Has ed time. Present Perfect - present perfect tense

Present Perfect Simple

1. Time name

Present Perfect Simple

2. Method of education

3. Changefinal letters
Tat (short vowel syllable) + ed = tatted
Silent e + ed = ed
Ty + ed = tied

4. Formation approval
Subject + have\has + V3 + minor members of the sentence

5. Formation of the question
Have\has + subject + V3 + minor members of the sentence?

6. Formation of denial
Subject + have\has + not + V3 + minor members of the sentence

7. Words are indicators of time
Ever, never, yet (the word yet in interrogative sentences comes last), already, just, since, for (non-continuous verbs) not only lately, recently, the first (second) time, superlative degree of comparison.

8. Time value

An action that just happened.

The action took place in the past, but we see the result now.

An action that began at a certain moment in the past and continues to this day or has just ended (non-continuous verbs) or state verbs.

An action that began at a certain moment in the past and is repeated to this day.

Something that never happened.

With a superlative degree of comparison.

An action that happened 1, 2, 3... times.

9. Modal verbs and constructions
Modal verbs:
- Can - have\has\had to

No constructions are used.

Present Perfect - Present Complete

We have already gone through 2 present tenses, which we called “simple” and"long". Now we'll look at present complete - Present Perfect. It sounds paradoxical, but in English some types of completed actions can refer to the present tense rather than the past tense. Such actions are referred to in the context of a period of time that has not yet ended. For Russian-speaking students, this phenomenon may present some difficulties, because... we convey it using the past tense. However, the situation will become clearer after you understand the difference. Look at the following pair of sentences in Russian that used the past tense:

1. I traveled to the USA last spring.-- refers to the Simple Past, which we have already gone through. the key phrase is " last spring ", i.e. a period of time that has already been completed. -I went to the USA last spring
2. I have traveled to the USA three times in my life.-- refers to the Present Complete, because time interval " in all my life " has not yet been completed, despite the fact that the action has already been completed. - I have gone to the USA three times in my life

• For education Present Perfect You need to put the verb “Have” after the subject in the form corresponding to the subject (Have / Has), and after that the verb, to which the ending “ed” is added. It should be noted that the verb have in the Present Perfect is auxiliary and does not mean “to have”. It simply helps form the Present Perfect Tense.

Today in our article we will look at how to use the verb tense in the present perfect, the rules for forming this grammatical form, examples of use and much more. It must be said that this is one of the most difficult tenses used in the English language. denotes someone’s action that took place (began) in the past, but at the same time is related to the present moment in time. That is, you can observe the result of this action in the present.

Present perfect: formation rules

The present perfect is formed as follows:

I/we/you/she/he/it + have or has + past participle

Means in the past tense). For so-called “regular” verbs (as we remember, the majority of them) can be obtained by adding the ending “-ed” at the very end of the word. This method is not suitable for “irregular” verbs; their past form must be learned by heart. Note that the helping verbs have and has are usually shortened to 've and 's, see:

In case of negation, you should use have not or has not, briefly we get haven’t/hasn’t.

Present Perfect: used correctly

It is often difficult for beginning students to understand when to use the Present Perfect tense, since it is often confused, for example, with the Past Simple. Read this section carefully, here we will look in great detail at the Present Perfect tense and the rules for its use:

• The Present Perfect is used when talking about actions that began in the past, but, nevertheless, they continue to this day. The words “for” and “since” are often found in such sentences:

This old beautiful building has stood on this square for three hundred fifty years - This old beautiful building has stood (and, in fact, continues to stand) on this square for 350 years.

I'm starving. I haven’t eaten since lunch - I’m incredibly hungry. I haven't eaten anything since lunch.

Maria has been to London once, but she would like to travel there again - Maria has already been to London once, but she would like to visit there again.

• The present past tense is used with these phrases: this year/day/week/month, recently, ever, yet. It can be seen that the time period is not defined, but it is closely related to the present. Eg:

Have they heard from John recently? -Have they heard anything about Mark lately?

I’ve been in a lot of places last few weeks - Over the past few weeks, I’ve been to a lot of places.

I’ve had five cups of green tea today - I’ve already drunk 5 cups of green tea today

• As for the Present Perfect tense: the rules for its use also apply to those situations when we can already see the result of some action. For example:

The earthquake has destroyed the industry in the whole region - The earthquake destroyed the industry of the whole region (as a result, the region still has problems with industrial production).

Present Perfect is the short and most common name for the tense, the rules of use of which we have just examined. We hope that our article helped you understand this difficult grammatical topic. And remember - everything is learned in practice, that is, the more exercises you do to consolidate the use of the present perfect tense, the fewer mistakes you will make in the future. Note also that the Present Perfect is a rather simple tense to use compared, for example, with the rules of which imply both the formation of a complex construction (have or has been + Verb-ing) and use in cases when the action began in the past, but at the same time it has not ended yet and, moreover, continues to this day. One way or another, only practice will help you master the English language at a sufficient level to speak and write clearly and competently.

