Big 7 countries and their capitals. "Big Seven" (G7)

Answer: Group of Seven (G7) is an international club uniting the countries: Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Canada, USA, France. The G7 is not an international organization, it is not based on an international treaty, and does not have a charter or secretariat. G7 countries - Germany (capital - Berlin), Great Britain (capital - London), France (capital - Paris), Italy (capital - Rome), Japan (capital - Tokyo), Canada (capital - Ottawa), USA ( capital - Washington).

Ticket number 9

1. Describe the group of economically developed countries

These currently include approximately 40 countries. All of them are distinguished by a high level of economic and social development of GDP. This group of countries is heterogeneous and is divided into 4 subgroups.

1. The G7 of Western countries, which includes the USA, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy and Canada. These are countries that are leaders in economics and politics. GDP per capita is from 30 to 50 thousand dollars.

2. Smaller Western European countries have the same GDP per capita as the G7 countries.

3. Includes non-European countries - Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. These are former settler colonies of Great Britain. Israel belongs to this group.

4. Is in the formative stage. It was formed in 1997. This subgroup includes the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong (Hong Kong) and Taiwan. In 2001 Cyprus was included.

2. Tell us about the global problem of developing the resources of the World Ocean

As a result of industrial and scientific activities within the World Ocean and coastal zone, a special component of the World Economy arose - the marine economy. It includes human settlement in the coastal zone and industries such as mining, manufacturing, energy, fisheries, transport, trade and tourism. In total, about 100 million people are employed in the maritime sector.

This activity has given rise to a global ocean problem. Its essence lies in the extremely uneven development of the World Ocean, in the increasing pollution of the marine environment, and in its use as an arena for military activity. As a result, over the past decades, the intensity of life in the World Ocean has decreased by 1/3. As a result of global warming, sea levels are rising sharply. This threatens to flood 20% of coastal areas.

To resolve the problems of the World Ocean, the adopted UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which is called the “Charter of the Seas,” is of great importance. It established economic zones of 200 nautical miles from the coast, within which coastal economies can exploit biological and mineral resources.

The main way to solve the problem of using the World Ocean is rational oceanic environmental management, an integrated approach to its wealth based on the combined efforts of the entire world community.

On an outline map of the world, mark the borders of at least 5 countries with the highest natural population growth.

Answer: Countries with the highest natural increase are the UAE, Niger, Kuwait, Yemen, Ethiopia.

Ticket number 10

1. Describe the geography of the chemical industry

The 20th century was a century of rapid development of the chemical industry. It produces products from carbohydrates and minerals through chemical processing.

The chemical industry can be divided into 2 sub-sectors: the organic synthesis industry and basic chemistry.

The location of chemical industry enterprises is determined by the availability of raw materials (coal, natural gas, oil, rock salt, sulfur, phosphates, metallurgical waste, etc.)

The chemical industry is most developed in developing countries of the world. The leader is the USA (25% of world production). In Europe, the following countries stand out: pharmaceuticals - France, Germany; perfumery – France, Great Britain; cosmetics – France, Sweden.

The chemical industry is located in ports where there are raw materials (oil, gas). Old industrial areas: Ruhr (Germany), Donbass (Ukraine).

In developing countries, the chemical industry focuses on the export of raw materials and import of products from developed countries.

Main areas: Western Europe,

North America,

East and Southeast Asia.

2. Reveal the essence of the global environmental problem. Give examples

As a result of irrational environmental management, it has already led to the degradation of the global ecological system. In some countries, the environmental situation has become tense, reaching the level of an environmental crisis. The concept of an ecological crisis region, and in some cases, of areas with a catastrophic environmental situation, arose.

For example: The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986, the accident at the Japanese nuclear power plant Fukushima-1 in 2011.

Russian scientists identify 3 main centers of disturbance of natural ecosystems:

1. European center (area 8 million km2)

2. Asian center (area 7 million km 2)

3. North American center (area 9 million km 2)

In each of these centers, natural ecosystems have been preserved only on 5-10% of the territory.

Global environmental threat – climate warming. The cause of warming is emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Climate warming leads to the melting of glaciers, a decrease in river flows, the spread of droughts, a shift in traditional agricultural zones, an increase in droughts, floods, volcanic eruptions, typhoons, and tsunamis.

