Social status: concept, types, examples. The position of a person in society: modern status symbols
Man does not exist outside of society. We interact with other people and enter into various relationships with them. To indicate a person’s position among his own kind and the characteristics of an individual’s behavior in certain situations, scientists introduced the concepts of “social status” and “social role.”
About social status
The social status of an individual is not only a person’s place in the system of social relations, but also the rights and responsibilities dictated by his position. Thus, the status of a doctor gives the right to diagnose and treat patients, but at the same time obliges the doctor to observe labor discipline and conscientiously perform his work.
The concept of social status was first proposed by the American anthropologist R. Linton. The scientist made a great contribution to the study of the problems of personality and its interaction with other members of society.
Statuses exist in an enterprise, in a family, in a political party, in a kindergarten, in a school, in a university, in a word, wherever an organized group of people is engaged in socially significant activities and members of the group have certain relationships with each other.
A person is in several statuses at the same time. For example, a middle-aged man acts as a son, father, husband, engineer at a factory, member of a sports club, holder of an academic degree, author of scientific publications, patient in a clinic, etc. The number of statuses depends on the connections and relationships into which the individual enters.
There are several classifications of statuses:
- Personal and social. A person occupies a personal status in a family or other small group in accordance with the assessment of his personal qualities. Social status (examples: teacher, worker, manager) is determined by the actions performed by the individual for society.
- Main and episodic. Primary status is associated with the main functions in a person's life. Most often, the main statuses are family man and worker. Episodic are associated with a moment in time during which a citizen performs certain actions: a pedestrian, a reader in a library, a course student, a theater viewer, etc.
- Prescribed, achieved and mixed. The prescribed status does not depend on the desires and capabilities of the individual, as it is given at birth (nationality, place of birth, class). What is achieved is acquired as a result of the efforts made (level of education, profession, achievements in science, art, sports). Mixed combines the features of the prescribed and achieved statuses (a person who has received a disability).
- Socio-economic status is determined by the amount of income received and the position that an individual occupies in accordance with his well-being.
The set of all available statuses is called a status set.
Hierarchy
Society constantly evaluates the significance of this or that status and, on the basis of this, builds a hierarchy of positions.
Assessments depend on the benefits of the business in which a person is engaged, and on the system of values accepted in the culture. Prestigious social status (examples: businessman, director) is highly appreciated. At the top of the hierarchy is the general status, which determines not only a person’s life, but also the position of people close to him (president, patriarch, academician).
If some statuses are unreasonably low, while others, on the contrary, are excessively high, then they speak of a violation of status balance. The trend towards its loss threatens the normal functioning of society.
The hierarchy of statuses can also be subjective. A person himself determines what is more important to him, in what status he feels better, what benefits he derives from being in one position or another.
Social status cannot be something unchanging, since people's lives are not static. The movement of a person from one social group to another is called social mobility, which is divided into vertical and horizontal.
Vertical mobility is spoken of when the social status of an individual increases or decreases (a worker becomes an engineer, a department head becomes an ordinary employee, etc.). With horizontal mobility, a person maintains his position, but changes his profession (to one of equal status), place of residence (becomes an emigrant).
Intergenerational and intragenerational mobility are also distinguished. The first determines how much children have increased or decreased their status in relation to the status of their parents, and the second determines how successful the social career of representatives of one generation is (types of social status are taken into account).
The channels of social mobility are school, family, church, army, public organizations and political parties. Education is a social elevator that helps a person achieve the desired status.
A high social status acquired by an individual or a decrease in it indicates individual mobility. If the status of a certain community of people changes (for example, as a result of a revolution), then group mobility takes place.
Social roles
While in one status or another, a person performs actions, communicates with other people, that is, plays a role. Social status and social role are closely interrelated, but differ from each other. Status is position, and role is socially expected behavior determined by status. If a doctor is rude and swears, and a teacher abuses alcohol, then this does not correspond to the status he holds.
The term “role” was borrowed from theater to emphasize the stereotypical behavior of people of similar social groups. A person cannot do as he wants. The behavior of an individual is determined by the rules and norms characteristic of a particular social group and society as a whole.
Unlike status, a role is dynamic and closely related to a person’s character traits and moral attitudes. Sometimes role behavior is adhered to only in public, as if putting on a mask. But it also happens that the mask fuses with its wearer, and the person ceases to distinguish between himself and his role. Depending on the situation, this state of affairs has both positive and negative consequences.
Social status and social role are two sides of the same coin.
Diversity of social roles
Since there are many people in the world and each person is an individual, it is unlikely that there will be two identical roles. Some role models require emotional restraint and self-control (lawyer, surgeon, funeral director), while for other roles (actor, teacher, mother, grandmother) emotions are very much in demand.
Some roles drive a person into strict frameworks (job descriptions, regulations, etc.), others have no framework (parents are fully responsible for the behavior of their children).
The performance of roles is closely related to motives, which are also different. Everything is determined by social status in society and personal motives. An official is concerned with promotion, a financier is concerned with profit, and a scientist is concerned with the search for truth.
Role set
A role set is understood as a set of roles characteristic of a particular status. Thus, a doctor of science is in the role of a researcher, teacher, mentor, supervisor, consultant, etc. Each role implies its own ways of communicating with others. The same teacher behaves differently with colleagues, students, and the rector of the university.
The concept of “role set” describes the whole variety of social roles inherent in a particular status. No role is strictly assigned to its bearer. For example, one of the spouses remains unemployed and for some time (and perhaps forever) loses the roles of colleague, subordinate, manager, and becomes a housewife (householder).
In many families, social roles are symmetrical: both husband and wife equally act as breadwinners, masters of the house and educators of children. In such a situation, it is important to adhere to the golden mean: excessive passion for one role (company director, businesswoman) leads to a lack of energy and time for others (father, mother).
Role Expectations
The difference between social roles and mental states and personality traits is that roles represent a certain historically developed standard of behavior. There are requirements for the bearer of a particular role. Thus, a child must certainly be obedient, a schoolboy or student must study well, a worker must observe labor discipline, etc. Social status and social role oblige one to act one way and not another. The system of requirements is also called expectations.
