Academy hard or soft consonant. Pronunciation of consonants before e
The Russian language as a whole is characterized by the opposition of hard and soft consonants (cf.: small And crumpled, Houses And Dema). In many European languages there is no such opposition. When borrowed, a word usually obeys the pronunciation norms of the Russian language. Thus, before “e” in Russian there is usually a soft consonant ( m ate, no). Many foreign words begin to be pronounced in the same way: meter, r y ebus. The pronunciation of hard consonants is usually preserved by all foreign surnames: Chopin[pe], Voltaire[te]. The pronunciation of a hard consonant before “e” is also typical for bookish, rarely used words ( apartheid [te]. demarche [de]). The type of consonant before “e” also has a certain meaning. For example, the combination “de” is more often pronounced with a soft consonant. and the combination “those” - with hard. The source of borrowing plays a significant role. For example, the final stressed syllable in words from French is usually pronounced with a hard consonant ( pastel [te], cure [re], corrugated [re]). But there are exceptions here, for example, the word overcoat pronounced with a soft "n". Here is a small group of words in which pronunciation errors are often observed.
The correct pronunciation of a hard consonant before “e” in the following words is considered: artery, atelier, atheist, jewelry, business, businessman, beefsteak, brandy, Bruderschaft, Bundeswehr, sandwich, bra, water polo, riding breeches, gangster, corrugated, grotesque, disintegration, decadent, dequalification, cleavage, detective, dumping, denunciation, determinism, de facto, de jure, decryption, identical, impresario, inert, index, interval, integration, intensity, intervention, interview, cartel, caret, cabaret, condensate, container, motorcade, computer, curé, laser, lottery, Madeira, mademoiselle, manager, travel bag, nonsense, pastel, panel, panther, producer, rugby, relay, sweater, thesis, timbre, trend, tempo, tent, masterpiece, chimpanzee, plug, esthete.
In words diet, project, caries the sound [j] is not pronounced, that is, they sound like [d b ieta], [proekt], [kar b ies].
The consonant before “e” is pronounced softly: academy, certificate, benefit, takes, brunette, bookmaker, accounting, bill of exchange, gazelle, haberdashery, hegemon, debit, debate, debut, degenerate, devaluation, degradation, disinfection, demagogue, democrat, demi-season, dismantling, deposit, dispatch, despot, defect, hyphen, deficit, deformation, dividend, ikebana, investor, intellectual; congress, air conditioning, coffee, cream, patent, presentation, progress, review, raglan, register, reserve, raid, flight, rail, x-ray, referee, term, overcoat, effect.
In general, the pronunciation of hard and soft consonants in borrowed words is a very flexible norm. As a rule, when borrowed, a word is pronounced with a hard consonant for some time. As it becomes mastered by the language, it loses the “patina” of a foreign, “alien”, the hard pronunciation is gradually replaced by the pronunciation of a soft consonant (in accordance with the spelling). Sometimes this process goes very quickly. For example, schoolchildren in urban schools, where a computer is no longer perceived as something exotic, usually pronounce the word computer with a soft “t”, but such a pronunciation has not yet become the general literary norm.
At the same time, in some cases, the pronunciation of both hard and soft consonants is equally acceptable. For example, the pronunciation of “e” and “e” is allowed in the words: aggression, disinformation, decade, dean, credo, claim and some others.
Attention should also be paid to the social significance of the pronunciation of hard and soft consonants in borrowed words. If the norm is still the pronunciation of a hard consonant, then the pronunciation of a soft consonant can be perceived as a manifestation of low human culture (cf.: chimpanzee e, copper ema el) at the same time, the pronunciation of a hard consonant in a word where the pronunciation of a soft consonant has already become the norm , can be perceived as a manifestation of philistinism, pseudo-intellectualism. This is how, for example, pronunciations like shi[ne]l, k[re]m, ko[fe], bru[ne]t, aka[de]miya, [te]ma are perceived.
Pronunciation of [e] and [o] under stress after soft consonants and sibilants
In Russian, in the position between a soft and a hard consonant under stress, “o” is usually pronounced (graphically “ё”): sister - sisters, wife - wives. However, in entire groups of words such alternation is not observed. These are many borrowed words ( bluff, scam etc.), words that came to us from the Old Church Slavonic language. For example, nouns starting with -е are usually of Old Church Slavonic origin, and words with -е are of Russian origin, so the following parallels can be identified: being - being, living - living. There is no alternation in the position between two soft consonants, cf.: ice, But - black ice.