The so-called Group of Seven was formed in the 70s of the twentieth century. It can hardly be called a full-fledged organization. It is rather a simple international forum. Nevertheless, the list of which is given in this article has influence on the world political arena.

Briefly about G7

"Big Seven", "Group of Seven" or simply G7 - this club of leading states is called differently in the world. It is a mistake to call this forum an international organization, since this community does not have its own charter and secretariat. And the decisions made by the G7 are not binding.

Initially, the abbreviation G7 included the decoding of “Group of Seven” (in the original: Group of Seven). However, Russian journalists interpreted it as the Great Seven back in the early 1990s. After this, the term “Big Seven” became entrenched in Russian journalism.

Our article lists all the G7 countries (the list is presented below), as well as their capitals.

History of the formation of the international club

Initially, the Group of Seven had a G6 format (Canada joined the club a little later). The leaders of the six leading states of the planet first met in this format in November 1975. The initiator of the meeting was French President Valéry Giscard D'Estaing. The main topics of that meeting were the problems of unemployment, inflation, and the global energy crisis.

In 1976, Canada joined the group, and in the 1990s, the G7 was replenished with Russia, gradually transforming into

The idea of ​​creating such a forum was in the air back in the early 70s of the last century. The powers that be were prompted to such thoughts by the energy crisis, as well as the worsening relations between Europe and the United States. Since 1976, the G7 has met annually.

The following section lists all G7 countries. The list includes the capitals of all these states. Representatives from each country are also listed (as of 2015).

"Big Seven" countries of the world (list)

Which states are included today?

Below are all the G7 countries (list) and their capitals:

1. USA, Washington (representative - Barack Obama).
2. Canada, Ottawa (Justin Trudeau).
3. Japan, Tokyo (Shinzo Abe).
4. Great Britain, London (David Cameron).
5. Germany, Berlin (Angela Merkel).
6. France Paris
7. Italy, Rome (Mateo Renzi).

If you look at the political map, you can conclude that the countries that are part of the G7 are concentrated exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere of the planet. Four of them are in Europe, one is in Asia, and two more states are located in America.

G7 summits

The G7 countries meet annually at their summits. Meetings are held in turn in the cities of each state from among the members of the “Group”. This unspoken rule continues to this day.

A number of famous cities hosted the G7 summits: London, Tokyo, Bonn, St. Petersburg, Munich, Naples and others. Some of them managed to host leading world politicians twice or even three times.

The topics of the G7 meetings and conferences vary. In the 1970s, issues of inflation and unemployment were most often raised, the problem of the rapid rise in oil prices was discussed, and dialogue was being established between East and West. In the 1980s, the G7 became concerned about AIDS and the rapid growth of the world's population. In the early 1990s, the world experienced a lot of major geopolitical cataclysms (the collapse of the USSR and Yugoslavia, the formation of new states, etc.). Of course, all these processes became the main topic of discussion at the G7 summits.

The new millennium has brought new global problems: climate change, poverty, local military conflicts and others.

G7 and Russia

In the mid-90s, Russia began to actively integrate into the work of the G7. Already in 1997, G7, in fact, changed its format and turned into G8.

The Russian Federation remained a member of the elite international club until 2014. In June, the country was even preparing to host the G8 summit in Sochi. However, the leaders of the other seven states refused to take part in it, and the summit was moved to Brussels. The reason for this was the conflict in Ukraine and the fact of annexation of the Crimean Peninsula to the territory of the Russian Federation. The leaders of the USA, Canada, Germany and other G7 countries do not yet see the possibility of returning Russia to the G7.

Finally...

The G7 countries (the list of which is presented in this article) undoubtedly have a significant influence on the Throughout the history of its existence, the G7 has held several dozen meetings and forums at which pressing issues and global problems were discussed. The members of the G7 are the USA, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Germany, France and Italy.

