Works unt. Oral folk art is a source of age-old wisdom

Methodical folder

On children's literature

Student of group Ш-21

GBOU SPO PK No. 15

Sudakov Alexey

I Oral folk art

Small genres of oral folk art

Folk songs

Children's play folklore

Puzzles

Proverbs, sayings

Calendar ritual poetry

Tongue Twisters

Russian folk tales, epics

II Children's literature and children's reading of the 19th century

Fables by I. I Krylova

Folklore.

Artistic, folk art, folklore, artistic creative activity of the working people; poetry, music, theater, dance, architecture, fine and decorative arts created by the people and existing among the masses. In collective arts and creativity, people reflect their work activities, societies, and way of life, knowledge of life and nature, cults and beliefs. Folk art, which has developed in the course of society and labor practice, embodies the views, ideals and aspirations of the people, their poetic imagination, the richest world of thoughts, feelings, experiences, protest against exploitation and oppression, dreams of justice and happiness. Having absorbed the centuries-old experience of the masses, folk art is distinguished by the depth of art, mastery of reality, truthfulness of images, and the power of creative generalization.

Small genres of oral folk art.

Small genres of folklore are folklore works that are small in volume. In some works the definition of children's folklore is found, since such folk works enter a person's life very early, long before mastering speech.

Types of small genres of folklore:

v Lullaby

The lullaby is one of the oldest genres of folklore, as evidenced by the fact that it retains elements of a charm charm. People believed that a person is surrounded by mysterious hostile forces, and if a child sees something bad and scary in a dream, then in reality it will not happen again. That is why you can find the “little gray wolf” and other frightening characters in the lullaby. Later, lullabies lost their magical elements and acquired the meaning of good wishes for the future. So, a lullaby is a song used to lull a child to sleep. Since the song was accompanied by the measured swaying of the child, rhythm is very important in it.

For example:

Bai - bai - bayushki,

Yes, the little bunnies galloped up

Lyuli - lyuli - lyuli,

Yes, the goolushki have arrived.

The ghouls began to walk

Yes, my darling began to fall asleep

Often in lullabies the image of an invisible but powerful creature appears - Slumber or Sleep.

Sandman sits

Drema sits, dozing herself,

Drema sits, dozing herself.

Look at Drem,

Look at the people, Drem,

Look at the people, Drem

Take Drema,

Take Drem whoever you want,

Take Dream whoever you want.

Sandman sits

Drema sits, dozing herself,

Drema sits, dozing herself

A whole cycle of lullabies is associated with the image of a domestic cat.

You cats, cats, cats,

You have yellow tails.

You cats, cats, cats,

Bring the naps

v Pestushka

Pestushka (from the word nurture, that is, to nurse, groom) is a short poetic chant of nannies and mothers who nurture a baby. The pestle accompanies the child’s actions that he performs at the very beginning of his life. For example, when the child wakes up, the mother strokes and caresses him, saying:

Stretchers, stretchers,

Across the fat girl

And in the hands of the veil,

And in the mouth there is a talk,

And in the head there is reason.

When a child begins to learn to walk, they say:

Big feet

Walked along the road:

Top, top, top,

Top, top, top.

Little feet

Running along the path:

Top, top, top, top,

Top, top, top, top!

v Nursery rhyme

A nursery rhyme is an element of pedagogy, a song-sentence that accompanies playing with a child’s fingers, arms and legs. Nursery rhymes, like pesters, accompany the development of children. Small rhymes and songs allow you to encourage the child to take action in a playful way, while simultaneously performing massage, physical exercises, and stimulating motor reflexes. This genre of children's folklore provides incentives to play out the plot using fingers (finger games or Ladushki), hands, and facial expressions. Nursery rhymes help instill in a child the skills of hygiene, order, and develop fine motor skills and the emotional sphere.

Examples: "Magpie"

Option 1.