TEST YOURSELF:
1. Read the following words carefully, paying attention to their correct pronunciation and emphasis:
A) Whitish, faded, sparkle, voyager, millstone, gutter, gall, kiosk, maneuver, nonsense, wit, loan, receiver, polygamy, bucket, bucket, priest, kneeling, imprinted, fur, perch, hopeless, worthless, importer, retoucher , marker, taper, chronicler, stuntman, knowledgeable, starter, officer.
b) Obstetrician, guardianship, scam, existence, life, plump, snapdragon. grenadier, carabinieri, receiver, sharpness, sedentism, bent, bigamist, polygamist, bluff, expired term, pole, rod, hornet, spineless, fashion designer, dispensary, minuscule, croupier, porter, spearhead.
2. Mark the words in which [e] is pronounced after a soft consonant under stress.
Genesis, fable, eponymous, catechumen, stunned, grenadier, multi-temporal, connected, loaded, coarse-haired.
3. Divide the words below into two groups depending on whether the consonant is pronounced - hard or soft.
Ampere, anesthesia, antenna, beige, beefsteak, brunette, sandwich, dean, demon, depression, chapel, caravel, card index, cafe, cupcake, stranded, modern, museum, short story, Odessa, hotel, pastel, patent, pioneer, resonance, rail, sausage, superman, tavern, themed, plywood, music library, brown-haired, overcoat.
4. Highlight the words in which the consonant before E is pronounced firmly.
Antithesis, anapest, grotesque, aesthetics, effect, genetics, tennis, pool, phoneme, benefit.
Difficulties arise in the pronunciation of a number of words due to the indistinguishability of letters in the printed text e And e , since only one graphic symbol is used to denote them - e . This situation leads to a distortion of the phonetic appearance of the word and causes frequent pronunciation errors. There are two sets of words to remember:
1) with a letter e and the sound [" uh]: af e ra, be e , live e , Grenada e r, op e ka, os e long, idiot e native, foreigner e nny, w e non-hater;
2) with a letter e and the sound [" O]: hopeless e payment e capable, man e vry, white e syy, bl e cool, w e personal, w e lch (option - w e lie), alone e ny.
In some pairs of words, different meanings are accompanied by different sounds of the stressed vowel: ist e kshiy (term) – but: ist e kshiy (blood), screams like a loud voice e nal – but: decree, announced e in the morning, etc.
Some difficult cases of pronunciation of consonants
1. According to old Moscow standards, the spelling combination -chn- should always have been pronounced like [shn] in words: bakery, on purpose, cheap, fiddling, creamy, apple and under. Currently, the pronunciation has been preserved only in some words: of course, boring, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party. The vast majority of other words are pronounced [chn], as they are written: toy, creamy, apple, flour, snack bar, glass etc.
Pronunciation [ shn] preserved today also in female patronymics ending in -ichna: Nikitichna, Ilyinichna and so on..
According to old Moscow standards, the combination -wha- pronounced as [pcs] in the word What and in words derived from it: nothing, something etc.: currently this rule remains the same (except for the word something[Thu]). In all other words the spelling is - th- always pronounced as [thu]: mail, dream, mast.
2. In words man, defector on site zhch, in the form of the comparative degree of adverbs tougher, harsher(And more scathingly) in place stch, as well as in place of combinations zch And sch customer, sandstone, cost accounting etc. pronounced [ sch]: mu[sh]ina, pere[sch]ik, zhe[sh]e etc.
3. When several consonants accumulate in some words, one of them is not pronounced: student[s"n"]ik, weighty[s"n"]ik po[zn]o, pra[zn]ik, conscientious[s"l"]ivy, maximal[ss]ky and so on. .
4. Hard consonants before soft consonants can be softened:
a) necessarily softens n before soft ones h And With: face[n"z"]iya, pretension[n"z"]iya;
b) n before soft T And d softens: a["n"t"]ichny, ka[n"d"]idat.
Pronunciation of borrowed words
Many borrowed words have spelling features that need to be remembered.
