Last names ending with un. See what "Family ending" is in other dictionaries

So, the most common suffix Ukrainian surnames- “-enko” (Bondarenko, Petrenko, Timoshenko, Ostapenko). Another group of suffixes is “-eiko”, “-ko”, “-ochka” (Belebeyko, Bobreiko, Grishko). The third suffix is “-ovsky” (Berezovsky, Mogilevsky). Often among Ukrainian surnames you can find those that come from the names of professions (Koval, Gonchar), as well as from combinations of two words (Sinegub, Belogor).

Among Russian surnames The following suffixes are common: “-an”, “-yn”, -“in”, “-skikh”, “-ov”, “-ev”, “-skoy”, “-tskoy”, “-ikh”, “ -s.” It is easy to guess that the following can be considered examples of such surnames: Smirnov, Nikolaev, Donskoy, Sedykh.

Polish surnames most often they have the suffixes “-sk” and “-tsk”, as well as the endings “-iy”, “-aya” (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Vishnevsky). You can often find Poles with surnames with an unchangeable form (Sienkiewicz, Wozniak, Mickiewicz).

English surnames often come from the name of the area where a person lives (Scott, Wales), from the names of professions (Smith - blacksmith), from characteristics (Armstrong - strong, Sweet - sweet).

In front of many French surnames there is an insertion “Le”, “Mon” or “De” (Le Germain, Le Pen).

German surnames most often formed from names (Peters, Jacobi, Wernet), from characteristics (Klein - small), from the type of activity (Schmidt - blacksmith, Müller - miller).

Tatar surnames come from Tatar words and the following suffixes: “-ov”, “-ev”, “-in” (Yuldashin, Safin).

Italian surnames are formed using the following suffixes: “-ini”, “-ino”, “-ello”, “-illo”, “-etti”, “-etto”, “-ito” (Moretti, Benedetto).

Majority Spanish and Portuguese surnames come from characteristics (Alegre - joyful, Bravo - brave). Among the endings, the most common are: “-ez”, “-es”, “-az” (Gomez, Lopez).

Norwegian surnames are formed using the suffix “en” (Larsen, Hansen). Surnames without a suffix at all are also popular (Per, Morgen). Surnames are often formed from the names of natural phenomena or animals (Blizzard - blizzard, Svane - swan).

Swedish surnames most often end in “-sson”, “-berg”, “-stead”, “-strom” (Forsberg, Bosstrom).

Estonians have a last name you cannot understand whether a person is masculine or feminine (Simson, Nahk).

For Jewish surnames There are two common roots: Levi and Cohen. Most surnames are formed from male names (Solomon, Samuel). There are also surnames that are formed using suffixes (Abramson, Jacobson).

Belarusian surnames end in “-ich”, “-chik”, “-ka”, “-ko”, “-onak”, “-yonak”, “-uk”, “-ik”, “-ski” (Radkevich, Kuharchik ).

Turkish surnames have the ending “-oglu”, “-ji”, “-zade” (Mustafaoglu, Ekinci).

Almost all Bulgarian surnames formed from names using the suffixes “-ov”, “-ev” (Konstantinov, Georgiev).

Men's Latvian surnames end with “-s”, “-is”, and female ones end with “-e”, “-a” (Shurins - Shurin).

And men's Lithuanian surnames end in “-onis”, “-unas”, “-utis”, “-aytis”, “-ena” (Norvidaitis). Women's endings in “-en”, “-yuven”, “-uven” (Grinyuvene). The surnames of unmarried girls contain a part of the father’s surname and the suffixes “-ut”, “-polut”, “-ayt”, as well as the ending “-e” (Orbakas - Orbakaite).

Majority Armenian surnames end with the suffix “-yan”, “-yants”, “-uni” (Hakopyan, Galustyan).

Georgian surnames end in “-shvili”, “-dze”, “-uri”, “-ava”, “-a”, “-ua”, “-ia”, “-ni” (Mikadze, Gvishiane).

