The concept of literary tradition. Essay on the topic: Eternal motifs in world literature Essay on eternal themes and motifs of Russian classics

Essay on the topic: Eternal motives in world literature

But there are problems that concern all people at all times, regardless of their nationality, living conditions, or social status. Each generation again and again poses deep philosophical questions to itself: what is life and death, what is love, how the world and man work, what is the meaning of life, what values ​​are above all, what is God... These questions are reflected, including , and in literature they are called “eternal motives”.

One of the generally recognized geniuses of world literature who revealed the depths of the human soul is the Englishman W. Shakespeare, who lived in the 16th century. His plays are deeply philosophical works that touch on important issues of existence. Thus, Shakespeare’s tragedy “Hamlet” depicts an eternal conflict, the confrontation between man and the surrounding world.

The hero of the tragedy, the young prince Hamlet, discovers something terrible: he learns that his father was poisoned by his own brother in the struggle for the throne. Hamlet's mother, Queen Gertrude, also took part in this crime.

The young hero is terrified and completely confused. He is disappointed in the whole world and all people - what can you expect from them if those closest to you turned out to be insidious and cynical traitors?

Thus, Hamlet finds himself face to face with an unjust world, or rather, with his illusions about this world. He begins to doubt the value and purpose of life in general - if evil is so strong and insurmountable, is there any point in living?

But gradually Hamlet understands and accepts his mission - to “straighten” the dislocated joints of “Time”. He enters into the fight against Evil, wanting to restore justice, the “course of Time” and the relationship between Light and Darkness. As a result of this confrontation, the hero resolves many issues for himself, the main one of which is the question of the essence of death. As a result, he comes to the realization that death turns a person into nothing, and life is an eternal contradiction between reality and ideals.

The hero of another classic of world literature is I.V. Goethe, the scientist Faust, also sought to understand the essence of life and death, as well as to learn all the secrets of the Universe. What is the meaning of human life? What is the purpose of beauty and what is beauty? What is creativity and inspiration? What is love? Where does good end and evil begin? What is the human soul and is there any value more valuable than it?

All these questions arise before Faust in the process of his research. The hero experiences everything himself: he sinks to the very bottom, communicating with the devil, and rises to the very heights, experiencing love for Margarita. During his life's journey, he makes many mistakes, but in the end he comes to realize the meaning of his life - creative work for the benefit of people.

In another Shakespeare tragedy - “Romeo and Juliet” - the author solves the question of what love is, what its power and meaning in life are. Using the example of his heroes, the great Englishman shows that this feeling is beautiful in all its manifestations.

All people are capable of experiencing love, regardless of age and social status, it has different incarnations and guises (the love of the Nurse for Juliet, parents for their children, the love of a man and a woman, the love of friends, the love of a Duke for his people, the love of a priest for his flock, finally, God’s love for people). Moreover, this feeling is vital for everyone, because the whole world is based on it.

Shakespeare, in the spirit of the Renaissance traditions, says that all manifestations of love, both spiritual and physical, are beautiful. By denying any of these components, people deliberately impoverish themselves.

Using the example of the feelings of Romeo and Juliet, we understand that love is a powerful force that can reconcile irreconcilable enemies (the Montague and Capulet families) and overcome any intrigues, even death itself.

Another classic of world literature - the Frenchman J. B. Moliere (18th century) - in his comedy "Tartuffe" deeply revealed another "eternal" theme - the theme of Hypocrisy and its destructive power.

The writer shows that lies are an integral part of human nature and human society. But if there is an innocent lie or a lie for the good (Elmira’s tricks, Dorina’s speeches), then there is also a destructive lie, crippling destinies, encroaching on the most sacred. The bearer of just such a lie and its other manifestations (hypocrisy, hypocrisy) is the saintly Tartuffe in the comedy.

This man, skillfully deceiving and hypocritical, achieves his own, purely selfish, goals - to get Orgon's wealth, have fun with his wife Elmira, and so on. For Tartuffe, nothing is sacred or inviolable - he is ready to slander, humiliate, destroy everything in his path, mercilessly and methodically. Thus, this hero is the embodiment of absolute Evil. But Moliere’s characters, unlike Shakespeare’s Hamlet, defeat Tartuffe, which means, albeit temporarily, they defeat Evil itself. In this they are helped, of course, by Good, which is interpreted by the playwright in the spirit of the Enlightenment - in the person of the state and the enlightened monarch.

