Types of macroeconomic programs. Political and legal environment

How do peoples differ from each other? There are several thousand people living in the world and they all have their own characteristics that make them different from others. Nations differ in their numbers, linguistic and cultural characteristics, racial appearance, and level of social development.

The number of different peoples varies greatly. For example, the Chinese or Americans are the largest ethnic groups, numbering more than 100 million people. The peoples living in Russia also belong to a very large group. At the same time, there are very small ethnic groups, such as Ouma, Bina, etc. There are also significant differences in the level of socio-economic development. Some nationalities are practically at the primitive stage, while others are at the highest stage of development.

So how do peoples differ from each other? The principles for classifying ethnic groups vary. There is the following generally accepted grouping of peoples according to various characteristics.

Ethnolinguistic classification

Groups ethnic groups according to linguistic kinship. According to this classification, peoples are divided into families. For example, there are Altai, Indo-European, Austroasiatic, North American, Australian and others. There are also nationalities that occupy a separate position in linguistic terms - Kets, Basques, etc. The Indo-European family is the largest of all. It unites up to half of the world's population. The peoples living in Russia also belong to this family.

Areal classification

According to it, peoples are systematized into large regions in which individual cultural unity has developed. It is due to the long historical development of certain areas. This cultural community determines the main features of the ethnic groups living in a particular region.

Racial classification

It is based on the division of ethnic groups into three large races. These include Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid. What is the difference between representatives of different nations belonging to one or another race? Within, their clearest differences are at the ethnic level. Representatives of races also differ in genetic characteristics. There are also other distinctive properties that are determined not only by racology, but also by applied sciences. For example, medicine believes that the same diseases in different races occur in completely different ways and, accordingly, a different approach to their treatment is required.

Peoples living on the territory of Russia

Most Tatars live in the Volga region, and in Siberia there is an entire settlement consisting exclusively of representatives of this people. Timiryazev, Gogol, Rachmaninov - all these great people had Tatar roots. And these are not all famous representatives of the people who have ancestors of Tatar nationality.

Ukrainians

They are also a large ethnic group living in Russia. Ukrainians have their own unique culture and language. Despite the fact that they live in Russia, many do not forget their traditions. On holidays, they always prepare their national dishes and wear embroidered sundresses and shirts.

Bashkirs

They are in fourth place in terms of numbers. Just like the Tatars, representatives of this nationality are Muslims. They have their own unique culture, Bashkir folklore is especially famous. Tyumen, Saratov, Sverdlovsk and other regions are historically established places of residence of representatives of this ethnic group.

From all of the above, it becomes clear how peoples differ from each other. These are, first of all, different cultural traditions, language, religion, and characteristic features of appearance. Russia, as a multinational country, has a large number of distinctive ethnic groups in its expanses, each of which makes its own contribution to the development of culture and the country as a whole.

Northern peoples

Many tourists are attracted by the unique culture of the northern peoples. Of great interest are the national dances of the northerners, as well as the rich and unusual outfits for residents of warmer countries. For example, only among the inhabitants of the North can you find clothing made from fish skin. All types of clothing have their own unique patterns. The North is a unique region, and the people who live here are just as exceptional and unique.

The difference between the Slavs and other peoples

The Slavs are representatives of the Eupropeoid race. This is determined by such features as unpronounced cheekbones, characteristic hair growth, etc. Due to the territory of settlement, the Slavic people are anthropologically diverse. The Slavs are divided into Western, Eastern and Southern. From north to south, their pigmentation changes noticeably, namely the color of their eyes and hair. All representatives of this community have a similar culture and language, and the same religion. Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles - all these nationalities belong to the Slavs.

The peoples of different countries differ from each other in national customs and culture. The Slavs are also a distinctive people, unlike other ethnic groups. Among the Russian population, this community is about 85%.

In addition to external differences, different peoples also have different values and outlooks on life. However, despite the fact that we are so different, at the same time we are all surprisingly similar. A person always remains a person, regardless of what nationality he belongs to. You should always respect other peoples, because this is the only way to maintain peace on Earth.

It is the diversity in culture, traditions, and external characteristics of people that makes life interesting and exciting. Getting to know the national characteristics of different peoples is an exciting activity; it’s not for nothing that tourism is so popular. The distinctive culture of indigenous peoples is no less captivating than the natural beauty of various parts of the planet.

There are a huge number of people living in our world. Some in the West, some in the South... I have always wondered why people who are so similar have so many differences? Living on the same planet, we are radically different from each other.

Developing my imagination, feeding data from literature, I began to realize what is the differencepeoples from each other. As you know, man is the highest degree of development of living organisms on our planet. We are separated into an independent species, which, if you remember, is called “reasonable man.” Therefore, it is interesting to understand how different we, as a people, are from each other.

Distinctive features of peoples

All nations have differences, such as:

race;
nations;
language;
religion.

Although we, as people, are “one family,” there are distinctive features.