Magpie-crow (running finger over palm)

Magpie Crow

I gave it to the kids.

(curls fingers)

Gave this one

But she didn’t give it to this:

Why didn't you cut wood?

Why didn't you carry water?

v Jokes

A joke (from bayat, that is, to tell) is a short funny story in poetry that a mother tells her child,

For example:

Owl, owl, owl,

Big head,

She was sitting on a stake,

I looked to the side,

He turned his head.

There were special songs for the games. Games could be

kissing As a rule, these games were played at parties and gatherings (usually ending with a kiss between a young guy and a girl); there were also ritual and seasonal games.

An example of a kissing game:

Drake

The drake chased the duck,

The young man was driving sulfur,

Go home, Ducky,

Go home, Gray,

Duck has seven children,

And the eighth Drake,

And the ninth itself,

Kiss me once!

In this game, the "Duck" stood in the center of the circle, and the "Drake" outside, and played like a game of "cat and mouse". At the same time, those standing in the round dance tried not to let the “drake” into the circle.

v Nicknames

Invocations are one of the types of spell songs of pagan origin. They reflect the interests and ideas of peasants about the economy and family. For example, the spell of a rich harvest runs through all the calendar songs; For themselves, children and adults asked for health, happiness, and wealth.

For example:

Larks, larks!

Come and visit us

Bring us a warm summer,

Take the cold winter away from us.

We're tired of the cold winter,

My hands and feet were frozen.

v Counter

A counting rhyme is a small rhyme that is used to determine who is driving in the game.

For example:

Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,

Aty-baty, to the market.

Atty-batty, what did you buy?

Aty-baty, samovar.

How much does it cost?

Aty-baty, three rubles

Aty-baty, what is he like?

Aty-baty, golden.

Aty-baty, the soldiers were walking,

Aty-baty, to the market.

Atty-batty, what did you buy?

Aty-baty, samovar.

How much does it cost?

Aty-baty, three rubles.

Aty-baty, who's coming out?

Aty-baty, it's me!

v Tongue twister

A tongue twister is a phrase built on a combination of sounds that make it difficult to quickly pronounce words. Tongue twisters are also called “pure twisters” because they contribute to the development of a child’s speech. Tongue twisters can be both rhymed and non-rhymed.

For example:

Greek rode across the river.

He sees a Greek: there is a cancer in the river,

He stuck the Greek's hand into the river -

Cancer for the hand of a Greek - DAC!

The bull was blunt-lipped, the bull was blunt-lipped, the bull's white lip was dull.

From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.

v Tales

Tale is the first intellectual children's game that promotes the development of children. “A child plays not only with pebbles, cubes, dolls, but also with thoughts.

For example:

They told me not to listen to the sparrow,

They said there was no sparrow in sight,

And the sparrow is walking down the street,

In the left wing he carries a violin,

He plays with his right wing,

Jumps from foot to foot.

v Changelings

It is built on the principle of fiction.

For example:

The pigs meowed:

The cats grunted:

Oink! oink! oink!

The ducks croaked:

Kwa! qua! qua!

The chickens quacked:

Quack! quack! quack!

Little Sparrow galloped

And the cow mooed:

A bear came running

And let's roar:

Crow!

v Sentences

A joke is a special type of folk art, close to a proverb and saying: a walking joke, sometimes consisting of a short funny story, sometimes of obscure funny expressions.

Titus, go threshing!

My belly hurts.

Titus, go eat some porridge!

Where's my big spoon?

1.1 Folk songs

Russian folk song is a song whose words and music developed historically during the development of Russian culture. A folk song does not have a specific author, or the author is unknown.

Russian folk songs are divided into:

· Russian song epic:

Russian epics

Northern epic tradition

Siberian epics

South Russian and Central Russian epics

Historical Russian songs

Fables and buffoons

Songs in fairy tales

· Calendar ritual songs:

Congratulatory winter songs.

Yuletide songs.

Maslenitsa songs.

