Ancient Greece is the cradle of European civilization. Greece - the cradle of European civilization Ancient Greece - the cradle of European civilization

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Greece the cradle of European civilization

Purpose: Consider the historical development, get acquainted with the culture of Greece. Objective: - to stimulate interest in the art of Ancient Greece. - develop creative abilities, satisfy the cognitive interest of students.

In small towns and on the islands, centuries-old traditions of handicrafts are preserved. Gold and silver products are produced in Thessaloniki, Athens, on the island of Kerkyra (Corfu) and Ioannina; embroidery and lace - on the Ionian Islands and the Aegean Islands; Crete and Epirus are famous for their handwoven wool blankets and carpets. Greece also produces carved wood, ceramics and forged metal products. Folk art

Geographical location Greece is located in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and on the islands adjacent to its shores and the coast of Asia Minor. It has borders with Albania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Turkey. Washed by: the Mediterranean, Ionian and Aegean seas, as well as the Libyan Sea (Crete). Greece includes about 2,000 islands, which account for almost 20% of the entire country's area. Area about 50,000 sq. km.

The landscape of Greece is an endless series of rocky, often treeless mountains, densely populated valleys, numerous islands, straits and bays. Mountain ranges make up almost a quarter of the country's surface. These are mainly mountains of medium heights up to 1200-1800 m. Relief

One of the oldest cities in the world and at the same time one of the youngest capitals in Europe, the status of a capital city acquired only after the events of the Greek National Liberation War of the 19th century in 1834. Athens

98% of the population are adherents of the Greek Orthodox Church: The Greek Constitution recognizes Orthodoxy as the leading religion in the country, while guaranteeing freedom of religion for all citizens. 2% - Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Muslims. Religion

Most likely, hardly anyone will dispute that Greece (Hellas) is the cradle of European civilization. And not only:... Thousands of English and Russian words come from the Greek language. The Greeks prefer to celebrate their name days rather than their birthdays. The Greek anthem consists of 158 quatrains. Although, of course, only the first four sing. Curious facts

January 1 - New Year January 6 - Epiphany January 8 - Gynaikratiya January 28 - Apocryes March 25 - Independence Day Passing - Good Friday, Easter, Easter Monday May 1 - Labor Day May 21 - Pyrovasia May 26 - St. Day John the Russian June 23 – Midsummer Night Holidays

Worked on the presentation: Andrey Britikov and Sofia Utkina. Teacher: Lebedeva Rimma Petrovna.

Thank you for your attention.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Civilizations of Ancient Greece and Rome

Lecture for teachers, lasting two hours. can be used as additional material in history lessons in high school (for example: 10th grade, according to Zagladin)...

Presentation for the MHC lesson "Antiquity: the cradle of European culture"

Presentation for the 9th grade MHC lesson on the topic “Antiquity: the cradle of European culture” (general characteristics, periodization, ancient theater, playwrights)....

Objectives: to form students’ ideas about the state of Ancient Greece; describe the main features of Greek culture, art and religious beliefs; to cultivate, through the means of the subject, a sense of beauty.

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Greece - “the cradle of European civilization” Religion of the Greeks Walk along the Athenian Acropolis In search of man

Religion of the Greeks How often, with a yearning soul, I madly rush into your wonderful ancient world, Holy Greece! M. Mikhailov One of the characteristic features of the artistic culture of Ancient Greece was its reflection of mythological ideas about natural phenomena and human life. The fantasy and vivid imagination of the Greeks populated the world with omnipotent gods and courageous heroes, whom they worshiped and whom they sacredly revered

The Greek gods have a human appearance, they, like people, suffer from grief, and rejoice in the delights of life, fall in love and hate fiercely. People build temples and colossal statues to them, compose hymns, and dedicate unique literary works.

Gods of Egypt Gods of Greece Zoomorphic depiction of gods Different depictions of the same god Gods do not interfere in people’s lives Anthropomorphic depiction of gods God is endowed with one name Gods actively participate in people’s lives

Walk along the Acropolis PROPYLEA

Walk along the Acropolis The highest achievements of ancient Greek architecture are associated with the ensemble of the Acropolis. I will forever cherish the day when I entered the Propylaea, Under your marble canopy, That the foam of the waves of the sea is whiter. Temple of Nike Apteros (Wingless)

Acropolis Athena Promachos (All-Warrior) Patroness of Athens and all the people Night looked into my face. The branches of the cypress are black. And at my feet, curled up in a ring, Sleeps the Theater of Dionysus.