Thus, eternal motifs in world literature help illuminate important aspects of human existence associated with deep philosophical problems. It has always been important for a person to understand who he is, where he is and where he is going. World classics answer these questions, help the reader find his place in life, understand and assimilate enduring values, and set his priorities.

Russian classical literature of the 19th century is a literature of “eternal themes.” Russian writers sought to answer complex questions of existence: about the meaning of life, about happiness, about the Motherland, about human nature, about the laws of life and the Universe, about God... But, as people with an active life and social position, Russian classics could not stand aside from the current problems of his time. In this regard, “eternal themes” in Russian literature were expressed, it seems to me, through the search for a “hero of the time.”

Thus, “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov reflects the eternal problem of “fathers” and “children”. Alexander Andreevich Chatsky protests against the old orders that have taken root in the Russian nobility. The hero of the comedy fights for “new” laws: freedom, intelligence, culture, patriotism.

Arriving at Famusov's house, Chatsky dreams of the daughter of this rich master - Sophia. But here only disappointments and blows await the hero. Firstly, it turns out that Famusov’s daughter loves someone else. Secondly, that the people in this master’s house are strangers to the hero. He cannot agree with their views on life.

Chatsky's position in comedy is unenviable. His struggle is difficult and persistent, but the victory of the new, according to Griboyedov, is inevitable. Chatsky’s words will spread, be repeated everywhere and create their own storm. They are already of great importance among the “new”, progressive people. Thus, the writer resolves the issue of “fathers” and “children” in favor of the children.

Another Russian writer who worked in the second half of the 19th century is I.S. Turgenev also touched on this eternal question. His novel “Fathers and Sons” solves the problem of intergenerational relationships in a slightly different way. From Turgenev’s point of view, only continuity of generations, continuity of culture, traditions and views, a reasonable combination of old and new, can lead to positive development.

Using the example of the main character - Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov - the writer shows that denial alone, without the desire to build something new, only leads to destruction and death. This is an unfruitful path. And denying one’s human nature is absolutely absurd. Bazarov, who imagines himself to be a superman and despises “noble nonsense” about love and feelings, suddenly falls in love. For him, this becomes a real test, which the hero, alas, cannot stand; at the end of the novel he dies. Thus, Turgenev shows the inconsistency of Bazarov’s nihilistic theory, and once again emphasizes the need for continuity of generations, the value of the culture of ancestors, the need for harmony and gradualism in everything.

Roman A.S. Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin” also touches on many “eternal themes”: love, happiness, freedom of choice, the meaning of life, the role of moral values ​​in human life.

Almost from the very beginning of the novel, Pushkin shows the “superficiality” of his hero. Onegin is a fan of fashion, he does and reads only what can show off in high society. The hero learned early to be a hypocrite, to pretend, to deceive in order to achieve his goal. But his soul always remained empty, because Onegin’s nature is much deeper, more interesting, richer than the world required.

The search for the meaning of life begins, which yielded results only after a terrible tragedy - the murder of the young poet Lensky by Onegin in a duel. This event turned everything upside down in the hero’s soul, and his moral rebirth began. The fact that the hero has changed is evidenced by the eighth chapter of the novel. Onegin became independent of the opinion of the world, he turned into an independent strong personality, capable of living the way he wants, and not the high society of St. Petersburg, capable of loving and suffering.

In the person of Tatyana Larina, Pushkin shows us an example of moral purity, nobility, sincerity, spontaneity, independence, and the ability to have strong feelings.

If in the ending of “Eugene Onegin” there is hope for the hero’s happiness, then the main character of the novel M.Yu. Lermontov’s “Hero of Our Time” does not find his place or happiness in this life.

Pechorin is disappointed in his contemporary world and in his generation: “We are no longer capable of making great sacrifices, either for the good of humanity, or even for our own happiness.” Such thoughts lead Grigory Alexandrovich to boredom, indifference and even despair. It is the state of apathy and blues that makes Pechorin lonely. He has nowhere to hide from this feeling; it completely absorbs the hero.

Pechorin lost faith in man, in his significance in this world. Inevitable boredom gives rise to disbelief in love and friendship in the hero. These feelings may have appeared at a certain point in his life, but still did not bring Pechorin happiness. This person feels “superfluous” in his society, in general, “superfluous” in life. As a result, Pechorin dies. Lermontov shows us that in a world of disharmony there is no place for a person who with all his soul, albeit unconsciously, strives for harmony.