Spring songs.

Semitic songs.

Summer songs.

Songs of the Harvest.

· Family ritual songs:

Birth and nurturing rituals.

Cry and lament.

Wedding ceremonies.

Traditional lyrical Russian songs.

Labor.

· Okhodnik songs include the following:

burlatskie;

Chumatsky;

coachmen;

soldiers;

· The deleted songs include:

prison (Russian chanson).

Separately, comic, satirical, round dances, ditties, choruses, and suffering stand out.

Songs of literary origin.

Cossack military repertoire.

· Genre varieties of songs related to choreography:

Round dance songs

Game songs

Songs and instrumental tunes accompanying the dance

Late dancing

For example:

1. “Oh, you canopy, my canopy”

2. “Lady Lady”

3. “In the Dark Forest”

4. “Deaf, unknown to the taiga”

5. “Two cheerful geese”

1.2 Children's play folklore

Due to age characteristics and the nature of pastime, play folklore occupies a leading position in the oral Ionic creativity of children.

Draw sentences are short rhymed poems (two to four lines) with which games begin when the players need to be divided into two parties. They accompany such children's games as “Hide and Seek”, “Tag”, “Lapta”, “Towns”, etc.

In the drawing of lots, in contrast to the counting game, where all the players participate, they are divided into two. Everyone is faced with a choice, for example: “To be at home or to sail on the sea?”, “A pouring apple or a golden saucer?”

1.3 Puzzles

Riddles for children

There is a little curl in the garden - a white shirt,

Heart of gold. What it is?

/chamomile/

Red beads hanging

They're looking at us from the bushes,

Love these beads very much

Children, birds and bears.

One color in winter and summer.

First the shine

Behind the shine - Crack!

What a wonderful beauty!

painted gate

Showed up on the way

You can't drive into them or enter them.

In winter - a star,

In spring - water.

/snowflake/

1.4 Proverbs, sayings

Proverbs

They teach something.

The road is a spoon for dinner.

Don't go into the forest to be afraid of the wolf.

Birds of a feather flock together.

You can't pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.

Proverb

A proverb is a roundabout expression in which literary beauty and coherence play the main role. A proverb does not finish speaking and does not name things, but it hints very clearly.

Without tasting the taste you won't know

Three women - four gossips

The sky is silent - people speak for it,

The truth is that fire is not scary,

You can't hold a fish by the tail,

The strong will defeat one, knowing a thousand.

1.5 Calendar ritual poetry

Calendar ritual poetry is a group of rituals and literary and artistic genres associated with the folk calendar, which was based on the change of seasons and the schedule of agricultural work. Russian ritual poetry personifies the forces of nature that have significance for agricultural labor: the sun, the earth, the seasons (frost, “red spring,” summer).

· Kalyada holiday

Maslenitsa holiday
Trinity Day
Kupala holiday
Harvest Festival
Harvest Festival
Wedding - household rituals
Pre-wedding rituals
Great songs
Corial songs
Lyrical songs

Polish verse

How many stakes do you have in your barn?

You have so many oxen in your stable.

There is a harvest in the field.

There is offspring in the house;

Good health to all.

Happy good morning

New Year is calm.

Happy and abundant.

For calves, for guys...

Here is the characteristic text of a carol (Russian)

Kalyada has arrived

On the eve of Christmas

Give me the cow

Oil head

And God forbid

Who's in this house?

The rye is thick for him,

Rye is tough;

Him from an ear of octopus (measure of grain)

From the grain he has a carpet,

Half-grain pie.

The Russian caroling is very interesting, in which there is a mysterious picture of some kind of mass action, it is called caroling:

Kalyada was born

On the eve of Christmas.

Behind the mountain behind the steep,

Beyond the river, behind the fast one

The forests are dense,

In those forests the fires are burning,

The lights are burning blazing.

