Synthesis of eastern and ancient traditions in Hellenism. Sleeping hermaphrodite
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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SYNTHESIS OF EASTERN AND ANCIENT TRADITIONS IN HELLENISM GIANTISM OF ARCHITECTURAL FORMS. EXPRESSION AND NATURALISM OF SCULPTURE DECOR Sleeping hermaphrodite. Venus of Melos Altar of Zeus in Pergamon
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HELLENISM - the final stage in the development of ancient Greek culture. The art of Hellenism (I-III centuries BC) was formed on the territory that was part of the huge empire of Alexander the Great, and represented a symbiosis of the Greek order and eastern artistic traditions. Cultural centers of the Hellenistic world: - Alexandria in Egypt, - Antioch in Syria, - Pergamon in Asia Minor, - Rhodes Island in Greece. Hellenistic art, despite its fragmentation, is united by a common aesthetic ideal - extreme individualism. The key myth of the era is the myth of Narcissus. Hellenistic states in the 3rd century. BC.
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The Myth of Narcissus The beautiful young man Narcissus did not love anyone and did not reciprocate anyone. The goddess of justice Nemesis, to whom there were pleas to punish the proud man, heeded them. One day, seeing his reflection in a stream, Narcissus fell in love with it and, unable to communicate with the object of his love, died of melancholy on the shore. In this place grew a flower of the same cold and lifeless beauty - a delicate and strong-smelling narcissus. Salvador Dali Metamorphoses of Narcissus 1937 Karl Bryullov Narcissus looking into the water 1819
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Hellenistic architecture. Corinthian order The East's love for decorativeness, pomp and ornamentation is clearly reflected in architecture. The Corinthian order began to be used. The proportions of the Corinthian order repeat the Ionic ones, but with a higher capital, reminiscent of a bunch of flowers with volute-stamens, intercepted from below by a belt. The order was like a painful fantasy, but a fantasy of grace and taste. The decoration of the order consisted of various types of colored marble, since the picturesque play of chiaroscuro on marble of the same color began to seem insufficient. The proportionality, harmony and calm, strong-willed purposefulness of the classics were replaced by decorativeness, emotional tension and pathos.
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“Oriental bliss” in sculpture The subject of the image is not something obscene. The sculptor depicted the son of Hermes and Aphrodite, who united with the nymph Salmacis, took her forms, but became a dual male creature, but with the breasts and forms of a woman. The sculptor found a theme that expressed the Greek style: relaxed nudity, the effect of surprise and theatricality were united centuries later in the art of the Italian Baroque. Strict classical beauty was replaced by grace; a simple, precise gesture - a voluptuous lazy movement; the image of an athlete warrior is a hermaphrodite. Sleeping Hermaphrodite Rome, National Roman Museum
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Altar of Zeus in Pergamon The disharmony of the soul of the Hellenistic man, his desire to bring everything to the point of passion - fear to horror, strength to the point of rudeness - determined the appearance of such a tragic, heartbreaking work as the relief of the altar of Zeus on the acropolis in Pergamum (Second century BC .) The battle of the Olympian gods with the mortal giants, born of the earth-Gaia from the blood of the castrated sky-Uranus and who had snake tails instead of legs, could end successfully if a hero came out on the side of the gods, which happened thanks to the intervention of Hercules. The Pergamon school, as well as all Greek sculpture of the Hellenistic era, is characterized by the depiction of acute feelings - dying and pain, horror and despair - and spectacular poses. The plastic arts of Hellenism used techniques that make one almost physically feel suffering and death, in contrast to the harmony and tranquility of the classical reliefs of the Parthenon. Altar of Zeus in Pergamon Reconstruction
SYNTHESIS OF EASTERN AND ANCIENT TRADITIONS
IN HELLENISM
Sleeping hermaphrodite. Venus of Melos
GIANTISM OF ARCHITECTURAL FORMS.
EXPRESSION AND NATURALISM OF SCULPTURE DECOR
Altar of Zeus in Pergamon
Hellenism as the final stage in the development of ancient Greek culture
New aesthetics of the next stage of cultural development
Hellenistic architecture. Great Corinthian order
"Eastern bliss" in sculpture. Search for a gentle form. Sleeping hermaphrodite and the divine beauty of Venus of Melos.
Altar of Zeus in Pergamon as a manifestation of the disharmony of Hellenistic man.
Art is a continuous harmonious analysis of the world, allowing one to analyze ancient Greek culture as the source of the development of all world art.
