Russian alphabet in the form. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

In writing we use letters, in speaking we use sounds. We use letters to represent the sounds we pronounce. There is no simple and direct correspondence between letters and sounds: there are letters that do not denote sounds, there are cases when a letter means two sounds, and cases when several letters mean one sound. Modern Russian has 33 letters and 42 sounds.

Kinds

Letters are vowels and consonants. The letters soft sign and hard sign do not form sounds; there are no words in the Russian language that begin with these letters. The Russian language is “vocal”; Russian words have many vowels (o, e, i, a) and voiced consonants (n, l, v, m, r). There are significantly fewer noisy, deaf, hissing ones (zh, ch, sh, shch, c, f). The vowels yu, e, ё are also rarely used. On a letter, instead of the letter ё, the letter e is often written without losing the meaning.

Alphabet

The letters of the Russian language are listed below in alphabetical order. Uppercase and lowercase letters are shown and their names are indicated. Vowels are marked in red, consonants are in blue, letters ь, ъ are in grey.

A a B b C c D d E d e e e f f g h h i i j j K k L l M m N n O o P p R r S s T t U u F f X x C t H h Sh sh sch q y y b ee y y I

The letter L is called "el" or "el", the letter E is sometimes called "E reverse".

Numbering

Numbers of letters of the Russian alphabet in forward and reverse order:

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Hello, dear guys! Greetings, dear adults! You are reading these lines, which means that someone once made sure that you and I could exchange information using writing.

Drawing rock carvings, trying to tell something, our ancestors many centuries ago could not even imagine that very soon the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet would form words, express our thoughts on paper, help us read books written in Russian and allow us to leave our mark on history of folk culture.

Where did they all come to us from A to Z, who invented the Russian alphabet, and how did the letter originate? The information in this article may be useful for a research paper in 2nd or 3rd grade, so welcome to study in detail!

Lesson plan:

What is the alphabet and where did it all begin?

The word familiar to us from childhood came from Greece, and it is composed of two Greek letters - alpha and beta.

In general, the ancient Greeks left a huge mark on history, and they could not do without them here. They made a lot of efforts to spread writing throughout Europe.

However, many scientists still argue who would have been the first, and in what year it was. It is believed that the Phoenicians were the first to use consonant letters back in the 2nd millennium BC, and only then did the Greeks borrow their alphabet and add vowels there. This was already in the 8th century BC.

This Greek writing became the basis of the alphabet for many peoples, including us, the Slavs. And among the most ancient are the Chinese and Egyptian alphabets, which appeared from the transformation of rock paintings into hieroglyphs and graphic symbols.

But what about our Slavic alphabet? After all, we don’t write in Greek today! The thing is that Ancient Rus' sought to strengthen economic and cultural ties with other countries, and for this a letter was needed. Moreover, the first church books began to be brought to the Russian state, since Christianity came from Europe.

It was necessary to find a way to convey to all Russian Slavs what Orthodoxy is, to create our own alphabet, to translate church works into a readable language. The Cyrillic alphabet became such an alphabet, and it was created by the brothers, popularly called “Thessalonica”.

Who are the Thessaloniki brothers and why are they famous?

These people are called this way not because they have a surname or a given name.

Two brothers Cyril and Methodius lived in a military family in a large Byzantine province with the capital in the city of Thessaloniki, from which the name of their small homeland came the nickname.

The population in the city was mixed - half Greeks and half Slavs. And the brothers’ parents were of different nationalities: their mother was Greek, and their father was from Bulgaria. Therefore, both Cyril and Methodius knew two languages ​​from childhood - Slavic and Greek.

This is interesting! In fact, the brothers had different names at birth - Constantine and Mikhail, and they were named church Cyril and Methodius later.

Both brothers excelled in their studies. Methodius mastered military techniques and loved to read. Well, Kirill knew as many as 22 languages, was educated at the imperial court and was nicknamed a philosopher for his wisdom.

Therefore, it is not at all surprising that the choice fell on these two brothers when the Moravian prince turned to the Byzantine ruler for help in 863 with a request to send wise men who could convey to the Slavic people the truth of the Christian faith and teach them to write.

