The Great Migration of Peoples or the history of the Finno-Ugric tribes. The main thing about the Finno-Ugric peoples

Among those living on the planet today there are many unique, original and even somewhat mysterious peoples and nationalities. These, undoubtedly, include the Finno-Ugric peoples, who are considered the largest ethno-linguistic community in Europe. It includes 24 nations. 17 of them live in the Russian Federation.

Composition of the ethnic group

All the numerous Finno-Ugric peoples are divided by researchers into several groups:

• Baltic-Finnish, the backbone of which consists of quite numerous Finns and Estonians, who formed their own states. This also includes the Setos, Ingrians, Kvens, Vyrs, Karelians, Izhorians, Vepsians, Vods and Livs.
• Sami (Lapp), which includes residents of Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula.
• Volga-Finnish, which includes the Mari and Mordovians. The latter, in turn, are divided into Moksha and Erzya.
• Perm, which includes Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Komi-Zyryans, Komi-Izhemtsy, Komi-Yazvintsy, Besermyans and Udmurts.
• Ugorskaya. It includes the Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi, separated by hundreds of kilometers.

Vanished Tribes

Among the modern Finno-Ugric peoples there are numerous peoples, and very small groups - less than 100 people. There are also those whose memory is preserved only in ancient chronicle sources. The disappeared, for example, include Merya, Chud and Muroma.

The Meryans built their settlements between the Volga and Oka several hundred years BC. According to some historians, this people subsequently assimilated with the East Slavic tribes and became the progenitor of the Mari people.

An even more ancient people were the Muroma, who lived in the Oka basin.

As for the Chud, this people lived along the Onega and Northern Dvina. There is an assumption that these were ancient Finnish tribes from which modern Estonians descended.

Regions of settlement

The Finno-Ugric group of peoples today is concentrated in northwestern Europe: from Scandinavia to the Urals, Volga-Kama, West Siberian Plain in the lower and middle reaches of the Tobol.

The only people who formed their own state at a considerable distance from their brethren are the Hungarians living in the Danube basin in the Carpathian Mountains region.

The most numerous Finno-Ugric people in Russia are the Karelians. In addition to the Republic of Karelia, many of them live in the Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Tver and Leningrad regions of the country.

Most of the Mordovians live in the Republic of Mordva, but many of them also settled in neighboring republics and regions of the country.

In these same regions, as well as in Udmurtia, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm and other regions, you can also meet Finno-Ugric peoples, especially many Mari here. Although their main backbone lives in the Republic of Mari El.

The Komi Republic, as well as nearby regions and autonomous okrugs, is the place of permanent residence of the Komi people, and in the Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug and the Perm region live their closest “relatives” - the Komi-Permyaks.

More than a third of the population of the Udmurt Republic are ethnic Udmurts. In addition, there are small communities in many nearby regions.

As for the Khanty and Mansi, the bulk of them live in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. In addition, large Khanty communities live in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Tomsk region.

Appearance type

Among the ancestors of the Finno-Ugrians there were both ancient European and ancient Asian tribal communities, so in the appearance of modern representatives one can observe features inherent in both the Mongoloid and Caucasian races.

General features of the distinctive features of representatives of this ethnic group include average height, very light hair, wide cheekbones with an upturned nose.

Moreover, each nationality has its own “variations”. For example, the Erzya Mordvins are much taller than average, but at the same time have pronounced blue-eyed blond hair. But the Moksha Mordvins, on the contrary, are short, and their hair color is darker.

The Udmurts and Maris have “Mongolian type” eyes, which makes them similar to the Mongoloid race. But at the same time, the vast majority of representatives of the nationality are fair-haired and light-eyed. Similar facial features are also found among many Izhorians, Karelians, Vodians, and Estonians.

But Komi can be either dark-haired with slanted eyes, or fair-haired with pronounced Caucasian features.

Quantitative composition

In total, there are about 25 million Finno-Ugric people living in the world. The most numerous of them are Hungarians, who number more than 15 million. Finns are almost three times less - about 6 million, and the number of Estonians is a little more than a million.

The number of other nationalities does not exceed a million: Mordovians - 843 thousand; Udmurts - 637 thousand; Mari - 614 thousand; Ingrians - just over 30 thousand; Kvens - about 60 thousand; Võru - 74 thousand; setu - about 10 thousand, etc.