The great era of the European Renaissance was guided by the Greek model.
Without art it is impossible to live, to be happy and successful, to understand the world around us;
Professional mobility presupposes a high level of intellectual culture;
We conduct dialogues
We formulate questions on the topic of the lesson and answer them
Writing down definitions
We draw diagrams and make sketches in a notebook
We carry out the teacher's tasks.
Technological map of lesson No. 14 – grade 10
Didactic structure of the lesson
Student activities
Teacher activities
Student assignments
Planned results
UUD
Organizing time
Remember the history course and what occurred in the territories that were part of the huge empire of Alexander the Great
Sets the emotional tone of the lesson
The divine beauty and tranquility of Venus of Melos and the disharmony of the soul of Hellenistic man, his desire to bring everything to the point of passion, the change from the image of an athlete-warrior to a hermaphrodite is the final stage in the development of ancient Greek culture. This -HELLENISM!
Personal – motivate interest in the topic being studied
Learning new material
Thinking and looking for an answer to a question , what ancient Greek myth can become key for our era?
They remember
that the harmony and tranquility of the classical reliefs of the Parthenon was achieved by a precise and simple line
Places accents
Cultural centers of the Hellenistic world: Alexandria in Egypt , Antioch in Syria , Pergamon in Asia Minor, Rhodes Island in Greece. The art of Hellenism was not integral, with a common aesthetic ideal - extreme individualism.
The key myth of the era is the myth of Narcissus. Myth in artistic forms reflected a new aesthetics: proportionality, harmony and calm, strong-willed purposefulness of the classics replaced decorativeness, emotional tension and pathos.
ARCHITECTURE
The East's love for decorativeness, pomp and ornamentation affected the order system. Began to be used Corinthian order.
The new order was like a painful fantasy, but a fantasy of grace and taste. It was aggravated by the decoration of various types of colored marble. The proportions of the Corinthian order repeated the Ionic ones, but with a higher capital, reminiscent of a bunch of flowers with volute-stamens, intercepted from below by a belt.
ALTAR OF ZEUS IN PERGAME
The Pergamon school, as well as all Greek sculpture of the Hellenistic era, is characterized by the depiction of acute feelings - dying and pain, horror and despair - and spectacular poses. Death, dying, the last breath are developed with amazing power, observation, even naturalism.In the plastic arts of Hellenism, which makes one almost physically feel suffering and death, not precise and simple lines were used, but completely different techniques.
Exercise 1
"Work with text"
Task 2
"Working with the visual series"
Subject – know the specific content component of the topic being studied.
Personal –
develop educational and cognitive interest in different types of culture.
Subject
Consolidating new material
1.Participate in a mini Blitz survey.
2. They work with the suggested text.
3. Compose and write down In the notebook there are three questions on the topic of the lesson (the teacher includes students’ questions in the quick survey).
Organizes a mini-blitz survey:
What contributed to the birth of beautiful and clear ancient Greek art?
What features are characteristic of Hellenistic art?
What is the reason for the appearance of two faces of beauty in Hellenistic plastic art?
What painting techniques did Hellenistic sculptors use to convey drama and expression?
Name the principles of classical art as understood by the ancient Greeks.
How was the Greek ideal perceived by different peoples?
Task 3
"The most famous library of antiquity"
Subject
Subject
Consolidation of basic knowledge and acquisition of new ones within the framework of disciplinary educational programs
Control
Conduct independent preparatory work in groups of 2 people.
Formulate questions on the topic of the lesson
Controls progress of independent and group work
Subject
Know the specific content component of the topic being studied.
Subject
Consolidation of basic knowledge and acquisition of new ones within the framework of disciplinary educational programs
Reflection
Discussing completing tasks.
Evaluate their work in the lesson and the lesson as a whole
Organizes and guides reflectionanalyzes working on assignments
Metasubject
Carry out reflection on school methods and abilities to act
Communication
Select adequate speech structures in meaningful educational dialogue.
Exercise 1.