Role expectations act as an intermediate link between status and role. Only behavior that corresponds to status is considered role-playing. If a teacher, instead of giving a lecture on higher mathematics, starts singing with a guitar, then students will be surprised, because they expect other behavioral reactions from an assistant professor or professor.
Role expectations consist of actions and qualities. Taking care of the child, playing with him, putting the baby to bed, the mother performs actions, and kindness, responsiveness, empathy, and moderate severity contribute to the successful implementation of actions.
Compliance with the role being performed is important not only to others, but also to the person himself. A subordinate strives to earn the respect of his superior and receives moral satisfaction from a high assessment of the results of his work. The athlete trains hard to set a record. The writer is working on a bestseller. A person’s social status obliges him to be at his best. If an individual's expectations do not meet the expectations of others, then internal and external conflicts arise.
Role conflict
Contradictions between role holders arise either due to inconsistency with expectations, or due to the fact that one role completely excludes another. The young man more or less successfully plays the roles of son and friend. But the guy's friends invite him to a disco, and his parents demand that he stay at home. The emergency doctor's child falls ill, and the doctor is urgently called to the hospital because a natural disaster has occurred. The husband wants to go to the dacha to help his parents, and the wife books a trip to the sea to improve the health of the children.
Resolving role conflicts is not an easy task. Participants in the confrontation have to decide which role is more important, but in most cases compromises are more appropriate. The teenager returns from the party early, the doctor leaves his child with his mother, grandmother or nanny, and the spouses negotiate the timing of participation in dacha work and travel time for the whole family.
Sometimes the solution to the conflict is leaving the role: changing jobs, going to university, getting a divorce. Most often, a person understands that he has outgrown this or that role or that it has become a burden to him. A change of roles is inevitable as the child grows and develops: infant, toddler, preschooler, primary school student, teenager, young man, adult. The transition to a new age level is ensured by internal and external contradictions.
Socialization
From birth, a person learns the norms, patterns of behavior and cultural values characteristic of a particular society. This is how socialization occurs and the individual’s social status is acquired. Without socialization, a person cannot become a full-fledged individual. Socialization is influenced by the media, cultural traditions of the people, social institutions (family, school, work collectives, public associations, etc.).
Purposeful socialization occurs as a result of training and upbringing, but the efforts of parents and teachers are adjusted by the street, the economic and political situation in the country, television, the Internet and other factors.
The further development of society depends on the effectiveness of socialization. Children grow up and occupy the status of their parents, taking on certain roles. If the family and the state do not pay enough attention to the upbringing of the younger generation, then degradation and stagnation occur in public life.
Members of society coordinate their behavior with certain standards. These may be prescribed norms (laws, regulations, rules) or unspoken expectations. Any non-compliance with standards is considered a deviation, or deviation. Examples of deviation are drug addiction, prostitution, alcoholism, pedophilia, etc. Deviation can be individual, when one person deviates from the norm, and group (informal groups).
Socialization occurs as a result of two interrelated processes: internalization and social adaptation. A person adapts to social conditions, masters the rules of the game, which are mandatory for all members of society. Over time, norms, values, attitudes, ideas about what is good and what is bad become part of the inner world of the individual.
People are socialized throughout their lives, and at each age stage, statuses are acquired and lost, new roles are learned, conflicts arise and are resolved. This is how personality development occurs.
Pay attention to what the person is moving on. The make of the car, its class and cost can say a lot. If the person you are interested in drives an inexpensive domestic car, then most likely his income is relatively low. Owners of premium cars, on the contrary, are representatives of the highest circles of society. 5 An important factor in determining a person’s social status is his place of rest. Thus, many business people prefer to spend their vacations at foreign resorts, and they make such trips at least twice a year. As a rule, well-to-do people go to Europe; middle-level people prefer Turkey or Thailand. However, this division is rather arbitrary, because a lot depends on personal preferences. 6 And finally, his environment will help determine a person’s social position.
- Determining family status
- Determining family status
- Family category in the application form, what to write
- family category in the application form what to write
- Family social status - what is it?
Family social status: examples
- What is social status in the questionnaire
- Social status of the child in the questionnaire, what to write
- Family social status in the questionnaire
- Social status in the questionnaire, what to write
- Gorokhova Elena Vladimirovna -
- Social status in the questionnaire, what to write
- How to write about your financial situation, earnings, income, security
- Social status of the family and its functions
Social status in the questionnaire, what to write Rutkovskaya // Satsyalna-pedagogic work. – 2007.
Social status
In the right field of the questionnaire there are explanations of the questions in Russian: by hovering your mouse cursor over the text, you will see the translation. Mother's first name, date of birth. Mother's education, mob. The social status of the child in the questionnaire is a characteristic that reflects the adaptability of the family to raising the child at the moment.
Social status of the family in the questionnaire Social status in the questionnaire, what to write Gorokhova Elena Vladimirovna - Social status in the questionnaire, what to write The autobiography is compiled in any form, but certain elements and details must be present in it.
Blog
Fifth column The meanings of these terms are clear based on the above explanations. Is marital status important for an employer? Of course, your marital status plays a role when applying for a job.
Moreover, having a family can be both a plus and a minus. With young people who have barely turned twenty years old, everything is clear without words: at this time, most people are just graduating from universities and trying to get on their feet.
At the same time, many employers are wary of candidates for a position who have not started a family by the age of thirty, because this fact may mean that they have problems in terms of communication. Implementation in the area of relationships for some employers can be a decisive factor in choosing an employee.
However, the absence of a family means the absence of serious responsibilities and factors that would distract from work.
Family social status in the questionnaire
- Social status is:
- National interrogation
- Family social status - what is it? social status of the family: examples
- Material (grade 1) on the topic: questionnaire for first grade parents
- Social status
- Fifth column
- Autobiography
Social position is: Each person occupies a number of positions in society, each of which involves a number of rights and responsibilities. Social statuses are structural elements of the social organization of society, ensuring social connections between subjects of social relations.
Society not only creates social positions - statuses, but also provides social mechanisms for distributing members of society into these positions.