1. In some words of foreign language origin, the sound [o] is pronounced in place of the unstressed o: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulant, veto, gross, net, advice, oasis, reputation. Pronunciation of words poetry, credo etc. with unstressed [o] optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain the unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, Sacramento and etc.
2. In some borrowed words, after vowels and at the beginning of a word, the unstressed [e] sounds quite clearly: aegis, evolution, duelist and etc.
3. In oral speech, certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing a hard or soft consonant before the letter e in borrowed words: t[em]p or [t"e]mp? bass[se]yn or bass[s"e]yn? In some cases, a soft consonant is pronounced.
Soft Pronunciation:
In other cases, before e a hard consonant is pronounced.
Firm pronunciation:
4. Currently, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of words:
6. In borrowed words with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains hard before e: gene zis[g"ene], relay[rel"e]etc.
7. Solid [ w] is pronounced in words pair shu T[shu], bro shu ra[shu]. In a word jury pronounced soft hissing [ and"]. Names are pronounced just as softly Julien, Jules.
8. When pronouncing some words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear. It should be pronounced:
incident, Not incident;
precedent, Not precedent;
compromise, Not compromise;
competitive, Not competitive;
emergency, Not h[e]extraordinary;
institution, Not institution;
future, Not future;
thirsty Not thirsty
The Russian language as a whole is characterized by the opposition of hard and soft consonants.
Wed: small And crumpled, WHO And carried, sir And gray, mouse And bear.
In many European languages there is no such opposition. When borrowed, a word usually obeys the pronunciation norms of the Russian language. So, before e in Russian there is usually a soft consonant: chalk, no. Many borrowed words begin to be pronounced in the same way: meter, rebus. However, in other cases, the pronunciation of the hard consonant is preserved in the borrowed word: adept[adept], amber[ambre], although this is not reflected graphically. Usually, after a hard consonant in Russian, e is written, and after a soft consonant, e. In borrowed words, as a rule, it is written e. Consonants can be pronounced both softly and firmly.
When pronouncing a borrowed word, several parameters must be taken into account.
1. The pronunciation of hard consonants is usually preserved by foreign surnames:
Shope[e]n, Volte[e]r.
2. The pronunciation of hard consonants is usually preserved in bookish, little-used words that have recently entered the Russian language:
de[e]-facto, apart[e]id, re[e]iting.
As the word becomes established in the language, the pronunciation of a hard consonant can be replaced by the pronunciation of a soft consonant (in accordance with the spelling). So, now it is possible to pronounce a consonant in two ways:
de[e/e]gradate, de[e/e]valuation, de[e/e]duction, de[e/e]odorant, de[e/e]kan.
3. The type of consonant located before e plays a certain role.
Thus, in borrowed words with the combination de, the process of softening the consonant regularly occurs (in accordance with the spelling):
decoration, de[e]clamation, de[e]mobilization.
The process of softening the consonant is quite active in words with combinations not, re:
abre[e]k, aggression[e]ssion, aquar[e]el, bere[e]t, re[e]gent, re[e]ter, referee, brun[e]t, shine[ spruce.
On the contrary, the combination te quite stably preserves the firm pronunciation of the consonant: ate[e]lye, bijute[e]ria, bute[er]rbrod, de[e]te[e]active, te[e]rier.
4. A certain role is played by the source of borrowing and the place in the word of the combination with e.
Thus, those words that are borrowed from French with a final stressed syllable consistently retain the pronunciation of a hard consonant sound:
entre[e], meringue[e], corrugation[e], curé[e], paste[e]l.
5. In book words in which the letter e is preceded by a vowel rather than a consonant, the sound [j] is not pronounced.
Wed: in Russian words: ate, [j]ate; in borrowed words: die[e]ta, brown[e]s, proe[e]ct, proe[e]ctor, proe[e]ction, ree[e]str.
It is absolutely unacceptable to pronounce [j] in a word poet and its derivatives ( poetic, poetess).
note
The pronunciation of hard and soft consonants in borrowed words has social significance. If the norm is still the pronunciation of a hard consonant (for example, chimpanzee[e], gofre[e], computer[e]r, madem[dm]uaze[e]l), then the pronunciation of the soft consonant in such words ( chimpanzee[e], corrugation[e], computer[e]r, made[e]moise[e]el) can be perceived by listeners as a manifestation of the speaker’s low culture. At the same time, pronouncing a hard consonant where the pronunciation of a soft consonant has already become the norm can be perceived by listeners as a manifestation of philistinism, pretentiousness, and pseudo-intellectuality. So, for example, the pronunciation of hard consonants in words is perceived: academic[e]mik, bere[e]t, brunette[e]t, accounting[e]r, de[e]claration, de[e]magog, de[e]mokrat, coffee[e], te[e ]ma, te[er]rmome[e]tr, fane[e]ra, shine[e]l.
