Design work on MHC Shamaili. MHC project "Singing Pictures"

Project on world artistic culture on the topic: “Sculpture” by 11th grade student Anna Anishchenko

Sculpture is a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional form and are made using methods of turning, casting, carving, sculpting from hard or plastic materials (stone, metal, wood, clay)

The sculpture of ancient Mesopotamia is almost devoid of staticity and balance, which were inherent in Egyptian art. Reliefs and paintings of palaces, ancient sculptures of rulers or animals were depicted in motion. The skilled craftsmen of Sumer had the skills to make jewelry of amazing beauty and subtlety. They were excellent at minting and making complex alloys of precious metals. In contrast to architecture, the visual arts of Sumer look relatively poor and primitive. The development of fine art can be judged by small figurines of animals and, later, by small, 35-40 cm in size, figurines made of soft stones and clay.

Sculpture of Ancient Egypt Sculpture plays a vital role in the culture of the most ancient civilization on Earth. According to the ideas of the Egyptians, one of the human souls has the ability to reside in two worlds at once: the earthly and the afterlife. Hence the desire to preserve the body of a deceased person by any means (embalming and mummification), as well as the creation of a large number of sculptures that can serve as a shell for the soul.

The vast majority of ancient Egyptian sculptures are static. Most often, kings and gods are depicted sitting on a throne, or standing, the hands of the figures resting on their knees, or crossed on their chests, their gaze directed straight ahead. This angle created an amazing effect; it seems to the viewer that the statue is looking directly at him, no matter from what angle he looks at the sculpture. The huge eyes of the sculptures also have cult significance. The Egyptians were sure that a person's soul was in his eyes. Therefore, all sculptures were painted very carefully.

Ancient sculpture The creation of a generalized human appearance, raised to a beautiful norm - the unity of its physical and spiritual beauty - is almost the only theme of art and the main quality of Greek culture as a whole. This provided Greek culture with rare artistic power and key importance for world culture in the future.

The periods into which the history and art of the ancient world are usually divided: Ancient period - Aegean culture: III millennium - XI century. BC e. Homeric and early archaic periods: XI-VIII centuries. BC e. Archaic period: VII-VI centuries. BC e. Classical period: from the 5th century. until the last third of the 4th century. BC e. Hellenistic period: last third of the 4th-1st centuries. BC e. The period of development of the tribes of Italy; Etruscan culture: VIII-II centuries. BC e. Royal period of Ancient Rome: VIII-VI centuries. BC e. Republican period of Ancient Rome: V-I centuries. BC e. Imperial period of ancient Rome: I-V centuries. n. e.

ARCHAIC In my work I would like to consider Greek sculpture of the archaic and classical periods, as well as sculpture of the Hellenistic period. The sculpture of the Archaic era is dominated by statues of slender naked youths and draped young girls - kouros and koras. Archaic sculptures are characterized by some sketchiness and disproportion. On the other hand, each work of the sculptor is attractive for its simplicity and restrained emotionality. The figures of this era are characterized by a half-smile, which gives the works some mystery and depth.

Goddess with Pomegranate”, which is kept in the Berlin State Museum, is one of the best preserved archaic sculptures. Despite the external roughness and “wrong” proportions, the viewer’s attention is drawn to the hands of the sculpture, executed brilliantly by the author. The expressive gesture of the sculpture makes it dynamic and especially expressive.

“Kouros from Piraeus,” which adorns the collection of the Athens Museum, is a later, and therefore more advanced, work of the ancient sculptor. Before the viewer is a powerful young warrior. The disturbed proportions are no longer so striking. And the facial features are not as generalized as in early sculptures of the archaic period.

Classics The masterpieces of classical Greece are distinguished by harmony, ideal proportions (which indicates excellent knowledge of human anatomy), as well as internal content and dynamics. It is the classical period that is characterized by the appearance of the first nude female figures (the Wounded Amazon, Aphrodite of Cnidus), which give an idea of ​​the ideal of female beauty in the heyday of antiquity. In the classical era, such famous sculptures as Athena Parthenos, Olympian Zeus, Discobolus, Doryphoros and many others were created. History has preserved for posterity the names of outstanding sculptors of the era: Polykleitos, Phidias, Myron, Scopas, Praxiteles and many others.

Hellenism Late Greek antiquity is characterized by a strong Eastern influence on all art in general and on sculpture in particular. Complex angles, exquisite draperies, and numerous details appear. Oriental emotionality and temperament penetrates the calm and majesty of the classics.

The most famous sculptural composition of the Hellenistic era is “Laocoon and His Sons” by Agesander of Rhodes (the masterpiece is kept in one of the Vatican museums). The composition is full of drama, the plot itself suggests strong emotions. Desperately resisting the snakes sent by Athena, the hero himself and his sons seem to understand that their fate is terrible. The sculpture is made with extraordinary precision. The figures are plastic and real. The faces of the characters make a strong impression on the viewer.

The Renaissance The Renaissance is one of the most striking periods in the history of the development of European culture. The main thing in the Renaissance is the highlighting and affirmation of the human personality in culture and society.

Donatello worked in both classical and realistic styles, often successfully combining these two styles. Some of his most famous works were: the statue of St. George, a statue of David, a statue of the Apostle Mark and many others.

Baroque is a style that embodies solemnity, splendor, life-affirming character, and dynamics. The Baroque was based on religious ideas. Baroque sculptures were made thanks to the boundless imagination of the masters.

"David" Bernini

Design work on MCC

"Seven Wonders of the World"

Completed:

Akopyan Lusine Nikolaevna,

Pliss Alina Nikolaevna,

Sotskova Yulia Vladimirovna

MAOU secondary school No. 28

10a class

Supervisor:

Mytsova Lyudmila

Alekseevna

Balakovo

Content

Introduction: purpose and objectives of the study______________________________3

Chapter 1:

National myths of the number "7". Origin of the list of “Seven Wonders of the World” ____________________________________________________________ 5

Chapter 2:

The First Seven Wonders of the World ________________________________________________7

1.Great Pyramids of Giza_______________________________________________8

2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon__________________________________________ 10

3. Statue of Zeus in Olympia________________________________________________11

4. Temple of Artemis in Ephesus_____________________________________________ 12

5.Mausoleum in Halicarnassus_____________________________________________ 13

6. Colossus of Rhodes________________________________________________14

7. Alexandria Lighthouse________________________________________________15

Chapter 3:

New Seven Wonders of the World_______________________________________________16

Chapter 4:

Contenders for the title of the new seven wonders of the world_____________________18

Conclusion: results of the study_________________________________20

Used literature and Internet sources ___________________22

Introduction

There are many amazing and unique things in our world. Sometimes, amazed at some natural phenomenon or work of art, we call it a miracle. This means that we have encountered something that we have never encountered before and, perhaps, will never meet again. We call only the most outstanding, most unique creation of nature or man a miracle.

Many centuries ago, a list of the most magnificent, amazing and grandiose buildings and monuments of art was created in Greece. For the originality and uniqueness of these human creations they were called Wonders of the World.

The Seven Wonders of the World are the oldest architectural monuments, which are rightfully considered the greatest creations of human hands. Many buildings from different times and peoples captured the imagination of not only contemporaries, but also descendants. And then they said: “This is one of the seven wonders of the world,” paying tribute to the famous wonders of antiquity, recognizing their primacy and perfection. They also said: “This is the eighth wonder of the world,” as if hinting at the opportunity to join the magnificent seven.

Everything in the world changes, and the most outstanding buildings, which have aroused the admiration of people for thousands of years, unfortunately, are not eternal, although their age in any case is longer than human. The former list of the Seven Wonders of the World, which is still inIVcentury, the Greek writer Philo of Byzantium began to compile it; in the opinion of many, it is hopelessly outdated. In addition, all 7 Wonders of the World have not survived to this day, and only the pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops in Giza miraculously remained “alive”. And so recently more than a hundred million people around the world voted for new wonders of the world. Never before in history have so many people been involved in a global solution, and seven project winners were announced.