Social position in society. socially dangerous situation
Social status is the status of a person, determined by his origin, position, economic level, and gender. Thus, an individual can be assigned to a class.
A person's social status is divided into several levels. Let's look at them all. Birth status is a certain status received by a person at birth.
Attention
For example, this could be race, gender or nationality. The innate status remains with a person throughout his life, that is, it does not change.
However, there are some exceptions. For example, the status of a member of the royal family, which is given at birth, can be revoked at the end of the monarchy. The acquired social position is characterized by mobility. This is a position, post, financial level achieved through one’s own efforts. For example, a person from a poor family opens his own business and creates capital for himself.
Social status what is it in the questionnaire
USZN of the Krasnoarmeysky municipal district, 2011-2018 Family category in the questionnaire, what to write in the Other household affairs section, they answered the question They gave the questionnaire, and there is a column “Social status of the family.” How is that in general? asked by the author Vanyok Golovanov the best answer is Full, part-time, large. Social status is a complex concept. This includes: composition, income, living conditions, educational status of family members (which itself consists of...
), belonging to a certain social group (it can also be determined by the above. Social status of a family - what is it? Social status of a family: examples These criteria can be used to assess the social status of each individual or all together. Depends on the purpose of the analysis. How is the status determined? In general, social status is quite difficult to clearly define.You need to use a number of methods that can only be used by an experienced worker.
What does social status mean in the questionnaire?
Social status is an important component of the life of a modern person. Depending on it, citizens conduct this or that activity, influence each other, and simply live and develop.
It is thanks to him that people gain so-called status. It is worth paying attention to the fact that social position does not always mean something good.
In some cases it can be dangerous. The majority of families in Russia are currently at risk. But how to determine this? Who is considered to be in a socially dangerous situation? And is there any way to fix this? The position is...
The social status of a citizen is his so-called place in society. The position he holds, gender, nationality, religion, and so on.
Everything that can characterize a person influences his position in society.
Social status
This situation also occurs when the status rights of one individual interfere with the fulfillment of the duties of another. For example, a researcher had to change his career and get a job in a store, or an elderly person carries out assignments that are more intended for students. Position in society is determined not only by position or financial status, but also by age, gender, skills, and education. In addition, the criteria for awarding a certain status to a person depend on the traditions of a particular country.
People may belong to the same groups, but their social status may be very different. For example, one person may be the head of a company, and all the rest are just ordinary workers.
So, let's summarize. Each of us is assigned a certain social status from birth.
However, if it turns out that a person’s social situation is close to danger (or is already so), the government is able to take measures to eliminate the unfavorable factors affecting the citizen’s life. Especially when it comes to family and children. Why it is necessary The socio-economic status of people matters everywhere.
Wherever you turn, you will definitely be asked about your place in society. After all, the so-called social status plays a huge role both in the development of personality and in building a career and conducting activities. Most often, these kinds of questions are learned when it comes to families with children. Often they need some kind of help or protection. And so that the state can come to the rescue in time, it is worth reporting on your own status in society. Wherever you turn, this data will be recognized everywhere. Except perhaps for the shops.
Side social status in the questionnaire is an example. An example of the wording of a question in a questionnaire: what is the composition of your family? By downloading Social status examples in the questionnaire, you promise to delete them immediately after reading them. Year and place of birth, social origin, citizenship. Example Slide 4 4 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PARTICIPANTS of the project conference. Social status is the social position occupied by a social person. Give examples of children's games that educate a child. By downloading Social status examples in the questionnaire, you promise to delete them. How do you assess the general state of affairs in the country and the changes taking place in it? Determined by characteristics specific to a particular society, which can be economic, national, age 
. The Communist Party it was in Moscow on February 15, 1939. Indicate your social status as a worker. What to answer in the questionnaire about the social status of the family. File information Date Downloaded 399 times Sample social survey questionnaire download example. Michelson's Big Dictionary Social status Social status. Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary SOCIAL EQUALITY is a concept denoting the same social status of people. Determination of family status. Now that you know what a family is, let’s move on to the issue of the social status of the family, let’s figure out what 
. Social position is the status of a person, determined by his origin, position, economic level. What to write about the child’s social status in the questionnaire. Social origin what to write in the application form? I will give examples. Social status in the questionnaire is an example. What to write in the social profile. Currently, the questions in English in the questionnaire have been changed and...
A social role is a model of behavior defined by a social role. Social position social status, place in society is called the place that occupies "frameborder="0″ allowfullscreen>
What is a person's social status in society? Well, for example like this. Social discrimination in the education system in the first decades of Soviet power using the example of Smolensk universities S. Lida and graduated in 2007.
Social position (social status, place in society) is the place that a person occupies within a community of people. Each place in society is subject to its own laws, is accompanied by responsibilities and provides some hope for the future, and therefore obliges people to a certain type of behavior in each particular place. Each person can simultaneously have many places in society: be a father, husband, deputy or mother, wife, doctor.
Sociologists usually distinguish a place in society into one that is destined - given by birth or acquired during life against the will of a person - such as race, nationality, gender, heir to the throne and conquered - which a person took of his own free will as a result of personal efforts and opportunities. In everyday life, most places in society are a combination of destined and conquered.
Well, for example, you are a woman and this is your social position in society, the role that you perform in the modern social structure. In addition, there can be a lot of classifications of the social status of a particular individual - this is a material factor, and an educational and religious one...
social position (social status, place in society) is the place that a person occupies within a community of people. Each place in society is subject to its own laws, is accompanied by responsibilities and provides some hope for the future, and therefore obliges people to a certain type of behavior in each particular place.
Each person can simultaneously have many places in society: be a father, husband, deputy or mother, wife, doctor. Sociologists usually distinguish a place in society into one that is destined - given by birth or acquired during life against the will of a person - such as race, nationality, gender, heir to the throne and conquered - which a person took of his own free will as a result of personal efforts and opportunities. In everyday life, most places in society are a combination of destined and conquered.
example I can be: a student, a boy, a girl - this is your social status
Social position (social status, place in society) is the place that a person occupies within a community of people. Each place in society is subject to its own laws, is accompanied by responsibilities and provides some hope for the future, and therefore obliges people to a certain type of behavior in each particular place. Each person can simultaneously have many places in society: be a father, husband, deputy or mother, wife, doctor. Sociologists usually distinguish a place in society into one that is destined - given by birth or acquired during life against the will of a person - such as race, nationality, gender, heir to the throne and conquered - which a person took of his own free will as a result of personal efforts and opportunities. In everyday life, most places in society are a combination of destined and conquered.
