exposure of indifference and official phrases, a search for personality in a crowd of ordinary people, a search for a heart that is still capable of feeling the suffering of others.

The work is not particularly original in its plot, but it can be read in one breath, as the complex and original characters of the Russian people emerge behind the apparent simplicity.

The main theme of the story was the relationship between Serezha Emelyanov and his father’s first wife, Nina Georgievna.

Their acquaintance begins on the day when Seryozha receives two letters: one from his father, the other from Nina Georgievna, which fell into his hands completely by accident. The heroine has suffered a misfortune that she has no one to tell about except her ex-husband: her adopted son Shurik is leaving her for her real parents. And Seryozha decides to replace his father, lending a strong shoulder to the man who in an instant became close and dear to him.

From this moment begins the thorny path of the child’s moral quest, tossing between his own family, ardent love for his mother and father, the desire to hide everything that is happening for the sake of the peace of his family, and the desire to save him from despair by lending a helping hand.

Seryozha is contrasted with a world of indifferent people, deaf to the misfortune of others. These are Shurik, his parents, Nina Georgievna’s students and many others. The boy fights philistinism in others and suppresses it in himself, with his mind looking for a way to retreat: “... After all, I didn’t tell her firmly and confidently that I would come,” but with his heart he still strives for a person close in spirit. But it’s difficult for a child. He, squeezed in the grip of rules and common sense, is looking for justification for his arrival (guided, again, by humanity, concern for his best friend, whom with all his soul he wants to cure from shyness), looking for loopholes, afraid to go straight among cruel and “empty-hearted” people . And then Nina Georgievna comes to his aid, extending the words like a life preserver: “To leave a person, you sometimes have to come up with false reasons. Because the true ones can be too cruel. But to come, you don’t need to invent anything. You just have to come, that’s all...”

An adult woman finds a friend and like-minded person in Seryozha. Of course, the boy, like everyone else at his age, is characterized by ardor and maximalism, but in essence he is just as kind and sympathetic, just as capable of understanding the pain of other people, like Nina Georgievna. It is very difficult for the two of them to fight against the coldness of people’s hearts. The main characters, saving each other, try to melt the ice around them. She sincerely wants to help his friend Anton, and Seryozha, having seen Shurik off, takes his key, not yet knowing why - it’s just what his heart tells him.

The hero of the story, in a dispute with indifferent adults, defends his right to be friends with whomever you want, to dream about whatever you want, to live as you want in your own joyful and honest world.

I remember the words of V. Krapivin: “If someone at this moment calls for help... Well... Hurry there, be the rider yourself!” It is this role of the rider that Sergei Emelyanov plays in the life of a simple school doctor. The heroine is full of unspent love, she needs support and understanding.

But Seryozha strives to help not only her. The good seeds thrown into his soul by Nina Georgievna have sprouted and will not wither anymore, fueled by the sincere, bright impulses of the child. The boy puts a load belonging to his father onto his thin childish shoulders. For what? Out of duty? Not at all. Seryozha himself answers this question, believing that “the need to become someone’s protector and deliverer came as the first call of male adulthood.” He is right in believing that you cannot forget the person who began to need you.

And what about Nina Georgievna? She happily leaned on the offered shoulder and became a consumer? Yes, this is so against her nature as a person who lives for the sake of others that it’s ridiculous to even talk about it. No, she repays Seryozha a hundredfold for his kindness, revealing to the child the “fourth dimension” of the world - life for others. And let them object that the highest happiness is one’s own joy. But this will be said by selfish and flawed people. Anatoly Aleksin sees the highest manifestation of humanity in giving oneself to others, tearing out one’s heart, like Gorky’s Danko, and illuminating the path for people walking behind.

Nina Georgievna lives for the sake of others, strict with herself, but incredibly kind to others. Her words: “This is understandable!” - addressed to every person, to any action, which testifies to her boundless love for other people.