The smallest nationalities are the Livs, whose number does not exceed 400 people, and the Vods, whose community consists of 100 representatives.

An excursion into the history of the Finno-Ugric peoples

There are several versions about the origin and ancient history of the Finno-Ugric peoples. The most popular of them is the one that assumes the existence of a group of people who spoke the so-called Finno-Ugric proto-language, and maintained their unity until approximately the 3rd millennium BC. This Finno-Ugric group of peoples lived in the Urals and western Urals region. In those days, the ancestors of the Finno-Ugrians maintained contact with the Indo-Iranians, as evidenced by all kinds of myths and languages.

Later, the single community split into Ugric and Finno-Perm. From the second, the Baltic-Finnish, Volga-Finnish and Permian language subgroups subsequently emerged. Separation and isolation continued until the first centuries of our era.

Scientists consider the homeland of the ancestors of the Finno-Ugrians to be the region located on the border of Europe with Asia in the interfluve of the Volga and Kama, the Urals. At the same time, the settlements were located at a considerable distance from each other, which may have been the reason that they did not create their own unified state.

The main occupations of the tribes were agriculture, hunting and fishing. The earliest mentions of them are found in documents from the times of the Khazar Kaganate.

For many years, Finno-Ugric tribes paid tribute to the Bulgar khans and were part of the Kazan Khanate and Rus'.

In the 16th-18th centuries, the territory of Finno-Ugric tribes began to be settled by thousands of immigrants from various regions of Rus'. The owners often resisted such an invasion and did not want to recognize the power of the Russian rulers. The Mari resisted especially fiercely.

However, despite the resistance, gradually the traditions, customs and language of the “newcomers” began to supplant local speech and beliefs. Assimilation intensified during subsequent migration, when Finno-Ugrians began to move to various regions of Russia.

Finno-Ugric languages

Initially, there was a single Finno-Ugric language. As the group divided and different tribes settled further and further from each other, it changed, breaking up into separate dialects and independent languages.

Until now, Finno-Ugric languages ​​have been preserved by both large nations (Finns, Hungarians, Estonians) and small ethnic groups (Khanty, Mansi, Udmurts, etc.). Thus, in the primary classes of a number of Russian schools, where representatives of the Finno-Ugric peoples study, they study the Sami, Khanty and Mansi languages.

Komi, Mari, Udmurts, and Mordovians can also study the languages ​​of their ancestors, starting from middle school.

Other peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages, may also speak dialects similar to the main languages ​​of the group they belong to. For example, the Besermen speak one of the dialects of the Udmurt language, the Ingrians speak the eastern dialect of Finnish, the Kvens speak Finnish, Norwegian or Sami.

Currently, there are barely a thousand common words in all the languages ​​of the peoples belonging to the Finno-Ugric peoples. Thus, the “family” connection between different peoples can be traced in the word “home”, which among the Finns sounds like koti, among the Estonians - kodu. “Kudu” (Mor.) and “Kudo” (Mari) have a similar sound.

Living next to other tribes and peoples, the Finno-Ugric peoples adopted culture and language from them, but also generously shared their own. For example, “rich and powerful” includes Finno-Ugric words such as “tundra”, “sprat”, “herring” and even “dumplings”.

Finno-Ugric culture

Archaeologists find cultural monuments of the Finno-Ugric peoples in the form of settlements, burials, household items and jewelry throughout the entire territory inhabited by the ethnic group. Most of the monuments date back to the beginning of our era and the early Middle Ages. Many peoples have managed to preserve their culture, traditions and customs until today.

Most often they manifest themselves in various rituals (weddings, folk festivals, etc.), dances, clothing and everyday life.

Literature

Finno-Ugric literature is conventionally divided by historians and researchers into three groups:

• Western, which includes works of Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian writers and poets. This literature, which was influenced by the literature of European peoples, has the richest history.
• Russian, the formation of which begins in the 18th century. It includes works by authors of the Komi, Mari, Mordovians, and Udmurts.
• Northern. The youngest group, developed only about a century ago. It includes works by Mansi, Nenets, and Khanty authors.

At the same time, all representatives of the ethnic group have a rich heritage of oral folk art. Every nationality has numerous epics and legends about heroes of the past. One of the most famous works of folk epic is “Kalevala,” which tells about the life, beliefs and customs of our ancestors.