People stand around the lights

People stand caroling:

"Oh Kalyada, Kalyada,

You happen to be Kalyada

On the eve of Christmas.

1.6 Tongue Twisters

Oral folk art is represented by works of various genres and represents a large literary complex.

Genres of folklore

Folk art is usually divided into works of large and small genres, depending on the volume of writing. Children's and adult folklore, epic and lyrical works, etc. are also distinguished. The most famous genres include:

Epics;
Fairy tales;
Songs;
Nursery rhymes and nursery rhymes;
Ditties;
Legends;
Myths.

Despite the fact that the listed works are very heterogeneous and not at all similar to each other, they are united by certain features. The main one is the lack of one text option. Since folklore works were not written down, but were told orally, each storyteller could add something of his own to them, although the original moral (i.e., a useful lesson to the listeners) usually remained unchanged.

Books for the exhibition "Oral Folk Art"

When preparing an exhibition on such a topic, it would be possible to use both individual publications and collections and anthologies. Let's list the most suitable books according to the genres we talked about above.

Epics are stories about heroic defenders of the Russian land, heroes. From them, one could choose the following books: “Ilya-Muromets and Nightingale the Robber”, “Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin the Serpent”, “Volga Mstislavovich and Mikula Selyaninovich”, “Svyatogor the Hero”, etc.

Fairy tales are the most numerous group of works of oral folk art. Therefore, it would be easier to display collections rather than individual books at the exhibition. For example, a collection of folk tales by A. Afanasyev, which contains the most outstanding works of this genre.

Songs, nursery rhymes, pestushki and ditties are supposed to be performed to music, so it would be possible to send to the exhibition not only collections with texts (for example, the famous edition "Rainbow-Duga", which contains samples of children's folklore), but also the notes on which the works are performed singers

In addition, the exhibition could be supplemented with various encyclopedias and anthologies about Slavic culture, mythology, way of life, traditions, etc.

Oral folk art represents a vast layer of Russian culture, formed over many centuries. The works of Russian folklore reflect many of the feelings of the people and their experiences, history, serious thoughts about the meaning of life, humor, fun and much more. Most works of oral folk art exist in poetic form, which made it possible to remember them well and pass them on from generation to generation orally.

Small genres of folklore include works of small volume: ditties, nursery rhymes, jokes, proverbs, riddles, lullabies, fables, tongue twisters. Sometimes they are classified as children's folklore, because in ancient times a person's acquaintance with these works occurred at an age when he did not even speak. These works are interesting for their brightness, accessibility, and form that is understandable to everyone.

Small genres of Russian folklore:

Russian folk proverbs

Russian proverbs and sayings are short, rhythmically organized, figurative folk sayings, often with edifying, instructive content; these are original folk aphorisms. They often consist of two parts, supported by rhyme, have rhythm, characteristic alliteration and assonance.

Russian folk nursery rhymes

Folk nursery rhymes are rhymed short stories, songs and rhymes, combined with simple movements, designed to entertain the child, train his memory, develop fine motor skills and coordination of movements, and harmonious development of the child as a whole, through an unobtrusive form of play.

Russian folk jokes

Jokes or amusements are small, funny, often rhymed works that tell in a bright, entertaining form about interesting events that happened to its heroes. They are distinguished by dynamic content, energetic actions of the characters, designed to interest the child, develop his imagination, and bring positive emotions.

Russian folk tales

Russian folk tales are small-scale fairy tales, sometimes presented in rhymed form, the plot of which is built on meaningless events that defy logic. Their task is to amuse the listener, instill in the child a sense of humor, logic, imagination and develop the entire thinking process as a whole.

Russian folk tongue twisters

Russian tongue twister is a short comic phrase built on a combination of hard-to-pronounce sounds, invented by our ancestors for entertainment and now used to correct problems with speech and diction.