Our contemporaries are not indifferent to the cultural heritage of the past. And therefore, the relevance of our work lies in the need to understand the historical and cultural heritage, get acquainted with world art monuments so that a person can better understand his ancestors and deepen the knowledge that will be useful to him in the modern world.

Thus, the purpose of this study was the following: to obtain a holistic understanding of the Wonders of the World as great cultural creations. We, working on this project, were faced with the following tasks: to find out the history of the list of the Seven Wonders of the World, to summarize the material about the old and new Wonders of the World, to get to know the candidates who were not included in this list.

To solve the problems that we set for ourselves, the following work methods were used: information search, comparison, analysis, generalization.

Chapter 1. National myths of the number “7”.

Origin of the list of "Seven Wonders of the World".

The Seven Wonders of the World are the oldest architectural monuments, which are rightfully considered the greatest creations of human hands. The number 7 was chosen for a reason. It belonged to Apollo and was a symbol of completeness, completeness and perfection. Indian ancient philosophy taught that the Universe is composed of seven elements. The ancient Egyptians believed that the Sun and all the heavenly bodies climb seven stairs and pass through seven gates. The famous philosopher of Ancient Greece, Aristotle, argued that the firmament consists of seven crystal spheres. The highest, seventh sphere, was called the “Seventh Heaven”. By the way, this is where the modern comic expression of being in seventh heaven (with happiness) comes from, i.e. "to be at the height of bliss." Perhaps of particular significance to the Greeks was the fact that the seven wonders of the celestial sphere can be observed from Earth with the naked eye: the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Mars, Venus, Jupiter and Saturn. These celestial bodies gave their names to the most important gods of antiquity. There were also 7 days in a week. Obviously, such an outstanding ancient civilization in the history of mankind needed the existence of precisely seven man-made wonders of the world.

The primacy of compiling a list of the seven Wonders of the Ancient World is attributed to Antipater of Sidon, who sang them for centuries in his poem:

I saw your walls, Babylon, on which there is spacious

And chariots; I saw Zeus at Olympia,

Miracle of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Colossus of Helios
And the pyramids - works of many and hard labors;

I know Mausolus, a huge tomb. But I just saw
I am the palace of Artemis, the roof raised to the clouds,

Everything else faded before him; outside Olympus

5
The sun does not see beauty equal to it anywhere.

Another first to list the Seven Wonders of the World was Herodotus, although we only know this through circumstantial evidence. Herodotus may have visited all seven wonders, which became major tourist attractions of the Roman era. The Greeks themselves called them" theamata", which translated means “a must-see place.” About 200 years later, another ancient Greek poet, Callimachus of Cyrene, compiled a similar list.

Chapter 2. The First Seven Wonders of the World.

The ancient Greeks and Romans, like us today, found pleasure in making lists. Making lists of certain objects in a certain sequence made them easier to remember. No one knows how many similar lists were compiled over the centuries, but after the fall of the Roman Empire, the list of the Seven Wonders of the World has already become part of Western mythology. The phrase “Seven Wonders of the World” has stood the test of time and has entered most languages ​​of the world. It is well known even to those who find it difficult to name these very miracles. The secrets of the 7 Wonders of the World have worried humanity for thousands of years. This is a famous list of the most famous sights of ancient culture. But now, probably, not everyone will remember this small list completely by heart. Each “miracle” is interesting in its own way and has some secret that only the builders knew about. The very first Wonders of the World are such architectural creations as:

1.Great Pyramids of Giza

2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon

3.Zeus statue at Olympia

4.Temple of Artemis in Ephesus

5.Mausoleum in Halicarnassus

6.Colossus of Rhodes

7.Alexandria lighthouse

1. GREAT PYRAMIDS OF GIZA

Some here include all the pyramids of Egypt, some of the great pyramids of Giza, but for the most part only the largest of them, the Pyramid of Cheops, is perceived as a miracle. The pyramid is also considered the oldest miracle on the list - its construction is estimated around 2000 BC. Despite its old age, this is the only structure of the seven old wonders of the world that has survived to our times.

The Egyptian pyramids of Giza on the west bank of the Nile north of Cairo are the only wonder of the world that has survived to this day. The three pyramids - Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure - were built between 2700 BC. and 2500 BC like royal tombs. The largest and most impressive is the pyramid of Khufu. Covering an area of ​​more than 5 hectares, it is believed to consist of more than 2 million stone blocks weighing between two and 30 tons each. For more than 4,000 years, Khufu's pyramid was the tallest structure in the world. It was only in the 19th century that man managed to build a taller building. Surprisingly, the almost symmetrical pyramids were built without the help of modern tools and surveying equipment. Scientists believe that the Egyptians built huge mounds around the pyramids, onto which they used wooden sleds, ropes and rollers to lift giant blocks and then set them in place. The slanted walls were supposed to imitate the rays of Ra, the sun god. Inside the pyramids there were narrow corridors and secret chambers to prevent robberies. Although modern archaeologists have found some items among the ruins, most of what was in the pyramids was looted within 250 years of their completion. The entire pyramid was lined with polished white limestone tiles; it sparkled under the harsh Egyptian sun. Unfortunately, in 1300 an earthquake loosened most of the tiles and they were dismantled for the construction of mosques.

This is the only wonder of the world of those seven that has survived to this day.

that were originally. And although you can look at it now, you still won’t be able to find out what its original appearance was.

2. THE HANGING GARDENS OF Babylon

Created by order of the king of desert Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar II, for his wife, these gardens were supposed to comfort and remind her of her distant homeland. The name of Semiramis, the Assyrian queen, appears here by mistake,
but, nevertheless, firmly entrenched in history.

Ancient Greek poets claimed that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built near the Euphrates River in what is now Iraq by Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 BC. Architecturally, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were a pyramid of four terraces supported by columns. The king allegedly built the Hanging Gardens so that his beloved wife Amytis would not mourn for her native Media, covered with beautiful mountains and forests. All the forces of the ancient kingdom, all the experience of its builders and mathematicians, were thrown into the construction of the gardens, a shelter for the queen. Later authors described that people could walk under beautiful gardens that were supported by high stone pillars. Modern scientists have concluded that for the normal functioning of the gardens, an irrigation system is needed, consisting of a pump, a water wheel and tanks for pumping water from the Euphrates to a height of several tens of meters. Although there are many references to gardens in ancient literature, none of them can be considered reliable, especially since no mention of gardens was found in Babylonian sources. Archaeologists also found no evidence of their existence. As a result, most modern scholars believe that the existence of the gardens was a widespread, yet fictitious story.

3. ZEUS STATUE IN OLYMPIA

The statue was created for a temple in a major religious center of Ancient GreeceOlympia. The giant Zeus of the sculptor Phidias amazed the local residents so much that they decided that Zeus himself personally posed for the master.

The authorship of the famous statue of Zeus belongs to the famous Athenian sculptor Phidias. When the sculpture was completed, it was installed in the Temple of Zeus in Olympia, a city where from 776 BC. e. to 394 AD. The Olympic Games were held every four years.

The statue depicts a seated, bare-chested god of thunder on a huge gilded throne. The sculptor carved the figure of the god from wood and covered it with slabs of pink ivory, so the body seemed to be alive. In one hand he held a symbol of power - a scepter with an eagle; on the open palm of his other hand stood a figurine of Nike, the goddess of Victory. On the armrests of the throne were carved two figures of sphinxes, mythical creatures with the head and chest of a woman, the body of a lion and the wings of a bird. The statue of Zeus adorned the temple at Olympia for more than eight centuries. Christian priests convinced the Roman emperor to close the temple in the fourth century AD. At that time the statue was moved to the temple in Constantinople, where it is believed to have been destroyed in a fire in 462. The statue of Zeus was so tall that his head almost touched the top of the temple. The legend says that after installing the statue in the temple, Phidias turned to Zeus himself with a question whether he was satisfied with the work. Soon after this, the temple was struck by lightning - thus, the thunder god expressed approval of the sculptor's work.

4. TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS IN EPHESUS

In the ancient steep port city of Ephesus, the goddess of fertility Artemis was especially revered. In honor of her, a huge and majestic temple was created here, which was included in the list of 7 ancient wonders of the world.