Read the text and highlight the paragraphs
Give the text an attractive title
Fill out the form
The hot highway was lost in the vastness of a lifeless plain. And like a giant, a huge hill appeared in front, which alone dominated the entire endless steppe space. At the foot of the mountain were green olive and lemon groves and houses with flat roofs were crowded on ledges. It was Bergama - a small Turkish town located two hours drive from the Aegean coast. ...In the early autumn of 1878, the residents of Bergama looked with curiosity at a tanned European in a wide-brimmed hat. The German engineer Karl Human came to Turkey at the invitation of the Sultan to build bridges and roads. But, besides this, Human was interested in the ancient ruins of bygone Asia Minor civilizations, which at that time were almost unknown to European scientists and were not at all of interest to the Turks themselves. Human hired forty diggers in Bergama and climbed the mountain with them. He struck the dry, cracked earth first with his spade. Having started excavations in a bare place, the German engineer discovered one of the most important monuments of Hellenistic art - the Great Altar of Zeus. Under the layer of earth there were many large fragments of slabs with reliefs. By the end of the season, they built a narrative cycle about the battle of gods and giants.A large frieze of the altar of Zeus is placed on its plinth (height 23 m, length about 120 m). The frieze was executed by a group of sculptors, but according to a single compositional plan. The theme of the frieze is gigantomachy. In addition to the gods of Olympus, a number of deities take part in the battle, drawn either from old legends or newly invented. Death, dying, the last breath are developed with amazing power, observation, even naturalism. It is interesting that the sculpture accurately depicts the Gaul ethnic type. On the western side, deities of the water element were depicted. On the southern side are the gods of the heavens and celestial bodies. On the eastern, main one, there are the Olympian gods, on the northern one - night and constellations. In total there are about 50 figures of gods and the same number of giants. The figures are made in very high relief, almost in round plastic. The background of the frieze is densely filled with flowing clothes, wings of eagles, giants and snakes. The details are worked out so carefully that their materiality is felt. The figures were painted, many details were gilded; the high relief created deep shadows; the frieze was easy to read from a distance. The names of gods and giants are carved into the plinth and cornice.This plot was directly related to the history of the Kingdom of Pergamon.
Frieze theme
What is the name of the type of relief in which the images are made?
What is depicted on the eastern side of the structure?
How many giants were depicted on the relief?
How many gods were depicted on the relief?
What specific historical event formed the basis of the relief?
Who started the archaeological excavations of the structure?
Task 2 “Working with images”
Here is an illustrative series, look at the images
Try to determine which period in the development of world art the images belong to
Do you know what these works are called and who their author is?
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Task 3 " The most famous library of antiquity"
You need to think and answer in writing the questions why and why are you given the opportunity to familiarize yourself with this material?
What library are we talking about?
The most famous library of antiquity
This library was part of one of the main scientific centers of the ancient world, the Alexandria Museum.
The Museion (museum of the sanctuary of the Muses) and the library were created and existed during the reign of the Greek-Macedonian Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt from the beginning. 3rd century BC e.
About 500 thousand scrolls were collected in the library's storage rooms, including manuscripts of Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides and others.
A new building was recently built on the very site where Ptolemy built the famous Library in 288 BC.
This Library is a unique structure of the modern world and reflects There is amazing architecture of the 21st century.
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Amazing stories happen in this Greek hall: sometimes the statues “come to life” and conduct conversations. Ancient Greece
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Determine: who are these interlocutors, in what century did they live? ? ? I wonder what they're talking about? V century BC e. Age of Pericles IV century. BC e. Age of Alexander
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V century BC e. IV century BC e. In my time, Greek culture reached its peak! No wonder they call it “classic”! The most brilliant culture was the era that followed my conquests. Greek culture was inherited by conquered peoples! What do you think about this dispute? culture of classical Greece culture of Hellenism
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culture of classical Greece culture of Hellenism of the 5th century. BC e. IV century BC e. You can agree with Pericles. You can agree with Alexander. You may have a different opinion.
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The mausoleum is a majestic tomb. ? Parthenon Athens Mausoleum in Halicarnassus Persia. IV century BC e. Halicarnassus Mausoleum Let's compare the mausoleum with the temple of classical Greece! Did you recognize him? Everything is relative! V century BC e. IV century BC e.
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V century BC. IV century BC e. Parthenon. V century BC e. Mausoleum On a chariot, King Mausolus with his wife Comparison plan of buildings: the foundation of the building its main part the completion of the construction its decorations
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Parthenon Mausoleum Rectangular base of buildings Columns along the entire perimeter of the building Buildings are decorated with sculpture Mausoleum - tomb The building has several tiers, directed upwards Completed with a step pyramid No pediment General features Differences between the Mausoleum and the Parthenon
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Mausoleum in Halicarnassus Temple of Marduk Babylon Seven Wonders of the World Parthenon Athens Greek architecture Oriental Architecture + Hellenistic Architecture And people appreciated this monument! How much effort and money has been spent on glorifying one person!