Sections: Geography

Class: 11

Goals:

• Expand your knowledge on the topic “G7 countries”
• Formation of the ability to self-assess the level of one’s knowledge
• Creation of photographic sketches of the G7 countries

Equipment: multimedia, computer visual aid for the lesson, student presentations by country, political map of the world

During the classes

1. Organizational moment

• Attention students.
• Voicing the topic (Presentation (Appendix 8), slide 1)
• Teacher's opening remarks (Presentation, slide 2–18)

There are about 267 states and territories on the PC world. They are all very diverse. This diversity is determined by a number of reasons: GDP, wealth or poverty in natural resources, climatic features, population size, national composition, area of ​​the state, etc. But the most important distinguishing feature is their economic development. According to the UN classification, approximately 60 states are classified as economically developed. They are distinguished by a higher level of economic and social development. A special group consists of the G7 countries: USA, Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan. They account for more than half of world industrial production and over 25% of agricultural products. The gross domestic product in these countries ranges from 10 to 20 thousand US dollars per year per person.

• Lesson objectives (Presentation, slide 19)
• General physical and geographical information about the G7 countries (Presentation, slide 20–74)

2. Main part of the lesson

Photo sketches of the G7 countries - student project work.

Preliminary task before the open lesson: Based on these texts and additional literature, present an information project on any G7 state. Project protection time 3-5 min

1) Business card of the country (Presentation “USA” (Appendix 1))

A. USA

Territory – 9.4 million km2.

Population – 276 million people. (2000).

The capital is Washington.

The USA is the most economically developed country in the West. The country consists of 50 states and the District of Columbia. The United States' access to the Atlantic and Pacific oceans promotes, on the one hand, transport and economic ties with many countries, and on the other, isolates the country from hotbeds of war and tension in Europe and Asia.

Currently, the USA is a federal republic.

The head of state is the president. A significant part of the country's territory has favorable natural conditions for life and economic activity. In general, the United States is distinguished by a variety of natural conditions and a wealth of natural resources.

The United States stands out for its rich and diverse mineral resources. Fuel and energy resources are especially large. There are also large reserves of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores and mining and chemical raw materials.

Despite the presence of a rich mineral resource base, the United States is still forced to import nickel, manganese, cobalt, bauxite, tin, and potassium salts.

The climatic conditions of the United States are varied. Most of the territory lies in the temperate and subtropical climate zone, only the south of Florida is tropical. Alaska is located in the subarctic and temperate zones, and Hawaii is in the marine tropical zone.

The USA is the third most populous country in the world.

Immigration played a huge role in shaping the US population.

The average annual birth rate is 16 ppm, the death rate is 9 ppm. Life expectancy is 73 years for men and 80 years for women.

In the modern US population (more than 100 ethnic groups in total), there are three main ethnic groups - US Americans, transitional immigrant groups and aboriginal groups.

The USA is one of the most urbanized countries in the world (75% are city dwellers). As in all economically developed countries, the process of suburbanization is widespread in the United States.

Now there are three such megacities in the country - Boswash, Chipits, San-San.

The United States has powerful economic, scientific, technical and military potential; in many ways, the country determines the politics of the modern world.

The country's current GNP is unparalleled. The USA is the world's largest producer of industrial and agricultural products. The country is one of the top three world leaders in the production of oil, natural gas, coal and steel smelting, and is a leader in the production of electricity, the level of development of the chemical industry, the smelting of non-ferrous metals, the production of cars and aircraft, and the level of development of electronics, electrical engineering and the aerospace industry.

The US's international specialization sectors are the electrical and electronics industry, aerospace, military, nuclear, etc.

In general, under the influence of scientific and technological revolution in the sectoral structure of GNP, there is a reduction in the share of material production and an increase in the non-production sphere.

The US plays a very prominent role in world trade. But although the country surpasses all other economically developed countries in terms of foreign trade turnover, the dependence of the US economy on foreign trade is less than in foreign Europe.

B. Germany(Presentation “Germany” (Appendix 2))

General economic and geographical characteristics of Germany

Territory - 356.9 thousand km 2.

Population – 82.3 million people. (2000).

The capital is Berlin.

Germany is a state in Central Europe. It borders the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Denmark.

The peculiarities of the EGP played an important role in the development of the country: its location in the center of Europe, surrounded by economically highly developed states, at the intersection of major transport routes, and its coastal location.

Germany is a parliamentary republic. According to the territorial and political structure - federation.

Among the countries of foreign Europe, Germany stands out for its coal reserves (1st place) - mainly in the Ruhr, Saar, and Aachen basins. Quite large deposits of natural gas are located in the north of Germany. There are iron ore reserves, but their quality is low. In the north of the German Lowland there are significant deposits of rock salt. There are reserves of potassium and magnesium salts.