Collective artistic creative activity, reflecting the life of an ethnos, its ideals, its views, has absorbed the folk art of Russia. The people created and circulated from generation to generation epics, fairy tales, legends - this is a genre of poetry, original music sounded - plays, tunes, songs, the favorite festive spectacle was theatrical performances - mainly it was a puppet theater. But dramas and satirical plays were staged there. Russian folk art also penetrated deeply into dance, fine arts, and arts and crafts. Russian dances also originated in ancient times. Russian folk art has built a historical foundation for modern artistic culture, become a source of artistic traditions, and an exponent of the self-awareness of the people.

Orally and in writing

Written literary works appeared much later than those oral gems that filled the precious box of folklore since pagan times. Those same proverbs, sayings, riddles, songs and round dances, spells and conspiracies, epics and fairy tales that Russian folk art has cut to a brilliant shine. The ancient Russian epic reflected the spirituality of our people, traditions, real events, features of everyday life, revealed and preserved the exploits of historical characters. So, for example, Vladimir the Red Sun, everyone’s favorite prince, was based on a real prince - Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, the hero Dobrynya Nikitich - the uncle of Vladimir the First, boyar Dobrynya. The types of oral folk art are extremely diverse.

With the advent of Christianity in the tenth century, great Russian literature and its history began. Gradually, with its help, the Old Russian language took shape and became unified. The first books were handwritten, decorated with gold and other precious metals, gems, and enamel. They were very expensive, so people didn’t know them for a long time. However, with the strengthening of religion, books penetrated into the most remote corners of the Russian land, since the people needed to know the works of Ephraim the Syrian, John Chrysostom and other religious translated literature. The original Russian one is now represented by chronicles, biographies of saints (lives), rhetorical teachings ("Words", one of them - "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"), walks (or walks, travel notes) and many other genres that are not so well known . The fourteenth century produced a number of exceptionally significant folklore monuments. Some types of oral folk art, such as epics, became written. This is how “Sadko” and “Vasily Buslaev” appeared, recorded by the storytellers.

Examples of folk art

Oral creativity served as a reservoir of folk memory. The heroic resistance to the Tatar-Mongol yoke and other invaders was sung from mouth to mouth. It was on the basis of such songs that stories were created that have survived to this day: about the battle on Kalka, where “seventy great and brave” gain our freedom, about Evpatiy Kolovrat, who defended Ryazan from Batu, about Mercury, who defended Smolensk. Russia preserved the facts against the Baskak Shevkal, about Shchelkan Dudentievich, and these songs were sung far beyond the borders of the Tver principality. Compilers of epics conveyed the events of the Kulikovo Field to distant descendants, and old images of Russian heroes were still used by the people for folk works dedicated to the fight against the Golden Horde.

Until the end of the tenth century, the inhabitants of Kievo-Novgorod Rus' did not yet know writing. However, this pre-literary period brought to this day golden literary works passed on from mouth to mouth and from generation to generation. And now Russian folk art festivals are held, where the same songs, tales and epics of a thousand years ago are heard. Ancient genres that still resonate today include epics, songs, fairy tales, legends, riddles, sayings, and proverbs. Most of the folklore works that have reached us are poetry. The poetic form makes it easy to memorize texts, and therefore, over the course of many centuries, folklore works have been passed down through generations, changing towards expediency, polishing from one talented storyteller to another.

Small genres

Small-sized works belong to small genres of folklore. These are parables: puns, tongue twisters, proverbs, jokes, riddles, signs, sayings, proverbs, what oral folk art gave us. Riddles are one such artistic manifestation of folk poetry that originated orally. A hint or allegory, circumlocution, roundabout speech - an allegorical description in a brief form of any object - this is what a riddle is according to V. I. Dahl. In other words, an allegorical image of phenomena of reality or an object that has to be guessed. Even here, oral folk art provided for multivariance. Riddles can be descriptions, allegories, questions, tasks. Most often they consist of two parts - a question and an answer, a riddle and a guess, interconnected. They are diverse in subject matter and are closely related to work and everyday life: flora and fauna, nature, tools and activities.

