What is a series of homogeneous members? A number of homogeneous members: definition and examples. Homogeneous definitions: examples

In Russian, there are often sentences with words that answer the same question and belong to the same part of speech.

The concept of a homogeneous member of a sentence

Such words in a sentence perform the same function, have equivalent meaning and are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating connection. Such members of a sentence in Russian are called homogeneous. Examples of homogeneous members of a sentence:

The old green poplars rustled, groaned, and moved alarmingly. In this sentence, the homogeneous members are predicates.

The green forest rustled incessantly, evenly. In this sentence, the homogeneous members are circumstances.

Let's analyze what the main features of homogeneous members are. Firstly, they all have the same involvement in the main word with which they are directly associated. There are exceptions in which homogeneous members of the sentence do not belong to this part of speech.

For example:
I like to walk slowly, with stops.

Punctuation: homogeneous members and connecting conjunctions

Connecting conjunctions in sentences with homogeneous members are most often represented by the conjunctions “and this, and that”, “and neither, and nor”, ​​“also, too”, “not only..., but also”.

Before conjunctions that connect homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma should be placed in three cases:
1. With a dividing and single connecting union of homogeneous members of a sentence. For example:

1.1. Crucians and carps splashed in the pond.

1.2. In the pine forest you can see a woodpecker or a squirrel.

2. If conjunctions combine several pairs of homogeneous members of a sentence. For example: Uncle Vanya’s collection included many daggers and knives, guns and pistols, decorated with stones.
3. If homogeneous members are connected to each other by repeating unions, and thus form a stable combination. For example: Aunt gave us a lot of multi-colored flags: red, green, and yellow.

Notes It should be remembered that in some cases, combinations with double conjunctions and homogeneous members of the sentence can be confused. This is the most common mistake among students. Examples of sentences with combinations with double conjunctions:

I like to walk quietly in the forest, with stops.

Vivid examples of combinations with double conjunctions, which are often falsely attributed to homogeneous members of a sentence, are laughter and sin, neither fish nor fowl, etc.

Heterogeneity relations are often found in adjectives - a large leather bag, a small glass glass.
In sentences with homogeneous members, homogeneous words most often describe the dynamics of this action, the qualitative characteristics of one object. If homogeneous members have increased expressiveness, they form a series of epithets.

In some sentences we come across words that are repeated. It is important to know that they are not homogeneous members of the sentence. Example: Spring was waiting, nature was waiting. The word “waited” is repeated in this sentence two times solely to emphasize the importance of the upcoming event. Such and similar words are considered in Russian as one member of a sentence.

Homogeneous are called members of the proposal, answering the same question, relating to the same member of the sentence and performing the same syntactic function (i.e., occupying the position of one member of the sentence).

They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinative or non-conjunctive syntactic connection. The coordinating connection is expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.

For example: I like ice cream.I love ice cream, chocolate, cookie And cakes.

Laughing girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence.) Merry , laughing , screaming , flashy the girls ran into the room.(A simple two-part common sentence, complicated by homogeneous members.)

Homogeneous there can be everything members of the proposal: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances.

For example:

- How boys, so girls passed the sports standards. (Boys and girls are homogeneous subjects.)
- In a large forest during a storm, trees moan, are crackling, break down. (Moan, crack, break - homogeneous predicates.)
- Yellow, blue, purple sheets of paper lay on the store counter. (Yellow, blue, violet are homogeneous definitions.)
- I loved books, constructors And cartoons.
(Books, construction sets, cartoons are homogeneous additions)
- We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.(In the forest, on the river– homogeneous circumstances).

Homogeneous members can be separated from each other by other members of the sentence.

For example: The heart is not opened with an iron key, but with kindness.

Homogeneous members of the sentence may be common or uncommon.

For example: The garden is fragrant with autumn freshness, leaves and fruits.

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.

For example: The girl answered the exam smartly, sensibly, beautiful language. (Homogeneous circumstances expressed by adverbs smartly, sensibly and noun phrases in excellent language.)