Seryozha, who adopted her ideas and judgments, firmly adheres to his chosen path. And when fate again tests his strength, putting on one scale the long-awaited summer vacation by the sea, and on the other - a trip to Nina Georgievna, the child passes the test with honor, difficult for an adult as well. The family, who know nothing, accuses him of being “wingless,” and his father even gives as an example a comparison of a person’s life with a route that must be taken exactly on schedule. The answer of the unbroken Seryozha is painfully deep and heartfelt: “And I thought that there are planes and trains that fly routes outside the schedule and outside the schedule. These are planes and trains for special purposes (the most important ones!): they help, they save...”

Humanity is manifested in the renunciation of one’s own interests in order for the life of a loved one to at least once flare up and shine with bright colors, sparkle with all the shades of the rainbow. You come to this conclusion after reading the subtle and heartfelt work of A.G. Aleksina.

These same ideas of humanism and humanity are found in many works of Vladislav Petrovich Krapivin, who wrote mainly about children and for children. This is exactly what the novel “The Boy with the Sword” is about. It describes the development of the personality of sixth-grader Seryozha Kakhovsky, whose character grows stronger before the reader’s eyes. Seryozha stands up for justice, finds himself in difficult trials, learns to take bold actions without hesitation and make the right choice between honor and dishonor.

The main character of the novel - an honest, brave and fair boy - is constantly forced to fight cowardice, meanness and betrayal. Having entrusted his comrades with a fairy tale about horsemen he had invented, Sergei faces misunderstanding, ridicule and ridicule. But suddenly, at the very moment when the boy is ready to cry from helplessness and injustice, a miracle happens - real horsemen suddenly appear and come to his defense: “And the most important horseman is dark, white-toothed, in a green shirt and a canvas budenovka with a cloth blue star - he said quietly: “Don’t trro-ogat...” It turned out that Alexey Borisovich Ivanov, a friend of the boy, called for help from his familiar students with the detachment. They played the role of Seryozha’s horsemen so brilliantly. However, such miracles happen, perhaps once in a lifetime, and the riders cannot come to everyone: “You are happy now, even calm. And at that moment someone calls for help. Do you think the riders are rushing there too?” To the question “What should I do?” Ivanov gives Seryozha advice: to be a horseman himself, and not necessarily on a horse and wearing a hat with a star.

The words spoken to Seryozha by journalist Ivanov did not remain an empty phrase. He really tries to hear when someone calls for help, and strives to provide that help. Seryozha stands up for second-grader Stasik Grachev, for the street children whose ball was taken away by an adult hooligan. The boy always ends up where someone's scream is heard and tears are visible. And even when, in case of obedience and humility, he is awarded a long-awaited trip to Chersonesos, Sergei Kakhovsky remains true to his principles, standing up for random fellow travelers who are attacked by embittered adults. His own words sound as if echoed by the horsemen: “And as if from the side he heard his own voice: “Don’t touch!”

Krapivin's novel teaches not to put up with injustice, with cruelty, no matter where it manifests itself: in the yard, on the street, at school or in a distant country. His heroes care about everything. Whether a child is offended, whether hooligans have pestered someone, or whether their peer has been killed in Chile - the boys from “Espada” are always ready to draw their swords in defense of a person.

The authors of more serious and “adult” works raise questions of humanity no less acutely. One of the works in which the author reveals the theme of love for people is the story “Alpine Ballad” by Vasil Bykov. The Belarusian writer writes very often about the Great Patriotic War. It is in war, according to the author, that a person’s love for other people, the ability to compassion and empathy, caring and true heroism are most acutely manifested.

The heroes of this story are the Russian soldier Ivan Tereshka and the Italian girl Julia, who managed to escape from fascist captivity. Their meeting is accidental and unexpected. They spend several days and nights in the Alps, but the Germans still overtake the fugitives.

The very method of liberating desperate people from captivity is striking. One of the prisoners sacrifices his life so that the others can be saved. He hits the bomb fuse with a sledgehammer, dies himself, but opens the way to salvation for his comrades. Isn't this a true feat of humanity?

Like his fellow sufferer, Ivan himself demonstrates his boundless love for people. He shares bread with a madman and helps Julia overcome the exhausting climb to the mountains. When the girl completely loses strength and cannot go further, Ivan carries her on his back to alpine meadows with blooming scarlet poppies and a high blue sky. This image of a peaceful meadow and the sky above demonstrates to readers the true skill of the author, who seems to exclaim: “Stop! Look around! Stop killing each other, because there is so much room for everyone on this vast, spacious and beautiful earth!”