Login to write a reply
Topic 6. Social and pedagogical activities to solve social problems of children and adolescents
Scientists have concluded that in modern society, children and adolescents are in greater danger than their peers in previous eras. There are many reasons for this situation. One of them is the decline in the authority of the family and school, the mutual alienation of these most important institutions of society.
The crisis of the modern family coincided with the demographic crisis in Russia: with low birth rates and high mortality rates, an increase in divorces, and a decrease in the number of marriages, the price of a child turns out to be very high, and in the presence of child-centrism in the family, the value of childhood in society is underestimated. Under these conditions, significant deformations of intrafamily relationships are observed, manifested in the self-isolation of children and parents. The inner world of a family, from a child’s point of view, is a picture that does not always coincide with the assessment of adults, which is clearly demonstrated by children’s drawings of the family. The absence of the family members themselves in the drawings, the depiction of animals instead of people, tense tones and neurotic shading indicate a weakening of positive family ties, the loneliness of the child in the family, his emotional and psychological discomfort (V. V. Abramenkova).
When comparing the social situation in Russia in the late 60s - mid-80s. XX century with the current situation, the following is obvious. Firstly, if Soviet children of those years were clearly focused on adults, their norms and assessments, then more than 30 years later, children are focused more on the values and norms of their peers. The shift in favor of peers is happening increasingly: not only teenagers, but also primary schoolchildren and even older preschoolers increasingly prefer the values of peers. This is connected, on the one hand, with the cultural explosion of recent decades, the collapse of ideals and moral guidelines, and on the other, with the crisis of the home as a refuge, the loss of the traditional authority of parents. Secondly, the liberalization of relations between adults and children observed in recent decades, which many see as a manifestation of democracy in social relations, actually turns into a progressive weakening of contacts between generations and a kind of segregation (V.V. Abramenkova).
As a result, more than 400 thousand children are registered with units for the prevention of juvenile delinquency. About 200 thousand
teenagers commit crimes every year, sometimes so terrible that, according to the police and psychologists, repeat offenders do not dare (N.E. Tikhonova).
Alcoholism took on the character of a “family disease.” The number of children who are substance abusers and drug addicts is increasing alarmingly. Drugs have penetrated into schools and universities; they can be easily bought at a disco, rock concert, or just on the street. Both children from poor families and those from very wealthy ones become drug addicts.
The spread of drug addiction also influenced the growth of HIV-infected people. These categories of children require increased attention, and the main goal of interaction with them is to prevent the child from moving into the category of difficult, deviant with all the ensuing consequences, to see and warn in time, to protect him from impending trouble.
All possible roles of a person in society as an individual cannot arise without a corresponding predetermining factor. In this case, it is the position of the individual in society, which is a complex system. At the same time, understanding what social status is and how it is related to the previous aspects is quite simple.
The role of man in society
Any modern resident is endowed with many rights and responsibilities, and therefore a certain number of specific roles. If we are talking about a child, then his main functions will be those that are included in the range of responsibilities in the family, school, public transport, in clubs, etc. If we consider the social status of a woman, then she tends to simultaneously perform the roles of wife, mother, daughter , employees, students, customers, friends and be in other, no less important forms. However, one cannot deny the fact that it would be somehow strange and unnatural to see an adult wealthy man sitting at a school bench, and a first-grader driving a trolleybus. Such actions go against the corresponding position occupied by a person in the world around him.
Determination of social status
Social status is the position of an individual in the social system - society, which is predetermined by the presence of appropriate opportunities, interests, knowledge, rights and responsibilities. As a rule, a self-sufficient, full-fledged person has several statuses simultaneously, realizing their components throughout his life.
Among the complex status set, one can distinguish the so-called superstatus, which is the main indicator of the integration of an individual into society. Often this criterion is considered to be profession, place of work or main type of employment. When meeting a person, we almost always think about what the stranger does for a living. 
Other qualities and properties of the individual are also of interest. Although the decisive factor may be other factors, including nationality, religion or race, sexual orientation, past life experience or criminal record.
Varieties of position in society
When trying to recognize what social status is, you should familiarize yourself with its classification. Any position of an individual in the life of society can be classified into two fundamental types. The first type is performances prescribed to a person regardless of his desires, capabilities and financial components. These include gender, place of birth, national characteristics, ethnic origin. The second type is achieved social status or acquired, as they often talk about it. The achievement of his goals and peaks directly depends on the desire and abilities of a person. After all, husbands, leaders, doctors of science, football players, writers or engineers are not born, they are made.
Prescribed social status
The modern system of society is a very complex functioning formation, the institutions of which cease to work if any individual fails to fulfill the mass of responsibilities indicated by relations in individual social groups. With the goal of unanimously agreed upon fulfillment of the duties of the prescribed status from birth, a person goes through a long path of preparation and training to fulfill the assigned roles. The initial stage of personality formation takes place in early childhood according to additional criteria, which often serve as a formula for achieving success in the future. Age and gender criteria serve as the basis for role prescriptions in society. Following them are race, nationality, as well as religious and class gradations.
The first role learning that continues in childhood is some socialization processes depending on gender. In later life, they will have a huge impact on the formation and characteristics of the social status of an already established adult. For example, from the moment of birth, girls are destined for pink vests, many dolls and princesses. Young girls are gradually prepared for adult life, taught culinary tricks and the secrets of maintaining a home. It is not customary for little ladies to be raised in a boyish style. And although this type of parenting can sometimes be found, it is mostly considered bad form.