The climatic conditions of the country - a transitional climate from maritime to continental - are favorable for living and farming.

The rivers Rhine, Ems, Weser, Elbe, and Danube are of great economic importance. About 30% of the territory is covered with forests, but they are secondary; primary forests have practically not survived in the country.

In terms of population, Germany ranks first in Western Europe. The country is characterized by a decrease in the birth rate and natural population growth

The vast majority of residents are Germans. The predominant religion is Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism). Urbanization level – 87%.

Germany is one of the most developed countries in the world. In terms of GDP and industrial production, it is second only to the United States and Japan.

The role of Germany in the MGRT is determined by its industry, which specializes in the production of high-quality products.

In general, the share of manufacturing industries in the industrial structure is very high (more than 90%), the share of extractive industries is declining, and the share of knowledge-intensive industries is growing.

Agriculture – uses about 50% of the territory; The industry’s contribution to the country’s GDP is 1%, more than 60% of all production comes from livestock farming, where cattle breeding and pig breeding stand out. The main grain crops are wheat, rye, oats, and barley. Germany is completely self-sufficient in grain. Potatoes and beets are also grown; along the valleys of the Rhine and its tributaries - viticulture, gardening, tobacco growing.

In terms of total foreign trade, Germany ranks second in the world after the United States. The main trading partners of Germany are EU countries; recently the markets of Eastern Europe and Russia have been developed.

In exports, the share of industrial products exceeds 90%; in imports, finished products also predominate, but raw materials and fuel have a large share.

B. Japan(Presentation “Japan” (Appendix 3))

Territory - 372 thousand square meters. km.

Population - 127 million people. (2000).

The capital is Tokyo.

Japan is an archipelago country located on four large and almost four thousand small islands. The largest islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku.

The economic and geographical position of Japan is determined primarily by the fact that it is located in the center of the Asia-Pacific region, which contributes to the country's active participation in the international geographical division of labor.

In what is now Japan, the oldest human traces found date back to the Paleolithic period.

During the feudal period, Japan was isolated from other countries. After the incomplete bourgeois revolution of 1867-1868, it embarked on the path of rapid capitalist development. Japan is now a constitutional monarchy. The highest body of state power and the only legislative body is parliament.

About 80% of the territory is occupied by mountains and hills with highly dissected relief with an average height of 1600–1700 m. There are about 200 volcanoes, 90 active, including the highest peak - Mount Fuji (3,776 m). Frequent volcanoes also have a significant impact on the Japanese economy. earthquakes and tsunamis.

The country is poor in mineral resources, so Japan is the largest importer of raw materials.

Approximately 2/3 of the territory, mainly mountainous areas, is covered with forests (more than half of the forests are artificial plantations).

Japan has many rivers, deep, fast and rapids, unsuitable for navigation, but a source for hydropower and irrigation.

Japan is one of the top ten countries in the world in terms of population.

The population is nationally homogeneous, about 99% are Japanese. Of other nationalities, the Koreans and Chinese are significant in number. The most common religions are Shintoism and Buddhism. About 80% of the population lives in cities. 11 cities have millionaires. The largest urban agglomerations of Keihin, Hanshin and Chuke merge into the Tokyo metropolis (Tokaido) with a population of more than 60 million people.

Japan is at a post-industrial stage of development, which is characterized by highly developed industry, but the most growing area is the non-manufacturing sector (services, finance, etc.).

Industry is mainly concentrated within the Pacific industrial belt. The main sub-sectors in Japan are electronics and electrical engineering, radio industry and transport engineering.

Japan firmly ranks first in the world in shipbuilding. Japan also ranks first in the world in car production (13 million units per year). The main centers are Toyota, Yokohama, Hiroshima.

Due to the exceptional place of fish and seafood in the Japanese diet, the country fishes in all areas of the World Ocean, has more than three thousand fishing ports and has the largest fishing fleet (over 400 thousand vessels).

All types of transport are developed in Japan with the exception of river and pipeline transport. In terms of cargo transportation volume, the first place belongs to road transport (60%), the second place belongs to sea transport. The role of rail transport is declining, while air transportation is growing. Due to very active foreign economic relations, Japan has the largest merchant fleet in the world.