Love for Ivan and Julia comes unexpectedly, very beautiful, big and real. The boy and girl do not understand each other's language well, but they hear and love with their hearts. They probably would have been happy and lived a long life if the Nazis had not overtaken them. Ivan dies in an unequal battle with the Germans and shepherds trained to kill people, but before his death he saves his beloved. Death for the sake of the lives of others is the slogan of Bykov’s heroes, this is their answer to all the evil and violence that is happening in the world.

Julia turns out to be worthy of Ivan. She continues to love him for many years. The girl gave birth to and raised their son Giovanni, who learned Russian perfectly and knew a lot about Belarus. Eighteen years later, Julia’s letter finally found Ivan’s relatives, and they learned about his feat. Julia's letter ends with the words: “With gratitude to everyone - who gave birth, raised and knew a Man who was truly Russian in kindness and worthy of admiration in his courage. Do not forget Him!”

Through the lips of his heroes, Bykov tells readers that, despite the darkness, bitterness and sadness that surround us, there is always room for love in the world. The love of a man for a woman, the love of a man for a man - this is the only weapon, according to the author, against evil and cruelty. “Alpine Ballad” is a story about three days in the life of a young man and girl who escaped from captivity. This is a story about three short days that contained an entire eternity. These are three days that gave the former concentration camp prisoners boundless love and hope for salvation. This is the author’s passionate appeal to give each other happiness and faith.

Maxim Gorky said: “Russian art is, first of all, a heartfelt art. Romantic love for man burned unquenchably in it, and the work of our artists, great and small, shines with this fire of love.” The works of the authors discussed above are a clear illustration of this statement. Through the words of the heroes and narrators, the author’s leisurely reflection is visible - the reflection of many people who have seen and known in life. In this reflection there is an affirmation of the greatness and beauty of what is truly human. Art should teach goodness. Russian writers see the ability of a pure human heart for good as the most precious wealth. “If we are strong and truly smart in anything, it is in doing a good deed,” they say. Anatoly Aleksin, Vsevolod Krapivin and Vasil Bykov believed and continue to believe in this.

1. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign."

Prince Igor, his brother Vsevolod, Yaroslavna, the Kiev prince Svyatoslav and his “golden word” about the need to unite the Russian principalities for protection against external enemies.

Issues: the valor and courage of Russian soldiers, the defense of their land, the tragic consequences of civil strife between Russian princes, loyalty, tenderness of Russian women, the predetermination of events (an eclipse of the sun), the help of nature to the Russian people.

2. Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov

Ode "On the day of Elizabeth Petrovna's accession to the throne", 1747

Issues: science, comprehension of the secrets of nature by the mind, human ability to creatively transform the world.

3. Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin

"To Rulers and Judges"

Issues: satirical denunciation of vicious nobles, creation of an image of a worthy citizen, affirmation of the ideal of a wise, enlightened ruler.

4. Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin

"Undergrown"

Mrs. Prostakova, her husband, son Mitrofan, brother Skotinin, teachers, nurse, tailor Trishka, Sophia, Milon, Starodum, Pravdin.

Issues: serfdom, the confrontation between progressive-minded nobles and reactionary serf-owning nobles, the upbringing and education of children, service to their Fatherland, ignorance, inhumanity, the ability to commit a vile, dishonorable act, the wisdom and justice of the ruler.

5. Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov

Comedy "Woe from Wit"

Famusov, Chatsky, Sofya, Molchalin, Skalozub, Lisa, Gorichi, Tugoukhovsky, Khryumin, Khlestova, Zagoretsky, Repetilov.

Issues : the struggle of the new with the old, the opposition of freedom-loving, progressive-minded nobles to the reactionary camp of the serf-owners, the attitude towards serfdom, careerism, admiration for public opinion, the assessment of personality depending on wealth, rank, position in society, adherence to external forms of life, despite their content, careerism, pettiness of interests, spiritual emptiness, the ideal of an idle life, attitude towards upbringing, education of youth, the meaning of life, a person’s moral choice.

6. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

Novel "Eugene Onegin"

Onegin, Tatyana Larina, Lensky, Olga

Issues: upbringing, education of a person, social environment as the basis for the formation of character, the paths of the enlightened advanced noble intelligentsia, the contrast between the romantic and realistic perception of life, the external and internal beauty of a person, the depth, strength and sincerity of feelings, the idle life and spiritual emptiness of representatives of the local nobility, as well as the Moscow nobility, attitude to secular prejudices, human life and death, choice between love and duty, Russian national character..

"Belkin's Tales"

"The young lady-peasant" - Liza Muromskaya, Alexey Berestov, their fathers.

Issues: relationships between fathers and children, the love of heroes despite imaginary social barriers, deception ending in happiness.

"Station Warden" - Samson Vyrin, daughter of Dunya, hussar.

Issues: relationships between fathers and children, social inequality, the fate of the “little man,” repentance, forgiveness.

"Dubrovsky"

Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky, son Vladimir, Kirilla Petrovich Troekurov, daughter Masha, Prince Vereisky.

Issues: peasant uprising, intra-estate conflict, arbitrariness of landowners, bureaucratic abuses of local authorities, love of a “noble” robber-avenger.

"Queen of Spades"

Officer Hermann, old countess, pupil of Lizaveta Ivanovna.

Issues: an insatiable thirst for money, profit, enrichment as a desire for personal independence and power, the penetration of monetary relations into all spheres of social life, exposure of cruel, predatory egoism and extraordinary ambition.

"Bronze Horseman"

Poor official Evgeny, St. Petersburg flood, monument to Peter I.

Issues: the tragedy of the relationship between state power and the “little man”, the ruthlessness of the elements, St. Petersburg as a “man-made” monument to Peter I, “Idol on a bronze horse” as the embodiment of inhuman power, punishing even timid protest.

"Captain's daughter"

Pyotr Grinev, Pugachev, captain Mironov, Masha, Shvabrin.

Issues: the Mironov and Grinev families as the embodiment of honesty, directness, simplicity in everyday life, and self-esteem

“Take care of your dress again, and honor from your youth,” the contrast of the old “indigenous” nobility (Grinevs) with the “new nobility” (Shvabrin), national character traits in the image of Savelich, loyalty, devotion, love, mercy, forgiveness, causes, consequences of the people’s war under leadership of Pugachev.

7. Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov

"Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, the young guardsman and the daring merchant Kalashnikov"

Tsar Ivan the Terrible, oprichnik Kiribeevich, Kalashnikov, Alena Dmitrievna.

Issues : conflict between justice, mother truth (Kalashnikov) and selfishness, unbridled passions (Kiribeevich), protection of honor, law, human dignity in conditions of autocratic power.

Poem "Mtsyri"

Issues : protest against the stuffy bondage that enslaves a person, poeticization of the struggle, a call for freedom, affirmation of love for the homeland and heroic service to it, a passionate thirst for life.

Novel "Hero of Our Time"

Pechorin, Maxim Maksimych, Bela, Kazbich, undine, Yanko, blind boy, old woman, Grushnitsky, Princess Mary, dragoon captain, Werner, Vulich.

Issues : hero and society, “an extra person”, “a portrait, but not of one person, but a portrait made up of the vices of an entire generation”, tragic attitude and philosophical quests of the individual, awareness of one’s place in the world, active or passive life position, successful or unsuccessful attempts to realize one's desires and talents, problems of existence - death, good - evil, choosing the purpose of life, a person's attitude towards people around him, love and friendship, meanness and betrayal, a person's responsibility for his actions..

8. Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol

Collection "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka"

Issues : the beauty of the spiritual essence of the people, characters, spiritual properties, moral rules, morals, customs, way of life, beliefs of the Ukrainian peasantry, the victory of good over evil, generosity over greed, humanism over selfishness, courage over cowardice, energy over laziness and idleness, nobility over baseness and meanness, inspired by love over rough sensuality; the power of money is destructive, happiness is achieved not by crime, but by goodness, human, earthly forces defeat the devil, violation of natural, folk and moral laws, betrayal of the homeland deserves the heaviest punishment.