Due to the sudden downpour, we soaked to the skin And frozen. (Homogeneous predicates, expressed by phraseological units, are wet to the skin and frozen by the verb.)

Complications by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be punctuated differently.

Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and/or non-union connection. If these are minor members of the sentence, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are formed intonationally, and in written speech punctuationally.

One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.

For example:

Masha, Seryozha And Petya sat around the dining room table and painted. (Masha, Seryozha and Petya– homogeneous subjects – 1st row of homogeneous members; sat and drew– homogeneous predicates – 2nd row of homogeneous terms.)

Enumerative intonation and coordinating conjunctions are involved in the grammatical association of homogeneous members:

a) connecting: And ; Yes in meaning And ; neither ..., neither ; How ..., so and ; Not only ...,but also ; Same ; Also ;
b) adversative: A ; But ; Yes in meaning But ; but ; however ;
c) dividing: or ; or ; That ..., That ;not that ..., not that ; either ...,either .

For example:

Siberia has many features like in nature, So
and in human morals. (Union How …, so and – connecting.)

And the Baltic Sea, although not deep, but extensively. (Union But - nasty.)

In the evenings he or read, or watched TV.(Union or – dividing.)

In rare cases, homogeneous members can be connected by subordinating conjunctions (causal, concessive), for example:

For example:

It was useful because it is educational a game. Book interesting, although difficult. (In these examples, homogeneous members of the sentence: useful, because developing; interesting, although complex - are connected using subordinating conjunctions because, although.)

The following are not homogeneous members of the sentence:

1) repeated words used to emphasize a variety of objects, the duration of an action, its repetition, etc.

For example: We seemed to be floating in the air and were spinning, were spinning, were spinning. White fragrant daisies run under his feet back, back (Kuprin).

Such combinations of words are considered as a single member of the sentence;

2) repeating identical shapes connected by a particle not this way : believe it or not, try, don’t try, write like this, write like this, work like this, work like this;

3) combinations of two verbs, of which the first is lexically incomplete: I'll take it and tell you, I took it and complained, I'll go and have a look and so on.;

4) phraseological units like: neither fluff nor feather, neither back nor forth, for nothing about anything, neither light nor dawn, neither fish nor meat, neither give nor take, neither alive nor dead, and laughter and sin, and this way and that.

In them There is no comma.

Primary school students, after a brief explanation from the teacher, can easily determine which sentences contain homogeneous structures. In the Russian language there are homogeneous members that perform the function of listing the types, properties or qualities of an object or action. However, if only this were the whole wisdom, then there would be nothing to teach beyond the 4th grade.

Similar constructions in the Russian language have many morphological manifestations and syntactic functions, which need to be familiarized with gradually. You should start with the elementary rule of what it is.

Homogeneous members are word forms that answer the same questions and have a direct connection with the word they refer to.

The clearing was surrounded on all sides by centuries-old oaks, pines, and spruces. To the words “oaks”, “pines”, “firs” you need to ask a question from the phrase “was surrounded”. They are closely related. Since this is a predicate, for convenience and better understanding, you can pronounce the entire grammatical basis in your mind. The clearing was surrounded by (what?) oaks, (what?) pine trees, (what?) spruce trees.

Sculptural images of rhinoceroses, giraffes, lions, crocodiles, antelopes and other animals that inhabited Africa were built into the walls of this gray castle-like house.

In prose literary texts there are often sentences with 2-3 rows of homogeneous members that depend on one or different words.

Mentally, we had already died many times from fever or from wounds behind the log walls of the fort, listening to the buzz of a single bullet, inhaling the smell of wet poisonous grass, looking with sore eyes into the black velvet sky where the Southern Cross was burning. (K. Paustovsky).

Which parts of the sentence can be called homogeneous:

• main (subjects, predicates);
• secondary (definitions, additions, circumstances).

