The US lunar scam has reached its end! Sensation: cult director Stanley Kubrick admitted that he filmed the American landing on the moon. Kubrick about the lunar program.

Alexey Leonov denied rumors that American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin did not land on the Moon. “Specialists, including myself, and our lunar group watched one to one online as it happened. And Borman’s flight with the flyby, and the landing, and Apollo 13 too,” Leonov said. In a comment to the website of the Zvezda TV channel, the pilot-cosmonaut, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, explained that some of the footage about Armstrong and Aldrin’s flight to the Moon really was filmed in the studio. But this was done only so that the viewer could see “the development of what is happening from beginning to end.” The real shooting begins after Armstrong installs a highly directional antenna for broadcast to Earth. “Who will film the opening of the hatch from the side when there is no one there on the Moon?” - Leonov explained why additional footage of the landing was needed. The video of American astronauts landing on the Earth’s satellite has been controversial for decades. Rumors about the falsification of the flight to the Earth’s satellite spread after the widow of American director Stanley Kubrick said that Nixon, inspired by her husband’s film “2001: A Space Odyssey,” asked the director to film the flight of American astronauts to the Moon. “Reporters came to Kubrick’s wife, and she said yes, he worked hard when they made the movie Moon Landing. These are her words verbatim. And this (rumors about the falsification of the flight to the Moon - editor's note) is already speculation. And how the flag was dangling, but there was no wind. And the flag was reinforced and twisted. When they put it in the ground, they removed the cover - the reinforced tape untwisted, and it seemed as if it was dangling in the wind,” explained the legendary cosmonaut. In 2009, Alexey Leonov already spoke out about rumors claiming that the Americans were not on the Moon in 1969. In an interview with the agency "RIA News" the Soviet cosmonaut emphasized that only “absolutely ignorant people” could believe in such a thing. “Only absolutely ignorant people can seriously believe that the Americans were not on the Moon. And, unfortunately, this whole ridiculous epic about footage allegedly fabricated in Hollywood began precisely with the Americans themselves,” Alexey Leonov noted then. The day before, American Patrick Murray published an alleged interview with Stanley Kubrick, where the famous director admits that the videos of Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin landing on the moon were shot in a regular studio on Earth. The interview with the film director has only now appeared, as Murray had to sign an 80-page non-disclosure agreement for the contents of the conversation for 15 years from the date of Kubrick's death. However, there is no evidence that this interview is actually real. Perhaps the footage is just an actor who looks very much like a famous director. Photo: nasa.gov

A dying interview with the famous film director Stanley Kubrick has been published, in which he spoke in detail and in detail about how all the lunar landings were fabricated by NASA and how he on Earth filmed all the footage of American lunar expeditions... Thus, in the long-term unprecedented lunar offer by the United States itself, The recognized Hollywood master of directing has put a bold and final point.

The interview was published 15 years after his death. Director T. Patrick Murray interviewed Stanley Kubrick three days before his death in March 1999. Previously, he was forced to sign an 88-page non-disclosure agreement (NDA) about the contents of the interview for 15 years from the date of Kubrick's death.

Here is a transcript of an interview with Stanley Kubrick (in English).

Kubrick's dying interview has become a sensation all over the world in recent days.
To understand its scale, just do a Google search:

The director died suddenly, allegedly of a heart attack, at the end of the editing period of the film “Eyes Wide Shut,” in which Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman played the main roles. It was Kidman who, in an interview with the American newspaper The National Enquirer in July 2002, reported that Kubrick had been killed. The director called her 2 hours before the official time of “sudden death” and asked her not to come to Hertfordshire, where, as he put it, “we will all be poisoned so quickly that we won’t even have time to sneeze.” According to British journalists, employees of the US National Security Agency first tried to kill Kubrick back in 1979.

The violent nature of Kubrick's death on March 7, 1999 at an English estate near Harpenden (Hertfordshire) later became the reason for the revelations of his widow. In the summer of 2003, in an interview with French television, and later, on November 16, 2003, in the program “The Dark Side of the Moon” (CBC Newsworld television channel), the director’s widow, German actress Christiane Susanne Harlan, made a public confession, the essence of which is as follows:

At a time when the USSR was already fully exploring space, US President Richard Nixon, inspired, according to the widow, by her husband’s science-fiction epic film, which went down in history as one of the best masterpieces of Hollywood “2001: A Space Odyssey” (1968), called on the director, along with other Hollywood professionals, to “save the national honor and dignity of the United States.” That’s what the masters of the “dream factory”, led by Kubrick, did. The decision to falsify was made personally by the President of the United States.

Similar statements from participants in the “project” have been made before.

In particular, rocket engineer Bill Kaysing, who worked at Rocketdyne, the company that built rocket engines for the Apollo program, and author of the book “We Never Flew to the Moon. American Hoax Costing $30 Billion" ("We Never Went to the Moon: America's Thirty Billion Dollar Swindle"), published in 1974 and co-written by Randy Reid, also stated that under the guise of live reporting on the lunar landing module NASA distributed a fake filmed on Earth. For the filming, a military training ground in the Nevada desert was used. In the images taken at various times by Soviet reconnaissance satellites, you can clearly see huge hangars, as well as a large area of ​​the “lunar surface” dotted with craters. It was there and all the “lunar expeditions” took place, filmed by Hollywood specialists.

There were daredevils even among the astronauts themselves. Thus, American astronaut Brian O'Leary, answering a direct question, said that he “cannot give a 100 percent guarantee that Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin really went to the moon.”

However, only now, after the direct confessions of Stanley Kubrick himself, an internationally recognized Hollywood master of directing, has a final and final point been made in the American lunar offer.

Directed by Stanley Kubrick, Nevada, military training ground, 1969.

Note from chipstone:

In this material, in addition to the very fact of revealing the falsification, I am personally interested in three points.
The first concerns the fact that it is being made public right now. Non-disclosure guarantees for a period of 15 years look rather strange. Why exactly 15 and not 25 or 50? And isn’t this due to the fact that, in the opinion of the State Center, by this date such information would no longer have the slightest significance?

The second interesting point is related to the peculiarity of the biography of Kubrick, who soon after filming moved to Britain, where he was allegedly killed in 1999. What is interesting is not the fact of the murder, although the year 1999, when the planned collapse of Russia stalled, may be significant. It is interesting because this is Britain, which is one of the main strongholds of the GUC. That is, perhaps long before today he was planning the collapse of the myth of the greatness of the United States. Because the publication of this interview cannot be explained by anything other than a desire to humiliate the US country elite.
And yet, it’s still nice that skeletons are gradually starting to come out of the closets. I am sure this is not the last exposure of significant falsifications of history.