Features of the prescribed status
As for the education of boys, in adulthood it demonstrates the consequences of the educational process, which can be safely attributed to the opposite type. From a very early age, they know that it is better to be strong than weak, because they will have to protect timid girls, and then become a support and a strong shoulder for their entire family. Such methods, which contribute to the formation of personality, determine in the future the different social statuses of men and women. 
It should be noted that many modern professions are relevant for representatives of both sexes. Some jobs can be done by women, and they can do them just as well as men, and vice versa. For example, in some states girls are not hired as domestic servants in wealthy homes. In particular, in the Philippines, only men are accepted to perform secretarial work, despite the fact that some hard work in the agricultural sector is amenable mainly to the weaker half of humanity.
Acquired position in society
What social status is can also be understood through the prism of achieved results. Each individual is given a wide choice of opportunities determined by prescribed statuses. Each person can acquire a new position in society using their individual abilities, preferences, diligence, or, oddly enough, luck. After all, Michael Young, the famous British sociologist, was quite successfully able to formulate a similar phenomenon. He said that the important titles of kings, lords and princesses are prescribed social statuses that are assigned to an individual regardless of the efforts he makes to achieve high ranks. 
The acquired social status of a person in society is not given from birth; only persons suitable for this can acquire the corresponding position. Not all people born as men can acquire the status of husband or father. This will not happen automatically - it all depends on the actions, behavior and attitude to life of a particular individual. The formation of the desired status occurs through the use of talent, desire, determination and an active position.
The predominant importance of social statuses
Often in traditional societies, prescribed statuses are decisive, since further activity and the corresponding occupation of a particular public place depend on many factors related to the moment of birth. Men often try to be like their fathers and grandfathers, imitating them and wanting to adopt their skills in professions they have known since childhood. In addition, by nature a man is a hunter, fisherman and warrior. Naturally, it is quite difficult to literally realize this part of a man’s destiny in industrial societies, but having the freedom to choose occupations to achieve a particular position, incredible opportunities open up for today’s “breadwinners.”
Distribution in society by social status
For the successful functioning of the social system, a sufficient level of mobility of labor resources is required, which leads to a priority expression of orientation towards the personal characteristics of individuals, to replacing one status with another through the efforts made. Meanwhile, movement up the status ladder is under the constant control of the entire society in order to comply with the principles of justice, which allow only those people who have been able to truly prove themselves to acquire a high position in society. Those who could not find their successful “environment” will have to pay with uncompetitiveness and failure in new roles. 
This implies a huge number of people who, being in the current situation, do not feel a sense of satisfaction.
How to achieve a high place in society?
Only a person who has gone through a long and difficult path can understand what a high-level social status is and how to use its privileges. It also happens that the acquired position subsequently obliges the individual to make changes not only in work activity, but also in everyday life, place of residence, circle of acquaintances and friends. When a person has to come face to face with difficulties that are significantly removed from the experience of his ancestors due to significant differences between his social status and the social position of his parents, the process of accepting new roles is predetermined by the emerging status.
An ideal society is considered to be one where the predominant number of social statuses are acquired. Isn't it fair if every person finds his place in the sun and strives for it, proving it with his abilities, work or talent? In addition, the opportunity to successfully prove oneself provides a chance to justify any significant shortcomings.
The absolutely opposite picture is in a society where in most cases a position in society is prescribed, but a person does not expect an increase in his status and does not make even the slightest effort to do so. People who earn little money doing low-prestige work do not feel guilty about having a low social status. Without comparing the current state of affairs with the situation of other, more ambitious and impetuous people, such an individual is not oppressed by a feeling of dissatisfaction, insecurity or fear of losing something.
For a long time, the concept of “personal status” was associated mainly with a description of the legal situationperson. In sociology, the concepts of “status” and “role” have become actively used in the first half XIX V. Polemi Posing with K. Marx, the German sociologist M. Weber asserted gave that not only the economic situation, but also (more broadly) social position is an important characteristicplace and role of a person in society. This is Weber's position called social status. In modern sociology concepts of “social status” and “social role”, theoryrole conflicts have become an important tool for researchers, helping to better understand social processes, predict individual behavior, and interpersonal relationships.
WHAT IS THE SOCIAL STATUS OF AN PERSON
The position of a person in society, occupied by him in accordance with
with age, gender, social origin, profession and other indicators and implying certain rights and obligations, is called social status .
If you look closely at the indicators thatwhich determine the status of an individual, we can see thatsome of them are gender, race, age - notdepend on the individual. These statuses, given from birth, are on they call prescribed. At the same time educated, power a person becomes involved in a certain specialty. Thus, he acquires new statuses, they are called up to attainable.Different statuses of a person can enter intocontradiction. For example, the work of those who have received a good education (and this is associated with a high status in society),may be poorly paid, which would indicate lowstatus. Name their prescribed statuses?
In open, dynamically developing societies, up tothe achieved statuses are of significantly greater importance,than prescribed. Of course, today we can achieve highsocial position, making a career is much easier for thosewho was born into a prosperous, wealthy family thancoming from the lower social classes. But determination, hard work, and the support of relatives become an important resource for a person and help to overcome unfavorable “starts.” high" conditions. For example, the founder and owner of the worldwidefamous Japanese company producing watches and tracing paperlyators, Tadeo Casio was born into a poor peasant family.His father, in order to give his son an education, literally savedbut on everything. When the family moved to the city, he refused yesfrom traveling by tram and getting there on foot for five hoursto work and back. Tadeo himself, having become after graduating from schoolhe was a turner at a factory, he worked so hard that he brought himself toexhaustion. He was even declared unfit for military service.Mia, which was the greatest shame for that time. Do you know similar examples (in life, literature) of achieving a high position?
Another concept is associated with the concept of social statustie - “prestige”.
Prestige (from French. prestige - influence, respect, whichwhich someone uses) is an assessment by society or withcial group of social significance of certain positions occupied by people. There was a time when it was consideredprestigious professions of pilot or engineer, and nowCompetitions for admission to economics universities are growing; some people inincluding those with higher education, go to work in shops, restaurants, etc. If you analyze your plans for future life, then, apparently, you will agree thatprestige plays an important role in them.