Religious preferences

Most of the peoples belonging to the Finno-Ugrians profess Orthodoxy. Finns, Estonians and Western Sami adhere to the Lutheran faith, while Hungarians adhere to the Catholic faith. At the same time, ancient traditions are preserved in rituals, mostly wedding ones.

But the Udmurts and Mari in some places still preserve their ancient religion, just as the Samoyeds and some peoples of Siberia worship their gods and practice shamanism.

Features of national cuisine

In ancient times, the main food product of the Finno-Ugric tribes was fish, which was fried, boiled, dried and even eaten raw. Moreover, each type of fish had its own cooking method.

The meat of forest birds and small animals caught in snares was also used as food. The most popular vegetables were turnips and radishes. The food was richly seasoned with spices such as horseradish, onions, hogweed, etc.

The Finno-Ugric peoples prepared porridges and jelly from barley and wheat. They were also used to fill homemade sausages.

Modern Finno-Ugric cuisine, which has been strongly influenced by neighboring peoples, has almost no special traditional features. But almost every nation has at least one traditional or ritual dish, the recipe for which has been handed down to the present day almost unchanged.

A distinctive feature of the cuisine of the Finno-Ugric peoples is that in food preparation preference is given to products grown in the place where the people live. But imported ingredients are used only in the smallest quantities.

Save and increase

In order to preserve the cultural heritage of the Finno-Ugric peoples and pass on the traditions and customs of their ancestors to future generations, all kinds of centers and organizations are being created everywhere.

Much attention is paid to this in the Russian Federation. One of such organizations is the non-profit association Volga Center of Finno-Ugric Peoples, created 11 years ago (April 28, 2006).

As part of its work, the center not only helps large and small Finno-Ugric peoples not to lose their history, but also introduces it to other peoples of Russia, helping to strengthen mutual understanding and friendship between them.

Famous representatives

Like every nation, the Finno-Ugric peoples have their own heroes. A well-known representative of the Finno-Ugric people is the nanny of the great Russian poet, Arina Rodionovna, who was from the Ingrian village of Lampovo.

Also Finno-Ugrians are such historical and modern figures as Patriarch Nikon and Archpriest Avvakum (both were Mordvins), physiologist V. M. Bekhterev (Udmurt), composer A. Ya. Eshpai (Mari), athlete R. Smetanina (Komi) and many others.

). This time we will talk about the Finno-Ugric peoples, i.e. peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages. This branch of languages ​​is part of the Uralic language family, another branch of which is the Samoyed languages ​​(currently spoken by the Nenets, Enets, Nganasans and Selkups).
Finno-Ugric languages ​​are divided into 2 groups: Finno-Permian and Ugric. The Finno-Permian group includes the following peoples: Finns (sometimes Ingrian Finns are considered an independent ethnic group), Estonians, Karelians, Vepsians, Izhorians, Livs, Vods, Sami, Mordovians (this people actually represent two different peoples: Erzyans and Mokshans), Mari, Udmurts, Komi-Zyryans, Komi-Permyaks. The Ugric group includes the Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi.
Currently there are 3 independent Finno-Ugric states: Hungary, Finland and Estonia. There are several Finno-Ugric national autonomies in Russia, but in all of them the Finno-Ugric nations are inferior in number to the Russians.
The total number of Finno-Ugric peoples is 25 million people, of which more than half are Hungarians (14.5 million). The second largest population is occupied by Finns (6.5 million), third by Estonians (1 million). The most numerous Finno-Ugric people in Russia are the Mordovians (744 thousand).
The ancestral home of the Finno-Ugric peoples is Western Siberia, from where the ancestors of modern Finno-Ugric peoples settled throughout Eastern Europe and the Scandinavian Peninsula. The Finno-Ugrians influenced the ethnogenesis of the Russian people, this influence was especially great on the northern Russians (the territory of the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions). Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote: “Our Great Russian physiognomy does not accurately reproduce the common Slavic features. Other Slavs, recognizing these features in it, however, also notice some foreign admixture: namely, the cheekbones of the Great Russian, the predominance of dark complexion and hair, and especially the typical Great Russian nose, resting on a wide base, with they are highly likely to bet on Finnish influence".