And Cyril and Methodius set off on a long journey, moving for 40 months from one place to another, explaining in the Slavic language they knew well from childhood who Christ was and what his power was. And for this it was necessary to translate all church books from Greek into Slavic, which is why the brothers began to develop a new alphabet.

Of course, already in those days the Slavs used many Greek letters in their lives in counting and writing. But the knowledge they had had to be streamlined, brought to one system, so that it would be simple and understandable for everyone. And already on May 24, 863, in the Bulgarian capital of Pliska, Cyril and Methodius announced the creation of a Slavic alphabet called the Cyrillic alphabet, which became the progenitor of our modern Russian alphabet.

This is interesting! Historians have discovered the fact that even before the Moravian commission, while in Byzantium, the brothers Cyril and Methodius invented an alphabet for the Slavs based on Greek writing, and it was called Glagolitic. Maybe that’s why the Cyrillic alphabet appeared so quickly and simply, since there were already working outlines?

Transformations of the Russian alphabet

The Slavic alphabet created by Cyril and Methodius consisted of 43 letters.

They appeared by adding newly invented 19 signs to the Greek alphabet (which had 24 letters). After the appearance of the Cyrillic alphabet in Bulgaria, the center of Slavic writing, the first book school appeared, and they began to actively translate liturgical books.

In any old book

“Once upon a time there lived Izhitsa,

And with it the letter Yat"

Gradually, the Old Church Slavonic alphabet came to Serbia, and in Ancient Rus' it appeared at the end of the 10th century, when the Russian people adopted Christianity. It was then that the whole long process of creating and improving the Russian alphabet that we use today begins. That's what was interesting.

This is interesting! The godmother of the letter “Y” was Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, who proposed introducing it into the alphabet in 1783. The idea of ​​​​the princess was supported by the writer Karmazin, and with their light hand the letter appeared in the alphabet, taking an honorable seventh place.

“Yo”’s fate is not easy:

• in 1904 its use was desirable, but not at all mandatory;
• in 1942, by order of the educational authority, it was recognized as compulsory for schools;
• in 1956, entire paragraphs of the rules of Russian spelling were devoted to it.

Today, the use of “Yo” is important when you can confuse the meaning of written words, for example here: perfect and perfect, tears and tears, palate and sky.

This is interesting! In 2001, in the Ulyanovsk Park named after Karamzin, the only monument to the letter “Y” in the form of a low stele in the whole world was unveiled.

As a result, today we have 33 beauties who teach us to read and write, open up a new world for us, help us be educated to learn our native language and respect our history.

I am sure that you have known all these 33 letters for a long time and never confuse their places in the alphabet. Would you like to try to learn the Old Church Slavonic alphabet? Here it is, below in the video)

Well, you have more projects on one interesting topic in your collection. Share the most interesting things with your classmates, let them also know where the Russian alphabet came to us from. And I say goodbye to you, see you again!

Good luck in your studies!

Evgenia Klimkovich.

The alphabet of the Russian language has a centuries-old history. And although this is a well-known truth, few know who invented it and when.

Where did the Russian alphabet come from?

The history of the Russian alphabet goes back to ancient times, during the times of pagan Kievan Rus.

The order to create the Russian alphabet came from the Emperor of Byzantium, Michael III, who instructed the brother monks to develop the letters of the Russian alphabet, later called the Cyrillic alphabet. This happened in 863.

The Cyrillic alphabet had its roots in the Greek script, but since Cyril and Methodius came from Bulgaria, this land became a center for the spread of literacy and writing. Church Greek and Latin books began to be translated into Old Church Slavonic. After several centuries it became exclusively the language of the church, but played an important role in the development of the modern Russian language. Many consonants and vowels have not survived to this day, since this Russian alphabet has undergone many changes. The main transformations affected the alphabet during the time of Peter and during the October Revolution.

How many letters are in the alphabet?

However, it is interesting not only who invented the Russian alphabet, but also how many letters it contains. Most people, even as adults, doubt how many there are: 32 or 33. And what can we say about children! There is every reason for this. Let's dive into history.