Walk along the Acropolis TEMPLE ERECHTHEION

In search of man Greek art is imbued with love for man. The philosopher Diogenes walked around the city in broad daylight with a lantern in search of... A MAN. The ideal embodied: Spiritual beauty youth charm health The entire history of Greek art is the search for the ideal PERSON

Slide presentation

Slide text: Greece is the cradle of European civilization

Slide text: Purpose: Consider historical development, get acquainted with the culture of Greece. Objective: - to stimulate interest in the art of Ancient Greece. - develop creative abilities, satisfy the cognitive interest of students.

Slide text: In small towns and on islands, centuries-old traditions of handicrafts are preserved. Gold and silver products are produced in Thessaloniki, Athens, on the island of Kerkyra (Corfu) and Ioannina; embroidery and lace - on the Ionian Islands and the Aegean Islands; Crete and Epirus are famous for their handwoven wool blankets and carpets. Greece also produces carved wood, ceramics and forged metal products. Folk art

Slide text: Geographical location Greece is located in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula and on the islands adjacent to its shores and the coast of Asia Minor. It has borders with Albania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Turkey. Washed by: the Mediterranean, Ionian and Aegean seas, as well as the Libyan Sea (Crete). Greece includes about 2,000 islands, which account for almost 20% of the entire country's area. Area about 50,000 sq. km.

Slide text: The landscape of Greece is an endless series of rocky, often treeless mountains, densely populated valleys, numerous islands, straits and bays. Mountain ranges make up almost a quarter of the country's surface. These are mainly mountains of medium heights up to 1200-1800 m. Relief

Slide text: One of the oldest cities in the world and at the same time one of the youngest capitals in Europe, the status of a capital city acquired only after the events of the Greek National Liberation War of the 19th century in 1834. Athens

Slide text: 98% of the population are adherents of the Greek Orthodox Church: The Greek Constitution recognizes Orthodoxy as the leading religion in the country, while simultaneously guaranteeing freedom of religion for all citizens. 2% - Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Muslims. Religion

Slide text: Most likely, hardly anyone will dispute that Greece (Hellas) is the cradle of European civilization. And not only:... Thousands of English and Russian words come from the Greek language. The Greeks prefer to celebrate their name days rather than their birthdays. The Greek anthem consists of 158 quatrains. Although, of course, only the first four sing. Curious facts

Slide text: January 1 - New Year January 6 - Epiphany January 8 - Gynaikratiya January 28 - Apocryes March 25 - Independence Day Transitional - Good Friday, Easter, Easter Monday May 1 - Labor Day May 21 - Pyrovasia May 26 - St. Day. John the Russian June 23 – Midsummer Night Holidays

Ticket 21

1. Greece is the “cradle of European civilization.”

2. Chambers of the Yusupov princes in Moscow. History of construction, style, name of the architect.

Ancient Greece is the cradle of European civilization.

About five thousand years ago, in the south of the Balkan Peninsula and its surrounding islands in the eastern Mediterranean, a culture was born that was destined to play the greatest role in human history - the culture of the ancient Greeks, or Hellenes. It was here that two and a half millennia ago culture reached such a flourishing, which for many centuries seemed unattainable. Athenian democracy, founded in those distant times, still serves as a model for anyone who thinks about the equality and freedom of every citizen.

The Greeks attached no less importance to human health. It is no coincidence that the first healer truly worthy of the title of doctor was the Greek Hippocrates. And the examples of artistic creativity that have come down to us - sculpture, architecture, paintings and ceramics, as well as myths and legends of Ancient Greece - belong to the highest, truly priceless creations of mankind.

For centuries, the classical culture of Ancient Greece has captivated people's imaginations and continues to do so today. It was the successor of ancient Eastern cultures, acquiring new features over time and becoming the cradle of European culture.

The creative activity of the Greeks of the Bronze Age was based on their development of a large stock of experimental knowledge. It is necessary, first of all, to note the level and volume of technological knowledge that allowed the population of Hellas to widely develop specialized handicraft production. Metallurgy included not only high-temperature (up to 1083°C) copper smelting. Foundry workers also worked with tin, lead, silver and gold; rare native iron was used for jewelry. The creation of alloys was not limited to bronze; already in the 17th-16th centuries. BC e. The Greeks made electrectrum and were well aware of the technique of gilding bronze items. Tools, weapons and household items were cast from bronze. All these products were distinguished by rationality of form and quality of execution.