The most beautiful Finnish- model Emilia Järvelä. She is known as the face of the Finnish cosmetics company Lumene. Height 180 cm, body measurements 86-60-87.

The most beautiful Ingrian- Russian actress, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation Elena Kondulainen(born April 9, 1958, Toksovo village, Leningrad region).

The most beautiful Lapp - Berit-Anne Juuso. In 2012, she won the Hymytyttö (Girl's Smile) competition, held annually by the Finnish Internet portal hymy.fi. Born and lives in the Finnish province of Lapland. Her father is Sami, her mother is Finnish.

The most beautiful Hungarian - Catherine Schell / Catherine Schell(born July 17, 1944, Budapest) is a British actress of Hungarian origin. Real name -Katherina Freiin Schell von Bauschlott. Despite her German surname (she inherited it from her German great-grandfather), Catherine Schell is almost entirely Hungarian by blood; her parents belonged to the Hungarian nobility: her father bore the title of baron, and her mother a countess.

The most famous films with her participation: the 6th Bond film “On Her Majesty’s Secret Service” (1969, role of Nancy), “Moon 02” (1969, role of Clementine), “Return of the Pink Panther” (1975, role of Lady Claudine Lytton) . In the UK, the actress is best known for her role as Maya in the 1970s sci-fi series Space: 1999.

Catherine Schell in the film "Moon 02" (1969):

The most beautiful Estonian- singer (born September 24, 1988, Kohila, Estonia). Represented Estonia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013.

The most beautiful mokshaka -Svetlana Khorkina(born January 19, 1979, Belgorod) - Russian gymnast, two-time Olympic champion in parallel bars (1996, 2000), three-time absolute world champion and three-time absolute European champion. In an interview he calls himself a Mordovian: “My parents are Mordovians, and since their blood flows in me, I consider myself a purebred Mordovian.”

The most beautiful Erzyanka -Olga Kaniskina(born January 19, 1985, Saransk) - track and field athlete, Olympic champion in 2008, the first three-time world champion in the history of race walking (2007, 2009 and 2011), European champion in 2010, two-time Russian champion.

The most beautiful Komi-Permyachka - Tatyana Totmyanina(born November 2, 1981, Perm) - figure skater, Olympic champion of Turin paired with Maxim Marinin. The same couple won the World Championship twice and the European Championship 5 times.

The most beautiful Udmurtka- singer Svetlana (Sveti) Ruchkina(born September 25, 1988). She is the vocalist of the Udmurt-language rock band Silent Woo Goore.

The most beautiful Karelian - Maria Kalinina. Winner of the contest "Miss Student Finno-Ugria 2015".

Finno-Ugric languages. Finno-Ugric languages ​​are divided into the following groups: Baltic-Finnish, Finnish, Izhorian, Karelian, Vepsian, Estonian, Votic, Livonian languages; Volga Mordovian languages ​​(Moksha and Erzya), also the Mari language with meadow, eastern, northwestern and mountain dialects; Perm Udmurt, Komi-Zyryan, Komi-Permyak and Komi-Yazva languages; Ugric, Khanty and Mansi, as well as Hungarian languages; Sami group of languages ​​spoken by the Sami.

A) having their own states: Hungarians (Hungary), Estonians (Estonia), Finns (Finland); b) having their own subjects within the Russian Federation: Mari (RME), Mordovians (Republic of Mordovia), Udmurts (Republic of Udmurtia), Komi (Komi Republic), Karelians (Republic of Karelia), Khanty and Mansi (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug). c) those who do not have their own statehood: Vepsians in Russia (2002); Izhorians 700 people: 327 people in Russia (2002); Liv people in Latvia (2000); Leading 100 people: 73 in Russia (2002). Finno-Ugric peoples:

Nationality money to ӧ ulat? – Who is the Nationality of the money to ӧ ulat? - What is your nationality? My nationality Dene Mari My nationality Dene Mari Ulam. – I am Mari by nationality. My nationality is Dene Eston My nationality is Dene Eston Ulam. – I am Estonian by nationality. My nationality is Dene Finn My nationality is Dene Finn Ulam. – I am Finnish by nationality. My nationality Dene Rush My nationality Dene Rush Ulam. – I am Russian by nationality.