The Old Church Slavonic alphabet (as it came down to us in written sources) had 43 letters. Subsequently, 4 more letters were added, and 14 were removed, since the sounds they denoted ceased to be pronounced or merged with similar sounds. In the 19th century, Russian historian and writer N. Karamzin introduced the letter “ё” into the alphabet.

For a long time, “E” and “E” were considered one letter, so it was common to think that there are 32 letters in the alphabet.

Only after 1942 they were separated, and the alphabet became 33 letters.

The alphabet of the Russian language in its current form is divided into vowels and consonants.

We pronounce vowels freely: the sound passes through the vocal cords without obstacles.
Consonant sounds require an obstacle in the way to be created. In modern Russian, these letters and sounds are in the following relationship, while the number of sounds and letters will be different:

• - sounds: vowels – 6, consonants – 37;
• - letters: vowels - 10, consonants - 21.

If we don’t go into details and say briefly, this is explained by the fact that some vowel letters (e, ё, yu, ya) can denote two sounds, and consonants have pairs of hardness and softness.

By spelling, letters are distinguished between uppercase and lowercase letters:

Their writing is associated with the need to highlight proper and common nouns in the text (capitals are used for the latter, as well as for writing words in general).

Learning the order of letters

Even if your child knows what the letters are called, closer to school age a problem arises related to the need to remember the letters in order in the alphabet. Most children confuse letters for a long time and cannot put them in the right order. Although it is very easy to help a child. There are several ways to do this.

Photos and pictures for kids

Pictures and photos with letters can help you learn the alphabet. You can download them on our website, print them, stick them on thick cardboard and practice with your child.

How can pictures and photos attached to letter symbols be useful?

Beautiful design and bright colors will surely attract the attention of kids. Children become interested in everything unusual and colorful - and learning goes faster and more exciting. The Russian alphabet and pictures will become best friends in lessons for kids.

Another option is a table of letters with numbers, numbers

You can also easily download and print it on the website. A numbered letter list for children can make learning the alphabet order much easier for those who can count. This is how the children firmly remember how many letters are in the alphabet, and the accompanying photos and pictures that the table includes help build an associative series. So someone came up with a great idea - to teach the alphabet with pictures and photos.

Educational cartoons

No one will argue with the fact that all children love cartoons. But this love can be put to good use and you can learn the alphabet with the help of specially created educational cartoons. They include excerpts from Soviet cartoons, bright letter symbols, pictures, and songs. Musical accompaniment forces children to hum and rhyme the alphabet, and this way they remember it much faster.

— “The alphabet in cartoons”

This cartoon can be viewed here:

This is an excellent video tutorial for children. There is not only writing and reading letters, but also excerpts from cartoons, images of what words with a particular letter mean, etc. The baby will have no choice but to remember the song and the order of the letters.

— “Learning letters: the alphabet in verse”

You can watch this cartoon here:

In addition to colorful cartoons and melodic music, the cartoon “Learning Letters: The ABC in Poems” offers simple verses that are easy to remember and tell the child which letter is next in the alphabet.

— “ABC for Kids” by Berg Sound Studio

This is a great cartoon for those children who are already familiar with the alphabet and are trying to read. Here we learn the alphabet and rules for writing words with the Computer and its assistant File. Using words as an example, they tell kids how to read, and what place the letters occupy in the alphabet, as well as how many letters there are in the Russian alphabet. This fascinating cartoon lasts 30-40 minutes, so you will have to be patient. But children won’t need it: the material is presented in a playful way, and the kids won’t get bored.

You can view the cartoon here

— “Learning letters with the cat Busya”

You can download the cartoon here

The main character is the cat Busya, who emerged from an illustrated primer to show children how letters look and are read. The cartoon has not only colorful drawings, but also musical accompaniment. Busya the cat reads short poems dedicated to a specific letter.

— “Learning the Russian alphabet”

It’s easy to watch this cartoon here

It consists of viewing an illustrated primer, and a male voice pleasantly and leisurely reads short poems dedicated to letters.

Thus, learning the alphabet should be interesting for children, then they will quickly and easily master the material. We teach in a fun and unobtrusive way