The desire for harmony with oneself and the world distinguishes another hero of Russian literature of the 19th century - Rodion Raskolnikov. In search of this harmony, he conducts an experiment on himself - he violates the moral law, killing the old pawnbroker and her sister.

The main character’s mistake is that he sees the cause of evil in human nature itself, and considers the law that gives the powerful the right to do evil to be eternal. Instead of fighting against the immoral system and its laws, Raskolnikov follows them.

For violating the moral law within himself, the hero suffers inevitable punishment. It lies, first of all, in the torment of his own conscience. Gradually, Rodion comes to understand his terrible mistake, to awareness and repentance. But the final transformation of the hero also occurs outside the scope of the novel.

The heroes of Tolstoy’s epic “War and Peace” are also in search of themselves, their path, and harmony. Thus, Pierre Bezukhov, having overcome the process of painful disappointments and mistakes, ultimately finds the meaning of life.

The hero strives with all his might for the light, for the truth. This is what accidentally brings him to the Masonic lodge. In addition, Pierre's activities appeal to the peasants: he plans to open hospitals and schools for them. But the most important stage in the hero’s life begins with the invasion of Napoleon’s troops. Pierre could not stand aside when his fatherland was in such terrible danger. It is here, in the war, that Pierre becomes close to the common people, realizes their wisdom, the value of their way of life, their philosophy.

Acquaintance with Platon Karataev in French captivity helped him penetrate deeper into the worldview of the patriarchal peasantry. Pierre realized the main thing: a person does not need so much to be happy. The cause of suffering and torment of the human spirit most often lies in acquisitiveness and excessive greed.

Thus, all Russian literature of the 19th century can be called the literature of the search for the Hero. Writers sought to see in him a person capable of serving his homeland, bringing benefit to it with his deeds and thoughts, and also simply capable of being happy and harmonious, developing and moving forward.

In the process of searching for the “hero of the time,” Russian writers sought to solve the “eternal questions” of existence: the meaning of life, human nature, the laws of the Universe, the existence of God, and so on. Each of the classics solves these problems in their own way. But what remains unchanged in general for Russian classical literature is the constant desire to find answers to fundamental questions, without the solution of which it is impossible for a single person to exist.

We live, our life never stands still, time passes irrevocably. Throughout life, people have many questions, and sometimes we find answers to these questions in books. A book that was written many centuries ago remains relevant today. Many topics and questions that were raised then still concern us now.

Love remains an eternal question in Russian literature. All writers describe love differently. For some, love is a bright feeling, like A.S. Pushkin. With his poems, Pushkin brings love to the skies, but for some, love is just a moment that was, and now it is no longer there. We can notice such instant love in the stories of I.A.

Bunina. In all his works, in my opinion, it is not love that is shown at all, but falling in love. After all, only falling in love cannot last forever, just a moment; such falling in love can be called a mistake in our lives, which each of us has probably experienced. Such “love” is given to us for experience. And if we talk about love, about real love, then such love will last forever, it is this kind of love that we carry throughout our entire lives. She may be unhappy, undivided, but she is, was and will be. Returning to the work of A.S. Pushkin, his most famous work about love is the novel in verse “Eugene Onegin”. This work beautifully describes the feelings, emotions, experiences and worries of the characters. A.S. Pushkin managed to convey to us the main meaning of the novel. “We don’t keep what we have, but when we lose it we cry.” Onegin was late, he discovered this great feeling of love too late. And for this I punished myself with loneliness. And Tatyana loves and will love Onegin, while remaining faithful to her husband. Here they are, the heroes of the novel, loving each other, but not having a single chance to be together. Tatyana will be unhappy for the rest of her life, because her love is not at all her husband, who will also remain unhappy, because he feels that Tatyana loves a completely different person. Onegin is also unhappy, who at first did not accept love, and then began to demand it, now from a married woman. This is life, this is love.

Of course, it is very difficult to understand love from novels, poems, even well-written ones, but you can learn a useful lesson for yourself. “They’re probably doing the right thing by putting love in books, that’s where it belongs.” Reading the works of writers, for example, Kuprin (“Garnet Bracelet”), Tolstoy (“War and Peace”), Sholokhov (“Quiet Don”), we understand what love is like and at what price it is given. Thanks to the writers of those times, we realize that nothing has changed. Love exists now, love is bright and kind, bitter and unhappy. And it’s a great happiness if you managed to feel this bright feeling, to feel it the way Tatyana felt for Onegin, the way Natasha felt for Bolkonsky.