Proverbs and sayings that have survived to this day from the most ancient times are apt expressions and wise thoughts. Most often they are also two-part, where the parts are proportional and often rhyme. The meaning of sayings and proverbs is usually direct and figurative, containing morality. We often see diversity in proverbs and sayings, that is, many versions of a proverb with the same moral. a generalizing meaning that is higher. The oldest of them date back to the twelfth century. The history of Russian folk art notes that many proverbs have survived to this day shortened, sometimes having lost even their original meaning. So, they say: “He ate the dog on this matter,” implying high professionalism, but the Russian people in the old days continued: “Yes, he choked on his tail.” I mean, no, not that tall.

Music

Ancient types of folk music in Russia are based primarily on the song genre. A song is a musical and verbal genre at the same time, either a lyrical or narrative work, which is intended purely for singing. songs can be lyrical, dance, ritual, historical, and they all express both the aspirations of an individual person and the feelings of many people; they are always in tune with the social internal state.

Whether there are love experiences, reflections on fate, a description of social or family life - this should always be interesting to listeners, and without bringing into the song the state of mind of as many people as possible, they will not listen to the singer. People are very fond of the technique of parallelism, when the mood of the lyrical hero is transferred to nature. “Why are you standing, swaying, “The night has no bright moon,” for example. And it is almost rare to come across a folk song in which this parallelism is absent. Even in historical songs - “Ermak”, “Stepan Razin” and others - it constantly appears. From This makes the emotional sound of the song much stronger, and the song itself is perceived much brighter.

Epic and fairy tale

The genre of folk art took shape much earlier than the ninth century, and the term “epic” appeared only in the nineteenth century and denoted a heroic song of an epic nature. We know epics sung in the ninth century, although they were probably not the first, they simply did not reach us, having been lost through the centuries. Every child knows well the epic heroes - heroes who embodied the ideal of people's patriotism, courage and strength: the merchant Sadko and Ilya Muromets, the giant Svyatogor and Mikula Selyaninovich. The plot of the epic is most often filled with real-life situations, but it is also significantly enriched with fantastic fictions: they have a teleport (they can instantly cover distances from Murom to Kiev), they can defeat an army alone (“if you wave to the right, there will be a street, if you wave to the left, there will be an alley.” ), and, of course, monsters: three-headed dragons - Gorynychi Snakes. The types of Russian folk art in oral genres are not limited to this. There are also fairy tales and legends.

Epics differ from fairy tales in that in the latter the events are completely fictitious. There are two types of fairy tales: everyday and magical. In everyday life, a variety of but ordinary people are depicted - princes and princesses, kings and kings, soldiers and workers, peasants and priests in the most ordinary settings. And fairy tales always attract fantastic forces, produce artifacts with wonderful properties, and so on. The fairy tale is usually optimistic, which is why it differs from the plot of other genre works. In fairy tales, only good usually wins; evil forces are always defeated and ridiculed in every possible way. A legend, in contrast to a fairy tale, is an oral story about a miracle, a fantastic image, an incredible event, which should be perceived as authentic by the narrator and listeners. Pagan legends have reached us about the creation of the world, the origin of countries, seas, peoples, and the exploits of both fictional and real heroes.

Today

Contemporary folk art in Russia cannot represent precisely ethnic culture, since this culture is pre-industrial. Any modern settlement - from the smallest village to a metropolis - is a fusion of various ethnic groups, and the natural development of each without the slightest mixing and borrowing is simply impossible. What is now called folk art is rather a deliberate stylization, folklorization, behind which stands professional art, which is inspired by ethnic motives.

Sometimes this is amateur creativity, like mass culture, and the work of artisans. In fairness, it should be noted that only folk crafts - decorative and applied arts - can be considered the purest and still developing. There is also, in addition to professional, ethnic creativity, although production has long been put on an assembly line and the opportunities for improvisation are scanty.