Greek surnames The endings “-idis”, “-kos”, -“poulos” are inherent (Angelopoulos, Nikolaidis).

Chinese and Korean surnames consist of one, sometimes two syllables (Tang Liu, Qiao, Mao).

Japanese surnames are formed using one or two words (Kitamura - north and village).

Feature of women's Czech surnames is the obligatory ending “-ova” (Valdrova, Andersonova). (via)

It's amazing how many differences there are between the names of different nationalities and peoples!

Identical to Russian, most Cossack surnames end in: ov, ev, in. For many, this suggestsand even claim that the ancestors of bearers of such surnames were Russians (Great Russians). An exception is made from this that the ancestors of the bearers of such surnames as: Persiyanov, Gruzinov, Mordvintsev, Grekov, Turkin, etc. were not Russians, but representatives of nationalities, according to the indication of the surname itself. But with this provision, the question of Cossack surnames in reality is far from exhausted.

Surnames ending in― ov, ev, in of more ancient origin than the Russian (Great Russian) nationality itself, the formation of which, as is known, began just with XIII V. according to R. Chr. So, in the 2nd treaty of the Kiev prince Igor with the Greeks (912) in the list of his (nicknames): Fastov, Kari(th), Tudkov, Karshev, Tudorov, Svirkov, Voikov, Bernov, Gunarev, Koloklekov, Gudov, Tuadov , Kutsi(y), Vuzlev, Utin, Sinko, Borich.

Such surnames and similar ones, found in later historical documents, establish that the above endings in surnames were not only common for the population of Kievan Rus, the ancestors of the Ukrainians, but also surnames from foreign, non-Slavic words (Bern, Tuad, Tudor, Fast), accepted endings ov and thus they became glorified.

These data and the fact that surnames with the above endings are common to this day in Ukraine give grounds to assert that they are not the work of the Great Russians, but were borrowed, like most of the cultural foundations, from Kievan Rus; Great Russians have surnames ending in ov, ev, in has only reached its greatest development,― these endings easily replace others (ii, ey, oy) or are easily added to any non-Russian words.

Bulgarians have surnames with the ending ov And ev are common now, as they were common in ancient times.

And if this is so, then we have the right to assume that such endings in surnames were also common among the Slavic-Turkic population of Cossackia (after the Tmutarakan principality, from where the Cossack nation was formed). They existed later, and only from the time of the rule of the Russians (Great Russians), i.e. over the past 2 centuries, have achieved their greatest development.

Cossacks have surnames Ouch, th, to her change in― ov, ev; other endings change to in, and by the end co the sound is increasing V: Sulatsk(iy)ov, Kadatsk(iy)ov, Nagib(a)in, Rynd(a)in, Zhuchenko + v, Semenchenko + v, Pozd(a)eev, Shulg(a)in.

Poles usually have surname endings –- th, ich, ek; They are also characteristic of Ukrainians.

Cossack surnames that have retained such endings (or replaced) indicate that the ancestors of the bearers of such surnames were either Ukrainians or Poles: Kalinovsky, Bukovsky, Levitsky, Kokhanovsky, Shchetkovsky Khreshchatitsky, Kadatskov, Kurganinsky.

Ending surnames (nicknames) with co, as can be seen from the document of 912 and others, of very ancient origin. Ending co(the Great Russians borrowed it and turned it into ka- Ivashka, Fomka, etc.) in the Russian (Kiev) state (later in its successor - Ukraine) denoted a junior degree, subordination, a smaller part of the subject.

So, in Kievan Rus the end co sometimes added to the names of princes (Volodimirko, Vasilko, Yurko) who did not have inheritances (outcasts), i.e. subordinates; but was never added to the names of the Kyiv capital princes.

In Ukraine, the son or grandson of Taras, Shevchuk, Bulba, Ostap was called Tarasenok, Shevchenok, Bulbenok, Ostapenok, and from here the surnames were formed - Tarasenko, Shevchenko, etc.