The story "Taras Bulba"

Taras, Ostap, Andriy, Zaporozhye Sich

Issues : the heroic struggle of the Ukrainian people for their national liberation, the freedom-loving character of the Cossacks, the establishment of the democratic foundations of the Zaporozhye Sich, its glorification, feelings of camaraderie and collectivism, the desire of the Cossacks for will and freedom, their devotion to the fatherland, a person’s moral choice between duty and love.

The story "The Overcoat"

Akakiy Akakievich Bashmachkin, Significant person

Issues: the life of a “little man”, spiritual and physical suppression, the crushing of the human personality in an antagonistic society.

Comedy "The Inspector General"

The mayor, his wife, daughter, judge Lyapkin-Tyapkin, trustee of charitable institutions Zemlyanika, superintendent of schools Khlopov, postmaster, Dobchinsky and Bobchinsky, Ivan Aleksandrovich Khlestakov.

Issues : the social essence, customs and life of the nobility, shown in the conditions of a county town: abuses of officials (bribery, embezzlement, gross tyranny), the idle life of landowners, oppression of merchants by the authorities and their own deception of buyers, the hard life of the townspeople, denunciation of idlers, gossips, liars, the comic nature of the love affair.

Poem "Dead Souls"

Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, landowners Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdryov, Sobakevich, Plyushkin, officials governor, prosecutor. Chairman of the chamber, chief of police, clerk of the office Ivan Antonovich Kuvshinnoe Rylo, “a pleasant lady” and “a pleasant lady in all respects.”

9. Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky

Drama "Thunderstorm"

Kabanova (Kabanikha), Tikhon, Katerina, Varvara, Boris, Dikoy, Kuligin, Kudryash.

Issues : contradictions between old social and everyday principles and progressive aspirations for equality, for the freedom of the human person, a world of tyranny based on family and property tyranny, wild tyranny and despotism, denunciation of the deadening conditions of the “dark kingdom”, awakening of an original, integral personality, moral purity , the spiritual beauty of a Russian woman.

Drama "Dowry"

Larisa Ogudalova, Paratov, Knurov, Vozhevatov

Issues : assertion of the power of a heartless purist, who turns a poor person, dependent on him, into an object of purchase and sale, into a thing, and a possessed person into one obsessed with an insatiable thirst for profit, enrichment, the tragedy of an exalted, spiritualized soul in a world of acquisitiveness and cold selfishness.

10. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev

Novel "Fathers and Sons"

Evgeny Bazarov, Pavel Petrovich, Nikolai Petrovich and Arkady Kirsanov, Odintsova and Katya, Sitnikov and Kukshina, Bazarov’s parents

Issues : relationships between “fathers” and “children”, disputes about the attitude towards cultural heritage, about art and science, about the system of human behavior, about moral principles, about education, public duty, the question of the fate of Russia, the Russian people, about the ways of its further development , the danger of a nihilistic attitude towards life, the progressiveness of scientific thinking, the desire for practical activity, etc.

11. Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov

Roman "Oblomov"

Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, Andrey Stolts, Olga Ilinskaya

Issues : social inertia and inertia, apathy and lack of will as a result of the influence of landowner life, the extinction of the best qualities of character in a person: a lively mind, kindness, truthfulness, meekness, a tendency to introspection, true friendship and love, true happiness, equality of women, narrowness of practicality, aspiration to active happiness.

12. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. Lyrics

Issues: the homeland and the Russian people, the spiritual world of the peasant, his needs, aspirations, the share of the Russian woman, the height of her moral principles, spiritual simplicity, talent, the purpose of the poet and poetry, citizenship, national creativity, denunciation of those in power, the shame of serfdom,

the ideal of a public figure, faith in the mighty forces of the people..

13. Nikolai Semenovich Leskov

"The Enchanted Wanderer"

Ivan Severyanich Flyagin, Prince, Grusha.

Issues : rebellious spirit, tirelessness in the search for truth, unique features of the Russian national character, wandering as an element of Russian self-awareness, faith in the mighty forces of the people.

14. Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin

"The Story of a City", "Fairy Tales"

Issues : a generalization of the vicious essence of representatives of state power, the imperfection of the system of monarchical rule, the ulcers of public life, a gallery of moral monsters (Intercept-Zalikhvatsky ": rode into the city on a white horse, burned the gymnasium, abolished the sciences", Major Pyshch - the owner of a stuffed head, campaigner Brudasty with an “organ” instead of a head, playing only two phrases: “I’ll ruin you!” and “I won’t tolerate it!”).

15. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

Novel "Crime and Punishment"

Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, his mother, sister Dunya, old pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna, her sister Lizaveta, Razumikhin, Luzhin, Marmeladov, Sonya, Katerina Ivanovna, Polenka, Porfiry Petrovich, Svidrigailov, Mikolka.

Issues: individualistic rebellion against the order of the surrounding life, the life of the “humiliated and insulted”, social injustice, hopelessness, the desire to become “superior”, “the mighty of this world”, to whom “everything is permitted”, pangs of conscience as punishment for a crime, the failure of the “Napoleonic theory”, suffering, mercy, faith in God as the main values, striving for goodness and humanity..

16. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy

Epic novel "War and Peace"

Rostovs: Natasha, Nikolai, Petya, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, Princess Marya, Pierre Bezukhov, Helen, Anatole, Vasily Kuragin, Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I, Boris Drubetskoy, Anna Pavlovna Scherer, Lisa Bolkonskaya, Berg, Dolokhov, Vasily Denisov, captain Tushin, captain Timokhin, Tikhon Shcherbaty, merchant Ferapontov, Platon Karataev and others.

Issues: the image of war in hard work, blood, suffering, death, the justice of the Patriotic War of 1812, the Russian people as a single, indivisible whole, the readiness of the Russian people to defend their Motherland, the people’s love for their Fatherland, the contribution to the victory of the “club of the people’s war” - the partisan movement, the heroism of the participants in the Battle of Borodino, the unity of the Russian army, the feeling of "soldier's brotherhood", the moral victory of Russian soldiers, the spirit of the army as the main engine of war, the role of the people's commander Kutuzov in the incredibly difficult victory of the Russian army over a treacherous and strong enemy, the unity of different layers population in the face of a common danger, moral criteria for events in the private and historical life of society (goodness, selflessness, spiritual clarity, simplicity, spiritual connection with the people), Kutuzov and Napoleon as the psychological and moral-philosophical poles of the novel, love, work, beauty as the foundations of the family , the true beauty of a person, the ability to “love life in its countless, never-exhaustible manifestations”, moral categories: selflessness, fidelity to duty, pride, humanity, dignity, responsibility, patriotism, modesty, conscience, camaraderie, honor, courage, love, mercy , as well as posturing, rivalry, individualism, hatred, cowardice, vanity, hypocrisy, ambition, selfishness, arrogance, careerism, false patriotism, hypocrisy.

17. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. Early stories

Issues: features of the image of the “little man”("Thin and Fat", "Death of an Official" - Ivan Dmitrievich Chervyakov), funny and serious in Chekhov's short stories("Chameleon", "Unter Prishibeev") - Chekhov's humor is based on the comedy of situations, but also on exposing the stupidity, lack of culture of people, and the vulgarity of the surrounding life.

The story "Ionych"

Dmitry Ionych Startsev, Ivan Petrovich Turkins, Vera Iosifovna, Ekaterina Ivanovna (Kotik)

Issues: spiritual degradation of the individual, the monotony of life of the Turkin family, the environment as a factor forcing the hero to live according to the laws of the county town, the terrible evil of the death of human souls, immersed in the mire of philistinism.

The story "The Man in the Case"

Greek teacher Belikov, storyteller Ivan Ivanovich Burkin, Varenka

Issues: “caseness” of the individual, fear “Whatever happens,” social consequences of “Belikovism.”

Story "Lady with a Dog"

Dmitry Gurov, Anna Sergeevna

Issues: real love (“What we experience when we are in love is perhaps the normal state of a person. Falling in love shows a person what he should be "), the collision of shy love with the world of intolerable vulgarity (" Sturgeon has some flavor ")

The story "The Jumper"

Olga, her husband, doctor Dymov, the heroine’s artistic entourage

Issues : true and false values of life, hard work, dedication of a man of action and idleness and spiritual degradation of a bored lady, belated repentance.