People and creativity

What do people mean by the word people? The population of the country, the nation. But, for example, dozens of distinctive ethnic groups live in Russia, and folk art has common features that are present in the sum of all ethnic groups. Chuvash, Tatars, Mari, even the Chukchi - don’t musicians, artists, architects borrow from each other in modern creativity? But their common features are interpreted by elite culture. And therefore, in addition to the nesting doll, we have a certain export product, which is our joint business card. A minimum of opposition, a maximum of general unification within the nation, this is the direction of modern creativity of the peoples of Russia. Today it is:

ethnic (folklorized) creativity,
amateur creativity,
creativity of the common people,
amateur creativity.

The craving for aesthetic activity will be alive as long as a person lives. And that is why art flourishes today.

Art, creativity hobby

Art is practiced by the elite, where extraordinary talent is required, and works are an indicator of the level of aesthetic development of humanity. It has very little to do with folk art, except for inspiration: all composers, for example, wrote symphonies using the melodies of folk songs. But this is by no means a folk song. The property of traditional culture is creativity as an indicator of the development of a team or an individual. Such a culture can develop successfully and in many ways. And the result of mass culture, like a master’s pattern, presented to the people for feasible repetition, is a hobby, an aesthetics of this kind, which is designed to relieve stress from the mechanical nature of modern life.

Here you can notice some signs of the original beginning, which draws themes and means of expression from artistic folk art. These are quite common technological processes: weaving, embroidery, carving, forging and casting, decorative painting, embossing, and so on. True folk art did not know the contrasts of changes in artistic styles for a whole millennium. Now this has been significantly enriched in modern folk art. The degree of stylization changes as well as the nature of the interpretation of all the old borrowed motifs.

Applied arts

Russian folk arts and crafts have been known since ancient times. This is perhaps the only species that has not undergone fundamental changes to this day. These items have been used to decorate and improve home and public life since ancient times. Rural crafts mastered even quite complex designs that were quite suitable in modern life.

Although now all these items carry not so much a practical, but an aesthetic load. This includes jewelry, whistle toys, and interior decorations. Different areas and regions had their own types of art, crafts and handicrafts. The most famous and striking are the following.

Shawls and samovars

The Orenburg shawl includes shawls, warm and heavy, and weightless scarves and web scarves. Knitting patterns that came from afar are unique; they identify eternal truths in the understanding of harmony, beauty, and order. The goats of the Orenburg region are also special, they produce unusual fluff, it can be spun thinly and firmly. Tula masters are a match for the eternal knitters of Orenburg. They were not discoverers: the first copper samovar was found in excavations in the Volga region city of Dubovka, the find dates back to the beginning of the Middle Ages.

Tea took root in Russia in the seventeenth century. But the first samovar workshops appeared in Tula. This unit is still held in high esteem, and drinking tea from a samovar on pine cones is quite an ordinary occurrence in dachas. They are extremely varied in shape and decoration - barrels, vases, with painted ligature, embossing, decorations on handles and taps, genuine works of art, and also extremely convenient in everyday life. Already at the beginning of the nineteenth century, up to 1200 samovars were produced in Tula per year! They were sold by weight. Brass ones cost sixty-four rubles per pood, and red copper ones cost ninety. This is a lot of money.

What is oral folk art? Tell us using supporting words.
author-people, word of mouth, dream of happiness, small folklore works, fairy tales (about animals, everyday life, magic), magical objects, fairy-tale transformations.

Oral folk art is small folklore works created by nameless authors and passed on from mouth to mouth. A fairy tale is one of the oldest types of oral folk art. Fairy tales are divided into magical, everyday, and about animals. Since the storytellers were ordinary people, they saved and passed on to each other only those stories that corresponded to their ideas about beauty, goodness, honesty, justice and nobility of soul, and carried a dream of happiness. Events in the fairy tale occur in such a way as to repeatedly test the hero: his strength, courage, kindness, love for people and animals. Therefore, the hero is often rescued by fairy-tale objects and miraculous transformations.