Such formations can be assumedat first they were characteristic mainly of the western regions of Ukraine; in the Dnieper part, where there was a more intensive settlement of Turkic peoples, the ending prevailed th, Ouch, to her, A, ac; and all of them are of Turkic origin.

Ending to her(Kunduvdey, Paley, Kochubey, Berendey, etc.) very often changed to the ending eev.

So, from many documents establishing entry into the ranks of the Don Cossacks at the end XVI V. and in the first half XVII V. individual representatives of the Ukrainian people, from the Dniester part of it, in Cossack and Moscow documents called Cherkasy, surnames on co almost never occurs. So in the list of such Cherkassy from 1647, who joined the ranks of the Cossacks. Of the more than 200 surnames, there are not even a dozen ending with co, and mainly on ov, ev. (Kupreyanov, Kharitonov, Nagib(a)in, etc.).

Development of surnames on co in Ukraine in the second half XVII Art. obliged, one might assume, to the colonization of its western regions.

It would be absurd to believe that the ancestors of those with surnames - Ovanesov, Chebukchiev, Big(ai)ev, etc. or even they themselves are Russian. Conversely, if we added endings ov, ev or in to the surnames - Grimm, Wrangel, Struve, etc., then they still would not hide the fact that the ancestors of the bearers of such surnames were Swedes, Germans, or a representative of some other nationality, but not Russian.

Back, lasting existence ending ov And ev even the apparent Russification of the surname cannot hide the fact that the ancestors of the bearers of the surnames - Milyukov, Chuvild(ey)eev, Turgen(b)ev, as the words themselves establish and historical documents establish, were Tatars. This is often confirmed by the very appearance and character of the bearer of such a surname. In this case, the only question that can arise is when or which ancestor or the owner of such a surname himself became a Russian (Great Russian).

Many Cossack surnames (in some villages they are predominant) are based on words of non-Slavic origin; let's giveas an example: Merzhan-ov, Katason-ov, Mishustov, Koloman-ov, Kulgach-ev, Dukmas-ov, Mendeleev, Gald(a)-in, Kaklyug(a)in, Malyug(a)in, Arakantsev, Sekret-ev, Turover-ov, Boldyr-ov, Kundelek-ov, Biryuk-ov, Kudin-ov.

By determining which nationality a word was borrowed from, or brought in as a surname, the nationality of the ancestor of the bearer of such a surname is very often established; this is sometimes confirmed by historical documents. Thus, Merzhan (probably the ancestor of the bearers of this surname) was an Arab by birth, who, together with the Don Cossacks, emerged from Turkish captivity in 1640; he converted to Christianity and became a Don Cossack.

Misustov is the surname of a Circassian princely family that existed in the middle of the last century.

Mendeleev comes from the Kalmyk word - mendele (hello).

The Kundelekovs, as established by documents, descend from the Kalmyk Murza, who converted to Christianity and became a Cossack in the first half XVIII century

Galda is a Kalmyk name; The origin from the Kalmyk is confirmed by the facial features of the bearers of this surname, family legend.

The surname Turoverov was formed from 2 words: Turkic and Slavic: tur (dur) - incorrect, incorrect; a tourover in the literal sense is a person of the wrong faith, a foreigner. And, as I heard from one of the representatives of the Turoverov family, family tradition says that their ancestor was a Persian.

The surname Arakan comes from the word Arak(s) - Arakan - a native of Arak, maybe from Araks.

Sometimes Turkic and other words that served as the basis for the formation of a surname seem Slavic. Based on such similarities, it would be erroneous to say that the ancestors of the bearers of the surnames - Kharlamov, Bokov, Vedeneev were Russians (Great Russians). So, if the surname Kharlamov was formed from the name Kharlampiy, then it would be Kharlampiev; in Kalmyk: har - black, lam (e) priest, literally translated kharlam - monk. The Bokovs come from the Kalmyk Murza - Boka, whose existence and transition to the Cossacks after the adoption of Christianity is established by documents of the first half XVIII century

Vedeneev was formed from the word - vedene, which is what the Mordovians call themselves in their language.