Japan actively participates in the MGRT, foreign trade occupies a leading place, and the export of capital, production, scientific, technical and other ties are also developed.

G. Canada. (Presentation “Canada” (Appendix 4))

An independent federal state that is part of the British Commonwealth. The form of government is a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the English queen, who has only symbolic, ceremonial powers.

Canada is located in the north of North America. It is washed by the waters of the Arctic, Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In the south, Canada borders the United States, in the north it goes deeper into the Arctic Circle.

The capital of the country, Ottawa, is not the largest city.

The state is rich in many natural resources: oil, gas, coal, non-ferrous and ferrous metals, forest resources.

Canada's population has been shaped by a constant influx of immigrants. The indigenous people of Canada are Indians, Mestizos, and Eskimos. The newcomer population is English-Canadians, French-Canadians, Germans, Italians, Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, Chinese and others.

Canada is a highly urbanized country. The largest years are Toronto and Montreal. This is a highly developed state of the modern world, belonging to the countries of settler capitalism.

A special feature of the Canadian economy is the large role of extractive industries. In the structure of the manufacturing industry, the leading positions are occupied by mechanical engineering, metallurgy, pulp and paper, and petrochemical industries.

The unique nature of the country, numerous national parks and reserves. The main attractions of the country are the famous Jacques-Cartier Bridge, the Canadian Museum of Nature, the Museum of Science and Technology, and the National Gallery of Canada. The most famous is Gatinais Park. Every spring a very colorful tulip festival is held here. Wood Buffalo National Park is a great place to see bison. Yonge Street in Toronto is the longest street in the world.

D. France(Presentation “France” (Appendix 5))

France plays a major role in the global economy and international relations.

The capital of the state is Paris.

The state is located in Western Europe, washed by the North and Mediterranean Seas.

An independent republic with a presidential form of government. The highest legislative power belongs to the bicameral parliament. France includes “overseas departments” - Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guiana, N. Caledonia, French Polynesia, etc.

The state is not rich in mineral resources, but it has a mild climate and picturesque nature. France is a country of tourism.

The cultural center is certainly Paris, which houses the main museums of the country - the Louvre, the Picasso Museum, the Pantheon, the Eiffel Tower, and the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris. A number of magnificent resorts on the Cote d'Azur are famous throughout the world.

The highly developed industry occupies leading positions in the world of nuclear energy, mechanical engineering, and the chemical industry.

The state is highly urbanized. Large industrial centers - Paris, Marseille, Le Havre, Strasbourg.

An environmental experiment is being carried out in cities - panels with solar panels are being installed on the balconies of buildings to convert the energy of the French sun into electricity.

France has the world's highest viaduct - 343 m above the ground.

You can love flowers in different ways. In France they love to eat flowers. They are grown on special farms and supplied to stores. Flowers are added to salads and desserts.

E. Italy(Presentation “Italy” (Appendix 6))

Italy is a typical maritime and mountainous country located on the Apennine Peninsula. Italy also owns the islands of Elba, Sicily and Sardinia. It is washed by 5 seas - Adriatic, Ionian, Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian and Ligurian.

The capital is Rome.

The face of the country is mechanical engineering, textile, clothing industry and subtropical agriculture.

The country's largest industrial centers are Milan, Genoa, Turin, and Venice. Cultural center - Naples and Rome.

Due to the diversity of climate: from subtropical to temperate continental, conditions for life and economic activity are favorable.

Of course, Rome is one of the largest attractions in Italy and the world. Within its borders is the city-state of the Vatican, as well as priceless monuments and ensembles of antiquity

Italians love to organize holidays for themselves. One of them is St. Giovanni's Day. The main event of the holiday is a competition in rolling 80 kg barrels along a 2 km route.

J. UK(Presentation “Great Britain” (Appendix 7))

Great Britain is located on the British Isles and is separated from mainland Europe by the North Sea and the Straits. The isolated position influenced the historical development of the country. It consists of England, Scotland and Wales, located on the largest island of Great Britain, and Northern Ireland, which occupies the northern part of the second largest island of Ireland.

The capital of the country is London.

Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy. Sons inherit the throne according to seniority; in the absence of sons, the throne passes to the eldest daughter. The monarch is considered the head of state, commander-in-chief, head of administration, and secular head of the established Church of England. The monarch is an important symbol of national unity.

National currency – Pound sterling

At the end of the 18th century. Great Britain was the first industrial power in the world, and in the 19th century. it produced more manufactured goods than any other country; she was also a major trader, transporter, banker and investor in the world economy. However, at the beginning of the 20th century. The industrial strength of the British economy was based on only a few industries. The production of coal, textiles, iron and steel accounted for almost half of all industrial income. Shipbuilding, railroad equipment, and other heavy machinery tied to coal mining and steel smelting played an important role.

Today Great Britain is a country with a mixed economy. Most manufacturing and many services are performed by private enterprises; the sphere of production is mainly in the hands of the largest firms. The country has developed coal, gas and electric companies, railways, civil aviation, steel mills, shipbuilding, automotive, space,

The largest industrial centers are London, Birmingham, Liverpool, and Newcastle.

UK engineers have developed a self-destructing mobile phone case. If you bury it in the ground, it will turn to dust. There is a flower seed in the phone body. Therefore, after some time, a green sprout sprouts.
A vessel for storing liquefied gases was invented by the Englishman Jace Dewar. The liquid oxygen poured into it with a boiling point of -183°C did not boil, but behaved like simple water.

British artist Adrien Fisher has an amazing profession - most of his creations can only be seen from a bird's eye view. The designer of landscape labyrinths covers the earth's surface with his extraordinary plant mosaics and patterns.

The Natural History Museum in London houses a virtual paleontological museum.

A meal in the country of Foggy Albion traditionally ends with pudding. Its preparation takes pride of place in English cuisine.

This is a state with the legendary Stonehenge, the edge of the waterfalls and the Loch Ness Monster Museum.

3. Consolidation is carried out in several stages

A) Geographical labyrinth(Presentation, slide 75-76)

• The peninsula on which Italy is located. ( Apennine)
• Mountains in the western USA. ( Cordillera)
• Southern neighbor of the USA. ( Mexico)
• Every fourth earthquake occurs in this country. ( Japan)
• Form of government in Japan. ( Toinstitutional monarchy)
• The largest river in Germany. ( Rhine)
• Native people of the USA. ( AndIndians)
• Which country owns the Fiat automobile company? ( Italy)
• Japanese art of arranging bouquets. ( Andcabana)
• The main agricultural crop of Japan. ( Ris)
• The largest of the Japanese islands. ( Honshu)
• Mountains in northern Italy. ( Alps)
• Southwestern neighbor of France. ( Spain)
• Form of government in the USA. ( Rrepublic)
• The largest river in the United States, called the “father of waters.” ( Mississippi)
• National religion of the Japanese. ( WithIntoism)
• Which country owns the Honda automobile company? ( Japan)
• Growing dwarf trees in Japan. ( bansai)
• The main agricultural crop of Canada. ( Wheat)
• The world's first steam locomotives appeared in this country. ( England)
• Currency unit of Italy. ( AndTalian lira)
• The tallest volcano in Japan. ( Fujiyama)
• Sea east of Great Britain. ( Northern)
• National heavyweight wrestling in Japan. ( Withmind you)
• Currency unit of Japan. ( Jena)
• The world's first metro was built in this country. ( England)
• The largest island in the world off the coast of Canada. ( Greenland)
• Which country owns the Volkswagen automobile company? ( Germany)
• A dwarf state in Italy. ( Vatican)
• In what country was the robot musician created? ( Japan)

B) Final point (Presentation, slide 77–84)

Exercise: Using the outline, identify the G7 country. Match the name of the country, its capital and national flag with the outline.

B) Written work (test, 5 min) (Presentation, slide 85–93)

4. Conclusion(Presentation, slide 94–95)

So, we got acquainted with the nature, population and economy of the G7 countries. These are the seven economic leaders of the modern world, distinguished by the largest scale of economic and social development. These are advanced powers with great productive power and enormous development potential. These countries account for about half of the world's gross product and industrial production, and a quarter of agricultural production. Their leadership is determined not only by their large size and population, but by their role in world politics and economics, a high level of labor productivity and a high level of development of science and technology.