In the position before the sound [e], denoted in writing by the letter e, in borrowed words both soft and hard consonants are pronounced. Lack of softness is often characteristic of dental [d], [t], [z], [s], [n] and the sound [r]. However, the consonant before is pronounced softly e in words academy,cream,press, museum,tenor and many others. See lists of such words below.
Words with firmly pronounced consonants before e
adept [de]
detective [dete]
adequate [de]
anesthesia [ne, te]
annexation [ne] [ add. Not]
antiseptic [se]
atheism [te]
atheist [te]
take-take [be, be]
business [ne]
businessman [ne] [ add. Not, meh]
hetaera [te]
grotesque [te]
landing stage [de, der]
devaluation [de] [ add. de]
degradation [de]
depression [de]
dehumanization [de]
disabillier [de]
disavow [de]
disintegration [dezynte]
disinformation [disinformation] [ add. misinformation]
disorganization [de] [ add. de]
disorientation [de] [ add. de]
decahedron [de]
dequalification [de]
neckline [de, te]
low-cut [ add. de]
decompensation [de]
decor [de]
delicacy [te]
demarche [de]
demos [de]
dumping [de]
dendrologist [de]
denomination [de]
denunciation [de]
dermis [de]
desegregation [de]
detective [dete]
detector [dete]
determinism [dete]
de facto [de]
deflector [de]
deflation [de]
decibel [de]
decimeter [de]
de-escalation [de]
de jure [de, re]
indexing [de]
computer [te]
condensate [de]
capacitor [de]
consensus [se]
confidential [de] [ add. de]
corps de ballet [de]
cosecant [se]
crater [te] [ add. those]
credo [re] [ add. re]
crepe de Chine [de] [ add. re]
laser [ze]
manager [ne] [ add. meh, nah]
management [ne] [ add. meh, nah]
minstrel [re] [ add. ne]
simulate [de]
nonsense [se]
orchid [de]
pantheon [te]
panther [te] [ add. those]
ground [te]
reverence [ie] [ add. no]
pretentious [te]
providential [de]
producer [se]
protégé [te]
prosthesis [te]
protection [te]
rendezvous [de]
requiem [re, uh]
reputation [me] [ add. re, meh]
secant [se]
Saint Bernard [se]
maxim [te] [ add. se]
sepsis [se]
setter [se, te]
synthesis [te]
sonnet [ne] [ add. Not]
stress [re]
thesis (anti-) [te]
thesaurus [te]
thesis (anti-) [te]
timbre [te]
tempera [te]
tendency [te, de]
tender [te, de]
tennis [te]
T-shirt [te]
thermos [te]
terms [te]
terracotta [te]
terzetto [te]
third [te]
tête-à-tête [tetatet]
tetrahedron [te]
track [re] [ add. re]
phoneme [ne]
phonetics [ne]
maid of honor [re]
meatball [de]
cicerone [ne]
showman [meh]
psychic [se]
Words with softly pronounced consonants before e
academy [not de]
takes [not bere]
degenerate
tasting [ de and de]
deduction [ add. de]
disinfection, disinfect
deodorant [ de and de]
decade [ add. de]
decadent [ add. decade]
recitation
declaration
decoration
demilitarization [ add. de]
demi-season
dismantling [ add. de]
depression [ add. de, re]
leatherette
definition [ add. de]
hyphen [ add. de]
deformation [ add. de]
dividend
kinescope
competent
competence
congress [ add. re]
congressman [ add. re, meh]
context
correct
cream [ add. re]
compartment, But: coupe [ pe]
legionary
mixer [ add. se]
policeman
mystery
cologne
policeman
press conference
pressing
progression [ add. re]
registry [ add. es]
referent
safe [ add. se]
sexology [ add. se],But: sex [se]
cervelat [ add. se]
service [ add. se]
session [ add. se]
athlete [rts]
therapist [ add. te]
Terminator
thermonuclear [ add. te]
terror [ add. te]
fashionable [ add. ne]
shrapnel
express [ add. re]
expression [ add. re]
epidemic
essence
jurisprudence
1. Certain kinds of difficulties may arise when pronouncing consonants before E in foreign words.
Some book words and words of a terminological nature are pronounced with a hard consonant before E: in[te]rvyu, tone[ne]l, sin[te]z, [te]st, [mene]ger, [te]zis, kok\te\yl.