And finally the last point. Is it possible to be completely sure that this interview itself is not a fake? Most likely this is indeed genuine material, but it could still be a fake. But that doesn't really matter either. Apparently, at the global level, it is generally accepted that the flight to the moon is fake, regardless of the truth. This means that from now on they will begin to consider it a fake. And in any case, this is a black mark for the US country elite.

MOSCOW, July 20 - RIA Novosti. The famous cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, who personally prepared to participate in the Soviet lunar exploration program, denied many years of rumors that American astronauts were not on the Moon, and that the footage broadcast on television around the world was allegedly edited in Hollywood.

He spoke about this in an interview with RIA Novosti on the eve of the 40th anniversary of the first landing in the history of mankind by US astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin on the surface of the Earth's satellite, celebrated on July 20.

So were the Americans or were they not on the moon?

“Only absolutely ignorant people can seriously believe that the Americans were not on the Moon. And, unfortunately, this whole ridiculous epic about footage allegedly fabricated in Hollywood began precisely with the Americans themselves. By the way, the first person who began to disseminate these rumors, he was imprisoned for libel,” Alexey Leonov noted in this regard.

Where did the rumors come from?

“And it all started when, at the celebration of the 80th birthday of the famous American film director Stanley Kubrick, who based his brilliant film “2001 Odyssey” on the book of science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke, journalists who met with Kubrick’s wife asked to talk about her husband’s work on the film in Hollywood studios. And she honestly reported that there are only two real lunar modules on Earth - one in a museum, where no filming has ever been carried out, and it is even forbidden to walk with a camera, and the other is located in Hollywood, where, in order to develop the logic of what is happening on the screen, Additional filming of the American landing on the Moon was carried out,” the Soviet cosmonaut specified.

Why was studio additional filming used?

Alexey Leonov explained that in order for the viewer to be able to see on the movie screen the development of what is happening from beginning to end, elements of additional shooting are used in any movie.

“It was impossible, for example, to film Neil Armstrong’s real opening of the hatch of the descent ship on the Moon - there was simply no one to film it from the surface! For the same reason, it was impossible to film Armstrong’s descent to the Moon along the ladder from the ship. These are the moments that were actually filmed Kubrick in Hollywood studios to develop the logic of what was happening, and laid the foundation for numerous gossips that the entire landing was allegedly simulated on the set,” explained Alexey Leonov.

Where truth begins and editing ends

“The real shooting began when Armstrong, who first set foot on the Moon, got used to it a little, installed a highly directional antenna through which he was broadcasting to Earth. His partner Buzz Aldrin then also left the ship on the surface and began filming Armstrong, who in turn filmed its movement on the surface of the Moon,” the astronaut specified.

Why did the American flag fly in the airless space of the moon?

“The argument is made that the American flag fluttered on the Moon, but it shouldn’t have. The flag really shouldn’t have fluttered - the fabric was used with a rather rigid reinforced mesh, the panel was twisted into a tube and tucked into a cover. The astronauts took with them a nest, which they first inserted " , - explained the “phenomenon” Alexey Leonov.

“To argue that the entire film was shot on Earth is simply absurd and ridiculous. The USA had all the necessary systems that monitored the very launch of the launch vehicle, acceleration, correction of the flight orbit, flight around the Moon by the descent capsule and its landing,” - concluded the famous Soviet cosmonaut.

What did the “moon race” lead to between two space superpowers?

“My opinion is that this is the best competition in space that humanity has ever carried out. The “moon race” between the USSR and the USA is the achievement of the highest peaks of science and technology,” says Alexey Leonov.

According to him, after Yuri Gagarin's flight, US President Kennedy, speaking in Congress, said that the Americans were simply too late to think about the triumph that could be achieved by launching a man into space, and therefore the Russians triumphantly became the first. Kennedy's message was clear: within ten years, land a man on the moon and return him safely back to Earth.

“This was a very right step by a great politician - he united and rallied the American nation to achieve this goal. Huge funds were also involved at that time - 25 billion dollars, today it is, perhaps, all fifty billion. The program included a flyby of the Moon, then Tom Stafford's flight to the hover point and selection of a landing site on Apollo 10. The departure of Apollo 11 included the direct landing of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the Moon. Michael Collins remained in orbit and waited for the return of his comrades," - said Alexey Leonov.

18 Apollo-type ships were made to prepare for the landing on the Moon - the entire program was implemented perfectly, except for Apollo 13 - from an engineering point of view, nothing special happened there, it simply failed, or rather, one of the fuel elements exploded , the energy weakened, and therefore it was decided not to land on the surface, but to fly around the Moon and return to Earth.

Alexey Leonov noted that only the first flyby of the Moon by Frank Borman, then the landing of Armstrong and Aldrin on the Moon and the story of Apollo 13 remained in the memory of Americans. These achievements united the American nation and made every person empathize, walk with their fingers crossed and pray for their heroes. The last flight of the Apollo series was also extremely interesting: American astronauts no longer just walked on the Moon, but drove on its surface in a special lunar vehicle and took interesting photographs.

In fact, it was the peak of the Cold War, and in this situation, the Americans, after the success of Yuri Gagarin, simply had to win the “moon race.” The USSR then had its own lunar program, and we also implemented it. By 1968, it had already existed for two years, and crews of our cosmonauts were even formed for the flight to the Moon.

On censorship of human achievements

“The American launches as part of the lunar program were broadcast on television, and only two countries in the world - the USSR and communist China - did not broadcast this historical footage to their people. I thought then, and now I think - in vain, we simply robbed our people ", the flight to the Moon is the heritage and achievement of all mankind. The Americans watched Gagarin's launch, Leonov's spacewalk - why couldn't the Soviet people see this?!", laments Alexei Leonov.

According to him, a limited group of Soviet space specialists watched these launches on a closed channel.

“We had military unit 32103 on Komsomolsky Prospekt, which provided space broadcasts, since there was no control center in Korolev at that time. We, unlike all other people in the USSR, saw the landing of Armstrong and Aldrin on the Moon, broadcast by the USA throughout world. The Americans placed a television antenna on the surface of the Moon, and everything they did there was transmitted through a television camera to Earth, and several repetitions of these television broadcasts were also made. When Armstrong stood on the surface of the Moon, and everyone in the USA clapped, we are here in the USSR , Soviet cosmonauts, also crossed their fingers for luck, and sincerely wished the guys success,” recalls the Soviet cosmonaut.