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Seven Wonders of the World Faros Lighthouse Based on these sources, tell us about the Faros Lighthouse. What other information about the lighthouse would you like to know? The tower on Pharos, the salvation of the Greeks, was erected by Sostratus, the Architect of Cnidus... And high, cutting through the ether, the tower rises, Everywhere for many miles visible to the traveler during the day, At night, from afar, those sailing on the sea see all the time the Light from a large fire at the very top of the lighthouse.. Greek poet Posidip Faros lighthouse
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Seven Wonders of the World Faros Lighthouse How did these two buildings differ in architectural form? What different meanings did people put into the idea of “the wonders of the world”, admiring the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus and the Pharos lighthouse? Seven Wonders of the World Temple of Artemis in Ephesus The Temple of Artemis delighted with the grandeur and beauty of its decoration! The lighthouse amazed contemporaries with its technical inventions!
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Pergamon Acropolis and Altar of Zeus from the 2nd century BC. e. An altar is a place for sacrifices. Pergamon Altar Monuments of Hellenistic architecture are huge in size and varied in layout.
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Altar of Zeus in Pergamon, 2nd century. BC e. Temple of Nike in the Acropolis of the 5th century. BC e. Our buildings were elegant and proportionate in size to a person! The greatness of the buildings is the greatness of the people who built it and its country!
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Temple of Zeus in Athens, 6th century. BC e. – II century n. e. What's new in the decoration of columns? Columns of the Parthenon and the Temple of Nike in the Athenian Acropolis Why was this decoration more consistent with the features of the new architecture? Corinthian style During the Hellenistic period, the strict classical style was abandoned; this is the architecture of elegant, magnificent decorations characteristic of the East.
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Classical architecture Classical architecture Hellenistic architecture Who is right in this debate? Which period architects do you like best?
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Sculpture of architectural structures Frieze of the Pergamon Altar Battle with the Titans. II century BC e. ...these menacing, living, dead, triumphant, dying figures, these twists of scaly snake rings, these most beautiful human bodies in all positions, bold to the point of incredibleness, slender to the point of music - all these varied facial expressions, this triumph of anger and despair, and gaiety, divinity, and divine cruelty - this is a world, a whole world, before the revelation of which an involuntary chill of delight and passionate reverence runs through all veins... I.S. Turgenev
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Compare the two friezes. What do they have in common, what are their differences? Frieze of the Pergamon Altar Battle with the Titans. II century BC e. Frieze of the Parthenon Battle with the centaurs. V century BC e.
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How do you imagine the missing parts of Nicky's figure? Try to recreate the image of the goddess. Nike of Samothrace III–II century. BC e. What did the sculptors want to express with their works? Describe the sculptures. Nike Athena 5th century BC e. Reconstruction
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They don’t write the soul, since the body is beautiful, the soul itself glows from within. And to imagine Nika’s Victorious look, you don’t even need to see the head: The folds of the chiton wrap around the hips, The step is confident, the eagle’s wings take off... She is like a symbol of her people, The whole essence is in the blood that flows in the Hellenes! That blood plays in her feet, in her shoulders And fills her body (like an amphora with wine), Embodies the delight of victory, Flapping her divine wing. Lika. Israel. Why is this unpreserved sculpture considered a masterpiece of world art?
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What do the themes of these sculptures have in common? What is the difference in the thoughts of these authors about man? Demosthenes Polykleitos. Spearman (Doriphoros) 5th century. BC e. Copy of the sculptor Polyeuctus Demosthenes. I century BC e.
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Explain how the sculptor’s skill in creating multi-figure sculptures was demonstrated? What ideas and feelings did they express? Sculptors Agesander, Polydorus, Athenadorus. Laocoon. I century BC e. Laocoon Sculptor Critias (?) Tyrannicides. V century BC e.
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Sculptor Hares, student of Lysippos Sun God Helios “Colossus of Rhodes” Reconstruction of the Seven Wonders of the World Colossus of Rhodes Olympian Zeus Pharaoh Ramses Why are these two images shown next to the Colossus?