To ӧ kushto ila? - Who lives where? Mari-vlak Mari Elyshte ilat Mari-vlak Mari Elyshte ilat. – Mari live in Mari El. Udmurt-vlak Udmurtiyyshte ilat. Udmurt-vlak Udmurtiyyshte ilat. – Udmurts live in Udmurtia. Karel-vlak Kareliyshte ilat. Karel-vlak Kareliyshte ilat. – Karelians live in Karelia. Mordva, Udmurt, Komi, Karelian, Mari-Vlak Rossiyshte Ilat. Mordva, Udmurt, Komi, Karelian, Mari-Vlak Rossiyshte Ilat. – Mordovians, Udmurts, Komi, Karelians, Mari live in Russia.

To ӧ kushto ila? - Who lives where? Finn-vlak Suomiyshte ilat. – Finns live in Suomi (Finland). Finn-vlak Suomiyshte ilat. – Finns live in Suomi (Finland). Eston-vlak Estoniyshte ilat. – Estonians live in Estonia. Eston-vlak Estoniyshte ilat. – Estonians live in Estonia. Hungarian-vlak Hungryishte ilat. – Hungarians live in Hungary. Hungarian-vlak Hungryishte ilat. – Hungarians live in Hungary. Finn, Estonian, Hungarian-vlak Russian dech ӧ rdyzht ӧ ilat. – Finns, Estonians, and Hungarians live outside Russia. Finn, Estonian, Hungarian-vlak Russian dech ӧ rdyzht ӧ ilat. – Finns, Estonians, and Hungarians live outside Russia. ӧ rdyzht ӧ – beyond ӧ rdyzht ӧ – beyond

The capitals of the Finno-Ugric peoples are Rÿdola – the capital of Rÿdola – the capital of Hungarian Rÿdolaže – Budapest. – The capital of Hungary is Budapest. Hungarian Rÿdolaže – Budapest. – The capital of Hungary is Budapest. Estonia rÿdolaže – Tallinn. – The capital of Estonia is Tallinn. Estonia rÿdolaže – Tallinn. – The capital of Estonia is Tallinn. Finlandiin rÿdolaže – Helsinki. – The capital of Finland is Helsinki. Finlandiin rÿdolaže – Helsinki. – The capital of Finland is Helsinki. Mari Elyn rodolage – Yoshkar-Ola. – The capital of Mari El is Yoshkar-Ola. Mari Elyn rodolage – Yoshkar-Ola. – The capital of Mari El is Yoshkar-Ola.

Word formation Remember: in the Mari language, derived adverbs are formed by adding suffixes to the base of nouns and adjectives. Remember: in the Mari language, derived adverbs are formed by adding suffixes to the base of nouns and adjectives. Mari – marla (mari – in Mari). Mari – marla (mari – in Mari). Saam – saamla (Saam – in Sami). Saam – saamla (Saam – in Sami). Rush - rushla (Russian - in Russian). Rush - rushla (Russian - in Russian). Udmurt - udmurtla (udmurt - in Udmurt). Udmurt - udmurtla (udmurt - in Udmurt).

I speak by... Wash gauze with oil. – I speak Mari. Wash with gauze oil. – I speak Mari. My rushla oil. - I speak Russian. My rushla oil. - I speak Russian. Wash with Finnla oil. – I speak Finnish. Wash with Finnla oil. – I speak Finnish. My Hungarian oil. – I speak Hungarian. My Hungarian oil. – I speak Hungarian. My Rushla, Marla, Tatarla Englishla, Nemychla Oilem. – I speak Russian, Mari, Tatar, English, German. My Rushla, Marla, Tatarla Englishla, Nemychla Oilem. – I speak Russian, Mari, Tatar, English, German.

Task: 1. Write in your notebook and translate into Russian: Tudo Estonian. Tudo Estoniyshte ila, estonla oila. Estonia rÿdolaže – Tallinn. 1. Write in a notebook and translate into Russian: Tudo Eston. Tudo Estoniyshte ila, estonla oila. Estonia rÿdolaže – Tallinn. 2. Using the example, write about other Finno-Ugric peoples: Mari, Udmurt, Hungarian, Mordovian. Translate into Russian. 2. Using the example, write about other Finno-Ugric peoples: Mari, Udmurt, Hungarian, Mordovian. Translate into Russian.