Appearance and character very often are confirmation; sometimes, regardless of the above, the nationality of the Cossack’s ancestors is established.

The Cossack nation was formed from the Slavic (Russians) and Turkic (Cherkasy Cossacks) living on the territory of Cossackia, later within the Tmutarakan principality that was formed from it. (Italics are mine. - Ed.)

If we take into account that in Kievan Rus, part of its population - the Black Klobuks (Dnieper Cherkasy, a people of Turkic origin), as can be seen from the chronicles, the surnames of the leaders were based on Turkic words (Lavor, Tudor, Kunduvdey, Arkashara, etc. .), then we have the right to assume that among the ancestors of the Don and other Cossacks, surnames and nicknames based on Turkic words were common, along with surnames that had Slavic roots.

During the rule of the Mongols, during the stay of the Don Cossacks as part of the Golden Horde ( XIII - XIV c.) the Turkic-Tatar language was the state language for the entire East of Europe, and among the Don Cossacks, who lived in close proximity to the Tatars, closely associated with their capital - the city of Saray, it was, along with their own, Slavic, and spoken.

Before the emergence of the Free Cossacks (moving into the Wild Field and beyond it) and the formation of independent republics (troops) in XV Art. the Don Cossacks, who lived along the borders of the Moscow and Ryazan principalities and served as a military border force, were in communication with their neighbors - the Turkic-Tatar peoples and did not forget their language. For the Don Cossacks who survived on the territory of Cossackia - according to the river. Khopru and Medveditsa (Salavaska) with its tributaries and in the lower reaches of the Don (among the Azov Cossacks), along with their own, the Turkic-Tatar language was also in use.

It is known that the Moscow state was given to the Volga Cossacks (a branch of the Don) at the beginning XVII Art. wrote letters in the Tatar language. Replenishment of the Kazakhs in XVI - XVII i.v. came much more from the Turkic-Tatar peoples than from the Great Russians, not to mention the Ukrainians (Cherkasy). Finally, speak Tatar to the Don foreman of the end XVIII century and the beginning of the XIX V. It was a sign of good taste, like the Russian aristocracy of that time, to speak in- French.

Based on the above, we can assert that surnames, the basis of which are Turkic-Tatar words, could have been formed by the Cossacks themselves and are not necessarily brought in (i.e., that their ancestors came from the Don); but they are all, of course, of ancient origin.

Such characteristic surnames as Kolimanov (changed Kolomanov), Arkasharin (which existed among the Don Cossacks in the first half XVIII c.) and Kaledin indicate the continuity of surnames among the Cossacks since ancient times.

Koloman and Arkashara are one of the leaders of the Black Klobuks (Dnieper Cherkassy) XIII V. The name Koloman appears even earlier. Kaleda - one of the leaders of the Dnieper Cherkassy beginning XV Art. As is known, the Ukrainian people - especially from the Dnieper region (Cherkasy) were a significant element that supplemented the Don Cossacks during the emergence of the Free Cossacks, and after that they were the main source of its replenishment.

Surnames derived from Slavic words sometimes make it possible to establish the origin of the ancestors of their bearers.

Thus, the ancestors of the owners of the surnames: Kravtsov, Shvetsov, Limarev, Kovalev, Chebotarev, Miroshnikov, Osipov, Ostapov, Astakhov, Guselshchikov, Gretsykhin were, of course, Cherkasy.

But there is no evidence to assert that the ancestors of those bearing the surnames Kuznetsov, Sapozhnikov, Vedernikov, Melnikov were certainly Great Russians; these surnames could also have formed on the Don.