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Laocoon with his sons Sculptor Agesander and others 40 BC. e. Apollo Belvedere Sculptor Leochares IV century. BC e. Roman copy of the Nike of Samothrace III–II century. BC e. Aphrodite de Milo Sculptor Agesander II century. BC e. Statue of Demosthenes Sculptor Polyeuctus 1st century. BC e. Colossus of Rhodes Sculptor Hares If you were offered to replace the Colossus of Rhodes with another Hellenistic sculpture on the list of seven wonders of the world, what would you choose?
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culture of classical Greece culture of Hellenism of the 5th century. BC e. IV century BC e. In my time, Greek culture reached its peak! No wonder they call it “classic”! The most brilliant culture was the era that followed my conquests. Greek culture was inherited by conquered peoples! What do you think about this controversy?
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Hellenistic culture developed on the basis of the classical heritage of Ancient Greece; it absorbed the traditions of Hellenic architecture and sculpture, as well as the achievements of other peoples who entered the power of Alexander the Great; at this time, numerous cultural monuments were created, striking in size, variety of architectural forms and types of sculptures. But it was “lush” withering of the culture of Ancient Hellas, which was based on the glorification of Man.
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Can we consider that during the Hellenistic period Attica ceased to play the role of the center of Greek culture? Which of the seven wonders of the world are not shown on the map?
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Halicarnassus Mausoleum In the city of Halicarnassus (Asia Minor) in 350 BC. e. At the behest of King Mavsol, a majestic tomb was built - a monument to the power of the king. The construction of the tomb was completed after the death of the king’s wife Artemisia. The authors of the tomb are considered to be the architects Pythias and Satyr and the sculptors Briaxis, Leochares, Skopas, Praxiteles. The architecture of the tomb combines Greek and Oriental motifs: it consists of a pyramid and an Ionic temple. In the massive stone foundation - the tomb - the ashes of the royal couple were kept in golden urns. This room was guarded by a row of stone lions. A temple surrounded by Ionic columns and statues rose above the base. The top of the building - a stepped pyramid at a height of 43 meters above the ground - was crowned with a sculptural image of a chariot drawn by horses. There were statues of the king and queen on it. The temple seemed so beautiful that it was classified as one of the seven wonders of the world. Since then, the grandiose tombs of people began to be called mausoleums. Eighteen centuries later, an earthquake destroyed the mausoleum to the ground. A treatise on the mausoleum was created, but it has not reached us. Halicarnassus Mausoleum of the 4th century. BC e. Drawing-reconstruction of the Seven Wonders of the World
Conquests of Alexander the Great. Beginning of the Hellenistic period. In 338 BC. Greece came under Macedonian rule. Two years later, the creator of the Macedonian state, Philip II, fell at the hands of the conspirators, and his son Alexander the Great became the new ruler of the state. In 344 BC. Alexander undertook a joint campaign of Greeks and Macedonians in Asia against the Persians. Within a few years, he conquered Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia and Persia, thus destroying the Great Persian Kingdom. Central Asia also came under the rule of Alexander, only the attempt to conquer India was not realized. During his campaign, Alexander, who began to be called the Great, captured almost all the possessions of the Persian state and considered himself the ruler of the world. However, after his death, strife began between his diadochi commanders, which resulted in the collapse of the Empire of Alexander the Great into three smaller states: Egypt, the Seleucid Kingdom and Macedonia.
Conquests of Alexander the Great. Beginning of the Hellenistic period. The campaigns of Alexander the Great and the wars that followed them caused a massive migration of Greeks and Macedonians from Europe to the countries of the Middle East. There they settled in old cities and founded new ones, some of which became rich and populous. Alexandria, founded by Alexander the Great in the Nile Delta, became the largest center in the Mediterranean. The eastern coast of the Mediterranean became Greek. Greek architecture became widespread - temples, theaters and stadiums were erected. Greek became the main language in almost all cities of this region. Thus, the campaign of Alexander the Great marked the beginning of a new period, which is usually called the Hellenistic period. It ended in the 1st century BC. when the eastern coast of the Mediterranean was conquered by the Romans. The Hellenistic period was characterized by the widespread spread of Greek civilization in the countries of the Middle East. At the same time, there was an increase in the influence of the East on Greek culture.
State and social structure. The traditional form of government of the Greeks - the polis - lost its significance during the Hellenistic period. All Hellenistic states were headed by monarchs of Greek-Macedonian origin. Their power was practically unlimited, only in Macedonia they had to reckon with the local aristocracy. In many matters of government, they began to proceed from the customs characteristic of the countries of the East. For example, the rulers of Egypt abandoned state supervision over the daily work of the peasants, which had existed there for thousands of years. This allowed them to replenish the state treasury with traditional annual taxes. To a much lesser extent, changes affected city life. Hellenistic cities were important centers of crafts and trade, and slavery became even more widespread compared to the previous period.