The main thing is that they remain equal and perform the same function, relate to the same member and respond to the same question:

• subject: “From the open window of spring, larks, nightingales, blackbirds, and cuckoos scattered in all directions. Older children, teenagers, schoolchildren and even kids gathered in the schoolyard.”
• predicates: “The trees groaned, bent, cracked and broke from the strong, powerful wind.”
• definition: “A bright, colorful picture opened before my eyes, consisting of red, yellow, blue, emerald patches.”
• additions: “It was a terrible place, a shelter for thieves and beggars.”
• circumstances: 1. The mother looked at her daughter joyfully, kindly, with tenderness. 2. Claudia admired Ivan’s courage, courage and endurance. 3. He walked, despite the fatigue and nervous shock he had experienced.

The last group is more expanded due to the many types of circumstances and ways of expressing them. There may also be isolated homogeneous circumstances, expressed in such cases, they consist of several words.

“Having finished reading the last words and putting the letter aside, Afanasy began to think about a plan of action.”

Useful video: what are homogeneous members of a sentence?

Offers

The above-mentioned complicating words and phrases occur very often in sentences of varying complexity, dependence, subordination, etc. Simple sentences with homogeneous members are very common; with their help, they expand, clarify, and detail the space of descriptions. Everything spoke of the approach of autumn: cool sunrises, cold winds, withering grass. Under the bushes, near old stumps, near fallen trees, the brown caps of honey mushrooms glistened joyfully everywhere.

Complex sentences with homogeneous members can have two, three or several homogeneous rows:

• grammatical basics. 1. Sveta and Alena weeded the beds and watered the cabbage to free mom from the evening chores and give her the opportunity to relax in the company of her friends. 2. The river seethed, foamed, drove unusually high waves, and people standing on the shore rejoiced and admired its greatness.
• minor members. They are embedded in syntactic constructions regardless of the location of the stem and are separated from each other by words.

“Boris brought flowers and immediately put them in a vase, and Natasha set the table, laid out cutlery and napkins.”

It is important to know! Do not overload or complicate sentences. A complex sentence with 3-4 rows of homogeneous members is difficult to understand when reading.

Homogeneous members of a sentence: rules

Selection

How to emphasize when analyzing sentences that relate to one thing - the main thing. According to the established order, subjects are underlined by one line, predicates - by two parallel lines. Definitions are highlighted with wavy continuous lines, additions are highlighted with a dotted line, and circumstances are emphasized with a dotted line.

In this case, each word is highlighted separately.
Many schoolchildren know how to identify such members of a sentence without asking questions. Younger children can easily navigate sentences listing objects and phenomena. A clue is the presence of a large number of words belonging to one part of speech, connected by a non-union connection or coordinating conjunctions.

They characterize the main defined word on the one hand (by color, smell, location...).
What are homogeneous secondary members of a sentence, look in the table.

It also shows what questions the homogeneous members of the sentence answer.

Examples of sentences with homogeneous members:

1. Kira spoke German, English and Chinese well, but with a slight accent.
2. When night descended on the earth, covering everything with wide black wings, the lights came on in the house and long, interesting conversations were held.
3. Victor was reminded of the distant past by a children's swing, a sandbox, and a playground with a horizontal bar.
4. The corida began in the morning and lasted until late at night, when torches, lamps, lanterns and small lamps were already lit.

Schemes for connecting homogeneous members

Functions in speech

Why are homogeneous members needed in a sentence? These syntactic components have enormous potential. They are designed to perform stylistic functions. In literature they are used as a means of depicting complete pictures from details. In contact with

The concept of a complex sentence

Sentences with homogeneous members

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members

1. The concept of a complex sentence

Complex sentences include those sentences in which there are relatively independent syntactic constructions and phrases: isolated members of the sentence, homogeneous members, introductory constructions, inserted constructions, addresses, comparative phrases. Complex sentences on the transitivity scale occupy the transition zone between simple and complex sentences. The complicating part of the sentence contains a semi-predicative element that complements the main predicative core of the sentence. Thus, semi-predicativeness is a message additional to the main statement about the relevance of what is being expressed to reality.

1. Sentences with homogeneous members

Homogeneous members of the sentence – these are members of the same name, connected to each other by a coordinating connection and performing the same syntactic function in a sentence, i.e. united by the same relationship to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members are or can be connected by coordinating conjunctions and are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration. In the absence of conjunctions or when they are repeated, homogeneous members are also connected by connecting pauses. The separation of homogeneous components is based on three leading characteristics:

1. single-functionality;

2. subordinating connection with a common / subordinate or subordinate / word;

3. a coordinating connection between them, marked by intonation or coordinating conjunctions.