5. Lesson summary

Work on the political map of the world.

Exercise: Show the G7 countries on the political map of the world, name the countries and their capitals.

Grading.

"(G7, G7) is an association of seven leading economically developed countries, which includes the USA, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, France, Italy and Canada.

The decision to hold meetings of the leaders of the industrialized countries of the world was taken in the early 1970s due to financial instability and the first oil crisis caused by the decision of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to impose an embargo on oil supplies to Western countries that supported Israel in Yom Kippur War (1973).

The origins of the G7 were laid by a meeting of the finance ministers of France, Germany, the United States and Great Britain, who, realizing the need to regulate economic and fiscal policies, met on March 25, 1973 in the White House library, thereby forming the so-called “library group”. In September 1973, Japan joined the Quartet. The finance ministers of the five countries met periodically until the mid-1980s.

The first meeting of the leaders of six industrialized countries - the USA, Japan, France, Great Britain, Germany and Italy - took place on November 15-17, 1975 in Rambouillet (France) on the initiative of French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

The final declaration of the meeting in Rambouillet, along with agreed assessments of the main world trade, monetary, financial and economic problems, spoke of the priority importance of providing the economies of Western countries with “sufficient” energy resources. The main directions for overcoming the energy crisis were agreed upon: reducing imports of energy resources and their conservation; rational use of natural resources and development of alternative energy sources; ensuring more balanced conditions in the global energy market through cooperation with energy producing countries. It was noted that “the growth of the world economy is direct.”

In 1976, Canada joined the six. Since 1977, representatives of the European Union have attended G7 meetings.

Initially, the G7 dealt exclusively with monetary policy issues. At the turn of the 1970s and 1980s, the association began to deal with a wider range of issues. The leaders discussed political and military issues (terrorism, security, missile launchers in Europe, weapons and nuclear energy, the situation in Afghanistan, institutional cooperation, the future of Central and Eastern Europe, reform of the UN and the IMF), social (sustainable development, protection of human rights, support developing countries to reduce their debt), environmental issues (climate change, greenhouse gas emissions) and economic issues (international trade, debt crisis, economic assistance, macroeconomic policy coordination).

Russia first joined the G7 in 1991, when USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev was invited to a meeting of the Club of Seven. He did not directly participate in the summit, but met with the G7 leaders both individually and as a group and discussed in detail plans for Soviet economic and political reform.

In 1992, the first president of Russia, Boris Yeltsin, took part in the G7 meeting in Munich. A number of bilateral and group meetings with G7 leaders formally remained outside the scope of the summit.

For the first time, Russia took part in political discussions as a full-fledged partner at the 1994 summit in Naples (Italy). In 1997, at a summit in Denver (USA), Russia joined the Group of Seven with restrictions on participation in the discussion of certain financial and other economic issues.

In 1998, in Birmingham (UK), the G7 officially became the G8 with Russia as a full member.

Under the chairmanship of Russia, the G8 summit was first held in 2006 in the St. Petersburg suburb of Strelna. The three main agenda items for the summit were energy security, health/infectious diseases and education. Other topics included: intellectual property piracy, anti-corruption, trade, terrorism, stabilization and post-conflict reconstruction, non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the Middle East and Africa.

In 2014, the G8 summit, but on March 3, the White House press service issued a statement that the G7 countries had stopped preparing for the G8 summit in Sochi because of the Russian position on Crimea and Ukraine.

On June 4-5, 2014, the leaders of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Great Britain, the United States, the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission held their own summit in Brussels (Belgium) in the G7 format. The main topic of the meeting.

2015 G7 summit. In the final summary, the countries agreed on an annual allocation of $100 billion until 2020 for climate protection, formulated a goal to reduce global warming by two degrees, recorded support for the fight against terrorist groups like the Islamic State * and Boko Haram, and called for the speedy creation of a national government unity in Libya, which would be an important step in the war against terrorists.

In 2016, the G7 summit was held in Japan. Following the summit, the leaders of the G7 countries adopted a joint declaration and a number of other documents, agreeing on measures to promote global economic growth and a common position on combating terrorism and corruption, as well as on solving a wide range of international problems, including in relations between Russia and Ukraine , around North Korea and Syria.