Questions about love in Russian literature will remain relevant at all times. People will come back again and again and raise this topic constantly. And everyone will find in works about love something personal, painfully familiar and understandable.

Composition.

Eternal questions of Russian literature.

The eternal questions of Russian literature are questions of the relationship between good and evil, temporary and eternal, faith and truth, past and present. Why are they called eternal? Because they have not ceased to excite humanity for centuries. But the main, I would say, key questions of all Russian literature were the following: “What is the basis of the life of a Russian person? How can you save your soul and not let it perish in this far from perfect world?”

L.N. helps us answer these questions. Tolstoy in his moralizing “folk” stories. One of them is “How people live.”

The hero of the story - poor shoemaker Semyon - finds himself in a situation where it is necessary to make a moral choice: to pass by a stranger, naked, freezing, or to help him? He wanted to pass, but the voice of his conscience did not allow him to do so. And Semyon brings him home. And there Matryona’s wife, dissatisfied, crushed by poverty, thinking only that “there is only a scrap of bread left,” attacked her husband with reproaches. However, after Semyon’s words: “Matryona, is there no God in you?!” - “suddenly her heart sank.” She took pity on the wanderer in trouble and gave away her last bread, trousers and her husband’s shirt. The shoemaker and his wife not only helped the helpless man, but let him live with them. The one they saved turns out to be an angel whom God sent to earth to find answers to the questions: “What is in people? What are they not given? How do people live?” Observing the behavior of Semyon, Matryona, a woman who took in orphans, the angel comes to the conclusion: “... it seems only to people that they are alive by caring for themselves, and that they are alive by love alone.”

What is not given to people? We get an answer to this question when a gentleman appears on the pages of the story, who came to order boots, and received barefoot boots, since “not a single person can know whether he needs boots for a living person or barefoot boots for a dead person by the evening.”

He's still alive. He behaves arrogantly, speaks rudely, emphasizing his wealth and importance. In his description, a detail attracts attention - a hint of spiritual death: “like a person from another world.” Deprived of feelings of love and compassion, the master is already dead during his lifetime. He did not save his soul, and by evening his useless life ended.

According to Tolstoy, one must love “not in word or tongue, but in deed and truth.” Semyon and Matryona, his heroes, live according to moral laws, which means: they have a living soul. With their love they save the life of a stranger, therefore, they save their soul, their life. I think that without goodness, mercy, and compassion there can be no love.

Let us also remember Yaroslavna from “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” When she cries, she doesn’t think about herself, she doesn’t feel sorry for herself: she wants to be close to her husband and his warriors in order to heal their bloody wounds with her love.

Our literature has always paid great attention to the issue of time. How are the past and present connected? Why do people turn to the past so often? Maybe because it is precisely this that gives him the opportunity to deal with the problems of the present, to prepare himself for Eternity?

The theme of thinking about life, uncontrollably passing away, took a prominent place in the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin. In his poem “Once again I visited...” he talks about the general law of life, when everything changes, the old goes away, and the new takes its place. Let us pay attention to the words “on the border of my grandfather’s possessions.” The adjective “grandfathered” evokes thoughts of past generations. But at the end of the poem, speaking about the “young grove,” the poet remarks: “But let my grandson hear your welcoming noise...”. This means that thinking about the course of life leads to the idea of ​​the change and connection of generations: grandfathers, fathers, grandchildren.

Very significant in this regard is the image of three pines, around which the “young grove” grew. Old people guard the young shoots crowding under their shade. They may be sad that their time is running out, but they cannot help but rejoice at the growing replacement. That is why the poet’s words sound so truthful and natural: “Hello, young, unfamiliar tribe!” It seems that Pushkin is speaking to us centuries later.

A.P. also writes about the connection between times. Chekhov in his story "Student". The action in it begins on the eve of the holiday of the Resurrection of Christ. Theological Academy student Ivan Velikopolsky goes home. He is cold and painfully hungry. He thinks that severe poverty, ignorance, hunger, oppression are qualities inherent in Russian life both in the past and in the future, and that life will not get better if another thousand years pass. Suddenly Ivan saw the fire of a fire and two women near it. He warms himself next to them and tells the gospel story: on the same cold, terrible night, they led Jesus to trial before the high priest. The Apostle Peter, who loved him, waited and warmed himself by the fire in the same way. And then he denied Jesus three times. And when he realized what he had done, he cried bitterly.