Cossacks have surnames that come from words that sometimes define nationality, often social status, occupation, etc.: Voevodin, Boyarinov, Budarshchikov, Pushkarev, Barabanshchikov, Ryndin (rynda - princely or royal bodyguard - page). But it would be a mistake to assume that the surnames Voevodin and Boyarinov originated from the fugitive boyar and governor of Moscow (this would have been hidden by the fugitive). It can be assumed with sufficient reason that they are of Novgorod origin, when at the end XV and in the first half XVI c., after the Moscow defeat of Novgorod and Vyatka, representatives of the upper classes of V. Novgorod fled (emigrated) to the Don Cossacks - boyars, governors, merchants, and clergy, saving their heads from the Moscow chopping block.

A surname like Barabanshchikov does not establish the Great Russian origin of its owner - in the Moscow state in the second half XVII c., when the troops of the “foreign system” were raised, they were precisely the Germans.

There are many Cossack surnames derived from Mohammedan names: Alimov, Seimov (Usein, Seim), Kireev (Gireev), Izmailov, Temirev, etc. The ancestors of those bearing such surnames were, of course, persons who professed Islam - either Tatars or Turks , or Circassians, or, finally, Persians; but it is impossible to decide which nationality exactly.

Almost the majority of Cossack surnames at the present time, as in XVII - XVIII Art. in comparison with others, if divided into groups, it comes from Orthodox names.

As is known, the Don Cossacks (like other Cossacks) were Orthodox from ancient times; among the Don Cossacks from 1261 to the end XIV V. there was its own special Podonsk (or Saransk) diocese with a bishop residing in the capital of the Golden Horde, Saray. The Novgorodians and Cherkasy, who greatly expanded the ranks of the Cossacks, were also Orthodox. Finally, the ancestors of the Don Cossacks were Slavs (Russians) and Kazakhs (Cossacks), who lived in Cossackia and the Tmutarakan principality since IX c., were Orthodox.

Thus, the formation of surnames from Orthodox names was, of course, common among the Cossacks themselves and was very ancient.

Many Cossack surnames known from documents of the second half XVI c., have survived to this day; many are no longer found, but this does not mean that there are no descendants of such Cossacks left.

Very often one surname was replaced by another. If there were two families or several of the same surname, then the new one received the surname after the name of the senior representative - or his personal nickname, a characteristic feature.

When there were no written documents, surnames were lost, and nicknames or names of family elders were assigned as surnames. This is how the surnames were formed - Kosorotov, Ryabov, Dolgov, Kurnosov, Shkur(a)in, Zheltonozhkin, Vostrov, Kultyshkin, etc. In themselves they are not characteristic, but initially they were an addition to the surname. Such “street” surnames, which could no longer gain a foothold due to the existence of written documents, were formed among the Cossacks until recently.

But surnames from Orthodox names can hide ancestors of any national origin.

When a non-Cossack and non-Christian, especially a minor, joined the ranks of the Cossacks, he sometimes acquired the surname of a godfather.

Thus, the descendants of a cross-Gypsy who became a Cossack did not necessarily turn into the Tsygankovs, they could also turn into the Vasilyevs, Polikarpovs, Petrovs, if the godfather of the ancestor bore such a name.

Sometimes Greeks who joined the ranks of the Cossacks received surnames by name, which was not uncommon. Thus, the Greek merchants who shared the burden of the “Azov Seat” with the Don Cossacks in 1641 were all accepted into the Cossacks. The Yanov surname came from the Greek Yan (it is a mistake to consider it to be of Polish origin); from Maxim the Grek - the Grekovs and from one of them - the Korolevs (“korolyok” - a silver coin of that time, used by the Cossacks and Turks, foreign coinage, with the image of a young king - “korolev”). All other Greeks received surnames based on their given names (fathers, grandfathers); This is how they appear in the document.

It would seem that extensive material should have been provided by the lists of Cossacks of the Zimov villages (embassies from the Don to Moscow), preserved in the files of the Moscow Ambassadorial Order, but in reality there are no names in them.