(have, has) and past participle forms: I have done, he has played. Past Participle (participle) of regular verbs is formed by adding the ending to the infinitive –ed: to invite- invite ed. When added to a verb –ed sometimes there are changes in its spelling: to stop – stopp ed. Past Participle of irregular verbs must be remembered: to tell – told – told. More about .

Abbreviated forms:

‘ve= have
's=has
haven't= have not
hasn't= has not

Using the Present Perfect

1. An action that has taken place to date, the result of which is obvious. The speaker’s emphasis is to draw the interlocutor’s attention to the result of the action taking place (there is always a connection between the past and the present).

Examples: I have lost my luggage. - I lost my luggage. (I now have no baggage - the speaker reports a specific result of an action have lost; This idea can also be expressed with the following sentence: My luggage is lost. – My luggage is lost.)
I have read a new book. – I read a new book. (I have already read the book)
She has bought a new car. - She bought a new car. (she has a new car now)

2. With adverbial words denoting periods of time that have not yet expired ( today - today, this week/month/year - this week, this month/year, this afternoon - this afternoon)*

Examples: I haven't read your documents today. – I didn’t read your documents today.

3. Often with adverbs of indefinite time ( ever - ever, never - never, already - already, yet - yet, often - often, so far - yet, until now, not yet - not yet, ever - ever)*

Examples: I 've never been there before. - I've never been here.
They haven't finished dinner yet. - They haven't finished lunch yet.

* Please note that the absence or presence in a sentence of the above adverbs (3) or adverbial words (2) is not a clear indicator of the use of the Present Perfect.

4. Always used with adverbs lately – (for/in) lately and just – just now.

Examples: They have just finished. - They just finished.
Have you heard from her lately? – Have you heard about her lately?

5. Actions performed during a certain period of time up to the present moment with verbs that do not have the Continuous form. Often used with prepositions for ( for an hour - for an hour, for two weeks - for two weeks, for a long time - for a long time) and since ( since twelve o’clock - from twelve o’clock, since 12 April - from April 12, since May - from May). More about .

Examples: I have known her mother for 10 years. – I’ve known her mother for 10 years.
He has been here since 3 o'clock. – He’s been here since 3 o’clock.

6. Never used to refer to past moments or periods of time ( yesterday - yesterday, last week - last week, an hour ago - an hour ago, on Sunday - on Sunday, in 2005 - in 2005), with questions starting with when – When. These marker words indicate the need to use.

Examples:When did he draw this portrait? – When did he paint this portrait?
I came here an hour ago. – I came here an hour ago.

7. In adverbial subordinate clauses, time and conditions ( after conjunctions when - when, while, after - after, as soon as - as soon as, if - if, until - not yet) instead to express an action that will end at a certain point in the future. Translated into Russian by the future tense.

Examples:After he has been repaired the washing machine, he'll be paid. – After he fixes the washing machine, he will be paid.
I'll come as soon as I have finished writing this letter. “I’ll come as soon as I finish writing this letter.”

Many people call present perfect time a “tautology”. And it is not surprising, because an action committed in the past is called the present. Why and why? Switching to “you” with the Present Perfect is not difficult if every nuance of use, education and special cases is analyzed and understood in detail.

Let's start our acquaintance with the presentation, let's look into the depths of this shade. Like any tense in English, Present Perfect Tense reflects the action. But its specificity is that the action has already been completed, and we see the result from it. In this situation, we do not focus on When an event occurred, we are not interested in it, doesn't matter, but we are now talking about what it entailed and what it led to. For example:

Have you found the place on the map? —Have you found this place on the map yet? (We are not interested in: how much you searched, when you started; the result - whether you found it or not)

I can't walk. I think I have sprained my ankle. - I can't go. I think I sprained my ankle. (We don’t note, we are not interested in: when I sprained it, how I sprained it; the result is that I can’t walk).

Of course, this is the main characteristic or, as it is also called, function. We will consider all cases of use and comparison below.

Education

According to the rules for the Present Perfect, we will need auxiliary verbs has/ have, and we will put the semantic one in V 3 (V ed). We remember that all English verbs are divided into regular and irregular. To form this tense, we will add the ending -ed to the regular ones, and the irregular ones have a special form that will have to be learned (3rd column of the table of irregular verbs).

With 3rd person singular subject(if the subject is expressed by a pronoun or a noun implying: she, he, it) we use has. With everyone else - have. Negation is formed using “not”, which is placed after the auxiliary verb, and in the question have/has is interchanged with the subject. As you can see, there is no need to add or remove anything new, just some rearrangements in the sentence itself.