Pottery also indicate fluency in complex thermal processes carried out in furnaces of various designs. Application potter's wheel, known since the 13th century. BC e., contributed to the creation of other mechanisms driven by human power or draft animals. Thus, wheeled transport already at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. e. consisted of war chariots and ordinary carts. The principle of rotation, which has long been used in spinning, was used in machines for rope manufacturing. When processing wood they used turning and drilling devices. The engineering achievements of the Achaeans are clearly illustrated by those created in the 16th-12th centuries. BC e. water pipelines and closed catch basins. Particularly indicative is the knowledge of hydraulics and the accuracy of calculations made during the construction of secret water supply systems in the fortresses of Mycenae, Tiryns and Athens around the 1250s.

Notable for high achievements architecture. Architectural monuments clearly reflect the presence of property inequality and indicate the emergence of early class monarchies. Already the monumental Cretan palaces of the 19th-16th centuries. BC e. are amazing in scale. However, it is characteristic that the general plan of the Cretan palaces was just a monumental repetition of the plan of the estate of a wealthy farmer.

A different level of architectural thought is demonstrated by the later palaces of the mainland kings. They are based on a central core - a megaron, which also repeats the traditional plan of an ordinary dwelling. It consisted of an antechamber (prodomos), a main hall (domos) with a front fireplace and a back room. Many acropolises were protected by powerful stone walls of cyclopean masonry with an average thickness of 5-8 m. Columns and semi-columns, stone and marble carvings, and wall paintings with complex compositions were widely used

The early period of development of architecture (before the 5th century BC) was called archaic . This is the time of the formation of the Greek slave society and the emergence city-states ( policies ) - fortified economic and political centers of a civil community, providing members with ownership of land and slaves. The ancient Greeks called themselves Hellenes and their country Hellas.

In the Bronze Age, temples were not yet built. Palaces and fortresses were replaced by numerous temple buildings. More majestic and luxurious dwellings were erected for the beautiful statues of the Olympian gods than for the old primitive idols. Secular construction receded into the background.

Greek architecture of the early archaic era has retained its form Megaron Mycenaean period. Megaron, the ruler's house, became a sanctuary, but the building material remained the same - wood and clay. In the first half of the 8th century. a temple appears, the planning basis of which was the Mycenaean megaron. The temple was built of unbaked brick and covered with a wooden gable roof. During this period, a planning scheme was formed, which formed the basis for the subsequent architecture of Greek temples and which is characterized by surrounding the main volume of the temple with a colonnade.

Secular buildings, also rectangular in shape, were fragile and very modest, made of reeds and clay. All achievements of Greek architecture of that time - constructive and decorative - are associated with the construction of temples. During the Archaic period, monumental buildings made of stone appeared, mainly from limestone of soft local rocks. Hellenic masters of architecture already in the 7th century. BC e. developed a strictly thought-out system of rational relationships between the load-bearing and non-load-bearing (supporting) parts of the building, between the columns and the ceiling lying on them. An order is a specific combination of parts of a post-and-beam structure, their structure and decoration.

There are: Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders.

Name order (Latin ordo - order).

The Greek architectural order consisted of the following basic elements:

Three-stage stereobat (base) - the basement of the temple;

- columns (load-bearing supports), consisting of:
- - grounds(bases),
- - trunk(fust) - for the purpose of stability of the tapering upward ( entasis), processed fluted(vertical grooves),
- - capitals- creating a more convenient transition from horizontal beams to vertical columns; abacus(square capital slab) is supported by a round slab in the form of an inverted truncated cone ( echinus), which ensures uniform load transfer to the column over its entire cross-section;

During the formation of Greek architecture, presumably in the 8th century. BC e., at first two artistic movements in architecture arose, two main orders: Doric And ionic, a little later (430 BC) appeared Corinthian in the interior Temple of Apollo at Bassae(Iktyn). The orders varied considerably in detail and proportions from the very beginning.

The Doric style was distinguished by its desire for monumentality, seriousness, “masculinity,” and perfection of proportions. The Doric style developed around 600 BC. e. and subsequently underwent only minor changes. An example is the Doric Temple of Hera at Olympia.

Ionic a style that was especially popular in the Greek city-states that arose on the coast of Asia Minor in the 5th century. has not yet fully formed. The masters of the Ionian movement strived achieve lightness, grace, whimsical lines. Early Ionic temples in Asia Minor had richer decoration and larger sizes than Doric temples.

The ancient Roman architectural theorist Vitruvius, referring to the opinion of Greek authors, compares the Doric order with "the strength and beauty of the male body", ionic order - s "the sophistication of women, their decoration and proportionality".