For example: A fairy tale is needed not onlychildren , but alsoadults /K.Paustovsky/ – in this sentence homogeneous indirect objects are equally subordinate to the predicate needed and are in a relationship of comparison, realized by a coordinating conjunction. Homogeneous subjects, unlike all other homogeneous members, do not obey, but subordinate to themselves the member of the sentence associated with them - the predicate: Neither power nor life amuses me/A. Pushkin/.

The main members of one-part sentences are not covered by all three parameters, therefore their syntactic structure is not recognized or is called into question: They didn’t knock, didn’t shout, didn’t bother with questions/A. Chekhov/: Night, street, lantern, pharmacy/A.Blok/.

Both main and secondary members of a sentence can be homogeneous, for example: Gardenerfell silent, shoved a tube behind the boot top (P.S.) - homogeneous predicates; We walked past Dunyashkacaps and scarves, overcoats Andoveralls (E.N.) – homogeneous subjects; Vasya drew on the corners of album sheetsbirds, animals Andangels (P.S.) – homogeneous additions.

Homogeneous members may have the same morphological expression, but can be expressed by different parts of speech: Saidhe is calm, without sadness, without complaint in the voice andSo , as if he himself was listening carefully to his speech, checking it mentally(Bitter).

Homogeneous members of a sentence are characterized by the following signs:

Take the position of one member of the sentence;

Associated with the same member of the sentence by a subordinating connection;

Connected together by a coordinating connection;

Often have the same morphological expression;

Usually they express similar concepts.

The presence of homogeneous members of a sentence is not considered in the following cases:

When repeating the same words in order to emphasize the duration of an action, a multitude of persons or objects, an enhanced manifestation of a characteristic, etc., for example: I'm going, I'm going in an open field (P.); Here is a dark, dark garden (N.).Drink and drink , and the water from the ground flows and flows/IN. Peskov/.

In complete phraseological expressions: both day and night; both old and young; neither this nor that; neither give nor take; neither back nor forward, etc.

When two verbs are combined in the same form, acting as a single predicate (in the meaning of an action and its purpose, an unexpected or arbitrary action, etc.), for example, I'll go have a look Timetable of classes;took it and did it vice versa, etc.

Members of a sentence connected by explicative/clarifying-explanatory/ relations are not homogeneous: Now, in mid-April, the oak was black and gloomy/IN. Krutilin/.

Nor does such a phenomenon of modern language as indicating an object in its relation to another object provide syntactic homogeneity: Tolstoy and his contemporaries: readers and the book: student and perestroika. The presence of an alleged coordinating connection does not indicate homogeneity, but a stylistic predicament: We will drink tea with sugar and with dad/K.Simonov/.

In a block of homogeneous members, its parts are interconnected by meaning and grammatical means: intonation, coordinating conjunctions and lexico-grammatical means.

The most significant indicator of homogeneity is coordinating connection.

To connect homogeneous members of a sentence, the following categories of coordinating conjunctions are used:

Connecting unions: and, yes,(meaning “and”), no no and others. Union And can be single or repeating. A single conjunction shows that the enumeration is exhaustive, for example: Screaming, barking and howling were heard outside (Ars.).

Repetition of the union And before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation, for example: And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the winner for years (P.).

Union And can connect homogeneous members in pairs, for example: They came together: wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different from each other (P.).

Repeating conjunction no no used in negative sentences, acting as a conjunction And, For example: Neither the sea nor the sky were visible behind the rain (M. G.)

Union Yes(in the meaning of “and”) is used mainly in colloquial speech; its use in works of art gives the speech a touch of simplicity, for example: And Vaska listens and eats (Kr.); Open the window and sit with me (P.).

Union Yes is also used as a repeating member, but cannot appear before the first homogeneous member, for example: Dog, Man, and Cat, and Falcon once swore to each other eternal friendship(Kr.).