Short forms:

I have = I’ve, She has = she’s, we have = we’ve, they have = they’ve, you have = you’ve.

have + not = haven’t, has + not = hasn’t

Use

The present completed (perfect) tense has several uses in situations. Let's look at each one separately. All actions can be divided into completed and unfinished.

1. Action completed in the past(signal words are: already, yet, still, recently, lately, just).

• If the situation ended just now (before the moment of conversation), or earlier, and it is connected with the present , then this is the very case when you should use the Present Perfect. In other words, if the result is important to you, interesting and necessary for further conversation, which serves as a starting point, then here we use the present perfect tense. The exact moment is not specified.

He has already published your poem in a local paper. — He has already published your poem in the local newspaper.

I have recently bought this bycicle, but now it is broken. — I recently bought this bicycle, but now it is broken.

• To highlight the repetitive actions their repetition, with the words several times, twice. Also, this grammatical phenomenon occurs in complex qualifying sentences where ordinal numbers, superlative adjectives, and the phrase “the only” are used.

It is one of the happiest days I have ever spent with my mother. — This is one of the happiest days I have ever spent with my mother.

It is the only time my father has been away for holiday. - This is the only time when dad was not at the holiday.

My friends went to England again. They have been there several times. — My friends went to England again. They've been there several times already.

2. Action unfinished in the past(signal words are: this week, this year, today, this morning, since, for, never, ever).

• If we want to emphasize long period of time where the action we are interested in is not completed by the time of the conversation.

He has written two books this year. — He wrote two books this year (the year is not over yet).

Have you seen Mary this morning? —Have you seen Mary this morning?

• It is worth remembering that there are verbs that are not used in the Continuous (which can be read in our other article of the same name about non continuous verbs). With given stative verbs We use Present Perfect instead of Present Perfect Continuous. Very often in this situation the preposition is used for , which indicates the duration of the action.

I haven’t had a holiday for 4 years. — I haven’t had a vacation for 4 years.

My parents have been married for 25 years. — My parents have been married for 25 years.

• with the word "since", which indicates the last time before something (before conversation)

She has been off work since the accident. “She hasn’t worked since she had an accident.”

• with the circumstances “ever, never, always, all my life, so far” - which emphasize an indefinite period of time, incompleteness.

I have never driven a car. — I've never driven a car.

My brother has always dreamed of laptop. — My brother always dreamed of a laptop.

Have you ever gone to Italy? —Have you ever traveled to Italy?

They ate a lot yesterday but they haven’t eaten much so far today. - Yesterday they ate a lot, but today they haven’t eaten yet.

3. Quite rarely, but you can still find the Present Perfect in subordinate clauses with as soon as, before, till, until, after, when, which is used instead of the Future Perfect (in most cases it is replaced by the Present Simple, especially in colloquial speech)

We will give back your car as soon as you’ve found a new job. — We will give away your car as soon as you find a new job.

Comparison of times

We have already learned when the Present Perfect Simple is used and how it is formed (the word Simple is sometimes added, especially in English grammars, so that students do not confuse it with the Present Perfect Continuous). Everything seems to be clear. But when doing exercises and tests to formulate the required form of the verb, difficulties and mistakes often arise, and a mess forms in your head. The Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, Past Simple, Past Perfect time table will help you place emphasis on the most important differences.

Adverbs, adverbs or signal words in the Present Perfect

• So, the rules for the Present Perfect don't end there. It's also worth taking a moment to pay attention "since" and "for" , which are sometimes very close in meaning and often set traps. Since is used as a starting point for when the action was last performed. Either it indicates an action that has ended, or parallel situations that lasted a certain period of time. For - with the present perfect is used to indicate how long the action took place, its entire duration:
  

  since 8 o'clock, since 1987, since Christmas; for hours, for a week, for ages, for a long time

• Just and just now in Russian they convey the meaning just now. The first does not indicate exactly when the action occurred, the second notes: “a minute ago,” “literally a second.” With just now we use Past Simple.
• ever (ever) never (never - only in affirmative sentences), already (already - in affirmative, already - so soon - and questions), still (also in negative sentences), yet (still - in negative sentences, already - in interrogative sentences), lately (Lately), resently (recently, in recent years, months, weeks)

Even after considering all cases of use, their features and comparison, the grammar of the present perfect requires consolidation and solid assimilation. To begin with, you should read and analyze sentences with this tense, which you can read in the article “Examples of sentences in the Present Perfect,” then move on to the tasks that you will also find on our website.

The Present Perfect is very often used both in speech and in exams, tests, in other words - everywhere. That is why it is necessary to firmly grasp the basics of one of the most important tenses of English grammar.