How the Soviet lunar program was implemented

“In 1962, a decree was issued, signed personally by Nikita Khrushchev, on the creation of a spacecraft to fly around the Moon and use a Proton launch vehicle with an upper stage for this launch. In 1964, Khrushchev signed a program for the USSR to fly around the Moon in 1967 , and in 1968 - landing on the Moon and returning to Earth. And in 1966 there was already a decree on the formation of lunar crews - a group was immediately recruited for landing on the Moon," recalled Alexey Leonov.

The first stage of the flight around the Earth's satellite was to be carried out by launching the L-1 lunar module using a Proton launch vehicle, and the second stage - landing and returning back - on a giant and powerful N-1 rocket, equipped with thirty engines with a total thrust of 4.5 thousands of tons, with the rocket itself weighing about 2 thousand tons. However, even after four test launches, this super-heavy rocket never flew normally, so it had to be abandoned in the end.

Korolev and Glushko: the antipathy of two geniuses

“There were other options, for example, using a 600-ton engine developed by the brilliant designer Valentin Glushko, but Sergei Korolev refused it, since it worked on highly toxic heptyl. Although, in my opinion, this was not the reason - just two leaders , Korolev and Glushko - could not and did not want to work together. Their relationship had its own problems of a purely personal nature: Sergei Korolev, for example, knew that Valentin Glushko had once written a denunciation against him, as a result of which he was sentenced to ten years When Korolev was released, he found out about this, but Glushko didn’t know that he knew about it,” said Alexey Leonov.

A small step for a man, but a giant leap for all mankind

On July 20, 1969, NASA's Apollo 11, with a crew of three astronauts: Commander Neil Armstrong, Lunar Module Pilot Edwin Aldrin, and Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, became the first to reach the Moon in the USSR-US space race. The Americans did not pursue research objectives in this expedition; its goal was simple: to land on the Earth’s satellite and return successfully.

The ship consisted of a lunar module and a command module, which remained in orbit during the mission. Thus, of the three astronauts, only two went to the Moon: Armstrong and Aldrin. They had to land on the moon, collect samples of lunar soil, take photographs on the Earth's satellite and install several instruments. However, the main ideological component of the trip was the hoisting of the American flag on the moon and the holding of a video communication session with the Earth.

The launch of the ship was observed by US President Richard Nixon and the scientist-creator of German rocket technology, Hermann Oberth. A total of about a million people watched the launch at the cosmodrome and mounted observation platforms, and the television broadcast, according to the Americans, was watched by more than a billion people all over the world.

Apollo 11 launched toward the moon on July 16, 1969 at 1332 GMT and entered lunar orbit 76 hours later. The command and lunar modules were undocked approximately 100 hours after launch. Despite the fact that NASA intended to land on the lunar surface in automatic mode, Armstrong, as the commander of the expedition, decided to land the lunar module in semi-automatic mode.

The lunar module landed in the Sea of ​​Tranquility on July 20 at 20 hours 17 minutes 42 seconds GMT. Armstrong descended to the surface of the Moon on July 21, 1969 at 02:56:20 GMT. Everyone knows the phrase he said when he set foot on the moon: “That’s one small step for a man, but one giant leap for all mankind.”

15 minutes later Aldrin walked onto the moon. The astronauts collected the required amount of materials, placed instruments and installed a television camera. After that, they placed an American flag in the camera's field of view and conducted a communication session with President Nixon. The astronauts left a memorial plaque on the Moon with the words: “Here people from planet Earth first set foot on the Moon. July 1969 AD. We come in peace on behalf of all Mankind.”

Aldrin spent about an hour and a half on the moon, Armstrong - two hours and ten minutes. At the 125th hour of the mission and the 22nd hour of being on the Moon, the lunar module launched from the surface of the Earth's satellite. The crew splashed down on the blue planet approximately 195 hours after the start of the mission, and soon the astronauts were picked up by an aircraft carrier that arrived in time.

The moon is not a bad place. Definitely worth a short visit.
Neil Armstrong

Almost half a century has passed since the Apollo flights, but the debate about whether Americans were on the Moon does not subside, but is becoming increasingly fierce. The piquancy of the situation is that supporters of the “moon conspiracy” theory are trying to challenge not real historical events, but their own, vague and error-ridden idea of ​​them.

Lunar epic

First the facts. On May 25, 1961, six weeks after Yuri Gagarin's triumphant flight, President John F. Kennedy delivered a speech to the Senate and House of Representatives in which he promised that an American would land on the moon before the end of the decade. Having suffered defeat at the first stage of the space “race,” the United States set out not only to catch up, but also to overtake the Soviet Union.

The main reason for the lag at that time was that the Americans underestimated the importance of heavy ballistic missiles. Like their Soviet colleagues, American specialists studied the experience of German engineers who built the A-4 (V-2) missiles during the war, but did not give these projects serious development, believing that in a global war long-range bombers would be sufficient. Of course, Wernher von Braun's team, taken from Germany, continued to create ballistic missiles in the interests of the army, but they were unsuitable for space flights. When the Redstone rocket, the successor to the German A-4, was modified to launch the first American spacecraft, Mercury, it could only lift it to suborbital altitude.

Nevertheless, resources were found in the United States, so American designers quickly created the necessary “line” of launch vehicles: from Titan-2, which launched the two-seat Gemini maneuvering spacecraft into orbit, to Saturn 5, capable of sending the three-seat Apollo spacecraft "to the Moon.

Redstone
Saturn-1B
Saturn-5
Titan-2

Of course, before sending expeditions, a colossal amount of work was required. Spacecraft of the Lunar Orbiter series carried out detailed mapping of the nearest celestial body - with their help it was possible to identify and study suitable landing sites. The Surveyor series vehicles made soft landings on the Moon and transmitted beautiful images of the surrounding area.

The Lunar Orbiter spacecraft carefully mapped the Moon, determining future landing sites for astronauts.

Surveyor spacecraft studied the Moon directly on its surface; parts of the Surveyor-3 apparatus were picked up and delivered to Earth by the crew of Apollo 12

At the same time, the Gemini program developed. After unmanned launches, Gemini 3 launched on March 23, 1965, maneuvering by changing the speed and inclination of its orbit, which was an unprecedented achievement at that time. Soon Gemini 4 flew, on which Edward White made the first spacewalk for Americans. The ship operated in orbit for four days, testing attitude control systems for the Apollo program. Gemini 5, which launched on August 21, 1965, tested electrochemical generators and a docking radar. In addition, the crew set a record for the duration of stay in space - almost eight days (Soviet cosmonauts managed to beat it only in June 1970). By the way, during the Gemini 5 flight, Americans for the first time encountered the negative consequences of weightlessness - a weakening of the musculoskeletal system. Therefore, measures have been developed to prevent such effects: a special diet, drug therapy and a series of physical exercises.