In modern Russian, the main tendency in the pronunciation of borrowed words is to move from a hard pronunciation to a soft one. Some words that were previously pronounced only firmly can now be pronounced softly: artery, vaudeville, devaluation, deduction, deodorant, dismantling, criterion, panther.
2. As a rule, you should remember: in all borrowed words, the sounds [k], [g], [x] and [l] before E are softened according to the laws of Russian phonetics: \k"e\ks, s[x"e\ma, [g"e\nesis, suf[l"e], ba[g"e]t. In most cases, soft pronunciation of consonants becomes the main one, and the option with hard pronunciation becomes obsolete and is characterized by dictionaries as acceptable, for example: aggression[r"e and additional re], dean[d "e and additional de], depression[d"e, r"e and add. de, re], hyphen[d "e and additional de], congress[r"ee additional re], progress[r"e and additional re], express[r"e and additional re].
It should be especially noted the pronunciation of complex abbreviated words (abbreviations): they are pronounced as the names of the letters that make them up are pronounced: VAT [en de es], FSB [ef es be], CIS [es en ge]. Proper names should be pronounced correctly: Lodeynoye Pole(district center of the Leningrad region) [d] pronounced softly Lo[d"e\ynoe, and not [de]; O[d "e]ssa, and not O[de]ssa, as we sometimes hear.
However, we pronounce many foreign names and surnames, as well as geographical names, with a strong consonant: \De]kart, Vol[te]r, Gyo[te], Ma[ne\, Ro[de]n, Ba[de]n-Ba[de]n, Manhat[te]n etc. The norm regarding borrowed names developed back in the 19th century and is associated with the habit of pronouncing proper names as they sound in the original language.
3. It is necessary to distinguish between the sounds [e] and [o] after soft consonants. You should remember: a) only [e] pronounced in words: af e ra, be e, foreigner e ny, ist e kshiy, oops e ka and etc.; b) only [O] pronounced in words: zat ë cough, newborn ë ny, sharp ë , prin ë superior and etc.
Pronunciation options can also be noted: equal ( white e syy And white ë syy, decide e woven And decide ë woven), semantic ( n e bo–n ë bo, zhel e zka – zhel ë zka), normative-chronological ( akush e r – akush ë R(obsolete), hopeless ë zhny – hopeless e gentle(obsolete), etc.).
Pronunciation of the combination CN. The combination of CN requires special attention, because When pronouncing it, mistakes are often made.
In modern Russian, the combination CHN is pronounced in most cases as [CH"N], especially in words of book origin: al[h"n]y, anti\h"n\y, poro[h"n\y, remov[h"n]y, interpersonal[h"n]ostny, command[h"n\y, matri[ h"n]y and etc.
In some cases, the same word may be pronounced differently depending on the figurative meaning that appears in stable combinations: heart disease And cordial friend, kopeck coin And copious soul.
Even at the beginning of the 20th century, many words with the combination [CHN] were pronounced with [shn], and not [ch"n]: bul[sh]aya, everyday[sh]y, young[sh\ny, lingon[sh]y etc., in modern language such pronunciation is characterized as outdated or even colloquial.
Now the pronunciation of this combination corresponds to the spelling [ch"n]. Only in some words should only [shn] be pronounced: horse[shn]o, sku[shn]o, naro[shn]o, eggs[shn]itsa, starling[shn]ik, laundry[shn]aya, och[shn]ik, mustard[shn]ik, empty [sh]y. The same pronunciation is retained in female patronymics: Ilin[sh]a, Lukini[sh]a, Nikiti[sh]a, Savvi[sh]a, Fomini[sh]a. This is a traditional deviation from the general norm, which is legitimized by dictionaries, so it should be adhered to in your speech.