In o in the relationship between the Don and the Moscow state, it was accepted: the Moscow Tsar in the letter did not usually name the surname of the Don Ataman, but only his first and patronymic (Osip Petrov); this was a special honor; back, and the Don Army did not put the ataman’s surname in the replies to the Moscow Tsar, but only the first and patronymic.

These letters and signatures are the main material for history, and we still do not know the surnames of such Don atamans as Ermak Timofeev, Osip Petrov, Naum Vasiliev, Yakovlev, etc. Timofeev, Petrov, etc. are patronymics, and not by last name; the descendants of these atamans do not live under these surnames, but those that these atamans actually had.

In the lists of the composition of the Zimov villages XVII Art. last names are also not shown (the importance of the composition of the village), but only first names and patronymics.

Cossacks have surnames from female names and female names (Sidorkins, Gapkins, Sidorins, Dyachikhins, Yasyrkins, etc.).

These surnames were formed in this order - if a captive or immigrant married a natural Cossack woman, then the offspring received a surname after the mother’s name; The child could also take a surname based on the mother’s name or a characteristic feature of her, if his father was unknown.

Cossacks have a lot of surnames from the name of one or another clergy (Dyachkins, Popovs, etc.). The surname Popov is especially common among the Don Cossacks. To mention the name Popov on the Don is to say absolutely nothing.

In the Don Cadet Corps, such surnames were also accompanied by No.; Preparatory students or first-graders at the Popovs had numbers, usually exceeding 2 tens.

There is a well-known anecdote that has a historical basis. After the occupation of Paris by the Allied troops in 1813, Don Ataman gr. Platov represented the Emperor at the review. Alexandru I Cossack regiments.

The latter at that time did not bear a number, but were called by the names of the regiment commanders. During the passage of regiments on horseback, ataman gr. Platov, among others, allegedly named: “Dyachkin’s regiment...Dyachikhin, Dyakov...Dyakonov...Popov 8...Popov 12, Popov 13, Protopopov...Apostolov’s regiment.”

When the last regiment was named, Alexander I , allegedly asked: “Where is the Jesus regiment?” To which Donskoy ataman replied: “We didn’t have time to form: the war is over.”

Some of the indicated surnames were actually borne by commanders of Cossack regiments, others are found among officer surnames of 1812-13, as established by documents.

Such surnames could have been formed even during the entry of the Novgorodians and Vyatchans into the ranks of the Cossacks, but personally, I do not find them in any of the historical documents until the middle of the 10th century. VII Art. I have never met a surname that comes from a clergyman. They probably formed on the Don after the emigration of the Great Russians after the spiritual split, the only period when their entry into the ranks of the Cossacks was more or less noticeable.

It is possible that the ancestors of those bearing these surnames were Great Russians, although I have met Cossacks bearing the surname Popov, in whose entire family the Turkic-Tatar type was clearly expressed.

An exception and addition must be made from this. The surname Apostolov (rare in the Don - one family) is certainly of Ukrainian origin.

Only in the last century has clerk denoted only spiritual rank, in XVII Art. a clerk is a clerk, a clerk, etc. The (very high) rank of “military clerk” in the Zaporozhye army in Donskoy corresponded to “military clerk”. It is more likely that the surname Dyakov comes from here, and not from the clergy. The surname Rastrygin should also be included in the above category.

Cossack surnames, derived from geographical names, mainly cities, towns and villages (Bogaevsky, Bukanovsky, Kargalsk(iy)ov, Kundryutskov, Ternovskov, Khopersky, Kumshatskov, Bogucharskov, Samarin, Korochentsov, etc.), provide little data to determine the nationality of ancestors - especially if the names of the villages served as the basis for surnames.

The surname Bukanovsky only says that the ancestor of the person bearing this surname came from the Bukanovsky town of the Don Army. Bogaevsky is a migrant from Bogaevskaya village or town to another - which says very little.

The very appearance of the late M. P. Bogaevsky said more that his ancestor was, of course, a Kalmyk, and the facial features of his brothers confirm this.