In fact, there were several temples of Artemis: a series of several altars and temples were destroyed and then rebuilt on the same site in Ephesus, a Greek port city on the west coast of modern Turkey. The most famous of these structures were two marble temples, respectively built around 550 BC. and 350 BC The first was built according to the design of the architect Hersiphron, and after his death the work was completed by his son Metagenes. The temple was decorated by the most famous masters of the Ancient world. The building burned down on July 21, 356 BC. on the night when the outstanding commander of the world, Alexander the Great, was born.

About six years later, construction of a new temple began on the site of the old one. The new building had marble stairs that led along a terrace more than 120 m long. In the middle there were marble columns 18 m high and a statue of Artemis. Archaeologists have not come to a common conclusion as to whether the building had a ceiling or whether it was covered with wooden tiles. The temple was destroyed by the Ostrogoths in 262 AD. and finally destroyed by a Christian mob under the leadership of St. John Chrysostom in 401 AD.

In 1869, the British archaeologist T. Wood managed to discover the first ruins of temple columns in the lower part of the Caister River. The temple was rebuilt three times, but in the end it was completely destroyed by Gothic raids, which looted it and set fire to the remains. Unfortunately, all that has survived to this day is one column assembled from ruins.

5. MAUSOLEUM AT HALICARNASUS

The rich king Mausolus wished to erect a mausoleum-temple in Halicarnassus, incomparable in beauty. The best craftsmen of that time worked on the construction. The work ended only after the death of Mavsol, but this did not prevent him from going down in history forever.

Located in what is now southeastern Turkey, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was built by order of Queen Artemisia II for her husband Mausolus, King of Caria, after his death in 353 BC. According to legend, she was so heartbroken that she drank water mixed with his ashes. The massive mausoleum, about 41 meters high, was built entirely of white marble. The complex structure of the building consisted of three levels. This may have been an attempt to harmonize Lycian, Greek and Egyptian architectural styles. The burial chamber was on the first floor. Together with the sarcophagus, the tomb was made of white alabaster and decorated with gold. The second floor with 36 Ionic columns resembled a Greek temple in its structure, most likely used for sacrifices. The structure was crowned with a pyramidal roof depicting a marble chariot drawn by four horses.

The mausoleum was destroyed by a series of earthquakes in the 13th century and its remains were used by the Knights of St. John to build the castle of St. Petra. In 1846, one frieze of the mausoleum was removed from the castle and is now, along with some other relics of the mausoleum, in the British Museum in London. The original mausoleum was built for Mausolus, the Persian governor. It was so beautiful that the modern word “mausoleum” came from it, meaning above-ground burial. Earthquakes eventually destroyed it, and the Knights Hospitaller used the remaining stones to fortify their castles.

6. COLOSSUS OF RHODES

In honor of the great victory, the inhabitants of Rhodes decided to build a huge statue of the god Helios. The plan was carried out, but this miracle did not last long, and was soon destroyed by an earthquake.

The Colossus of Rhodes was a huge bronze sculpture of the sun god Helios, built by the inhabitants of the island of Rhodes in the third century BC. At the beginning of the fourth century BC. The city withstood the siege of the soldiers of Demetrius I of Macedon for more than a year and still managed to defend its independence. According to legend, the inhabitants of the island of Rhodes sold the siege weapons abandoned by the Macedonians and, with the proceeds, decided to build a statue of the sun god Helios, revered by them, in order to thank him for his intercession. Made by the sculptor Hares, the height of the statue was 36 m, the largest sculpture of the Ancient World. It was made around 280 BC. and stood for only sixty years, after which it was destroyed by an earthquake. It was never restored. Hundreds of years later, the Arabs captured Rhodes and sold the remains of the statue for scrap metal. Therefore, archaeologists cannot determine the exact location of the statue and what exactly it looked like. Most believe that the sun god was depicted naked, holding a torch in one hand and holding a spear in the other. It was previously thought that the statue stood with its legs spread wide apart on either side of the harbor, but most scholars have now concluded that the monument's legs were most likely placed close together to support its enormous weight.

7 . ALEXANDRIAN LIGHTHOUSE

To navigate ships near the large port of Alexandria, it was decided to build the largest lighthouse at that time. The building immediately eclipsed the walls of Babylon and took a place on the list of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

The Alexandria Lighthouse was located on the small island of Pharos, near the city of Alexandria. Designed by the Greek architect Sostratos and completed around 270 BC. During the reign of Ptolemy II, the lighthouse helped ships safely navigate the reefs when entering and leaving the city's crowded harbor. Archaeologists discovered ancient coins with the image of a lighthouse and came to the conclusion that the building had three levels: square at the bottom, octagonal at the middle and cylindrical at the top. On top was a 5 m high statue, most likely of Ptolemy II or Alexander the Great, after whom the city was named. According to various estimates, the height of the lighthouse varies from 60 to 180 m, but most modern scientists estimate its height to be between 120-140 m. The lighthouse was gradually destroyed during a series of earthquakes from 956 to 1323. Some of its remains were discovered at the bottom of the Nile River. The Alexandria lighthouse stood on the island of Pharos and was designed specifically to make it easier for sailors to enter the port of Alexandria.

Like many of the wonders on this list, the lighthouse was destroyed by an earthquake and eventually a medieval fortress was built in its place and from its ruins.

Chapter 3. New Seven Wonders of the World

The New Seven Wonders of the World is a project whose goal was to search for the modern seven wonders of the world. It was organized by a non-profit organizationNewOpenWorldCorporation ( NOWC) on the initiative of the Swiss Bernard Werber. So, the winners of the competition dated July 7, 2007 were the following structures:

a) The Great Wall of China -

this is the largest architectural structure in the world, the length of the wall is 8851.8 kilometers. The Great Wall of China was built to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire from raids by nomads. Today
the wall is rightfully considered one of the greatest structures ever built by man;

b) Colosseum –

the largest of the ancient Roman amphitheatres, a full-fledged symbol of the Eternal City, perhaps the most recognizable architectural monument in the world. Its second name - Flavian Amphitheater - was received in honor of the Flavian dynasty, which then ruled in Ancient Rome and organized the construction of the amphitheater. Gladiator fights and other events were held in the Colosseum for a long time.
entertainment shows for guests and residents of Rome;

c) Machu Picchu –

the legendary ancient city of the Incas, located in the territory of modern Peru. Machu Picchu received the nickname “city among the clouds” due to its location - it is located on the top of one of the mountain ranges, at an altitude of 2450 meters above sea level. The city was built by the Inca ruler Pachacutec as an imperial residence - a “sacred mountain refuge”;

d) Petra –

a city located in the Arava Valley, in the Siq canyon, surrounded on all sides by steep cliffs. You can enter the valley only through narrow gorges, which are a kind of gateway to the city. Most of the city's buildings are carved out of red sandstone cliffs - even the city's name "Petra" translates as "rock";

e) Taj Mahal –

The mausoleum-mosque made of white marble is located in the city of Agra in India, on the banks of the Jamna River. This is a real pearl of the Muslim world, the best example of architecture of Indian, Persian and Islamic styles. The magnificent mausoleum was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in honor of his wife who died in childbirth;

f) Statue of Christ the Redeemer –

a magnificent statue on top of Corcovado Mountain in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The statue is considered a symbol of Rio and all of Brazil, and is one of the tallest sculptures in the world; the height of the statue is 38 meters, the arm span is 30 meters, the weight of the statue is 1145 tons;

g) Chichen Itza –

the ancient city is the political and cultural center of the Mayan state, located on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. According to archaeologists, Chichen Itza was one of the religious centers, the so-called “places of power” of the Mayan culture.

Chapter 4. Contenders for the title of the new seven wonders of the world

Hagia Sophia

A world-famous monument of Byzantine architecture, a symbol of the “golden

century" of Byzantium.

Athens Acropolis

The Acropolis in the city of Athens, which is a 156-meter rocky

hill with a flat top.

Alhambra

Architectural and park ensemble located on a hilly terrace in
eastern part of the city of Granada in Southern Spain.

Angkor

A giant Hindu temple complex in Cambodia dedicated to God

Vishnu.