The concept of “authority” (from Lat. auctoritas - power, influence nie) also indicate the degree of recognition by a group of peopleor society personal and business qualities of any oftheir members. Authority usually reflects the degree of influenceindividuals in a social group or society. Prestigious can be a profession, position, type of activity, car reputable - a very definite, specific person.How in you understand what to spoil w excellent does it depend on authority?
The best realization of personality is possible when findinga person of harmony of his inclinations and abilities with thatthe activity he performs. But often people fromrefuse to seek such harmony and achieveonly a prestigious position in society, i.e. they do not thinkas much about realizing your abilities as about presti associated with belonging to a certain social no group.
SOCIAL ROLES OF PERSONALITY
Expectation, prescription corresponding to the behavior status
In sociology, actions are called social roles.
Each of us has quite a lot of social roles, as well as statuses. The set of roles performed by a person is called role-playing set(role repertoire). It can be difficult to master. Sometimes a person behavesnot at all in accordance with his status role. Representationwe imagine an elderly academician who, speaking at a scientificconference, speaks in youth slang, and aftermeeting goes to the disco. Or the abbessmonastery, who starred in evening dress for a fashionablemagazine. Of course, our time does not know such harsh restrictions and conventions of rank and rank, such as, for example, class society of the Middle Ages. However, the discrepancyreduction of what is expected in accordance with the status of behavior and repersonal actions causes misunderstanding with a hundredrons of others, and often condemnation. Have you come across examples of correspondence between a person's status and his role?
Strained relations - role conflict- aroseThey also exist in situations where a person has to hold backmeet the demands of difficult to compatible roles. For example, professional growth requires significant personal effortmastering a specialty, time investment. For womanthis becomes especially difficult due to the fact that shehas to fulfill the roles of mother, wife, who, in her own eyes,Indeed, they involve a wide range of responsibilities.
The role set inherent in an individual is determined by many factors. One of them is age. For period of adolescence, according to sociologists, is characterized by the roleThere is an intermediary between the role of a child and the role of an adult logo This situation gives rise to a certain instability social status of the young man. He gradually loses the status provided by the parental family and owes wives to achieve their own status, master new skillssocial roles.
Describe your role set.
Have there appeared in recent years
new roles?
The word “role” is more often associated with theatrical action.
It is precisely the comparison of the role of man in society and the figurativeits embodiment by an actor on stage allowed Shakespeare to say through the mouth of one of the characters in the play “How do you like it?” curls? ":
The whole world is a theater.
There are women, men - all actors.
They have exits and exits.
And everyone plays more than one role.
Seven acts in that play.
Baby, schoolboy, youth, lover,
Soldier, judge, old man
And yet in real life, a person’s roles are not assigned to himfrom birth. The man is both the author and the actor of the drama he himself wrote. Another thing is that his role is hisyou have to both write and play based on the prevailing rulesbeliefs of society towards him (not excludingof course, his own goals and abilities).
SOCIALIZATION OF PERSONALITY
A person’s mastery of a set of roles is inextricably linkedwith the assimilation of social norms. It is with their help that the generalThe government makes demands on its representatives thatwhich their behavior should satisfy.TO What types of social norms do you remember?
P process of assimilation by an individual of samples behavior, social roles and norms, spiritual values called socialization.
Socialization outside of constant connections with other peopleimpossible. These contacts are especially important at an early age. those. There are many cases where children, due to differentrank were sharply limited in communication with people around themmi. This caused irreparable damage to the child's development.
Already in the first months of a baby’s life, whenhis relationship with his mother develops, and then with others close to him.kimi, the first stage of socialization of the individual begins. INfurther important role in understanding the world of adultsthe game acquires. In it, children often imitate adults, taking, as one psychologist puts it, the roles of another. Remember your recent childhood games - by whom? you haven't visited them! - builders, drivers, doctors, sellers; boys play “war”, girls play “daughter” ki-mother."
In communication with adults and in play, the child graduallylearns to see himself as others see him, he developsself-knowledge occurs. From this moment on, psychologists believe,we can talk about a social personality.
By about 8-9 years old, another type of games is mastered - games. ry according to the rules. From this age they become clearideas of justice, equal participation. And how many emotions causes a conscious deviation of one of the participants from accepted rules! He is accused of cheating and is often expelled from the game. Thus, the norm, the rule is already perceived as something necessary and observed by all mi. The basis arises for the beginning of a rather long process the process of comprehending moral norms, spiritual values, established in a given society. Socialization of the individual continues in the future and, according to many studies donors, accompanies a person throughout his life. Socializationof an adult is the development of new social roleslei: employee, parent, spouse, manager and many others. Can you B Can you give examples of mastering new social roles over the past year?
WHO TEACHES US TO “PLAY BY THE RULES”?
As a rule, parents try to be worthy of their nourishers for their children and teach them only good things.But it also happens that the circumstances of a child’s socialization the family is very unfavorable. Family situations, obstacles for the full socialization of the child, unfortunately no, a lot. Children may be abandoned due to irresponsibility of parents or in an incomplete family, wherethe mother is forced to devote all her time to work; may confirmto avoid violence, which often happens in families where an adultpeople abuse alcohol; may become witnessesrough treatment of the father towards the mother or other children. Theseimpressions have a heavy impact on all subsequenthuman life. In adolescence, a great influence on the socialization of the individual has group peers.Here a person masters a new type of relationship - equal withequal True, a certain hierarchy is also established in the group, and its own leader appears. But nevertheless, in normal groups, relationships are built on mutual cooperation.glasiya, not on dependence.
One of the main socializers of every person inmodern society is school. This became possible when schooling in most countries has become not only accessible, but also mandatory. Via sis the topic of training sessions, organized forms of communication communication between each other and with the teacher, the school transfers to the young generation of knowledge accumulated by society, generally accepted social norms, spiritual values. She orientsteenager in basic activities, prepares them for their war.
For a long time, school education was dominated bytreating the student only as an object of pedagogicalinfluence, which must assimilate the norms of sociallife and a set of specific roles. But gradually it came recognition of the individuality of each child, awarenessthat their assimilation of norms and values must take placein unity with self-development, self-change of personality. XieNow is the time to help everyone discover their individual resourcessys and opportunities are the most important task of the school.Do you agree? you with that What is the view that the school recognizes the individuality of each child? Do you agree that school helps the child mastering new social roles?