Karochenets - a native of the city of Karochi - was probably a Cherkasy (Ukrainian).

The Bogucharskovs, Samarins, Kaluzhenins were from their respective cities; immigrants from outlying cities - from the children of boyars, archers, and city Cossacks; in the ranks of the latter there were Cherkassy and Tatars.

So in this case, the affiliation of those bearing such surnames with the ancestors of the Great Russians is not established.

Thus, Cossack surnames do not indicate any significant entry of Great Russians (Russians) into the ranks of the Cossacks; Of course, they cannot provide any material to prove the origin of the Don and other Cossacks from the Great Russians, since the Cossacks actually do not originate from the Great Russians (Russians).

The above applies to all Cossacks, except the Kuban-Black Sea residents. Their surnames are identical to Ukrainian ones; endings prevail th, Ouch, th, A, ac. They are based on Slavic (Ukrainian) words and Turkic ones, some borrowed from their ancestors - the Black Klobuks (Cherkasy).

But this question requires special research.

Is. Bykadorov

From the editor.

I was happy to find this article in issues 38-39 of the magazine “Free Cossacks” (In iflax Kozatstvo") - published on June 25 and July 10, 1929 in Prague (the second year of publication). Its author is Isaac Fedorovich Bykadorov.

Born in 1882 into the family of a Don colonel in the village of Nizhne-Kundryuchevskaya. Major General, historian, comrade of the chairman of the Don Circle, member of the Supreme Circle of the Don, Kuban and Terek. He received a good systematic education at a classical gymnasium in Rostov-on-Don, at the Novocherkassk Engineering School. In 1907, he was accepted into the Academy of the General Staff, completed the full course, but in 1910, shortly before graduation, he returned to duty (due to a family tragedy).

During the First World War he was awarded many military orders (he lost one eye).

In the spring of 1918, the Cossacks, who rebelled against Soviet power, elected Colonel Bykadorov as their commander.

Since 1920 - in exile.

“Being an ardent Cossack patriot, he always diligently collected materials on Cossack history and used them for his books “The History of the Cossacks” and “The Struggle of the Don Cossacks for Access to the Sea,” which were published already in exile... His books, as well as individual articles in the Cossack press, gave a theoretical justification for the Cossack national idea and set some milestones for the Cossacks in their historical quest.” (A.I. Skrylov, G.V. Gubarev.)

...This article does not, of course, put an end to the answer to the most difficult question about the origin of Cossack surnames and the Cossacks themselves. But it is necessary to know the opinion of one of the most educated Cossack leaders on this matter.

Cossack general-from-philology Isaac Bykadorov... There were amazing people in our history!

Y. MAKARENKO

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We meet new people almost every day. Among them there may be not only compatriots, but also people of other nationalities. Knowing what background a person belongs to is quite important if you plan to establish good contact with him. Then we can learn the characteristics of his culture and, as a result, behave decently.

The easiest and most common way to find out nationality is to look at the surname. To do this, you need to remember school, where in lessons they analyzed words into parts: root, prefix, suffix, etc. These skills will come in handy now.

Analysis

Take a blank piece of paper and a pen.
Write your last name on it and take the word apart, that is, highlight the root, suffix, and ending. It is the suffixes that will be useful to us in the analysis, so highlight them as precisely as possible.

A suffix is the part of a word between the root and the ending.

Slavic

Russians. Suffixes: -ikh, -yh, -tskoy, -skoy, -ev, -ov, -yn, -in. For example, Voronin, Ivanov, Zolotarev.
Ukrainian. Suffixes: -yuk, -uk, -ko, -enko. For example, Galchenko, Davidyuk, Grishko. Also, Ukrainian surnames include those that indicate occupation (Gonchar, Bondar), individual surnames (Ukrainian, Gorobets), a combination of words (Bilous = White + Us).
Belarusian. Suffixes: -enak, – ich, – ok, – onak, -chik, -ka. These are surnames such as Dubrovich, Milchik, Parshonok, Tsyushka.
Polish. Suffixes: – sk, – tsk. Endings: -y, -aya. For example, Volnitsky, Kovalskaya. There are also double surnames if the wife wanted to keep her maiden name. This is how the surnames of husband and wife are combined. For example, Bilyk-Kovalska. There are some Polish surnames with an unchangeable form, for example, Nowak.
Bulgarian. Suffixes: -ov, -ev. They are formed from names (Konstantinov).
Czech. They are distinguished by the presence of -ova in women's surnames, even when they sound absurd. For example, Ivanovova.