Pronunciation of the combination CHT. Combination Thu usually pronounced as written, for example: ma Thu a, by Thu about Thu And and etc.; but only a combination [PCS] pronounced in a word What and its derivatives (except for the lexeme something). In a word nothing Double pronunciation is allowed.
Pronunciation of double consonants. It is necessary to correctly pronounce double consonants in Russian and borrowed words. Here you should adhere to the following recommendations: 1) double consonants in Russian words at the junction of morphemes are usually preserved in pronunciation, for example: be zz busy, bb erh, co nn oh, blah ss well-known etc.; the same in prefixed passive participles: I'm thinking nn oh, except nn oh, neutralize nn th etc. In prefixless participles one sound is pronounced n : wound nn in the leg, in the heat nn potatoes in oil; The exception is those cases when words like purchase nn oh, broche nn oh yeah nn th etc. are used as adjectives; 2) in borrowed words and in Russian words that have foreign morphemes, the double consonant is usually pronounced for a long time if it comes after a stressed syllable: va nn a, ka ss a, g mm ah, cape ll a, ma nn a (heavenly) etc. A double consonant is not pronounced in cases where it stands: a) before a stressed syllable: A ss ambleya, co pp respondent, mi ll yard, gra mm atika, and kk reddit; b) at the end of a word: meta ll, gra mm, gris pp ; c) before a consonant: gru pp ka, ka ss ny, program mm ny etc. Variant pronunciation is allowed in some words, for example: A nn ala, and nn otation, and ss imitation, di ff Uzia, ka ss eta and etc.
Pronunciation of vowels and consonants in borrowed words. Certain difficulties are caused by the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in borrowed words: 1) in some words of foreign language origin (including proper names) the unstressed sound is preserved O , For example: vet O, credit O, With O no, Fl O ber, Z O la and etc.; at the same time, in most well-mastered words there is an acane: R O man, ar O checkmate, k O mfort etc. In some cases, variant pronunciation of unstressed O : V O calism, p O ezia and etc.; 2) in place of letters uh, e after vowels in foreign words a sound is pronounced [e](without antecedent [th]): about e ct, piru uh t, by uh Zia, Audi e nation and etc.; 3) labial consonants before e in most cases pronounced softly ( b Engali, b enefis, P Elerina, V spruce V no etc.), but in some cases labial before e remain solid: b eta, business m en, Kar m en, Sho P en etc. Dental consonants t, d, h, s, n, r more often than others remain firm in front of e (en T enna, ge n ethics, polo n ez, fo n ema, gro T esk, d e T active etc.), but only soft dental ones are pronounced before e in words: bulletin T hey, clair n no, T enor, fa n era, shi n spruce, O d essa etc. In many words before e Variant (hard and soft) pronunciation of consonants is possible: d ekan, pre T enzia, T therapy, T error, T rivers and etc.
Accentological norms (stress norms). Accent – highlighting a syllable in a word by various means: intensity (in Czech), duration (in Modern Greek), tone movement (in Vietnamese and other tonal languages). In Russian, a stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its duration, intensity and tone movement. In many languages, placing stress does not cause any difficulties, because the emphasis in them is fixed. In Polish and Latin the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, in French - on the last; in English - on the first syllable. Russian accent is different places , because it can fall on any syllable, for example, on the first - etc A vilo, On the second - walls A , on the third - beauty A etc. Variability allows you to distinguish between the grammatical forms of words: st e us - walls s, R at ki - hand And, us s fall - mound A t etc. Stress in the Russian language can be characterized as movable and fixed. motionless An accent that falls on the same part of a word is called: G O hospital, g O hospital, g O spital, g O hospital, oh O spital - the accent is fixed to the root; ringing Yu, ringing And m, ringing And those ringing And sew, ring And t, ringing I T - the accent is assigned to the ending. An accent that changes place in different forms of the same word is called mobile : start A t, n A started, started A; right, right A you're right A; could at, m O eat, m O gut; Mon I t, p O yal, got it A.