In December 1965, Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 approached each other, simulating a docking. Moreover, the crew of the second ship spent more than thirteen days in orbit (that is, the full time of the lunar expedition), proving that the measures taken to maintain physical fitness are quite effective during such a long flight. The docking procedure was practiced on the ships Gemini 8, Gemini 9 and Gemini 10 (by the way, the commander of Gemini 8 was Neil Armstrong). On Gemini 11 in September 1966, they tested the possibility of an emergency launch from the Moon, as well as a flight through the Earth's radiation belts (the ship rose to a record altitude of 1369 km). On Gemini 12, astronauts tested a series of manipulations in outer space.

During the flight of the Gemini 12 spacecraft, astronaut Buzz Aldrin proved the possibility of complex manipulations in outer space

At the same time, the designers were preparing the “intermediate” two-stage Saturn 1 rocket for testing. During its first launch on October 27, 1961, it surpassed the Vostok rocket in thrust, on which Soviet cosmonauts flew. It was assumed that the same rocket would launch the first Apollo 1 spacecraft into space, but on January 27, 1967, there was a fire at the launch complex in which the crew of the ship died, and many plans had to be revised.

In November 1967, testing of the huge three-stage Saturn 5 rocket began. During its first flight, it lifted into orbit the Apollo 4 command and service module with a mock-up of the lunar module. In January 1968, the Apollo 5 lunar module was tested in orbit, and the unmanned Apollo 6 went there in April. The last launch almost ended in disaster due to a failure of the second stage, but the rocket pulled out the ship, demonstrating good survivability.

On October 11, 1968, the Saturn 1B rocket launched the command and service module of the Apollo 7 spacecraft with its crew into orbit. For ten days, the astronauts tested the ship, conducting complex maneuvers. Theoretically, Apollo was ready for the expedition, but the lunar module was still “raw.” And then a mission was invented that was not initially planned at all - a flight around the Moon.

The flight of Apollo 8 was not planned by NASA: it was an improvisation, but was carried out brilliantly, securing another historical priority for American astronautics

On December 21, 1968, the Apollo 8 spacecraft, without a lunar module, but with a crew of three astronauts, set off for a neighboring celestial body. The flight went relatively smoothly, but before the historic landing on the Moon, two more launches were needed: the Apollo 9 crew worked out the procedure for docking and undocking the ship modules in low-Earth orbit, then the Apollo 10 crew did the same, but this time near the Moon . On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Edwin (Buzz) Aldrin stepped on the surface of the Moon, thereby proclaiming US leadership in space exploration.

The crew of Apollo 10 conducted a “dress rehearsal”, performing all the operations necessary for landing on the Moon, but without landing itself

The Apollo 11 lunar module, named Eagle, is landing

Astronaut Buzz Aldrin on the Moon

Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin's lunar walk was broadcast through the Parkes Observatory radio telescope in Australia; the original recordings of the historical event were also preserved and recently discovered

This was followed by new successful missions: Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16, Apollo 17. As a result, twelve astronauts visited the Moon, conducted terrain reconnaissance, installed scientific equipment, collected soil samples, and tested rovers. Only the crew of Apollo 13 was unlucky: on the way to the Moon, a liquid oxygen tank exploded, and NASA specialists had to work hard to return the astronauts to Earth.

Falsification theory

On the Luna-1 spacecraft, devices were installed to create an artificial sodium comet

It would seem that the reality of expeditions to the Moon should not have been in doubt. NASA regularly published press releases and newsletters, specialists and astronauts gave numerous interviews, many countries and the global scientific community participated in technical support, tens of thousands of people watched the takeoffs of huge rockets, and millions watched live television broadcasts from space. Lunar soil was brought to Earth, which many selenologists were able to study. International scientific conferences were held to understand the data that came from instruments left on the Moon.

But even during that eventful time, people appeared who questioned the facts of the astronaut landing on the Moon. Skepticism towards space achievements appeared back in 1959, and the likely reason for this was the policy of secrecy pursued by the Soviet Union: for decades it even hid the location of its cosmodrome!

Therefore, when Soviet scientists announced that they had launched the Luna-1 research apparatus, some Western experts spoke out in the spirit that the communists were simply fooling the world community. Experts anticipated the questions and placed a device on Luna 1 for evaporating sodium, with the help of which an artificial comet was created, brightness equal to the sixth magnitude.

Conspiracy theorists even dispute the reality of Yuri Gagarin's flight

Claims arose later: for example, some Western journalists doubted the reality of Yuri Gagarin’s flight, because the Soviet Union refused to provide any documentary evidence. There was no camera on board the Vostok ship; the appearance of the ship itself and the launch vehicle remained classified.

But the US authorities never expressed doubts about the authenticity of what happened: even during the flight of the first satellites, the National Security Agency (NSA) deployed two surveillance stations in Alaska and Hawaii and installed radio equipment there capable of intercepting telemetry that came from Soviet devices. During Gagarin's flight, the stations were able to receive a television signal with an image of the astronaut, transmitted by an on-board camera. Within an hour, printouts of selected footage from the broadcast were in the hands of government officials, and President John F. Kennedy congratulated the Soviet people on their outstanding achievement.

Soviet military specialists working at Scientific Measuring Point No. 10 (NIP-10), located in the village of Shkolnoye near Simferopol, intercepted data coming from the Apollo spacecraft throughout the flights to the Moon and back.

Soviet intelligence did the same. At the NIP-10 station, located in the village of Shkolnoye (Simferopol, Crimea), a set of equipment was assembled that made it possible to intercept all information from the Apollo missions, including live television broadcasts from the Moon. The head of the interception project, Alexey Mikhailovich Gorin, gave the author of this article an exclusive interview, in which, in particular, he said: “For guidance and control of a very narrow beam, a standard drive system in azimuth and elevation was used. Based on information about the location (Cape Canaveral) and launch time, the flight trajectory of the spacecraft was calculated in all areas.

It should be noted that during about three days of flight, only occasionally did the beam pointing deviate from the calculated trajectory, which was easily corrected manually. We started with Apollo 10, which made a test flight around the Moon without landing. This was followed by flights with the Apollo landings from the 11th to the 15th... They took fairly clear images of the spacecraft on the Moon, the exit of both astronauts from it and the journey across the surface of the Moon. Video from the Moon, speech and telemetry were recorded on appropriate tape recorders and transmitted to Moscow for processing and translations.”