State and social structure. Formally, the old polis system was preserved in the cities: the council continued to work, officials were elected annually, and a people's assembly met. Their power, however, was limited. Important changes took place in the military structure. The army now consisted not of citizens, but of mercenaries recruited from outside. More often they lived in special military settlements. Citizenship now had no meaning either from a political or defensive point of view.
Culture of Hellenistic states. The culture of the Hellenistic states developed largely due to the patronage of monarchs. A particularly great contribution to the development of culture was made by the kings of Egypt from the Ptolemaic dynasty. The Alexandria Museion (Greek museion - temple of the muses), one of the main centers of science and culture of antiquity, was founded in Alexandria. (3rd century BC) At Museion there was a library in which almost all the literary heritage of the Greeks was collected. There manuscripts were copied, research was carried out, and studies in other sciences were carried out. The Library of Alexandria was headed by the most famous scientists of the time. Alexandria was far from the only major center of science and culture: Pergamon in Asia Minor was becoming increasingly important. In Greece, Athens was still in first place.
Literature of the Hellenistic period. But unlike previous poets, they were almost not interested in problems of social life and morality. Instead, they sang praises to one of the members of the royal family or wrote poems about the beautiful love of simple shepherds against the backdrop of the picturesque nature of Greece. Poetry was now expected not to have deep content, but to have a graceful and elegant style. Its goal was not to comprehend the place of man in the world and not to search for solutions to the basic problems of existence - poetry was simply supposed to bring pleasure. During the Hellenistic era, theater lost its former significance. This circumstance allowed poetry to stand out. Since its most important center was in Alexandria, it received the name Alexandrian poetry. Poets of the Hellenistic era were usually very erudite, familiar with Greek literature and the mythology of the previous period.
Philosophy. At the end of the 4th century BC. Several influential philosophical schools developed in Greece. Epicurus and his followers believed that by overcoming the fear of death and enjoying life, a person can achieve peace of mind. More popular than the teachings of Epicurus - Epicureanism, was the teaching of another philosophical school - Stoicism. The founder of Stoicism, Zeno. According to his teaching, everything in the world occurs in accordance with the just and immutable divine order. Both the followers of Epicurus and the Stoics emphasized that philosophy frees people from fears and worries. The changes that have taken place in society have entailed changes in the way of thinking and worldview. This was clearly reflected in Hellenistic philosophy. In the classical period, philosophers paid special attention to the question of what virtues make a person a good citizen and how the state should cultivate these virtues. However, now the attention of philosophy switched from social problems to personal and spiritual problems. Zeno Epicurus
Development of science. If in the classical period individual sciences still formed a single whole with philosophy, then the Hellenistic period was characterized by a deepening specialization of individual sciences. For a long time he headed in the 3rd century BC. Library of Alexandria Eratosthenes was equally competent in astronomy, geography, and history. He calculated the approximate circumference of the globe (meridian length) and compiled a chronology covering the entire early history of Greece. Thus, the mathematician Euclid (second half of the 4th century BC) compiled a multi-volume fundamental work, “Elements,” in which he formulated the foundations of elementary geometry. Mathematician, physicist and inventor - Archimedes (3rd century BC) formulated, among other things, the law of hydrostatics. Astronomers of the Hellenistic period already knew that the Earth was spherical.
Development of science. One of the astronomers of that period, Aristarchus (4-2 centuries BC), was the first in history to develop the theory of the heliocentric structure of the universe. While developing astronomy, the Greeks during the Hellenistic period became acquainted with eastern astrology. It was during that period that, taking the 12 signs of the zodiac as a basis, detailed horoscopes began to be drawn up.
Change in the field of religion. Religion, like most spheres of life, during the Hellenistic period lost the features characteristic of that time when it served to satisfy the needs of a separate polis. If in the classical period various religious festivals came to the fore, now mysteries have taken their place. The Greek Pantheon also underwent some changes. The Greeks also placed many eastern gods next to the old gods. Since they found a lot in common between them, they often began to identify the gods. The most popular goddess of the Mediterranean during the Hellenistic period was the goddess Isis. Thus, the religion of the Hellenistic period was a kind of fusion of Greek religion and the religions of the Ancient East.