The story "The Bride"

Nadya Shumina, her fiance, Sasha

Issues: spiritual emptiness, insignificance of people's interests, the heroine's desire to escape from the stuffy world of philistinism.

Play "The Cherry Orchard"

Lyubov Andreevna Raevskaya, daughters Anya, Varya, her brother Gaev, merchant Lopakhin, Petya Trofimov, Epikhodov, Yasha, Firs.

Issues: the atmosphere of general trouble, the feeling of loneliness of the heroes, the drama of life, the alignment of social forces in Russian society: the departing nobility, the rising bourgeoisie and new revolutionary forces, the collapse of the old foundations of life, the expectation of an impending fatal end, a vague premonition of a better future for the young heroes.

18. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin

"Mr. from San Francisco"

Steamship Atlantis, sir.

Issues: Life and death, their relentless, great confrontation, the catastrophic nature of human existence, the model of the civilized capitalist world, the web of hypocrisy and lies, true and false values, a critical attitude towards the lack of spirituality of capitalist society, towards the exaltation of technical progress to the detriment of internal improvement.

19. Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin

The story "Olesya"

Ivan Timofeevich, Olesya, grandmother

Issues: love and separation, happiness in unity with nature, the inevitability of the tragic end of the short happiness of the heroes, the consonance of nature with human feelings.

20. Maksim Gorky

The story "Makar Chudra"

Loiko Zobar, Rada

Issues: the maximalist desire for freedom, the highest, exclusive manifestation of pride, the conflict between love and pride.

The story "Old Woman Izergil"

Issues: the heroes of the legends embody a single trait: Larra - extreme individualism, Danko - an extreme degree of self-sacrifice for the sake of love for people. Izergil herself is a life for herself. Selfless service to people is contrasted with Larra’s individualism and expresses the ideal of the writer himself.

The play "At the Bottom"

Satin, Luka, Actor, nobleman, Baron, Kleshch, Anna, Bubnov, Nastya, Vaska Ash, Kostylev, Vasilisa, Natasha.

Issues: social conflict between shelter owners and night shelter residents. Anti-human conditions cripple a person and even love does not save him, but leads to tragedy: death, injury, murder, hard labor. The relationship between truth and lies. The truth is the truth and the truth is a dream.

21. Evgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin

Novel "We"

Benefactor, Guardian Bureau, Green Wall,

D - 503, O - 90

Issues: the responsibility of science and scientists to society, human intervention in the structure of the individual, in the course of his creative activity, the subordination of the social sphere. What will happen to a person and humanity if he is forcibly driven into a happy future?

22. Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov

The story "Heart of a Dog"

Professor Preobrazhensky, Bormental, Klim Chugunkin, Shvonder.

Issues: the idea of creating a new person, the responsibility of science to society, the motive of transformation and the motive of werewolf. Intelligentsia and revolution.

Novel "The Master and Margarita"

Woland, Berlioz, Homeless, Azazello, Koroviev, Cat Behemoth, Pontius Pilate, Yeshua Ga - Notsri, Master, Margarita, Nikanor Ivanovich Bosoy, Aloisy Mogarych, Baron Maigel, Styopa Likhodeev.

Issues: the meaning of life, what is truth, the problem of conscience, the problem of power, love and devotion, the problem of creativity, good and evil, forgiveness, understanding, responsibility, true harmony, creativity.

23. Anna Andreevna Akhmatova

Poem "Requiem"

Issues: memory, the bitterness of oblivion, the unthinkability of life and the impossibility of death, the motif of the crucifixion, the gospel sacrifice, the cross. The idea of great intercession for people.

24. Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov

Epic novel "Quiet Don"

Grigory Melekhov, Aksinya, Natalya, Peter, Dunyasha, Daria, Ilyinichna and Panteley, Mikhail Koshevoy, Mitka Korshunov, Listnitsky, Podtelkov.

Issues: an epic novel, an epic embodiment of the life of the people, their culture, the Cossacks as a special class, distinguished by the desire for independence, isolation, discipline, hard work, reverence for elders, the depiction of the Civil War as a tragedy of the entire people, truthfully, without embellishment, in all its inhumanity, tragic search for truth, universal human values.