In addition to intercepting data, Soviet intelligence also collected any information on the Saturn-Apollo program, as it could be used for the USSR's own lunar plans. For example, intelligence officers monitored missile launches from the Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, when preparations began for the joint flight of the Soyuz-19 and Apollo CSM-111 spacecraft (ASTP mission), which took place in July 1975, Soviet specialists were allowed to access official information on the ship and rocket. And, as is known, no complaints were made against the American side.

The Americans themselves had complaints. In 1970, that is, even before the completion of the lunar program, a brochure by a certain James Craney was published, “Has Man Landed on the Moon?” (Did man land on the Moon?). The public ignored the brochure, although it was perhaps the first to formulate the main thesis of the “conspiracy theory”: an expedition to the nearest celestial body is technically impossible.

Technical writer Bill Kaysing can rightfully be called the founder of the “moon conspiracy” theory.

The topic began to gain popularity a little later, after the release of Bill Kaysing’s self-published book “We Never Went to the Moon” (1976), which outlined the now “traditional” arguments in favor of the conspiracy theory. For example, the author seriously argued that all deaths of participants in the Saturn-Apollo program were associated with the elimination of unwanted witnesses. It must be said that Kaysing is the only author of books on this topic who was directly related to the space program: from 1956 to 1963, he worked as a technical writer at the Rocketdyne company, which was designing the super-powerful F-1 engine for the rocket. Saturn-5".

However, after being fired “of his own free will,” Kaysing became a beggar, grabbed any job, and probably did not have warm feelings for his previous employers. In the book, which was reprinted in 1981 and 2002, he argued that the Saturn V rocket was a "technical fake" and could never send astronauts on interplanetary flight, so in reality the Apollos flew around the Earth, and the television broadcast was carried out using unmanned vehicles.

Ralph Rene made a name for himself by accusing the US government of faking flights to the moon and organizing the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001

At first, they also did not pay attention to Bill Kaysing’s creation. His fame was brought to him by the American conspiracy theorist Ralph Rene, who posed as a scientist, physicist, inventor, engineer and science journalist, but in reality did not graduate from a single higher educational institution. Like his predecessors, Rene published the book “How NASA Showed America the Moon” (NASA Mooned America!, 1992) at his own expense, but at the same time he could already refer to other people’s “research”, that is, he looked not like a loner, but like a skeptic in searching for truth.

Probably, the book, the lion's share of which is devoted to the analysis of certain photographs taken by astronauts, would also have gone unnoticed if the era of television shows had not come, when it became fashionable to invite all kinds of freaks and outcasts to the studio. Ralph Rene managed to make the most of the sudden interest of the public, fortunately he had a well-spoken tongue and did not hesitate to make absurd accusations (for example, he claimed that NASA deliberately damaged his computer and destroyed important files). His book was reprinted many times, each time increasing in volume.

Among the documentaries dedicated to the “lunar conspiracy” theory, there are outright hoaxes: for example, the pseudo-documentary French film “The Dark Side of the Moon” (Opération lune, 2002)

The topic itself also begged for film adaptation, and soon films appeared with claims to be documentaries: “Was it just a paper Moon?” (Was It Only a Paper Moon?, 1997), “What Happened on the Moon?” (What Happened on the Moon?, 2000), “A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Moon” (2001), “Astronauts Gone Wild: An Investigation into the Authenticity of the Moon Landing” Investigation Into the Authenticity of the Moon Landings, 2004) and the like. By the way, the author of the last two films, film director Bart Sibrel, twice pestered Buzz Aldrin with aggressive demands to admit to deception and was eventually punched in the face by an elderly astronaut. Video footage of this incident can be found on YouTube. The police, by the way, refused to open a case against Aldrin. Apparently, she thought the video was faked.

In the 1970s, NASA tried to cooperate with the authors of the “lunar conspiracy” theory and even issued a press release that addressed Bill Kaysing’s claims. However, it soon became clear that they did not want dialogue, but were happy to use any mention of their fabrications for self-PR: for example, Kaysing sued astronaut Jim Lovell in 1996 for calling him a “fool” in one of his interviews.

However, what else can you call the people who believed in the authenticity of the film “The Dark Side of the Moon” (Opération lune, 2002), where the famous director Stanley Kubrick was directly accused of filming all the astronaut landings on the Moon in the Hollywood pavilion? Even in the film itself there are indications that it is a fiction in the mockumentary genre, but this did not stop conspiracy theorists from accepting the version with a bang and quoting it even after the creators of the hoax openly admitted to hooliganism. By the way, another “evidence” of the same degree of reliability recently appeared: this time an interview with a man similar to Stanley Kubrick surfaced, where he allegedly took responsibility for falsifying materials from lunar missions. The new fake was quickly exposed - it was done too clumsily.

Cover-up operation

In 2007, science journalist and popularizer Richard Hoagland co-authored with Michael Bara the book “Dark Mission. Secret History of NASA" (Dark Mission: The Secret History of NASA), which immediately became a bestseller. In this weighty volume, Hoagland summarized his research on the “cover-up operation” - it is allegedly carried out by US government agencies, hiding from the world community the fact of contact with a more advanced civilization that has mastered the solar system long before humanity.

Within the framework of the new theory, the “lunar conspiracy” is seen as a product of the activities of NASA itself, which deliberately provokes an illiterate discussion of the falsification of the lunar landings so that qualified researchers disdain to study this topic for fear of being branded as “marginal”. Hoagland deftly fit all modern conspiracy theories into his theory, from the assassination of President John F. Kennedy to “flying saucers” and the Martian “Sphinx.” For his vigorous activity in exposing the “cover-up operation,” the journalist was even awarded the Ig Nobel Prize, which he received in October 1997.

Believers and non-believers

Supporters of the “moon conspiracy” theory, or, more simply, “anti-Apollo” people, are very fond of accusing their opponents of illiteracy, ignorance, or even blind faith. A strange move, considering that it is the “anti-Apollo” people who believe in a theory that is not supported by any significant evidence. There is a golden rule in science and law: an extraordinary claim requires extraordinary evidence. An attempt to accuse space agencies and the global scientific community of falsifying materials of great importance to our understanding of the Universe must be accompanied by something more significant than a couple of self-published books published by an aggrieved writer and a narcissistic pseudo-scientist.