Moai

Stone monolithic statues on the Pacific Easter Island, belonging to Chile.

Moscow Kremlin and Red Square

A fortress in the center of Moscow and its oldest part, the main public
political, historical and artistic complex of the city.

Neuschwanstein

Romantic castle of the Bavarian king Ludwig II near the town of Fussen and
Hohenschwangau Castle in southwestern Bavaria, near the Austrian border.

Sydney Opera House

The Musical Theater in Sydney, one of the most famous and easily recognizable buildings in the world, is a symbol of Australia's largest city and one of the main attractions of the continent.

Statue of Liberty

One of the most famous sculptures in the United States and the world, often called

“a symbol of New York and the USA”, “a symbol of freedom and democracy”, “Lady Liberty”. This is a gift from French citizens for the centennial of the American Revolution.

Stonehenge

Megalithic structure in Wiltshire, England, representing
is a complex of ring and horseshoe-shaped earthen and stone structures.

Timbuktu

Lost in the sands of the Sahara, the city of Timbuktu is known throughout the world as one
one of the largest cultural and historical centers in Africa. It is called “the city of three hundred and thirty-three saints”, “the pearl of medieval Mali”, “the queen of the desert”, “Baghdad of the Dark Continent”. The medieval Arab geographer Ibn Khaldun called Timbuktu “a harbor in the desert,” European merchants - "city of gold"

Kiyomizu-dera Temple

Buddhist temple complex in the Higashiyama district of Kyoto.

Eiffel Tower

Metal tower in the center of Paris, its most recognizable architectural
sight. Named after chief designer Gustave Eiffel.

Conclusion

Time is merciless to everything that is on Earth. But man himself is more merciless and unreasonable, although it is with his hands that the best works of art were created. Now the whole world is watching the progress of demining Palmyra, so that they can then begin the restoration of this majestic monument. And much of what was destroyed only at the beginning of the 21st century can never be restored. Therefore, it is in our hands to save what is still possible, so that future generations can admire sculptures, temples, cities not only from books...

So, in the course of our work, we became acquainted with such outstanding cultural monuments, which are usually classified as “wonders of the world.” These wonders of the world help us fully understand the culture of the people who lived before us. The Seven Wonders of the World, created by ancient masters, continue to inspire artists, architects and poets of subsequent generations. Thanks to them, we can analyze what has been done and use it to create something new, to improve our cultural and material world.

In the process of work, we learned a lot of new and interesting things, this allowed us to replenish our intellectual luggage, to become familiar with world art ourselves and our classmates. It is a pity that among the contenders for the title of the new seven wonders of the world from our great Russia, only two monuments are represented: the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, and therefore one of our most important tasks is to promote Russian art, preserve cultural traditions, and conduct educational work.

It is hoped that those who experience this work will deepen their knowledge of man-made and cultural heritage. Perhaps someone will be inspired by our project and will continue its

spiritual development. Having done this work, we have achieved our goal and

significantly deepened their knowledge, which may be useful to us in the future.

Used literature and Internet sources.

Barbich V., Pletneva G. Spectacles of the ancient world. M., 1991.

- Chernyak V. 3. - Seven wonders and others. M., 1990.

IX Ural Interregional Conference
young researchers "Intellectuals of the 21st century"

"Singing Pictures"

Cultural Sciences (Art History)

Municipal educational institution Mirnenskaya secondary school

Mirny village, 2014

Main part 4

1. The relationship of the arts 4

2. Classic combination of music and painting 5

2.1. Paintings as a source of inspiration 5

2.2. Polyphony in music and painting 7

2.3. Music sounding from Russian paintings 8

2.4. Music paints pictures 10

3. Modern musical associations 11

3.1. Modern “singing paintings” by D. Dolgov 11

3.2. Photo 12 has a great future

4. Heard painting 13

4.1.Encryption option by nodes of picture 13

4.2.Option with color coding 13

References 14

Applications. 15

Introduction

What is the relevance of this topic? Modern technologies are trying to “sound” digital photography using brightness and saturation. But they don’t yet have an algorithm for creating a composition. And we tried to find another way to “sound” the paintings, more accessible and simpler. Musical reproduction of paintings using the proposed methods can be used in the lessons of MHC, fine art, music and computer science. As a task: voice the picture in the first or second way. Science does not stand still, and perhaps there will be other areas of application of this “discovery.”

The interconnection of the arts was evident in ancient times in Latin America, ancient Greece, and Ancient Rome. In ancient Russian artistic culture, examples of synthesis are many monastery ensembles, kremlins, and churches. The variety of architectural forms, their connection with sculptural decoration, fresco painting and the natural landscape contributed to the creation of expressive compositions based on synthesis in Gothic ensembles, which organically combined architecture, sculpture, and painting, mainly in the form of stained glass.

During the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicism, synthesis acquired its most complex and developed forms. Painting has inspired many composers to create musical works. Franz Liszt admitted that Raphael and Michelangelo helped him understand Mozart and Beethoven. A. Vivaldi and P. Tchaikovsky revealed to the world the “songlike” nature of Russian nature. The beneficial role of music also affected the work of artists. “I can’t imagine life without music,” said Repin. And all his paintings are “visible music”

I chose this particular topic for my work because I think it is very interesting, as is the very combination of such arts as music and painting...

In the information society, when any information can be obtained in a matter of seconds, the issue of synthesizing musical works with other forms of art has become relevant. The purpose of this work was to study works of painting for their relationship with music.

Object: perception of painting through music.

Hypothesis: any picture can be voiced using a non-associative method

We were given the following tasks:

Consider the associative perception of art

Draw a parallel between classical works and modern art.

Find a non-associative way of scoring pictures.

To achieve this goal, we used the following methods:

Observation

Comparison

We looked at and studied paintings from different eras and studied paintings by modern and classical artists. We studied the historical features of the creation of works of art and analyzed them.

Main part

1. Interrelation of arts

In folk rituals, vocal and program music, compositions for theater and cinema, music appears in inextricable unity with other forms of art. But “purely musical” works also sound brighter and more convincing when surrounded by poetry, painting, and architecture. They help create a special artistic atmosphere and provide deep grounds for meaningful comparisons and analogies. They are the ones who can be a bright stimulus for independent creativity, inspiring the creation of their own vocal and instrumental improvisations.

This connection is valuable because figurative associations arise at the intersection of different types of art. The richer they are, the more creative the perception of a work of art is. N.E. Basin and O.A. Suslova in their manual “Introduction to the Language of Art” note five different levels of poly artistic associations.

The simplest are associations with visible objects and phenomena of the natural and human world. The principle of simple visual similarity works here. General artistic themes and concepts, for example, such as “house” or “spring”, depicted through music, painting, literature, underlie this level of associations.

The next type of associations is associated with physical sensations: tactile, weight, volume, dynamic, etc. We don't see it, but we feel it through touch, smell, hearing and taste. Therefore, “heavy” music turns out to be emotionally consonant with dark colors, monumental architecture, etc., and sound in a high register is associated with light transparent watercolor tones and subtle graphics.

The third type of associations are associations associated with emotional experiences, with shades of various moods. Dejection and joy, anger and goodwill - all these emotional spheres have their refraction in music, literature, and painting. A selection of “emotional imprints” of these moods from different types of art certainly contributes to a deeper penetration into a particular mood or emotion; and a richer perception of its specific expression in a particular work of art.

The fourth type of associations refers the imagination to images stored in our subconscious, the so-called archetypes, for example, to images of the world's elements, light and darkness, motherhood, earthly and heavenly, etc.

The fifth type is associations that arise from communication with complex socio-cultural phenomena, which include both visual images and abstract ideas. In this case, associations are formed on the basis of “information” about any social or cultural phenomenon, a work of art, style, direction, artist.

Another important aspect is the language of art. Expressive means sometimes turn out to be very similar in different types of art. This is, first of all, its genre basis: in music, in painting, and in poetry, chamber and monumental genres, lyricism and epic, are distinguished; genres of portrait, landscape, everyday sketches, and a number of other genre features.