Within the literary norm, there are a significant number of stress options. There are, for example: 1) equal options (interchangeable in all cases, regardless of style, time, etc.): LOL A vet And rusty e t, TV O horn And creation O G, b A rust And barge A ; T e fteli And teft e whether; at the same time e exactly And at the same time e but also etc. There are about 5000 such words in the Russian language. 2) unequal: a) semantic (varies in meaning): witticisms A (blades) and sharp O that(witty expression); tr at sit(afraid) - coward And t(run); Pogr at married(placed in transport) - immersed e ny(lowered in water); b) stylistic (refer to different language styles), in particular bookish and colloquial ( points A t And b A catch, Great Danes O R And d O talk), common and professional ( To O MPA And computer A With, And skra And sparks A, A languid And at O many; excited O and exc. at expected); V) normative-chronological (manifest in the time of their use), for example modern and outdated: apartment e nts And apart A cops, stolen And English And Ukrainian A Insky.
Placing stress in derived forms of words presents a certain difficulty. Here you should follow some rules.
Noun
1. A number of nouns have a fixed stress on the stem in all forms: St. A T – St. A You, T O rt – T O mouths, shr And ft – shr And ft etc.
2. Many monosyllabic masculine nouns have an accent on the ending in the singular genitive case: b And nt – bandage A, With e rp – sickle A, s O nt – umbrella A etc.
3. Feminine nouns in the accusative singular form are stressed or at the ending ( troubles at, wine at, slabs at, bur at etc.), or based on ( b O family, in O du, z And mu, p O RU etc.).
4. Some monosyllabic nouns of the 3rd declension when used with a preposition V And on have an accent on the ending: in the pile And, in honor And, in connection And, at night And .
5. Nouns of the 3rd declension in the genitive plural have the accent that based on ( ascend s sheshennosti, gl at post, m e ness etc.), then at the end ( news e th, queues, shadows and etc.); double emphasis: O industries And industry e y, p I dey And span e th, statement e th And V e domosti.
Adjective
1. If in the short form of the feminine gender the stress falls on the ending, then in the short forms of the neuter and masculine gender the stress is placed on the stem, and it usually coincides with the stress in the full form: b e ly - white A, b e l, b e lo; I dark - clear A, I Sep, I sno etc.
2. In the plural form, double stress is possible: b e ly – white s, bl And zyki - close And, P at sty - empty s, n And language - low And etc. But only easy And, etc A You.
3. If in the short feminine form the emphasis falls on the ending, then in the comparative degree - on the suffix: length A– length e e, visible A– visible e e, full - full e e and etc.
4. If in the short feminine form the emphasis falls on the stem, then in the comparative degree the emphasis is placed on the stem: lil O va – lil O vee, beautiful And va – beautiful And vee, flax And va-len And in her and so on.
Verb
1. The stress in past tense forms can be on the stem or on the ending. There are three groups of words: a) verbs with an accent on the base in all forms: blow - blew, d at la, d at lo, d at whether; put – put, kl A la, cl A lo, cl A whether and etc.; b) verbs with an accent on the stem in all forms, except for the feminine form, in which it changes to the ending: take - took, took A, br A lo, br A whether; swim swam swam A, pl s lo, pl s whether etc.; c) verbs with stress on the prefix in all forms, except for the feminine form, in which it changes to the ending: take - s A nyal, took A, s A I'm sorry, s A hired; start - n A started, started A, n A chalo, n A chatted and etc.
2. In short passive past participles, the emphasis in the feminine form in some cases falls on the ending, in others - on the prefix: a) taken - taken A, started – started A, accepted – accepted A ; b) in participles on -abused, -torn, -called the emphasis falls on the prefix: h A brane, pr e torn, pr And called and so on.
3. Among the verbs in -edit two groups are distinguished: a) with emphasis on And (cop And talk, debate And work, consult And to sleep); b) with emphasis on A (standards A yeah, premium A yeah, seals A t). Passive past participles formed from verbs ending in -edit , are divided into two groups: a) form on -And to sleep matches the form on -And blocked (blocked And rove – block And planned, planned And to plan - plan And roved); b) form on -irs A t– form on -ir O bathroom (premium A t - prime world O bathtub, shaped A t - formed O bathroom).
Variation and mobility of stress lead to errors. The main causes of errors include the following.
1. Ignorance of the origin of the word. Words coming from French will have the stress on the last syllable. These include: apostrophe O f, blinds And, quart A l, kokl Yu w, fet And w, exp e rt.
2. The absence of the letter E in the printed text, because it is always under stress: spellbound, newborn, fastened, taken away, condemned.
3. Poor knowledge of morphology. If case forms are formed incorrectly, errors are made, for example: keychain A instead of wandered O ka, towels instead of canvas e netz, rake e th instead of gr A bel.