All hours of film footage from the lunar expeditions of the Apollo spacecraft have long been digitized and are available for study.

If we imagine for a moment that in the United States there was a secret parallel space program using unmanned vehicles, then we need to explain where all the participants in this program went: the designers of the “parallel” equipment, its testers and operators, as well as the filmmakers who prepared kilometers of films of the lunar missions. We are talking about thousands (or even tens of thousands) of people who needed to be involved in the “lunar conspiracy.” Where are they and where are their confessions? Let's say they all, including foreigners, swore an oath of silence. But there must remain piles of documents, contracts and orders with contractors, corresponding structures and testing grounds. However, apart from quibbles about some public NASA materials, which are indeed often retouched or presented in a deliberately simplified interpretation, there is nothing. Nothing at all.

However, “anti-Apollo” people never think about such “little things” and persistently (often in an aggressive form) demand more and more evidence from the opposite side. The paradox is that if they, asking “tricky” questions, tried to find answers to them themselves, it would not be difficult. Let's look at the most typical claims.

During the preparation and implementation of the joint flight of the Soyuz and Apollo spacecraft, Soviet specialists were allowed to access official information of the American space program

For example, “anti-Apollo” people ask: why was the Saturn-Apollo program interrupted and its technology lost and cannot be used today? The answer is obvious to anyone who has even a basic understanding of what was happening in the early 1970s. It was then that one of the most powerful political and economic crises in US history occurred: the dollar lost its gold content and was devalued twice; the protracted war in Vietnam was draining resources; youth were swept by the anti-war movement; Richard Nixon was on the verge of impeachment in connection with the Watergate scandal.

At the same time, the total costs of the Saturn-Apollo program amounted to 24 billion dollars (in terms of current prices we can talk about 100 billion), and each new launch cost 300 million (1.3 billion in modern prices) - it is clear that further funding became prohibitive for the shrinking American budget. The Soviet Union experienced something similar in the late 1980s, which led to the inglorious closure of the Energia-Buran program, the technologies of which were also largely lost.

In 2013, an expedition led by Jeff Bezos, the founder of the Internet company Amazon, recovered from the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean fragments of one of the F-1 engines of the Saturn 5 rocket that delivered Apollo 11 into orbit.

However, despite the problems, the Americans tried to squeeze a little more out of the lunar program: the Saturn 5 rocket launched the heavy orbital station Skylab (three expeditions visited it in 1973–1974), and a joint Soviet-American flight took place. Soyuz-Apollo (ASTP). In addition, the Space Shuttle program, which replaced the Apollos, used the Saturn launch facilities, and some technological solutions obtained during their operation are used today in the design of the promising American SLS launch vehicle.

Working box with moon rocks in the Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility storage

Another popular question: where did the lunar soil brought by astronauts go? Why isn't it being studied? Answer: it has not gone anywhere, but is stored where it was planned - in the two-story Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility building, which was built in Houston, Texas. Applications for soil studies should also be submitted there, but only organizations that have the necessary equipment can receive them. Every year a special commission reviews applications and approves from forty to fifty of them; On average, up to 400 samples are sent out. In addition, 98 samples with a total weight of 12.46 kg are exhibited in museums around the world, and dozens of scientific publications have been published on each of them.

Images of the landing sites of Apollo 11, Apollo 12 and Apollo 17, taken by the main optical camera of LRO: the lunar modules, scientific equipment and “paths” left by the astronauts are clearly visible

Another question in the same vein: why is there no independent evidence of visiting the Moon? Answer: they are. If we discard the Soviet evidence, which is still far from complete, and the excellent space films of the lunar landing sites, which were made by the American LRO apparatus and which “anti-Apollo” people also consider “fake”, then the materials presented by the Indians (the Chandrayaan-1 apparatus) are quite sufficient for analysis ), the Japanese (Kaguya) and the Chinese (Chang'e-2): all three agencies have officially confirmed that they have discovered traces left by the Apollo spacecraft.

"Moon deception" in Russia

By the end of the 1990s, the “moon conspiracy” theory came to Russia, where it gained ardent supporters. Its wide popularity is obviously facilitated by the sad fact that very few historical books on the American space program are published in Russian, so an inexperienced reader may get the impression that there is nothing to study there.

The most ardent and talkative adherent of the theory was Yuri Mukhin, a former engineer-inventor and publicist with radical pro-Stalinist beliefs, noted for historical revisionism. In particular, he published the book “The Corrupt Wench of Genetics,” in which he refutes the achievements of genetics in order to prove that repressions against domestic representatives of this science were justified. Mukhin's style is repulsive with its deliberate rudeness, and he builds his conclusions on the basis of rather primitive distortions.

TV cameraman Yuri Elkhov, who participated in the filming of such famous children's films as “The Adventures of Pinocchio” (1975) and “About Little Red Riding Hood” (1977), undertook to analyze the film footage taken by the astronauts and came to the conclusion that they were fabricated. True, for testing he used his own studio and equipment, which has nothing in common with NASA equipment of the late 1960s. Based on the results of the “investigation,” Elkhov wrote the book “Fake Moon,” which was never published due to lack of funds.

Perhaps the most competent of the Russian “anti-Apollo activists” remains Alexander Popov, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, a specialist in lasers. In 2009, he published the book “Americans on the Moon - a great breakthrough or a space scam?”, in which he presents almost all the arguments of the “conspiracy” theory, supplementing them with his own interpretations. For many years he has been running a special website dedicated to the topic, and has now agreed that not only the Apollo flights, but also the Mercury and Gemini spacecraft were falsified. Thus, Popov claims that the Americans made their first flight into orbit only in April 1981 - on the Columbia shuttle. Apparently, the respected physicist does not understand that without extensive previous experience, it is simply impossible to launch such a complex reusable aerospace system as the Space Shuttle the first time.

* * *

The list of questions and answers can be continued indefinitely, but this makes no sense: the views of the “anti-Apollo” are not based on real facts that can be interpreted in one way or another, but on illiterate ideas about them. Unfortunately, ignorance is persistent, and not even Buzz Aldrin's hook can change the situation. We can only hope for time and new flights to the Moon, which will inevitably put everything in its place.

The famous cosmonaut, who personally prepared to participate in the Soviet lunar exploration program, denied many years of rumors that American astronauts were not on the Moon, and that the footage broadcast on television around the world was allegedly edited in Hollywood.

He spoke about this in an interview with RIA Novosti on the eve of the 40th anniversary of the first landing of US astronauts in human history, celebrated on July 20. Neil Armstrong And Edwin Aldrin to the surface of the Earth's satellite.