His story touched ordinary peasant women to tears. And Ivan suddenly realized that the event that took place 29 centuries ago is relevant to the present, to these women, to himself and to all people. The student comes to the conclusion that the past is connected to the present by a continuous chain of events that follow from one another. It seemed to him that he had touched one end and trembled the other. And this means that not only the horrors of life, but also truth and beauty have always existed. They continue to this day. I also understood something else: only truth, goodness and beauty guide human life. He was overcome by an inexpressibly sweet expectation of happiness, and life now seemed wonderful and full of high meaning.

To the lyrical hero of the poem by A.S. Pushkin and the hero of the story A.P. Chekhov's "Student", Ivan Velikopolsky, the involvement of their personal life in everything that happened in the world of the past and present was revealed. Glorious domestic names A.S. Pushkina, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov are also links in a single continuous chain of time. They live here with us now and will continue to live. We really need them in our difficult times, when people often put material things above moral things, when many have forgotten what love, compassion, and mercy are. Since ancient times, Russian literature has reminded us of the commandments of our ancestors: love each other, help the suffering, do good and remember the past. This will help protect the soul from temptations and help keep it pure and bright. What could be more important in life? I think nothing.

Leonid Bogdanov, 11th grade student.

A problem is a QUESTION.

The problem poses a question to resolve the essence of the subject that has become the subject of research in a literary work. And the subject for research is suggested by the theme of the work. The question grows from the topic like a sprout from the soil. This links the problem to the topic.

If the theme is LIFE reflected in a literary work, then the problem is a QUESTION posed on the basis of this life reflected in a literary work.

The same topic can become the basis for raising different problems.

A problem is a complex question posed in a work, which is solved or remains unresolved, but ways of finding its solution are shown.

The question of the identity of the topic and the problem is controversial.

Issues: One literary work cannot have only one problem; it has many problems, main and secondary, auxiliary ones.

Typology of problems in literature:

Socio-political

Moral and ethical

National historical

Universal

Philosophical

Social

Psychological

Eternal problems:

Good and Evil

Body and soul

Time and eternity

Love and hate

Life and death

Death and immortality

The meaning of life

Person and society

Person and history, etc.

Question 4. The idea of ​​a literary work as a search for an answer to a problem. The ideological content of a literary work. Typology of literary ideas

An idea is an answer to a question posed by a problem based on the part of life posed by the topic, reflected in a literary work.

An idea is an assessment of what is reflected in the theme of a work.

The idea is the main fundamental content of the work. Generalized thought. Which lies at the heart of the work and is expressed in its figurative form.

An idea is the author’s subjective assessment, but in addition to this, an objective idea also appears in the work, which can be broader than the author’s intention and open up in a new way in each new era, with each new generation of critics and readers.

The idea of ​​a work and its design are two different things.

The plan may not include those ideas. Which contemporaries or descendants will find, see, and discover in a literary work.

General idea of ​​the work = the main idea of ​​the work, always answers or seeks an answer to the main problem of society. time, era, person, as the author understands them.

The idea may not be expressed directly and unambiguously in the work, as an answer to a question; it may be a search for an answer, intended ways of answering, answer options, directions for thinking about the answer...

The idea is not limited to the direct positive statements of the author.

Each character, event, picture in a literary work has its own ideological, meaningful function.

Each image of the poetics of a work (NB! see Classification of images - remember and write in your notebook for lectures in this place) has its own ideological = conceptual load.

The entire figurative system of the work is the bearer of the author’s concept – the author’s main idea of ​​life.

The ideological meaning of the novel is determined not only by the author’s direct word and the author’s assessments, but, above all, by the ideological function of each element of the artistic form, the conceptuality of the style.

Understanding the general idea of ​​a work comes from an analysis of the entire ideological meaning of all elements of the content and form of a literary work.

Goethe: “It would be a good joke if I tried to string such a varied life of Faust onto a thin string of a single idea for the entire work” - !!!

Typology of ideas in literature.

Subjectivity of an artistic idea: it depends on the subjective opinion of the author.

The imagery of an artistic idea: it is expressed only in figurative form.

Eternal ideas: coincide with the formulations of eternal themes and problems, but each author tries to find his own way to resolve them...

Give an example of a timeless idea from any of your favorite books - NB.