In modern society, a large role in socializationpersonalities play mass media. Nowadaysschoolchildren spends most of his time in front of the TV screen, probablybut no less time than with textbooks. ImpactThe media has already gone far beyond simply informing population about certain events “in the country and the world.” From magazine and newspaper pages, TV screens they convince, they encourage, they explain to us, they advise, they give us examples. Quite often, behind all this there are the interests of thedivided group of persons, and not society as a whole or the statestva. Therefore, today many agree that the mediaserve not only as carriers of culture, but also as a meansmanipulation (from lat. manus - hand, in the originalsense means “manual control”), i.e. implicit, imperceptible to the one on whom the influence is exerted, encouraging relating it to certain actions, moods, attitudessheenia. Thanks to which media? Do you receive socially significant information? What causes B what about choice?
SOCIAL ADAPTATION
One of the aspects of socialization is social
adaptation.Social adaptation (from lat. adapto - device I lay) is the process of a person’s adaptation to changingsocial environment through various socialfunds. Of course, there are people who want to get away fromcontacts with reality, withdraw into themselves, immerse huddled in the world of their own experiences. Narrow circle beforemeta occupies their attention; choosing types of activities,they prefer those that do not require concerted collaboration. Such “hermit crabs” are frequentcharacters from literary works.TO what examples B you can bring ?However, most people strive to organicallyenter into the surrounding social environment. Adapt propertytion is inherent in all living things, but man carries out this the process is conscious. First of all, master the moststable properties of this environment, typical modes of social behavior. So, the child has been for quite some timeadapts to an institution such as school: gets used toschool routine, learns the rules of behavior, masters the norms of collective activity, mastersstyle of communication with the teacher. But these are mainly external factors we adapt. The main thing is that prices are accepted characteristics of a certain social environment. Let's imagineimagine a person who moved from a village to a city. Rurallife encourages greater openness and awareness about the life of fellow villagers, it also suggests more active forms of influence on those who stand out from the general ranks, violate traditional forms of community life. City life, for all its crowding, it is much more anonymous and languid. People who have lived in the same house for many years or yeson the same landing, sometimes strangerswith a friend. Sooner or later, a new city dweller willwill have to accept this way of life, adapt to a differentenvironment, otherwise his attempts to actively interferein the lives of unfamiliar people will be led to constantobvious conflicts.
From the above example it is clear that, although adaptation isit is continuous in nature, it occurs especially activelyDits when changing social environment and types of activities. P richodilos is it possible You adapt to new social conditions? How hard is this for you? did it work? Indicators of the degree of adaptation can be successa person’s effective implementation of his social roles, hishigh social status, as well as general psychologicalWhat is your satisfaction with the social environment?
Sociologists and psychologists distinguish two types of adaptation. The first is characterized by an active impact on socialal environment: a person not only masters the establishedforms of interaction between people, established norms, values, but also to some extent strives to change those thatseem to him to be imperfect or outdated.
The second type of adaptation is passive perception of goalsand values of the group and environment. You know that human behavior in this case is called conformal(from lat. conformis - similar, consistent). The outward expression of conformity is often obedience, when resignationbut all instructions are being followed. At the same time, however, a person may internally disagree with group norms. mi and values.
How in What type of adaptation do you think is typical for you?
And accordingly, the owner of many different statuses. The entire set of human statuses is called status set. The status that the person himself or those around him consider to be the main one is called main status. This is usually professional or family status or status in the group where the person has achieved the greatest success.
Statuses are divided into prescribed(obtained by birth) and achieved(which are purchased purposefully). The freer a society, the less important the prescribed statuses become and the more important the achieved ones.
A person can have different statuses. For example, his status set could be as follows: man, unmarried, candidate of technical sciences, computer programming specialist, Russian, city dweller, Orthodox, etc. A number of statuses (Russian, man) were received by him from birth - these are prescribed statuses. He acquired a number of other statuses (candidate of sciences, programmer) after putting some effort into it - these are achieved statuses. Let's assume that this person identifies himself primarily as a programmer; therefore, programmer is his main status.
Social prestige of a person
The concept of status is usually associated with the concept of prestige.
Social prestige - this is a public assessment of the significance of the position that a person occupies in.
The higher the prestige of a person’s social position, the higher his social status is assessed. For example, the professions of economist or lawyer are considered prestigious; education received in a good educational institution; high post; specific place of residence (capital, city center). If they talk about the high importance not of a social position, but of a specific person and his personal qualities, in this case they mean not prestige, but authority.
Social role
Social status is a characteristic of a person’s inclusion in the social structure. In real life, a person's status is manifested through the roles he plays.
Social role represents a set of requirements that society places on individuals occupying a specific social position.
In other words, if someone occupies a certain position in society, they will be expected to behave accordingly.
A priest is expected to behave in accordance with high moral standards, while a rock star is expected to act scandalously. If a priest begins to behave scandalously, and a rock star begins to read sermons, this will cause bewilderment, dissatisfaction and even condemnation of the public.
In order to feel comfortable in society, we must expect people to fulfill their roles and act within the rules prescribed by society: a university teacher will teach us scientific theories, not; the doctor will think about our health, not his earnings. If we did not expect others to fulfill their roles, we would be unable to trust anyone and our lives would be filled with hostility and suspicion.
Thus, if social status is a person’s position in the social structure of society with certain rights and responsibilities, then a social role is the functions performed by a person in accordance with his status: the behavior that is expected from the holder of this status.
Even with the same social status, the nature of the roles performed can vary significantly. This is due to the fact that the performance of roles is personal, and the roles themselves can have different versions of performance. For example m with r. the owner of such a social status as the father of the family can treat the child in a demanding and strict manner (play his role in an authoritarian manner), can build relationships in the spirit of cooperation and partnership (democratic style of behavior) or can let events take their course, giving the child a wide degree of freedom (permissive style). In exactly the same way, different theater actors will play the same role in completely different ways.