The "Seven", in particular, had a unified opinion on the need to maintain sanctions against Russia and threatened the possibility of tightening them. At the same time, she emphasized the importance of maintaining a dialogue with Moscow and its constructive efforts to resolve the crisis in Ukraine.

The leaders of the countries discussed issues related to climate change, the fight against terrorism, resolving the migration crisis, Russia, Syria, as well as assistance to African countries in the fight against epidemics and famine.

Following the meetings, the participants adopted a declaration in which, in particular, they confirmed their support for Ukraine, stating that Russia is responsible for this conflict. The leaders also expressed their readiness to tighten sanctions against Moscow if the situation requires it.

The countries also announced their intention to strengthen cooperation in the fight against IS*, in particular in Syria and Iraq. The leaders called for the punishment of those who commit crimes in the name of IS* and use chemical weapons. They also demanded that Russia and Iran exert influence on Damascus to strengthen the ceasefire.

1. Look at Figure 20 on p. 52 textbooks “Quantitative and qualitative changes on the political map of the world.” Give examples that illustrate each of the changes on the political map listed in the figure.

3. The political system of any country is characterized primarily by the form of government. Using the textbook text, name the main forms of government. What are their differences?

The main forms of government are republic and monarchy. Monarchy is characterized by the fact that in this form of government power is inherited, and in republics government representatives are elected by the people.

4. There are two main forms of administrative-territorial structure - unitary and federal. Which one came first? Using the textbook text, name at least three significant differences between these two forms.

Previously, a unitary form of administrative-territorial structure appeared. Differences

1) in a unitary state, all power is concentrated at the level of the state as a whole, the territorial parts do not have independence, but in a federal state, the subjects of competence and powers are divided between the state as a whole (federation) and its constituent parts (subjects of the federation).

2) In a unitary state, government bodies are built in the form of a single hierarchical system with subordination to one center, and in a federation a two-level system of government bodies is provided, according to which federal bodies and bodies of the subjects of the federation exist separately.

3) In a unitary state there is a one-level system of legislation, and in a federal state there is a two-level system of legislation.

5. Name at least five countries: a) with a federal structure:

b) with a unitary device:

a) Denmark, France, China, Great Britain, Sweden.

b) Russia, USA, Brazil, Argentina, India.

7. Label the names of the monarchy countries on the outline map of the world. Where are there the greatest number of them? Why do you think?

The largest number of monarchy countries is concentrated in the Middle East region. This is due to the peculiarities of the culture of these countries.

8. Give a comparative assessment of the political and geographical position of: a) USA; b) Great Britain; c) the People's Republic of China. Think about what indicators you will use to compare. Present your answer in the form of a table.

9. Confirm or refute the thesis of the geographer N.N. Baransky that the political-geographical position refers to historical categories that change over time.

The political-geographical position of a country is its position on the political map of the world. Over the past 100 years, the borders of countries have changed many times, some countries appeared, others disintegrated. As a result, the political and geographical position also changed. For example, Yugoslavia and the USSR no longer exist; new borders have appeared in their place, etc.

10. Match:

Country Capital

1) Sweden; A) Paris

2) India; B) Washington

3) France; B) Stockholm

4) Japan; D) Delhi

5) USA; D) Tokyo

6) Egypt; E) Pretoria

7) South Africa; G) Cairo

8) China; H) Quito

9) Ecuador I) Beijing

Answer 1B; 2G; 3A; 4D; 5 B; 6F; 7E; 8I; 9 Z.

11. Match:

Form of government / Countries

1) monarchy; A) Sweden, Poland, Norway;

2) Republic B) USA, India, Morocco;

B) The Netherlands, Great Britain, Japan;

D) France, Italy, Portugal.

Answer 1B; 2G.

12. Federal states include:

1) India, Canada, Venezuela;

2) Spain, USA, France;

3) Belgium, Germany, Ukraine.

13. Define the concepts:

Dominion is...

Colony is...

Protectorate is...

A Dominion is a de facto independent state within the British Commonwealth, recognizing the head of state as the British monarch, represented in the Dominion by the Governor-General.

A colony is a dependent territory under the authority of a foreign state, without independent political and economic power, governed on the basis of a special regime.

A protectorate is a form of interstate relations in which one state is under the protection (primarily military) of another state.