Race

People are divided into large groups, that is race. They differ from representatives of other races in the color of their skin, eyes, skull shape, body length and other characteristics.

Existing race:

Nation or nationality

We are the word nation" we mean as "tribe". Even ancient people, in order to survive, united in small groups. Together they obtained food and defended themselves from enemies. But many centuries have passed, and tribes createdstates, which, under the onslaught of enemies, changed, disappeared, and new ones were formed. Other people either joined a powerful state or left for another. So the people lost their community.

Language

As is known, language- an important part of communication. It shapes our thinking, with its help we transmit a lot of important information and try to control our behavior. Over the course of history, languages changed, people were far from each other, so new ones were created own languages, incomprehensible to others. It took a long time for languages to be formed to learn to characterize concepts, but to denote them with different sounds.

Religion

Just as people acquired their languages and nations, so they also acquired religion. This is people's faith in higher powers that rule the world. In different parts of the world they imagine differently singleGod and his goals. Therefore, many religions arose, including those that spread throughout the world. These are religions like Christianity,Islam and Buddhism.

Yes, we are all people, all nations are united, but depending on where we live, cardinal differences arise, morals change, and we acquire our own special mentality.

A people, in the concept of an ethnic group, is a historically established community of people occupying a certain territory. This population has a stable unique language, its own culture and certain psychological characteristics. Another characteristic feature of a nationality is that this community identifies itself as a separate entity, not similar to others, and has an awareness of its integrity and unity. How do peoples differ from each other? There are several thousand ethnic communities living in the world, and they all have some characteristics that make them different from others. Nations differ in their numbers, linguistic and cultural characteristics, racial appearance, and level of social development.

So how do peoples differ from each other? The principles for classifying ethnic groups vary. There is the following generally accepted grouping of peoples according to various characteristics.

Ethnolinguistic classification

Areal classification

Racial classification

Peoples living on the territory of Russia

Russia is a multinational country. In addition to natural beauty, it is also rich in human resources. About two hundred different nationalities live on its territory. The large area of Russia allows many nationalities to accommodate themselves and peacefully coexist. How do peoples living in the same country differ from each other? Each nationality in Russia has its own distinctive characteristics - language and national traditions. On the territory of the country there are both large ethnic groups and small ones. Among the significant nationalities living in Russia are: Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens, Armenians and others. Let's consider the most numerous of them.

Tatars

This nationality is very common in Russia. Tatars have their own language. They also have a variety of ethnic groups.
Most Tatars live in the Volga region, and in Siberia there is an entire settlement consisting exclusively of representatives of this people. Timiryazev, Gogol, Rachmaninov - all these great people had Tatar roots. And these are not all famous representatives of the people who have ancestors of Tatar nationality.

Ukrainians

Bashkirs

Northern peoples

Representatives of this ethnic group have a rich history and their own unique national traditions. The main type of fishing is fishing, hunting, and gathering. The main source of food and clothing for the inhabitants of the North is the taiga and the river. The most famous craft is artistic woodworking. Northern peoples are quite hardworking. Harsh climatic conditions leave their mark on the way of life and habits of people living in a given area.
Many tourists are attracted by the unique culture of the northern peoples. Of great interest are the national dances of the northerners, as well as the rich and unusual outfits for residents of warmer countries. For example, only among the inhabitants of the North can you find clothing made from fish skin. All types of clothing have their own unique patterns. The North is a unique region, and the people who live here are just as exceptional and unique.

The difference between the Slavs and other peoples

The Slavs are representatives of the Eupropeoid race. This is determined by such features as unpronounced cheekbones, a characteristic facial profile, hair growth, etc. Due to the territory of settlement, the Slavic people are anthropologically diverse. The Slavs are divided into Western, Eastern and Southern. From north to south, their pigmentation changes noticeably, namely the color of their eyes and hair. All representatives of this community have a similar culture and language, and the same religion. Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles - all these nationalities belong to the Slavs.
The peoples of different countries differ from each other in appearance, national customs, and culture. The Slavs are also a distinctive people, unlike other ethnic groups. Among the Russian population, this community is about 85%.

What are the external differences between peoples? These include: the shape of the eyes, the color of the skin, hair, the structure of the skull and skeleton, and other signs, the totality of which determines a person’s belonging to a particular nationality.
In addition to external differences, different peoples also have different values and outlooks on life. However, despite the fact that we are so different, at the same time we are all surprisingly similar. A person always remains a person, regardless of what nationality he belongs to. You should always respect other peoples, because this is the only way to maintain peace on Earth.
It is the diversity in culture, traditions, and external characteristics of people that makes life interesting and exciting. Getting to know the national characteristics of different peoples is an exciting activity; it’s not for nothing that tourism is so popular. The distinctive culture of indigenous peoples is no less captivating than the natural beauty of various parts of the planet.