Corinthian The order developed from the 4th century. BC e. in a number of monuments of Greek architecture. It first took shape at the end of the 5th century. BC e. An example of the Corinthian order is the monument to Lysicrates (335-334 BC) - a cylindrical volume, its cone-shaped tiled roof ends with a sculptural decoration - an acroteria. Its semi-columns are lighter and more graceful than Ionic columns, they have a higher capital, an impost curved in plan - the transition from the bell of the capital to the architrave. Volute capitals - in the form of stylized curls of an acanthus plant.

Acropolis- an elevated and fortified part of the ancient Greek city, the so-called upper city; fortress (shelter in case of war).

Acropolis of Athens-156-meter rocky hill with a gently sloping top (approx. 300 m long and 170 m wide).

) The most famous monument of ancient architecture, located on the Athenian Acropolis, the main temple in ancient Athens, dedicated to the patroness of this city and all of Attica, the goddess Athena.

) The Parthenon was thought out in the smallest details, completely invisible to an outside observer and aimed at visually lightening the load on the load-bearing elements, as well as correcting some errors in human vision.

) Although the temple seems perfectly rectilinear, in fact there is almost no strictly straight line in its contours.

To the right of the Propylaea, on a rock ledge stood a small temple to the goddess of victory Nike. She was usually depicted as winged. But, having defeated the Persians, the Athenians boldly wished to keep the goddess with them forever and not let her fly away. Therefore, they erected a temple in honor of Nike the Wingless, Nike Apteros.

During the X-XII centuries. BC e. The art of vase painting developed rapidly. Already at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. The traditional geometric design of the Cretans was complemented by a spiral motif, brilliantly developed by Cycladic craftsmen in the previous century (see Fig. 4). Later, in the XIX-XV centuries. BC, in all regions of the country, vase painters turned to naturalistic motifs, reproducing plants, animals and marine fauna. It should be noted that in some areas, vibrant local artistic traditions have developed that clearly characterize
Vase with warriors from Mycenae. vase painting of each center.
The breadth of society's artistic demands was manifested in art's close attention to man and his activities. A brilliant example is the multicolor paintings in the houses of Mount Jean Akrotia,
Master vase painters were much less dependent on canons sanctified by religion or state than sculptors or architects. This probably explains the extraordinary thematic diversity characteristic of Greek vase painting of the 7th-6th centuries. BC e. It was in vase painting, earlier than in any other branch of Greek art, with the possible exception of coroplasty and bone carving, that mythological scenes began to alternate with episodes of a genre nature.
Amphora(ancient Greek ἀμφορεύς “vessel with two handles”) - an antique egg-shaped vessel with two vertical handles, often with a sharp conical bottom. It was common among the Greeks and Romans. Most often, amphorae were made of clay, but amphorae made of bronze are also found. They were mainly used for storing olive oil or wine. Also used as a burial and voting urn.
The volume of an amphora can range from 5 to 50 liters. Large, tall amphorae were used to transport liquids. In Rome, amphoras with a volume of 26.03 liters (ancient Roman cubic ped or Greek "talent (unit of measurement)") were used to measure liquids.

Literature the early Greeks, like other peoples, went back to traditions ancient folklore, which included fairy tales, fables, myths and songs. With the change in social conditions, the rapid development of folk culture began poetry-epic, glorifying the deeds of the ancestors and heroes of each tribe. By the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e. the epic tradition of the Greeks became more complex, professional poets-storytellers, aeds. In their work already in the 17th-12th centuries. BC e. tales about the most important historical events contemporary to them occupied a prominent place.
In the XIV-XIII centuries. BC e. epic literature has developed into a special type of art with its own special rules of speech and musical performance, poetic hexameter meter, and an extensive supply of constant characteristic epithets, comparisons and descriptive formulas. The level of poetic creativity of the early Greeks is evidenced by the epic poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey" - outstanding monuments of world literature. Both poems belong to the circle of historical narratives about the campaign of the Achaean troops after 1240. BC. to the Trojan kingdom.

Lyric poetry, in turn, is divided into several main genres: elegy, iambic, monodic, i.e. intended for solo performance, and choral lyrics, or melika. At the same time, Greek tragedy was born - the genre of literature that most fully corresponds to the spirit of the classical polis

WRITING
Writing in Greek culture of the XXII-XII centuries. BC e. played a limited role. Like many peoples of the world, the inhabitants of Hellas, first of all, began to do drawing notes, known already in the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. e. Each sign of this pictographic letter denoted an entire concept. The Cretans have some signs, though only a few, created under the influence of Egyptian hierographic writing, arose back in the 4th millennium BC. e. Gradually, the forms of signs were simplified, and some began to denote only syllables.