Opposing alliances: ah, but, yes(meaning “but”), however, etc.

Union A shows that one concept is affirmed and the other is denied: The Tit gave glory, but did not light the sea(Kr.).

In the absence of negation, the union A indicates a contrast: The dog barks at the brave, but bites the cowardly(proverb).

Union But introduces a hint of limitation: On the right bank there are peaceful but still restless villages(L.T.)

Union Yes adds a conversational tone: He who is noble and strong, but not smart, is so bad if he has a good heart(Kr.).

Conjunctions emphasize opposition however And but: I hesitated a little, but sat down (T.).

A connecting conjunction can act as an adversative conjunction And: I wanted to travel around the whole world, but I didn’t travel a hundredth part(Gr.).

Dividing unions: or, either, whether... whether, then... that, not that... not that, either... or and etc.

Union or(single or repeating) indicates the need to select one of the concepts expressed by homogeneous members and excluding or replacing each other: I was allowed to go to the river with Yevseich every day, either in the morning or in the evening (Aks.)

Union or, with the same meaning (usually repeated), has a colloquial character: Gavrila decided that the mute either fled or drowned along with his dog (T.)

Repeating conjunction then... then indicates the alternation of phenomena: The stars blinked with faint light and then disappeared (T.)

Repeating conjunction whether... whether has a separative-enumerative meaning.

Repeating conjunctions not that... not that, or... or indicate the uncertainty of the impression or the difficulty of choice: There is either laziness or tenderness in the heart (T.)

Comparative(gradational): both - so and; not only but; although and – but; if not, then; not that - but (but); not as much - as much as - as much comparisons matter: Although it is simple in appearance, it has a wonderful quality (Kr.).

Connecting:yes and; a and; but also; and even then; and even then Also have connecting meaning: I peacefully enjoyed my work, success, fame, as well as the works and successes of my friends (P.)

One sentence may contain several blocks (rows) of homogeneous members. In one composed series, synonyms and antonyms occur, forming additional meanings that explode the external uniformity of the series: Rejoicing and mourning, And dripping with black blood , She looks, looks, looks at youWith both hatred and love (Block).

Often homogeneous members are found in sentences. What are they and what is their function? This article is devoted to these issues.

What are homogeneous members

In the science of the Russian language, the conceptual basis of this phenomenon has long been developed.

Thus, homogeneous members are those parts in a sentence that perform the same function in the syntactic sense. In another way, we can say that they refer to one general word or are dependent on it. For example, all the adjectives in the sentence “White, blue and green balls flew into the air” are homogeneous definitions. In writing they are separated by punctuation marks, usually commas, as well as conjunctions. In speech, pauses are formed between them. Homogeneous members are not always identical parts of speech. An example of this is the sentence “The student answered correctly, intelligently, in excellent language." Homogeneous members are equal in rights, independent of each other. In addition, they answer the same question.

Signs of homogeneous members

The main properties of such words in sentences have already been briefly indicated above. Let's look at them in more detail with the examples given. First, homogeneous members always answer the same question. For example, in the sentence “Blue, yellow and pink flowers grew in the clearing,” all definitions answer the question “which ones?” Thus they are homogeneous. Secondly, they are identical members of the sentence. Thus, in the sentence “Brother and sister met,” homogeneous members are subjects. Thirdly, they refer to a single specific word. Thus, in the phrase “they rested and worked,” all verbs are connected with a pronoun. And finally, fourthly, homogeneous members have equal rights and are connected by a coordinating connection. That is, you can always insert the conjunction “and” between them.

Punctuation issues

How are homogeneous members indicated in writing? As stated above, they must be separated by something.

The meaning of homogeneous members

The Russian language is rich and multifaceted. Some people have a question: “Why are homogeneous members of a sentence needed?” After all, from all the wealth of words you can choose the only true and necessary one. The most common answer to this question is that homogeneous members make speech more expressive. Without them, sentences turn out dry and lifeless. They are used to prevent speech from becoming poor and primitive. In addition, homogeneous terms are used to more accurately describe any objects and phenomena. IN