Correspondent: So were the Americans or were they not on the moon?

“Only absolutely ignorant people can seriously believe that the Americans were not on the Moon. And, unfortunately, this whole ridiculous epic about footage allegedly fabricated in Hollywood began precisely with the Americans themselves. By the way, the first person who began to disseminate these rumors, was jailed for libel"- noted in this regard

Famous cosmonaut Alexei Leonov

Correspondent: Where did the rumors come from?

“And it all started when, at the celebration of the 80th birthday of the famous American film director Stanley Kubrick, who based his brilliant film “2001 Odyssey” on the book of science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke, journalists who met with Kubrick's wife asked to talk about her husband's work on a film in Hollywood studios. And she honestly reported that there are only two real lunar modules on Earth - one in a museum, where no filming has ever been carried out, and it is even forbidden to walk with a camera, and the other is located in Hollywood, where, in order to develop the logic of what was happening on the screen, additional filming of the landing was carried out Americans to the Moon"- the Soviet cosmonaut specified.

Correspondent: Why was studio additional filming used?

He explained that in order for the viewer to be able to see on the movie screen the development of what is happening from beginning to end, elements of additional shooting are used in any movie.

“It was impossible, for example, to film a real discovery Neil Armstrong the hatch of the descent ship on the Moon - there was simply no one to remove it from the surface! For the same reason, it was impossible to film Armstrong’s descent to the Moon along the ladder from the ship. These are the moments that were truly captured Kubrick in Hollywood studios to develop the logic of what was happening, and laid the foundation for numerous gossips that the entire landing was allegedly simulated on the set,"- explained

Correspondent: Where does truth begin and editing end?

"The actual shooting began when Armstrong, Having set foot on the Moon for the first time, he got used to it a little and installed a highly directional antenna through which the broadcast was carried out to Earth. His partner Buzz Aldrin Then he also left the ship on the surface and began filming Armstrong, who, in turn, filmed his movement on the surface of the Moon,”- the astronaut specified.

Is it so?

Let us ask ourselves the question: what is the volume of completed photographs in the Kubrick pavilion?

There is no atmosphere on the Moon or in Earth orbit to scatter sunlight. Therefore, the shadows are completely dark and the sky is black, even when the Sun is shining. The harsh lighting creates a striking effect.

Sun and Earth as seen from orbit, Apollo 11; AS11-36-5293. Image Collection: 70mm Hasselblad; Lens Focal Length: 80 mm; Film Width: 70 mm.

Photo taken by astronaut Gregory Harbaugh. The photo shows his colleague Joseph Tanner during the second spacewalk associated with servicing the space telescope. Hubble in February 1997. The photo also shows the aft part of the space shuttle Discovery and the Sun hanging above the thin crescent of the Earth's limb. Tanner holds a test sheet in his left hand, and Harbau is reflected in the helmet of his spacesuit. NASA

It should be. At the same time, on the surface of the “moon” a Hasselblad with a focal length of 60 mm is used than in the top image of Apollo 11. This means that the objects in the images will be 25% smaller, in particular the Sun. However, in the photographs of man’s presence on the Moon in 1969-1972, everything is different - there is an optical crown and halo around the sun, the angular dimensions of the “sun” are 10 degrees! This is twenty times larger than the actual size of 0.5 degrees (the apparent size of the Sun in the vicinity of the Earth). Below is a series of pictures.

View of the sun near the landing site of the LM. Apollo 12. AS12-46-6739

View of the sun 100 meters from the LM landing site. Apollo 12. AS12-46-6763

View of the sun 300 meters from the LM landing site. Apollo 14. AS14-64-9177

View of the sun 4 km from the LM landing site. Apollo 15. AS15-87-11745

View of the sun near the landing site of the LM. Apollo 15. AS15-85-11367

View of the sun 300 m from the landing site of the LM. Apollo 16. AS16-109-17856

View of the sun 100 m from the landing site of the LM. Apollo 17. AS17-134-20410

View of the sun 50 m from the landing site of the LM. Apollo 17. AS17-147-22580. Image Collection: 70mm Hasselblad; Lens Focal Length: 60 mm; Sun Elevation: 16°; Description: STA ALSEP; Film Width: 70 mm.

The halo and corona around the sun in the Apollo 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17 images indicate the presence of an atmosphere. Details about halos and optical phenomena. Below are pictures of the halo and crown of light sources on Earth in the presence of an atmosphere.

The sun and the halo around it for terrestrial conditions.

Rays and crown of the sun for terrestrial conditions

Crowns of the Sun.

Halo and crowns of street lamps

1. Optical phenomena are associated with refraction and diffraction by atmospheric water droplets.

The diagram shows how two points on the surface of a droplet can scatter light and act as sources of a diverging spherical wave. The light increases where the crests of the waves coincide or are of the same sign. The intensity of light decreases where the waves have different amplitudes. Scattered light from the entire surface of the drop plus the contribution of the reflected and transmitted waves are combined in a diffraction pattern - the corona.

In the first picture shows the corona caused by the diffraction of light by small particles. Each point on the illuminated surface is a source of scattered diverging spherical waves (Huygens-Fresnel principle). Diverging waves intersect each other, where they add up they give areas of increased brightness, and where they subtract they give dark areas.
In the second picture shows scattering from only two points along the central axis, the direction of the incident light, the ridges of the two scattered waves always coincide with the shape of the area with bright light intensity.
In the third picture the sum of all coronas from each spectrum and each particle is shown.

All Apollo photographs of optical phenomena from the sun fit completely within the framework of refraction and diffraction by atmospheric water droplets.

2. Increasing the angular dimensions of the “Sun”

In the case of a vacuum, the angular dimensions of the sun, like any light source, remain the same. In the presence of an atmosphere the situation is different.

Any light wave is scattered by electrons, atoms and molecules of the atmosphere. Moreover, the intensity of the scattered light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the light wavelength. Because of this, each particle becomes a source of light, especially for blue rays. This is approximately like a diverging wave from a float after the main wave passes through it. As a result, due to the presence of the atmosphere, the molecules emit light in all directions, especially brightly near the light source. At very high brightness and exposure, it leads to flare on the film and an increase in the angular dimensions of the light source. An example is given below.

Electric arc; size approximately 5 millimeters. Due to the scattering of light on air molecules, the size of the light ball is tens of times larger than the size of the plasma arc channel.

Finally, when there is little coverage of the light source, a halo is maintained due to light scattering in the atmosphere. We see this in the Apollo photographs. In a real vacuum there are no such optical phenomena.