There are also general patterns in the construction of works of art: symmetry and contrast, rhythm and form, logic of development, opposition between the main and the background... These and other “component elements” of an artistic expression, based on the laws of human perception, will also be related in different types of art. And by perceiving these patterns through, for example, visual arts, it is possible to more clearly and convincingly reveal them in music.

1. Classic combination of music and painting
   1. Paintings as a source of inspiration

Melodies usually evoke certain thoughts and feelings in the listener, giving rise to memories, vague or more or less clear pictures of a landscape or scene from life once seen. And this picture that has arisen in the imagination can be drawn. And with a good artist, the picture itself acquires musicality, from the canvas painted by him, melodies seem to sound.

“Good painting is music, it is a melody,” said the great Italian artist Michelangelo

It would be naive to think that every painting that depicts people playing instruments or singing “radiates” music. Many artists did not think about this at all, although they often resorted to “musical” subjects. The first images of people playing music came to us from ancient times. In Egypt, entire musical ensembles are depicted on the walls of temples - young men and women playing citharas, lutes, and oboes. In Ancient Greece, not a single image of the singer Orpheus was complete without a lyre, which he certainly held in his hands. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, many paintings and sculptures with singing angels appeared. The saints played the organ. Or traveling musicians performed their simple melodies, extracted from bagpipes, pipes, and viols, in front of an admiring crowd of people.

If until the middle of the 19th century artists played music and images of people playing and singing, then from this point musicians began to try to convey works of fine art in sounds.

Let's start with Franz Liszt, who quite often relied on very specific paintings in his writings. In his piano cycle "Years of Wandering. Year Two: Italy" there is a piece called "Betrothal" ("Sposalizio"). This is what the Italians call the altar image of Raphael Santi “The Betrothal of Mary” - a picture of absolutely amazing beauty, enlightened sadness and wisdom .

Inspired by the fresco "The Triumph of Death", according to some sources by Andrei Orcagna, according to others by Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Liszt creates the "Danse Macabre" for piano and orchestra, using the motif of the Gregorian chant Dies Irae.

The symphonic poem “The Battle of the Huns” was written by Liszt based on the undoubtedly best creation of Wilhelm von Kaulbach: the majestic fresco of the same name. At one time, Liszt seriously considered creating a whole cycle of symphonic poems, which he wanted to call “World History in the Pictures and Sounds of Wilhelm von Kaulbach and Franz Liszt.”

Following Liszt, the titles of paintings, this time by Arnold Böcklin, were used by Max Reger in an orchestral suite of four symphonic poems. These are the following paintings: “The Hermit”, “Playing in the Waves”, “Bacchanalia” and “Island of the Dead”.

The last painting became a source of inspiration for Sergei Rachmaninoff, who created his rather gloomy “Island of the Dead.” Rachmaninov's music is full of aching melancholy, in it one can simultaneously hear the numbness of boundless sadness, and violent sobs, and an anxious premonition of death,

In sharp contrast to Rachmaninov's music is the music of the piano piece "Isles of Joy" by Claude Debussy, written under the impression of a painting by the French artist Antoine Watteau. In the melodic bends of the play you can hear laughter, singing, the murmuring of streams and even fast, cheerful dancing.

Peering into the apparent stillness of a good picture, you can see that it is still full of movement, and this is already a property of music. On the other hand, listening to a piece of music, the human imagination draws picturesque images. Thus, music becomes visible, and painting becomes audible.

The famous painting “Spring” by Sandro Botticelli (1445 -1510) depicts a clearing in an orange orchard. It's all dotted with flowers. Botanists have counted more than 500 flowers (“there is no limit to their number”), belonging to more than 170 species. Moreover, they are reproduced with photographic precision, such as the German iris in the lower right corner. Despite the name “Spring”, among them there are many that bloom in summer and even winter.

Russian artists and poets, Russian musicians have always had an amazing ability to penetrate deeply into the psychology of the people and convey the national flavor of the country in their compositions.

It is impossible to imagine art without nature. Nature and art are simply inseparable from each other. Permeated with the beauty of nature, music and painting intertwine and interpenetrate each other. The leading Soviet musicologist, academician Boris Asafiev expressed the opinion that from Alexei Savrasov’s painting “The Rooks Have Arrived,” Russian artists felt the songfulness of Russian nature, and Russian composers felt the landscape nature of Russian folk song.

Thus began the heyday of Russian landscape painting, imbued with the elements of Russian song and Russian music, filled with the aroma of poetic Russian nature. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Isaac Ilyich Levitan are the highest expressions of these aspirations of Russian art, which brought music and painting very closely together.

The mysterious beauty of nature had a truly incomprehensible influence on Tchaikovsky. In one of his letters he exclaims: “Why is it that a simple Russian landscape, why a walk in the summer in Russia, in the village, through the fields, through the forest, in the evening in the steppe, used to put me in such a state that I lay down on the ground in some kind of exhaustion?” from the influx of love for nature, those inexplicably sweet and intoxicating impressions that the forest, the steppe, the river, the distant village, the modest church, in a word, everything that made up the wretched Russian native landscape brought to me. Why all this? "

None of the Russian composers managed to find the melody of the Russian landscape as sensitively as Tchaikovsky managed to do. And this was especially evident in the cycle “The Seasons,” whose twelve plays are dedicated to the twelve months of the year. The plays of the cycle amaze with their incredible simplicity and equally incredible inner picturesqueness. Listening to these plays, we always see them!

Already in his First Symphony “Winter Dreams” the composer paints with sounds the wonderful landscapes of a winter road and a foggy land. The music of this symphony is compared with the elegiac paintings of Levitan, for whom the Russian open spaces evoked an equally strong emotional response. The artist’s relatives recalled that from an early age he loved to wander through fields and forests, contemplate “some kind of sunset” for a long time, and when spring came, “he was completely transformed and fussed, worried, he was drawn to the city.” Leaving Russia, he soon began to yearn for his passionately beloved Russian nature. So, in the spring of 1894 he wrote to A.M. Vasnetsov from Nice: “I can imagine how wonderful it is now in Rus' - the rivers have overflowed, everything is coming to life. There is no better country than Russia... Only in Russia can there be a real landscape painter.”

Levitan had an amazing gift: everything that was born under his brush began to sing. This is how one of the best experts on Russian painting, Academician M.V., describes the painting “Spring - Big Water”. Alpatov: “Thin, like candles, girlishly slender birches look like the very ones that have been sung in Russian songs from time immemorial. The reflection of birches in clear water seems to constitute their continuation, their echo, melodic echo , they dissolve in the water with their roots, their pink branches merge with the blue of the sky. The contours of these bent birches sound like a gentle and sad-plaintive pipe , From this choir, individual voices of more powerful trunks burst out, all of them are contrasted with a high pine trunk and the dense greenery of spruce." Pay attention to the epithets. The picture is described, and music is heard, for musical comparisons most accurately convey the soul of Levitan's landscape.

The central part of the painting “Evening Bells” is occupied by the river. Its gray-blue shades have a soft effect on the beholder, as if inviting them to enjoy the tranquility and magical charm of the summer landscape. The main emphasis is on the monastery and bell tower, immersed in greenery, the contemplation of which lifts a person above the bustle of the world. You just want to linger with your gaze on the peninsula bathed in the evening sun rays: the holy monastery, the crosses of the domes melting in the sky, the wide road to the gates of the monastery. It is no coincidence that I.I. Levitan depicted two monks dressed in black right by the river. They are so small that making it to the sparkling white arch seems impossible. And yet, the road to God, far from the temptations of the world, is quite spacious, and only those who walk can master it.

The upper part of the picture is the sky. Almost white above the forest, a little higher - with airy clouds and in the upper left corner - blue, the sky amazes with its piercing beauty. The painter's skill allowed Levitan to fill the picture with evening bells. In the heavenly heights he depicts, one can hear the music of church bells, scattering over the treetops, a river with a boat with people floating downstream, a tiny wooden pier and a man sitting in a small boat near the shore, whose figure you do not immediately notice.