The origin and early history of the Finno-Ugric peoples remain the subject of scientific debate to this day. The most common opinion among researchers is that in ancient times there was a single group of people who spoke a common Finno-Ugric proto-language. The ancestors of the current Finno-Ugric peoples until the end of the third millennium BC. e. maintained relative unity. They were settled in the Urals and the western Urals, and possibly also in some adjacent areas.

In that era, called Finno-Ugric, their tribes came into contact with the Indo-Iranians, which was reflected in myths and languages. Between the third and second millennia BC. e. separated from each other Ugric And Finno-Permian branches. Among the peoples of the latter, who settled in a western direction, independent subgroups of languages ​​gradually emerged and became isolated:

• Baltic-Finnish,
• Volga-Finnish,
• Permian

As a result of the transition of the population of the Far North to one of the Finno-Ugric dialects, the Sami were formed. The Ugric group of languages ​​disintegrated by the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. The Baltic-Finnish division occurred at the beginning of our era. Perm lasted a little longer - until the eighth century.

Contacts of Finno-Ugric tribes with Baltic, Iranian, Slavic, Turkic, and Germanic peoples played a major role in the separate development of these languages.

Settlement area

Finno-Ugric peoples today mainly live in Northwestern Europe. Geographically, they are settled over a vast territory from Scandinavia to the Urals, Volga-Kama, lower and middle Tobol region.

The Hungarians are the only people of the Finno-Ugric ethno-linguistic group who formed their own state away from other related tribes - in the Carpathian-Danube region.

The total number of peoples speaking Uralic languages ​​(these include Finno-Ugric and Samoyed) is 23-24 million people. The most numerous representatives are Hungarians. There are more than 15 million of them in the world. They are followed by Finns and Estonians (5 and 1 million people, respectively). Most other Finno-Ugric ethnic groups live in modern Russia.

Finno-Ugric ethnic groups in Russia

Russian settlers flocked en masse to the lands of the Finno-Ugrians in the 16th-18th centuries. Most often, the process of their settlement in these areas occurred peacefully, but some indigenous peoples (for example, the Mari) for a long time and fiercely resisted the annexation of their region to the Russian state.

The Christian religion, writing, and urban culture, introduced by the Russians, over time began to displace local beliefs and dialects. People moved to cities, moved to Siberian and Altai lands - where Russian was the main and common language. However, he (especially his northern dialect) absorbed many Finno-Ugric words - this is most noticeable in the field of toponyms and names of natural phenomena.

In some places, the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia mixed with the Turks, converting to Islam. However, a significant part of them were still assimilated by the Russians. Therefore, these peoples do not constitute a majority anywhere, even in those republics that bear their name. However, according to the 2002 population census, there are very significant Finno-Ugric groups in Russia.

• Mordovians (843 thousand people),
• Udmurts (almost 637 thousand),
• Mari (604 thousand),
• Komi-Zyryans (293 thousand),
• Komi-Permyaks (125 thousand),
• Karelians (93 thousand).

The number of some peoples does not exceed thirty thousand people: Khanty, Mansi, Vepsians. The Izhorians number 327 people, and the Vod people number only 73 people. Hungarians, Finns, Estonians, and Sami also live in Russia.

Development of Finno-Ugric culture in Russia

In total, sixteen Finno-Ugric peoples live in Russia. Five of them have their own national-state entities, and two have national-territorial ones. Others are dispersed throughout the country. At the national and local levels, programs are being developed with the support of which the culture of the Finno-Ugric peoples, their customs and dialects is being studied. Thus, Sami, Khanty, Mansi are taught in primary schools, and Komi, Mari, Udmurt, and Mordovian languages ​​are taught in secondary schools in those regions where large groups of the corresponding ethnic groups live.

There are special laws on culture and languages ​​(Mari El, Komi). Thus, in the Republic of Karelia there is a law on education that enshrines the right of Vepsians and Karelians to study in their native language. The priority for the development of the cultural traditions of these peoples is determined by the Law on Culture. Also, the republics of Mari El, Udmurtia, Komi, Mordovia, and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug have their own concepts and programs for national development. The Foundation for the Development of Cultures of the Finno-Ugric Peoples has been created and operates (on the territory of the Mari El Republic).