Throughout life, a person's position in the social structure may change. As a rule, these changes are associated with the transition of a person from one social group to another: from unskilled workers to specialists, from rural residents to city dwellers, etc.
Features of social status
Status - this is a social position that includes a given type of profession, economic status, political leanings, and demographic characteristics. For example, the status of citizen I.I. Ivanov is defined as follows: “salesman” is a profession, “a wage worker receiving an average income” is an economic trait, “member of the LDPR” is a political characteristic, “a man aged 25” is a demographic quality.
Each status, as an element of the social division of labor, contains a set of rights and obligations. Rights mean what a person can freely afford or allow in relation to other people. Responsibilities prescribe the status holder with some necessary actions: in relation to others, at his workplace, etc. Responsibilities are strictly defined, recorded in rules, instructions, regulations, or enshrined in custom. Responsibilities limit behavior to certain limits and make it predictable. For example, the status of a slave in the ancient world implied only duties and did not contain any rights. In a totalitarian society, rights and responsibilities are asymmetrical: the ruler and senior officials have maximum rights and minimum responsibilities; Ordinary citizens have many responsibilities and few rights. In our country during Soviet times, many rights were proclaimed in the constitution, but not all of them could be realized. In a democratic society, rights and responsibilities are more symmetrical. We can say that the level of social development of a society depends on how the rights and responsibilities of citizens are related and respected.
It is important that the individual’s duties presuppose his responsibility for their high-quality fulfillment. Thus, a tailor is obliged to sew a suit on time and with high quality; if this is not done, he must be punished somehow - pay a penalty or be fired. The organization is obliged under the contract to supply products to the customer, otherwise it incurs losses in the form of fines and penalties. Even in Ancient Assyria there was such a procedure (fixed in the laws of Hammurabi): if an architect built a building that subsequently collapsed and crushed the owner, the architect was deprived of his life. This is one of the early and primitive forms of manifestation of responsibility. Nowadays, the forms of manifestation of responsibility are quite diverse and are determined by the culture of society and the level of social development. In modern society, rights, freedoms and responsibilities are determined by social norms, laws, and traditions of society.
Thus, status- the individual’s position in, which is connected with other positions through a system of rights, duties and responsibilities.
Since each person participates in many groups and organizations, he can have many statuses. For example, the mentioned citizen Ivanov is a man, a middle-aged man, a resident of Penza, a salesman, a member of the LDPR, an Orthodox Christian, a Russian, a voter, a football player, a regular visitor to a beer bar, a husband, a father, an uncle, etc. In this set of statuses that any person has, one is the main, key one. The main status is the most characteristic for a given individual and is usually associated with his main place of work or occupation: “salesman”, “entrepreneur”, “researcher”, “bank director”, “worker at an industrial enterprise”, “housewife”, etc. P. The main thing is the status that determines the financial situation, and therefore the lifestyle, the circle of acquaintances, and the manner of behavior.
Specified(natural, prescribed) status determined by gender, nationality, race, i.e. characteristics given biologically, inherited by a person against his will and consciousness. Advances in modern medicine make some statuses changeable. Thus, the concept of biological sex, socially acquired, appeared. With the help of surgical operations, a man who has played with dolls since childhood, dressed like a girl, thought and felt like a girl, can become a woman. He finds his true gender, to which he was psychologically predisposed, but did not receive it at birth. Which gender—male or female—should be considered natural in this case? There is no clear answer. Sociologists also find it difficult to determine what nationality a person whose parents are of different nationalities belongs to. Often, when moving to another country as children, emigrants forget old customs and their native language and are practically no different from the native inhabitants of their new homeland. In this case, biological nationality is replaced by socially acquired nationality.
New Status is a status that a person receives under certain conditions. Thus, the eldest son of an English lord after his death inherits this status. The kinship system has a whole set of acquired statuses. If innate statuses express consanguinity (“son”, “daughter”, “sister”, “brother”, “nephew”, “uncle”, “grandmother”, “grandfather”, “aunt”, “cousin”), then non-consanguineous ones relatives have acquired status. So, having married, a person can receive all his wife’s relatives as relatives. “Mother-in-law,” “father-in-law,” “sister-in-law,” “brother-in-law” are acquired statuses.
Achieved status - socially acquired by a person through his own efforts, desire, luck. Thus, a person acquires the status of a manager through education and perseverance. The more democratic a society is, the more statuses are achieved in the society.
Different statuses have their own insignia (symbols). In particular, the uniform of the military sets them apart from the mass of the civilian population; In addition, each military rank has its own differences: a private, a major, a general have different badges, shoulder straps, and headdresses.
Status image, or image, is a set of ideas about how a person should behave in accordance with his status. To correspond to a status image, a person must “not allow himself too much,” in other words, look the way others expect of him. For example, the president cannot oversleep a meeting with the leader of another country, university professors cannot sleep drunk in the entrance, as this does not correspond to their status image. There are situations when a person undeservedly tries to be “on an equal footing” with a person who has a different rank status, which leads to the manifestation of familiarity (amicoshonism), i.e. unceremonious, cheeky attitude.
Differences between people due to ascribed status are noticeable to varying degrees. Usually, each person, as well as a group of people, strives to occupy a more advantageous social position. Under certain circumstances, a flower seller can become the deputy prime minister of the country, a millionaire. Others do not succeed because their assigned status (gender, age, nationality) interferes.
At the same time, some social strata are trying to improve their status by uniting in movements (women's movements, organizations such as the “union of entrepreneurs”, etc.) and lobbying their interests everywhere. However, there are factors that hinder the attempts of individual groups to change their status. These include ethnic tensions, attempts by other groups to maintain the status quo, lack of strong leaders, etc.
Thus, under social status in sociology, we understand the position that a person (or social group) occupies in society. Since each person is a member of different ones, he is the owner of many statuses (i.e., the bearer of a certain status set). Each of the available statuses is associated with a set of rights that determine what the status holder can afford, and responsibilities that prescribe the performance of specific actions. In general, status can be defined as the position of an individual in the social structure of society, connected with other positions through a system of rights, duties and responsibilities.