Isaac Ilyich Levitan knew how to find extraordinary depth in any landscape, harmoniously combining the complex philosophy of human life with the virgin purity of Russian nature. (Ivan Kozlov and music by A. Alyabyev)

Another painting by Levitan, “Golden Autumn,” produces perhaps the most peaceful and healing impression. The colors of the marvelous canvas sing in harmony. Everything in this picture seems to have been sung in one breath, written in one touch. A cornflower blue sky burnt out from the summer heat, a river slightly blue and cold from the bottomless autumn nights and golden crimson brown bushes of trees and an emerald wedge of fields greening in the distance. Gold, crimson, blue - all this is the rainbow of the Motherland and Levitan, who spent his whole life pursuing an understanding of this symphonic structure, finally comprehended it to the end. He found the right harmony, and each of his strokes sounds purely full and true. It is with this picture that Tchaikovsky’s play “Autumn Song” from the cycle “The Seasons” is consonant.

Dmitry Kabalevsky’s description of the music of this piece is filled with picturesque epithets: “A sad melody full of gentle melancholy. We see how a “major” sunbeam is constantly trying to penetrate through the gray, “minor” autumn clouds. disappears behind a cloud. Suddenly, I looked in another place, in a third, it seems, I finally broke through, but again everything was covered with sad gray clouds... and it is precisely this unrealizable desire for the sun, for a bright major sonority that gives a special picturesque charm and special humanity to this seemingly modest, but a genuine pearl of Russian art."

1. Music paints pictures

In the work of another Russian artist, Mikhail Alexandrovich Vrubel, we find the influence of musical works. Inspired by Rimsky-Korsakov’s opera “The Tale of Tsar Saltan,” the artist created the painting “The Swan Princess.” It is known that Rimsky-Korsakov wrote the part of the Swan Princess for Vrubel’s wife, the famous singer Nadezhda Ivanovna Zabela, whose image undoubtedly influenced the painting.

True musicality is in the painting itself, in the way the airy, weightless colors in the foreground flicker and shimmer, in the finest gradations of gray-pink, in the truly immaterial pictorial matter of the canvas, “transforming,” melting. All the languid, sad beauty of the image is expressed in this special pictorial matter. The charm of native nature, the proud and gentle soulfulness of a fairy-tale bird girl. The secret spells of yet conquered evil witchcraft. Loyalty and firmness of true love. The power and eternal force of good. All these features are combined into a wonderful image, marvelous with its unfading freshness and special majestic beauty.

It is believed that Vrubel’s repeated listening to Anton Rubinstein’s opera “The Demon” later served as one of the impetuses for writing a series of paintings united in a demonic image: Seated Demon, Flying Demon, Defeated Demon.

The famous painting by Ilya Repin “Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan” was written under the direct influence of the music of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. Repin himself wrote: “I heard Rimsky-Korsakov’s new piece “Revenge.” It made an irresistible impression on me. These sounds captured me, and I thought whether it would be possible to embody in painting the mood that was created in me under the influence of this music. I I remembered Tsar Ivan."

3. Modern musical associations 3.1. Modern “singing paintings” by D. Dolgov

Creative individuals, as a rule, do not limit themselves to one area of ​​art. Painting and music are connected by special ties, and not so much plot or creative, but deeply internal, having the same basis - the diverse manifestations of life.

21 century. Using associations, some artists began to write music to the paintings they saw. And the concept of “Singing Pictures” was born. What it is?

To combine visual and musical art - this is the plan of the organizers. The idea, born in Kursk, has already “infected” other cities – Vladivostok and Samara.

The original installation includes two types of art at once - painting and song. The idea of ​​the competition is a synthesis of music and painting

Dmitry Dolgov, a friend from his performances at the Balaklava Holidays festival, a laureate of the Grushinsky Festival and other international competitions, presented his new paintings to the guests of the exhibition, which became the backdrop for the author’s solo concert.

The initiator of this event format is Sevastopol poet and bard Andrei Sobolev. As he said, he has known Dmitry as a poet and singer-songwriter for quite a long time. And after seeing his paintings, the idea arose to combine painting and music and organize an exhibition-concert, showing the creative versatility of the author.

Dmitry Dolgov plays music professionally and is a fairly well-known personality in bard circles. He travels a lot with concerts throughout Ukraine and Russia. Now the author conveys his experiences, sensations, his vision of what is happening around us, not only through songs, but also through canvas.

He started painting about three years ago. And I approached this exhibition with humor. In addition to the presented portraits, still lifes and genre works, three works stood out that perfectly justify the title of the exhibition.

Literally a few weeks before the opening of the exhibition, Dmitry had the idea to make several ironic works. He bought inexpensive prints from the store that are inherently kitsch. And he decided to give them new content, adding some images that, in his opinion, correspond to certain songs. “It was important for me to preserve as much as possible of the picture itself, which was there, and to place in this picture some of my own heroes, whom I consider important. And immediately the meaning of the whole picture changes,” said Dmitry Dolgov.

Having seen a picture, each person interprets it in his own way. An explanation of how the author sees it was heard in his songs at the concert, thanks to which one could also hear what could not be expressed with the help of a brush and canvas. Among the songs performed: “Feather grass”, “Tragic Yalta”. For example, the image of Marusya from a Russian folk song is reflected in the work of the same name “Soaped Marusya’s White Legs.” The author depicted it on a print with the city of Chicago and Lake Michigan. Images were also selected in the works “In vain the old woman waits...”

In addition, the bard shared with the viewer moments of inspiration that accompanied the birth of a particular work, canvas, melody or verse. According to Dmitry Dolgov, all those present had the opportunity to see that songs can become a musical continuation of visual images, and sounds can complement pictures.

3.2. Photos have a great future

Can modern technologies “sound” a digital photograph? At the International Consumer Electronics Show (CES 2013), the Mhoto application was presented. Using patented technology to analyze image properties such as brightness, saturation and contrast, it creates an original soundtrack tailored to the “feelings of a photograph.”
The user just needs to upload an image and he will hear the corresponding composition. He also has the opportunity to select a specific music genre for the soundtrack: hip-hop, rock, pop, etc.

The app's founders worked on the composition creation algorithm together with music producer Dub Killer. The developers plan to add a facial recognition function to the application so that the soundtrack matches the mood of the person in the portrait.

The app is still under development and the official website is inviting registration for interested beta testers.

Soon we will be able to “hear” any photograph. These are achievements of the 21st century!

4. Heard painting 4.1. Encryption option for painting nodes

Speaking about the “musicality” of paintings, they believe that this concept is conditional - the paintings themselves, of course, do not make sounds, even if they depict people playing any instruments.

And with my work I want to show that paintings can “sing.” Let's return to the reproduction of Botticelli "Spring".

Any musical instrument can serve as a tool for creating music. The most common is the piano. You can find many online emulators on the Internet. The website http://pcblogg.com/ presents interesting options. With their help we create a fragment of a melody. To do this, we analyze the picture. We select the main line of the image along which we place the staff. The faces of those depicted serve as notes. As an alternative, other key moments of the picture can be used: hands, feet, oranges on tree branches. We'll get the tune. [Appendix 1, Appendix 2] The arrangement uses a standard combination of chords.

Using this algorithm, you can make any picture sound.

4.2.Option with color coding

There are different directions of painting. Somewhere it is easy to determine the key moments of the picture. But if we take the abstractionism of M. Larionov, P. Filonov, the cubism of Pablo Picasso, the Suprematism of Malevich and others, then we will encounter difficulties. For such paintings, a color coding option is possible.

Let's take the color spectrum. Each color defines its own note, 7 colors - 7 notes. [Appendix 3] By breaking the picture into semantic areas, we create a melody. For example, consider the painting “Athletes” by K. Malevich. The resulting melody is presented in Appendix 4

Conclusion. Triumph of Music

Thus, we received a product - the melody of the picture. Musical reproduction of paintings using the proposed methods can be used in the lessons of MHC, fine art, music and computer science. As a task: voice the picture in the first or second way. In computer science: encrypt some information and make it sound, etc.

Bibliography

Basin N.E., Suslova O.A. "Color. Sound. Material: teaching aid: Supplement to the course “Introduction to the Language of Art.” Ekaterinburg, 2001.