Finno-Ugric peoples: appearance

The ancestors of the current Finno-Ugrians were the result of a mixture of Paleo-European and Paleo-Asian tribes. Therefore, the appearance of all the peoples of this group contains both Caucasoid and Mongoloid features. Some scientists even put forward a theory about the existence of an independent race - the Ural, which is “intermediate” between Europeans and Asians, but this version has few supporters.

Finno-Ugrians are heterogeneous in anthropological terms. However, any representative of the Finno-Ugric people possesses characteristic “Ural” features to one degree or another. This is, as a rule, of average height, very light hair color, a snub nose, a wide face, and a sparse beard. But these features manifest themselves in different ways.

Thus, the Erzya Mordvins are tall, have blond hair and blue eyes. Mordvins-Moksha - on the contrary, are shorter, with wide cheekbones, and darker hair. The Udmurts and Mari often have characteristic “Mongolian” eyes with a special fold at the inner corner of the eye - epicanthus, very wide faces, and a thin beard. But at the same time, their hair, as a rule, is blond and red, and their eyes are blue or gray, which is typical for Europeans, but not Mongoloids. The “Mongolian fold” is also found among the Izhorians, Vodians, Karelians and even Estonians. Komi people look different. Where there are mixed marriages with the Nenets, representatives of this people have braided hair and black hair. Other Komi, on the contrary, are more like Scandinavians, but have wider faces.

Religion and language

Finno-Ugric peoples living in European Russia are predominantly Orthodox Christians. However, the Udmurts and Mari in some places managed to preserve the ancient (animistic) religion, and the Samoyed peoples and inhabitants of Siberia - shamanism.

Finno-Ugric languages ​​are related to modern Finnish and Hungarian. The peoples who speak them make up the Finno-Ugric ethnolinguistic group. Their origin, territory of settlement, commonality and differences in external features, culture, religion and traditions are the subjects of global research in the field of history, anthropology, geography, linguistics and a number of other sciences. This review article will try to briefly cover this topic.

Peoples included in the Finno-Ugric ethnolinguistic group

Based on the degree of similarity of languages, researchers divide the Finno-Ugric peoples into five subgroups. The basis of the first, Baltic-Finnish, are Finns and Estonians - peoples with their own states. They also live in Russia. The Setu, a small group of Estonians, are settled in the Pskov region. The most numerous of the Baltic-Finnish peoples of Russia are the Karelians. In everyday life they use three autochthonous dialects, while Finnish is considered their literary language. In addition, the same subgroup includes the Vepsians and Izhorians - small peoples who have preserved their languages, as well as the Vod (there are less than a hundred people left, their own language has been lost) and the Livs.

Second– Sami (or Lapp) subgroup. The main part of the peoples who gave it its name are settled in Scandinavia. In Russia, the Sami live on the Kola Peninsula. Researchers suggest that in ancient times these peoples occupied a larger territory, but were subsequently pushed further north. At the same time, their own language was replaced by one of the Finnish dialects.

On the third the subgroup that makes up the Finno-Ugric peoples - the Volga-Finnish - includes the Mari and Mordovians. The Mari are the main part of the population of the Mari El Republic; they also live in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia and a number of other Russian regions. They have two literary languages ​​(with which, however, not all researchers agree). Mordva – autochthonous population of the Republic of Mordovia; at the same time, a significant part of the Mordvins are settled throughout Russia. This people consists of two ethnographic groups, each with its own literary written language.

Fourth the subgroup is called Permian. It includes the Komi, Komi-Permyaks, and also the Udmurts. Even before October 1917, in terms of literacy (though in Russian), the Komi were approaching the most educated peoples of Russia - Jews and Russian Germans. As for the Udmurts, their dialect has been preserved for the most part in the villages of the Udmurt Republic. Residents of cities, as a rule, forget both the indigenous language and customs.

TO fifth, the Ugric subgroup includes the Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi. Although the lower reaches of the Ob and the northern Urals are separated by many kilometers from the Hungarian state on the Danube, these peoples are actually the closest relatives. The Khanty and Mansi belong to the small peoples of the North.

Disappeared Finno-Ugric tribes

The Finno-Ugric peoples also included tribes, mentions of which are currently preserved only in chronicles. So, Merya people lived between the Volga and Oka rivers in the first millennium AD - there is a theory that he subsequently merged with the Eastern Slavs.