Apollo 14. AS14-66-9305

3. The cause of optical phenomena on the Moon is dust.

On Earth, we often see the sun blurry, for example through a cloud. This is the scattering of sunlight on aerosols (fog, smoke, dust). Their volume in the earth’s atmosphere is no more than 0.1% of the volume of gases that make up the atmospheric air. The same can be assumed for the Moon. This means that in order to observe at least approximately the same optical phenomena (corona, crown and light scattering), the total mass of particles on the Moon per unit volume must be at least 1 g/m³. This is a huge number of particles and is equivalent to the existence of an aerosol atmosphere on the Moon. So far, nothing like this has been discovered.

DISCUSSION

We have more than 5% of the volume of photographs of man's stay on the Moon from 1969-1972 with images of halos, crowns of the Sun and light scattering, which indicates the presence of an atmosphere. Considering that 5% of the images are included in the panoramas of the area, it can be firmly stated that 30% of the images from the total volume of photographic materials or more than 70% of the astronauts’ stay on the surface of the “Moon” were taken in the presence of an atmosphere.

The Apollo 12 panorama (a12pan1162447) consists of more than two dozen photographs, two of which are of the Sun.

More than 70% of photographic documents are pre-filmed photographs of Stanley Kubrick! The statement of the famous cosmonaut Alexei Leonov in support of the Americans being on the Moon and about minor additional studio filming is untenable.
In addition, all images are interconnected in libraries: 1) expedition outputs, 2) image numbers, 3) audio conversations, 4) Apollo videos on the official website of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This means that photographs of terrestrial origin, along with audio conversations accompanying them, are presented by NASA as documents about man’s presence on the Moon.

Conclusion: This is a falsification of man's presence on the Moon, which has been supported at the highest official level for more than 40 years.

+ Glare and optical effects from the “sun” for Apollo 11.

First, What is important to note is the presence of up to 10 different optical axes (the optical axis is the lens) and the absence of one axis of the light source (in this case, the Sun) in the images.

According to the laws of Optics, all glare on the optical axes for one light source converges at one point. This is not present in any photographs of Apollo 11 during their stay on the surface of the Moon.

At the same time, for images from the Apollo 11 orbit, we see one optical axis of the light source, the Sun, and the absence of a huge number of lighting effects, in particular, the absence of an optical halo, is also noticeable.

Several light sources in the sky on the "Moon" for Apollo 11 are also indicated by the doubling of the lunar module's shadow.

Below are pictures

Multiple light source axes. Apollo 11, AS11-40-5872HR. Image Collection: 70mm Hasselblad; Film Width: 70 mm

Three axes of the light source. Apollo 11, AS11-40-5935HR. Image Collection: 70mm Hasselblad; Film Width: 70 mm

These patterns are obvious for other images with optical flares.
Below are highlights from the Sun in the same Hasselblad Apollo 11 camera:

View of Earth from orbit, Apollo 11; AS11-36-5293. Image Collection: 70mm Hasselblad; Lens Focal Length: 80 mm; Film Width: 70 mm.

View of the Earth from orbit; Apollo 11, AS11-36-5299. Image Collection: 70mm Hasselblad; Lens Focal Length: 80 mm; Film Width: 70 mm

We see one optical axis of the light source, the Sun, and the absence of a huge number of light effects, in particular, the absence of an optical halo, is also noticeable.

Several light sources in the sky on the “Moon” for Apollo 11 are also indicated by the doubling of the lunar module’s shadow:

Double shadows from the lunar module indicate multiple light sources above the lunar surface. AS11-37-5463, AS11-37-5475, AS11-37-5476 and with increased contrast and brightness. Image Collection: 70mm Hasselblad; Magazine: 37; Description: LUNAR MODULE SHADOW ON SURFACE; Film Width: 70 mm.

Two shadows exactly follow the contour of the lunar module and details: an antenna for long-distance communications and for radio communications of astronauts, a system of auxiliary engines, and more. And this is not one random shot, not three shots, but a series of photographs from Magazine 37 - about 20 shots!

One could suggest that there are always two shadows on the Moon - one from the Sun, the other from the huge and bright crescent of the Earth!

However, look - this is the Earth in the Apollo 11 images:

View of the Lunar Module and Earth for Apollo 11; AS11-40-5923, AS11-40-5924. LUNAR MODULE; EARTH.

Compare with the brightness of the Sun (see pictures above). In general, the Sun is far from the most powerful star in existence, but it is relatively close to the Earth and therefore shines very brightly - 500,000 times brighter than the full Moon and 5,000 times brighter than the full Earth when observed from the Moon. Our planet shines several orders of magnitude lower! In addition, keep in mind that the Earth is at its zenith. And what is the shadow of the Earth?! Below you!

All together are NASA absurdities and lack of knowledge.

But even after the publication of this fact that photographs of Apollo 11 on the Moon indicate the presence of several light sources in the sky and this is a falsification, NASA defenders persist in their assertion: “Americans walked on the Moon.” The amazing nature of debaters!

This note about several light sources in the sky on the Moon does not apply to glare for the remaining stay missions: Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16, Apollo 17. For the images of these missions, we have a single axis light source. And here it should be noted that the shooting conditions are the same - the sun is low above the horizon, the optical equipment is the same - a Hasselblad camera, the shooting technique is the same, the picture is the same as for Orlov... However, the axis of the light source is unique. Photos of Apollo 11 fall out of the general pattern. Probably, NASA in the “first” flight to the Moon did not have enough power of one searchlight.

You can also note the minor “oddities” of glare on the optics of Apollo 11, and the Apollo mission as a whole:

• the presence of equidistant twisted spirals in the glare, as in a long-range spotlight;
• asymmetry of the highlight elements, which is possible if the light source itself does not have symmetry;
• glare from the presence of a drop of liquid on the lens (reflection on the surface of the drop);
• halo and crown (crown) around the sun for Apollo 12, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16, Apollo 17, which is only possible in the presence of an atmosphere;
• other.

The halo and corona around the sun in the Apollo 17 image (AS17-147-22580) indicates the presence of an atmosphere. Details about halos and optical phenomena. Image Collection: 70mm Hasselblad; Lens Focal Length: 60 mm; Sun Elevation: 16°; Description: STA ALSEP; Film Width: 70 mm.

Conclusion: in front of us, several light sources illuminate the surface of the "Moon" for the Apollo 11 astronauts. This indicates NASA's hoax of lunar conditions in the pavilion on Earth.