Tarasov L. – “Music in the family of muses”

Kazantseva S. A. – “Culturology”

William F. Powell - "Painting"

Varlamova T.N. Project “Learning to listen and understand music” http://rtwiki.iteach.ru

Sergeeva G.P., Kashekova I.E., Kritskaya E.D. “Art 8-9 grades” M. “Enlightenment” 2013

Article from the Harmony website “Seen Music, Heard Painting” http://harmonia.tomsk.ru/pages/secret/?19

Article from the site Musical Fantasy. “Music at school”http://muzk-ira.ucoz.ru/publ/razrabotki_urokov/muzykalnaja_zhivopis_i_zhivopisnaja_muzyka_chjurljonis/8-1-0-51

author Danka “Synthesis of music and painting” / “Musicality” of painting in the work of romantic painters. “The Last Day of Pompeii” as a consonance between the opera by D. Pacini and the painting by K. Bryullov. Musical and artistic activities of M.K. Ciurlionis. Displaying music in paintings and paintings in symphonies

http://knowledge.allbest.ru/culture/3c0b65635a2ac68b4d43b88421216c37.html

Reproductions of paintings taken from the Internet encyclopedia Wikipedia

http://www.engadget.com/2013/09/09/moto-composes-music-from-pictures/

Vivaldi A. Seasons. 1 part. Spring / K. Heronz - Phonochrestomathy. Art 8th grade. M. "Enlightenment" 2013

Vivaldi A. Seasons. Part 2. A Peasant's Dream. / K. Heronz - Phonochrestomathy. Art 8th grade. M. "Enlightenment" 2013

Tchaikovsky P.I. Autumn song. October. /N. Shtokman - Phonochrestomathy. Art 8th grade. M. "Enlightenment" 2013

Franz Liszt Piano cycle “Years of Wanderings” Year two. Italy. The play "Betrothal".

Rimsky – Korsakov N.A. Symphonic suite part 9. "The Sweetness of Revenge"

Rachmaninov S.V. Symphonic poem "Isle of the Dead" Philadelphia Orchestra.

Alyabyev A. “Evening Bells” Choir of the Sretensky Monastery.

Dolgov D. “Feather grass” words and music by D. Dolgov. Album “A Little Bit of Hope”

Applications.

Botticelli's painting "Spring"

Chord color association

Melody of the painting: Botticelli “Spring”

Chords: D D S D H F S G

Melody of the painting: K. Malevich “Athletes”

Chords: D A F G D A H S

Municipal autonomous educational institution

Secondary school No. 34

PROJECT

Project theme: “Lubok – living folk art”

Krasnikova Victoria

Student of class 7A

Project Manager:

Art teacher

Vakulenko Dina Sergeevna

Tomsk - 2015.

Introduction

Subjects of popular prints

Types of splints

Modernity and popular print.

How we worked on the book

Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix: photo album of popular prints, proverbs about reading books

Objective of the project :

1. Find out what lubok is?

2.Create and illustrate a book about popular prints.

Tasks:

1. Explore how and where the tradition of illustrations in printed publications came to Russia

2. Explore the role of lubok in Russian culture.

3.Select materials for creating a book.

Hypothesis :

Russian lubok is one of the facets of living folk art. Here a bright picture and a living folk word, a folk artist’s inner idea of ​​the world and a speech image understandable to a person of any social group are woven together.

Introduction

How beautiful our Russia is - with its fields, forests, rivers! How rich our Russia is - in precious stones, gold and silver. But the most priceless and dear thing that our Russia owns is our people. The Russian land is famous for its craftsmen. No matter what corner of our homeland you find yourself in, everywhere you will meet a miracle master glorifying the beauty of our land!

One of the oldest folk crafts in Rus' is lubok.

History of the emergence and development of popular prints

From the middle of the 17th century. Printed pictures first appeared in Rus', these pictures were called “amusing sheets”,It was humorous folk pictures that were sold at fairs and were considered the most popular form of fine art in Rus'. In the second half of the 19th century. they began to be called lubok.

Who and why called them “pop pictures, popular prints” is unknown. Maybe because the pictures were cut out on linden boards (and linden was then called bast), maybe because peddlers sold them in bast boxes, or, if you believe the Moscow legend, everything came from Lubyanka - the street where the craftsmen lived lubkov.

In the 17th century, the Muscovite kingdom established more and more extensive trade relations with Europe. Among other goods, European printed books came to Rus', the design of which was distinguished by high quality and technical novelty; copper engraving had long been used in Europe, making it possible to produce illustrations, maps, and richly decorate title pages. In Russia, they used woodcuts, or drawn images, to illustrate books. Wealthy Russians buy Western books with illustrations, engraved portraits, and maps of unknown lands.

In 1692, the Primer of the Slovenian-Russian Tribe was published in Moscow. All pages in it are drawn and engraved on copper, each dedicated to a separate Cyrillic letter, decorated with its stylized image, numerous drawings of objects for this letter and its poetic description. The "primer" was originally intended for Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich.

In the era of Peter the Great, Russia faced numerous reforms; at the turn of the century, the country was transformed. Along with the country, her books also transformed. Popular prints flourished during the time of Peter the Great, and the most famous pictures, which were then republished over several centuries, were associated with the era of Peter.

Peter I invites master engravers from Holland to Russia.

In the middle of the 18th century, secular literature began to appear in the form of popular prints.

In the 19th century, many small printing houses appeared. One of the owners of the printing house was Ivan Dmitrievich Sytin, a Russian entrepreneur in the field of publishing and bookselling, who began his career as an assistant to a merchant in a popular print shop, in 1876, on credit, he opened a small lithography for the publication of popular prints, in 1883 - a bookstore and at the same time established a book publishing partnership “I.D. Sytin and Co.” By the end of his life he became the largest non-state publisher, aimed primarily at public education.Sytin's printing house produced huge quantities of cheap books for the people, textbooks, calendars, encyclopedias, scientific literature, newspapers, magazines, and collected works of Russian classics. Sytin made attempts to “ennoble” popular prints by inviting professional artists and producing original “lubok posters” with portraits of writers and illustrations for their works. Sytin’s educational activities, associated with the promotion of Russian literature, became a striking phenomenon in the development of lubok, which existed in Russian society until the 1920sAt this time, numerous adaptations of Gogol, Lermontov, and individual works by Pushkin, Turgenev, Saltykov-Shchedrin were published in cheap versions.

During the Great Patriotic War, lubok as a type of folk graphics was again used by the Kukryniksy. Evil caricatures of fascist leaders (Hitler, Goebbels) were accompanied by texts of poignant front-line ditties that ridiculed “the sideways Hitler” and his henchmen.

Subjects of the paintings

Initially, the subjects for popular prints were handwritten tales, life books, “fatherly writings,” oral tales, and articles from translated newspapers.Gradually, in addition to religious subjects, illustrations for Russian fairy tales, epics, translated knightly novels, and historical tales (about the founding of Moscow, the Battle of Kulikovo) appeared.

Lubki were about everything in the world: about different countries and great battles, about peasant life and famous people, about big cities and quirks of nature, about strange animals and important events. People decorated their homes with unusually elegant pictures.

Types of splints

Spiritual and religious -. Icon type images. Lives of saints, parables, moral teachings, songs, etc.

Philosophical.

Legal - depictions of trials and legal actions. The following subjects were often encountered: “Shemyakin trial” and “Ruff Ershovich Shchetinnikov”.

Historical - Images of historical events, battles, cities. Topographic maps.

Fairy tales - magical tales, heroic tales, “Tales of Daring People”, everyday tales.

Holidays - images of saints.

Cavalry - popular prints with images of horsemen.

Joker - amusing popular prints, satires, caricatures, jokes.

Splint production technology

And it was done like this: first, a drawing was applied to the board. Then they cut it out with special cutters, and black paint was applied to the contours of the drawings. A sheet of paper was placed on top of the board, rolled between the rollers of the printing press, and the design was imprinted on the paper.

Popular craftsmen painted and cut out popular prints. We learned this more often from our own parents, relatives and neighbors. but they painted the popular prints of mothers, wives and daughters. They used four or five colors, no more, but the most flaming ones: crimson, green, red, yellow. And they always put these colors in contrast: crimson with green, yellow with black, which made them seem even brighter and the picture more elegant. the artists worked only with wide brushes and did not follow any contours.