The same thing happened with Muromoy. This is an even more ancient people of the Finno-Ugric ethno-linguistic group, who once inhabited the Oka basin. Researchers call the long-vanished Finnish tribes that lived along the Onega and Northern Dvina rivers miracle(according to one hypothesis, they were the ancestors of modern Estonians).

Commonality of languages ​​and culture

Having declared the Finno-Ugric languages ​​as a single group, researchers emphasize this commonality as the main factor uniting the peoples who speak them. However, the Ural ethnic groups, despite the similarity in the structure of their languages, still do not always understand each other. Thus, a Finn will certainly be able to communicate with an Estonian, an Erzyan with a Moksha, and an Udmurt with a Komi. However, the peoples of this group, geographically distant from each other, must make quite a lot of effort to identify common features in their languages ​​that would help them conduct a conversation.

The linguistic kinship of the Finno-Ugric peoples is primarily traced in the similarity of linguistic constructions. This significantly influences the formation of the thinking and worldview of peoples. Despite the differences in cultures, this circumstance contributes to the emergence of mutual understanding between these ethnic groups. At the same time, the unique psychology determined by the thought process in these languages ​​enriches universal human culture with their unique vision of the world.

Thus, unlike the Indo-Europeans, the representative of the Finno-Ugric people is inclined to treat nature with exceptional respect. Finno-Ugric culture also largely contributed to the desire of these peoples to peacefully adapt to their neighbors - as a rule, they preferred not to fight, but to migrate, preserving their identity. Also, a characteristic feature of the peoples of this group is openness to ethnocultural exchange. In search of ways to strengthen relationships with related peoples, they maintain cultural contacts with all those who surround them.

Basically, the Finno-Ugric people managed to preserve their languages ​​and basic cultural elements. The connection with ethnic traditions in this area can be seen in their national songs, dances, music, traditional dishes, and clothing. Also, many elements of their ancient rituals have survived to this day: wedding, funeral, memorial.

Peoples speaking Finno-Ugric (Finnish Ugric) languages. Finno-Ugric languages. constitute one of the two branches (along with the Samoyed) level. language families. According to the linguistic principle of F.U.N. are divided into groups: Baltic Finnish (Finns, Karelians, Estonians... Ural Historical Encyclopedia

Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia Ethnopsychological Dictionary

FINNO-UGRIAN PEOPLES OF RUSSIA- the peoples of our country (Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Khanty, Mansi, Sami, Karelians), living in the north of the European part, in the northern, central and southern parts of the Urals and descending from the Ananyin archaeological culture (VII III... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

Finno-Ugric languages- Finno-Ugric Taxon: branch Area: Hungary, Norway, Russia, Finland, Sweden, Estonia, etc. Classification ... Wikipedia

Finno-Ugric tribes and peoples

Finno-Ugric tribes- Finno-Hungarian peoples (Finno-Ugric peoples) are a group of peoples speaking Finno-Hungarian languages, living in stripes in Western Siberia, Central and Eastern Europe. Contents 1 Representatives of the Finno-Ugric peoples 2 History 3 Links ... Wikipedia

Finno-Ugric languages- Finno-Ugric languages ​​are a family of languages ​​that are part of a larger genetic group of languages ​​called the Uralic languages. Before the genetic relationship of the Samoyed languages ​​with the Finno-Ugric languages ​​was proven, the F.-u. I. was considered... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

Finno-Ugric (or Finno-Ugric) peoples- population speaking Finno-Ugric languages. A group of Finno-Ugric languages, one of two branches of the Uralic language family. Divided into language groups (ethnic groups corresponding to them): Baltic Finnish (Finnish, Izhorian, Karelian, Lyudikovsky, ... ... Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary.

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• Leningrad region. Did you know? , . The Leningrad region is a region with a rich history. Did you know that its territory has long been inhabited by the Slavs and Finno-Ugric peoples, who together created Northern Rus'? The great... Buy for 380 rubles took place here
• Monuments of the Fatherland. Almanac, No. 33 (1-2/1995). Complete description of Russia. Udmurtia, . Different peoples have lived on our land as good neighbors for centuries. The ancient Finno-Ugric tribes left traces of their high culture and art here. Their descendants, the Udmurts, preserved the marching...