Complete your statement. Find the information you need in a reference book, encyclopedia or the Internet.

Oral folk art - works created by anonymous authors and passed on from mouth to mouth. Songs, fairy tales, epics, proverbs, sayings, riddles - these are all works of oral folk art. In ancient times, they were composed by talented people from the people, but we do not know their names, because beautiful songs, fascinating tales, wise proverbs were not written down, but were passed down orally from one person to another, from one generation to another. When telling a fairy tale or performing a song, each storyteller or singer added something of his own, omitted something, changed something, so that the fairy tale became even more entertaining and the song even more beautiful. That is why we say that the author of songs, epics, fairy tales, proverbs, ditties, riddles is the people themselves. Getting to know the treasures of folk poetry helps us get to know our Motherland more deeply.

What types of folk art do you know?

Fairy tales, riddles, chants, fables, epics, tales, songs, tongue twisters, nursery rhymes, proverbs, sayings.

With a friend, make a list of books that can be placed in the Folk Art exhibition.

Russian folk tales. Proverbs and sayings. Puzzles. Nursery rhymes and jokes. Folk lyrical songs. Legends. Epics. Spiritual poems. Ballads. Jokes. Ditties. Tales. Tongue Twisters. Lullabies.

Prepare a story about one of the folk crafts of Russia (Gzhel, Khokhloma, Dymkovo toy). Perhaps in the place where you live, some other type of folk art is developed. Prepare a message about him, first draw up a plan for your story.

Dymkovo toy

Dymkovo toy is one of the Russian folk clay art crafts. It arose in the trans-river settlement of Dymkovo, near the city of Vyatka (now in the territory of the city of Kirov). This is one of the oldest crafts in Russia, which arose in the 15th-16th centuries. For four centuries, Dymkovo toys reflected the life and lifestyle of many generations of craftsmen. The appearance of the toy is associated with the spring holiday of Whistling, for which the female population of the Dymkovo settlement sculpted clay whistles in the form of horses, rams, goats, ducks and other animals; they were painted in different bright colors. Later, when the holiday lost its significance, the craft not only survived, but also received further development. Dymkovo toy is a handmade product. Each toy is the creation of one master. Making a toy from modeling to painting is a creative process that is never repeated. There are not and cannot be two absolutely identical products. To produce the Dymkovo toy, local bright red clay is used, thoroughly mixed with fine brown river sand. The figures are sculpted in parts, individual parts are assembled and sculpted using liquid red clay as a binding material. Traces of molding are smoothed out to give the product a smooth surface. Over the four hundred years of existence and development of the Dymkovo craft, traditional themes, plots and images have developed in it, the expressive means inherent in very plastic red pottery clay, simple (geometric design) painting patterns, in which red, yellow, and blue predominate, have been displayed and consolidated. , green colors. Halftones and imperceptible transitions are generally alien to the Dymkovo toy. All of it is an overflowing fullness of the feeling of the joy of life. The bright, elegant Dymkovo toy does not like “loneliness”. Often the craftswomen of the Dymkovo craft create entire thematic compositions in which there is a place for both people and animals, both animate and inanimate objects. Not only a person, a horse, a dog or a deer can appear before the audience, but also a tree, a decorative fence, a carriage, a sleigh, a Russian stove... In the 19th century, from 30 to 50 families of toymakers lived and worked in the settlement of Dymkovo. Entire dynasties were formed - Nikulins, Penkins, Koshkins... The shape and proportions, color and ornament in their products had their own characteristics. At this time, Dymkovo toys were single figures of people, animals, birds, whistles, carrying ancient images - people’s ideas about the world. The Dymkovo toy has become one of the symbols of the Kirov region, emphasizing the originality of the Vyatka region and its ancient history.