Modern masters of popular prints

Centuries have passed, and artists, combining in their work the traditions of ancient Russian painting and folk crafts, create works that meet the requirements of today.

A modern artist and painter, Marina Ruslanova, creates very bright, positive works in the form of popular prints. Her rThe works are in the "Slavic House" gallery, in the Moscow Museum of Folk Graphics, in the "Tsaritsyno" museum, in the interior of the cafe of the Moscow branch of the World Bank, as well as in private collections in

Russia and abroad.

2015 has been named the year of literature. INAs part of the Year of Literature, on January 26, 2015, the exhibition “Russian Literature in the Mirror of Lubok” was held in St. Petersburg

The exhibition presents unique examples of popular prints from the mid-19th - early 20th centuries based on the works of Russian writers. The exhibition tells about the history of popular prints, popular stories, authors, and execution techniques.

Among the exhibits is the most popular work in Russian popular print in the entire history of its existence - the poem “Romance”, written by fifteen-year-old Alexander Pushkin.

Visitors will be able to see popular prints created by anonymous authors and numerous Moscow workshops. Among the subjects of popular prints presented at the exhibition, the most popular works of literature among the common people are Pushkin’s poem “The Death of Prince Oleg”, Lermontov’s poem “Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov”, Krylov’s fables, songs based on poems by Batyushkov, Nekrasov, Koltsov...

One of the sections of the exhibition is dedicated to the works of the publishing house of Ivan Sytin, in whose hands the popular print production was concentrated by the end of the 19th century...

How we worked on the book

The book enriches our knowledge about life, develops a sense of beauty in a person, teaches him to see and understand the beauty of life itself and the beauty of the literary word, literary images, pictures of life that the writer creates.

I also decided to try myself as an illustrator and create an illustrated book with proverbs and sayings about books and reading in popular prints.

Stages of working on the book:

I found and researched material about popular print.

I picked up proverbs and sayings about the book.

I illustrated the pages.

I designed the book so that you could add pages.

The book is ready.

Conclusion

Lubok is a type of fine art that is characterized by clarity and capacity of the image. Popular prints are characterized by simplicity of technique and laconism of visual means.

In general, we can conclude that hand-drawn popular prints are a unique historical and artistic phenomenon that combines the art of urban and peasant culture, secular and religious origins. This is precisely what can explain the ability of hand-drawn popular prints to creatively rework the artistic techniques of book miniatures, icon painting, and folk arts and crafts.

Application

Sections: MHC and ISO

World artistic culture is an educational subject, the growing importance of which in education is determined by its integrated and synthesizing nature. It is the fundamental information base where the most important experience of humanity is concentrated, since artistic culture is not the history of art, but a single process of cognition, expressed in a specific language. For students, studying this subject is a search for ways out of difficult life situations, and communication skills with art create an environment rich in value relationships and stimulating positive emotions.

Project activities on world artistic culture are a means of activating cognitive interest and broadening the horizons of students. The project method is focused on student research activities. Its use involves a constructive influence on the socialization of the individual, the development of independence in decision making; critical analysis of information obtained from the study of scientific, art history, journalistic, fiction literature, as well as information from mass media. By participating in project activities, students demonstrate mastery of basic research methods, computer literacy, the ability to work with audio, video and multimedia equipment, and the ability to apply knowledge to solve cognitive problems. The project method allows you to organize independent creative activities of students and integrate educational and independent research extracurricular activities.

An effective MHC project is one in which students understand how the object of study (an artistic image or work) reflects the era, historical and moral quest of a particular time.

In educational activities, topics can be selected to create a project that complete the study of a particular section, deepen and expand the content, or present the opportunity for additional creative work.

My own teaching experience shows that MCC projects are usually short-term, designed for a period of two to five weeks, since practical activities in this area are minimal and do not require a long wait for results (as in biology, chemistry and other natural sciences) .

Work on the project is being built in stages.

At the first stage, the topic of the project is determined, a creative group is formed based on interest in the stated problem (up to 4 people). Next, a work plan is drawn up, tasks are formulated, sources of information are selected and the result is predicted - the final product of the research (in this case, the children themselves suggest the form of presenting the result, choosing the one that is closer to them). The result may be a problematic lesson taught by students; newspaper release; staging a play, presentation of a video film or exhibition, multimedia show, conducting an excursion, theoretical treatise, etc.

At the second stage, individual and collective activities are planned and responsibilities are distributed within the group. The tasks of each project participant are specified and the procedure for their interaction is agreed upon.

At the third stage, work is carried out to collect and process information, and conclusions are formulated. The results of the project are presented taking into account the chosen form.

The fourth stage is the defense of the project and feedback from other students, listeners, viewers, experts on the depth of content and the effectiveness of choosing the form of presentation of the material.

As a rule, project activities are carried out by students of the same age group, i.e. class, parallels. However, in extracurricular activities a different composition of students is possible.

In gymnasium No. 20 of the city of Saransk, a research society “Truth” was created, where students are engaged in search and research activities in sections in various areas. The “Art History” section is one of the most numerous. Every year, children present their projects at conferences of various levels, and research is carried out by groups of different ages. This has a number of advantages:

1. Firstly, while working on a project, mentoring, or “patronage,” is provided. Each project participant receives his own area of ​​study, and as a result of the exchange of information, seniors can give recommendations or express their opinions regarding the materials of peers or younger ones (feedback is not excluded). This is perceived more adequately and has a more effective effect than adjustments made by the teacher.

2. Secondly, areas of study are distributed based on age and psychological characteristics. Thus, for older students, a more global and complex task is determined that requires analysis and generalization. And for the younger ones - collecting information, working with dictionaries, selecting illustrations. Also, directions can be determined by interests: some are closer to historical events that define an era or style, some are closer to cultural concepts, while others want to identify the features of the language of art and aesthetic problems.

Let us dwell on the conditions for the success of MCC projects, based on practical experience.

1. It is important that the topic of the project is close to all participants, regardless of age. Consequently, it should be based on universal human values, regional community and the peculiarities of the students’ subculture (possibly of a specific educational institution). For example: “Why do people decorate themselves?”, “Why didn’t the Trojan Horse become a wonder of the world?”, “Is cinematography an art or an industry?”

For example, the 2007 project “The Cathedral of the Holy Righteous Warrior Theodore Ushakov - an object of historical and cultural heritage” solves a number of issues that are of interest not only to students, but also to part of the population of the Republic of Mordovia:

Why F.F. Ushakov was awarded this right and who is he – our fellow countryman or the pride of Russia?

What historical events associated with this person should remain in people's memory?

What idea is contained in this architectural object (spiritual-moral, aesthetic, political, etc.)?

2. The possibility of direct contact with the object of study is preferable (the original is incomparably better than the most beautiful copy).

3. It is necessary to make maximum use of the opportunity to obtain first-hand information: from the architect-designer, customer, designer, sculptor, painter, art critic, etc.

4. Attention should be paid to the available literature and its skillful use. For an objective assessment of an object or phenomenon, it is assumed to use all types: bibliographic sources, popular science, educational, artistic, journalistic, reference and scientific.

5. It is necessary to orient project participants towards a combination of various research methods. Conversation and interviewing methods are very popular. For example, at the cathedral you can ask the following questions: “Do you know who this cathedral is dedicated to? What building was on this site before? What is the idea behind building this church? Do you know what “rarities” were found when laying the foundation of the cathedral? Who was Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov?”

The project will be more successful the more creativity and initiative the teacher provides to the students themselves. Since the study of artistic culture is initially assessed by students as accessible, their personal interest in the results appears and their self-esteem increases. The subjective nature of the relationship with art provides variability and freedom of choice for teenagers in finding their cultural niche.

The project method is one of the sources of students’ interest in studying world artistic culture. This is an effective way to resolve the contradictions between the destruction of worldview values ​​in real life and the need to develop moral priorities among the younger generation. By getting acquainted with the cultural heritage of different civilizations and mastering their spiritual and moral foundations, schoolchildren learn to more critically evaluate the values ​​of the current time.