The Russian Federation consists of several types of subjects: republics, territories, regions and autonomous districts; it also includes three federal cities, one autonomous region and four autonomous districts. All listed entities are legally equal. In fact, the republics have more statehood and opportunities for existence outside the federation than other regions of the country, in addition, the regions differ in their economic situation.

A republic - in fact a state within Russia - has its own constitution and legislation, the structure of its bodies is usually similar to the structure of state bodies of the federation, but reflects national specifics in its names. A region, region, city of federal significance, autonomous region, autonomous district has its own charter and legislation and, as a rule, the organization of power in them is reminiscent of a simplified federal structure of government bodies. All subjects of the federation have a certain administrative-territorial division into municipal districts, urban districts, which in turn are divided into urban and rural settlements, and intra-city areas.

Republics, unlike other subjects of the federation, have the right to establish their own state languages. In government bodies, local government bodies, and government institutions of the republics, they are used along with the state language of the Russian Federation. The majority of such languages are in Karachay-Cherkessia - Abaza, Kabardino-Circassian, Karachay-Balkar and Nogai, and in Dagestan - Avar, Agul, Azerbaijani, Dargin, Kumyk, Lak, Lezgin, Nogai, Rutul, Tabasaran, Tat, Tsakhur and Chechen languages. In Mordovia, Moksha is recognized as the state language, in Tatarstan - Tatar, in Tyva - Tuvan.

Otherwise the differences are minimal. For all regions, the constitution provides for a list of issues that are under joint jurisdiction with the Russian Federation:

a) ensuring compliance of the constitutions and laws of republics, charters, laws and other normative legal acts of territories, regions, federal cities, autonomous regions, autonomous districts with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws;

b) protection of human and civil rights and freedoms; protection of the rights of national minorities; ensuring law, order, public safety; border zone regime;

c) issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources;

d) delimitation of state property;

e) environmental management; environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety; specially protected natural areas; protection of historical and cultural monuments;

f) general issues of upbringing, education, science, culture, physical culture and sports;

g) coordination of health issues; protection of family, motherhood, paternity and childhood; social protection, including social security;

h) implementation of measures to combat disasters, natural disasters, epidemics, and liquidation of their consequences;

i) establishment of general principles of taxation and fees in the Russian Federation;

j) administrative, administrative-procedural, labor, family, housing, land, water, forestry legislation, legislation on subsoil, on environmental protection;

k) personnel of judicial and law enforcement agencies; advocacy, notary;

l) protection of the original habitat and traditional way of life of small ethnic communities;

m) establishing general principles for organizing the system of state authorities and local self-government;

o) coordination of international and foreign economic relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, implementation of international treaties of the Russian Federation.

Joint jurisdiction means that decisions on these issues can be made by both the federation and its constituent entities in agreement with each other or independently. In reality, the Russian Federation most often decides on issues of joint jurisdiction itself.

Different countries differ sharply from each other in their political and legal environment. When deciding whether to establish a business relationship with a particular country, there are at least four factors to consider.

ATTITUDE TO PURCHASES FROM ABROAD. Some countries view such purchases very favorably, even encouragingly, while others are very negative. An example of a country with a favorable attitude is Mexico, which over the years has attracted investment from abroad by offering incentives and services to foreign investors when choosing where to locate their businesses. On the other hand, India requires exporters to comply with import quotas, blocks some currencies, makes it a condition for the introduction of a large number of its citizens into the management of the newly created enterprises, etc. It is because of such “hiccups” that the IBM Corporation and "Coca Cola".

POLITICAL STABILITY. Another problem is the stability of the country in the future. Governments replace each other, and sometimes the change in course is very abrupt. But even without a change of government, the regime may decide to respond to the sentiments that have arisen in the country. They can confiscate the property of a foreign company, block its foreign exchange reserves, introduce import quotas or new taxes. International marketers may find it beneficial to engage in business even in a country with very shaky political stability. However, the current situation will certainly affect the nature of their approach to financial and business matters.

CURRENCY RESTRICTIONS. The third factor concerns restrictions or problems in connection with foreign exchange. Sometimes governments block their own currency or prohibit its transfer to any other. Usually the seller wants to receive income in a currency that he can use. At best, he can be paid in the currency of his own country. If this is not possible, the seller will likely accept the blocked currency if it can be used to purchase either the goods he needs or goods he can sell elsewhere for the currency he is comfortable with. In the worst case scenario, a merchant dealing in blocked currency may have to take his money out of the country where his business is located in the form of slow-moving goods that he can sell elsewhere only at a loss to himself. In addition to currency restrictions, a big risk for a seller in foreign markets is associated with fluctuations in currency exchange rates.

STATE MACHINE. The fourth factor is the degree of effectiveness of the system of assistance to foreign companies from the host state, that is, the presence of an effective customs service, sufficiently complete market information and other factors favorable to business activity. Americans are usually amazed at how quickly barriers to trade disappear when certain host country officials receive a corresponding bribe.