ASSIGNMENTS ON THE TOPIC
Exercise 1. Place stress on the following nouns:
Gas pipeline, contract, leisure, nap, sign, invention, flint, hunk, garbage chute, thinking, intention, bowl, dowry, beetroot, statue, petition, sorrel.
Apostrophe, bureaucracy, gastronomy, diopter, significance, iconography, rubber, aches, lampoon, funeral, convocation, consolidation, extravaganza, phenomenon.
Asymmetry, gas pipeline, religion, bungalow, genesis, dispensary, life support, catalogue, quarter, obituary.
Dialogue, play, spark, pantry, colossus, illness, parterre, bonus, purple, perspective, carpenter, legalization, Christian.
Task 2. Explain the meanings of words with different accents, make up a phrase with each of them.
A tlas – atl A s, br O nya – bro I, V And denie – view e nie, And rice - ir And s, cl at would be a club s, sharp O ta – witticism A, st A Rina – old man A, tr at sit - coward And yeah, at naked - ug O linen
Task 3. Form the following nouns into singular genitive forms and place stress on them. What determines the placement of stress in a particular case?
Screw, coat of arms, hump, mushroom, goose, plait, rod, tuft, hook, layer, fruit, pond, rod, cake, pole, barley.
Task 4. Place stress in the genitive plural forms of 3rd declension nouns.
Insolence, positions, poles, tassels, fortresses, whips, planes, stories, sermons, tablecloths, canes, pranks, cracks.
Task 5. Place stress in the initial forms of adjectives.
Peanut, unrestrained, gross, stamped, ancient, cousin, jagged, sparkling, cedar, meager, simultaneous, wholesale, statutory.
Task 6. Form all short forms from these adjectives and put emphasis on them.
Brisk, hungry, proud, bitter, rude, cheap, long, pitiful, green, strong, right, rare, light, well-fed.
Task 7. Indicate the emphasis in adverbs. Are there forms with variant stress among them?
Incessantly, clearly, masterfully, enviably, for a long time, for a long time, gradually, at exorbitant prices, at exorbitant prices, backhandedly, obliquely, for a long time.
Task 8. Place the stress on the following verbs.
Pamper, memorize, seal, jam, clog, rust, call, pamper, exhaust, cough, begin, began, ease, borrow, voice, vulgarize, encourage, force, notify, deepen, aggravate, intercede.
Task 9. Form all possible forms of the past tense from these verbs and place emphasis on them. What rules determine the placement of stress in past tense forms?
Shave, heed, lie, pester, ask, freeze, steal, pour, make money, hire, hug, convey, give, understand, arrive, tear, repute, depart, sew.
Task 10. Form short passive participles from the following verbs and place emphasis on them. Indicate what determines the placement of stress in participial forms.
Take, pick up, borrow, get rid of, recruit, name, hire, recall, re-elect, pick up, give, cover, accept, live, distribute, convene, sew.
Task 11. Place the emphasis in the following verbs on -edit. Determine which two groups these words fall into depending on the place of stress.
Ballot, block, bombard, waltz, gas, guarantee, engrave, make-up, debate, diploma, disqualify, distill, drape, inform, compromise, compete, copy, varnish, liquidate, disguise, march, furnish, polish, reward, rehabilitate, register, summarize, transport, exaggerate, form, formulate, force.
Task 12. From the above verbs to – edit(task 10) form complete passive participles of the past tense and place emphasis on them. What rule should be followed in this case?
Task 13. Rewrite the words, dividing them into two groups: 1) with b to indicate the softness of a consonant; 2) without b. Draw a conclusion about the pronunciation and spelling features of the words of each group.
Walking, wedding, carving, request, mowing, bridge, shyness, nanny, nurse, tempting, bathhouse, bathhouse attendant, tinsmith, lamplighter, take, Kuzmich, horses, people, Lyudmila, four, help, assistant, helplessness, ice floe, in the dark , in a dream.
Task 14. Mark the incorrect statements.
1. The orthoepic norm regulates the use of words.
2. The orthoepic norm regulates stress.
3. The orthoepic norm regulates the use of case forms.
5. Within the literary norm, there are a number of stress options.
6. To clarify pronunciation standards, you should consult an etymological dictionary.