European

French. Surnames often have the prefix De or Le in front of them. There is also a formation from ordinary names and nicknames that were given to a person because of his character or appearance.
English. Surnames are translations of words that indicate place of residence, character traits or profession. For example, Sweet (sweet), Clerk (civil servant).
German. The same as in English surnames. For example, Krause (curly), Müller (miller).
Swedish. Endings: - strom, - sson, - stead, - berg. For example, Andersson.
Italian. Suffixes: -ito, -ino, -etto, -ini, -etti, -illo, -ello. For example, Benedini, Morello, Espozello. In addition to suffixes, they may have specific endings, such as –i, -o, -a (Trovato). Surnames could also be given from the name of a river or city. So Leonardo da Vinci got his last name from the name of the city where he was born - Vinci. And the prefix “yes” indicated this. The prefix "di" is also found. He says that the surname comes from the father's name. For example, Aldo di Nicolo tells us that Aldo is Nicolo's son. Also, surnames could come from the family's occupation, but this was common among the working class. Contadino, for example, translated as “peasant”.
Spanish and Portuguese. The surnames of these countries are very similar. Suffixes: -oz, -az, -ez, -iz, -es. There are also those that are translated as a certain human trait.
Bulgarian. In this country, most surnames are formed from given names. The suffix –ev or –ov is added to them. For example, Georgiy + ev = Georgiev.

Asian

Armenian. Suffix: -yan. In Armenia, the majority of surnames have this ending. For example, Avanesyan, Galustyan.
Azerbaijani. They are based on national names, to which either the suffix –ov or –ev is added. For example, Abdullaev.
Georgian. Endings: -shvili, -si, -dze, -li, -uri, -ni, -ava, -ia, -a, -ua. For example, Katamadze.
Chinese and Korean. This is where nationality is easiest to determine, since the surnames of these countries are very specific. They consist of 1 or 2 syllables. For example, Qiao, Li.
Japanese. They consist of two words in the national language. For example, Katayama – piece + mountain, Wada – harmony + rice field.
Jewish. The range of these surnames is very wide and they are determined not only by specific suffixes. Several groups can be distinguished here:
– the basis is the roots of Cohen and Levy. Hence – Levitan, Koganovich.
– the basis is female and male national names, to which the suffixes are added: -ovich, -on, -yan, -is, -inchik, -ik. For example, Yakubovich.
– a surname can come from a person’s appearance, character or activity. So Melamed is from the profession of “teacher”.

With each year of his life, a person increasingly expands his choice of communication, meeting new people. In order for a new acquaintance to contact you, you need to make a pleasant impression on him. To avoid uncomfortable situations, it is important to know what nationality the person in front of you is in order to behave in accordance with the moral and ethical standards of his country. By most surnames you can accurately determine the nationality of your friends, neighbors, business partners, etc.

Russians - use surnames with the suffixes -an, -yn, -in, -skikh, -ov, -ev, -skoy, -tskaya, -ikh, -yh (Snegirev, Ivanov, Voronin, Sinitsyn, Donskoy, Moskovskikh, Sedykh) ;

Belarusians - typical Belarusian surnames end in -ich, -chik, -ka, -ko, -onak, -yonak, -uk, -ik, -ski. (Radkevich, Dubrova, Parshonok, Kuharchik, Kastsyushka); many surnames in the Soviet years were Russified and Polished (Dubrovsky, Kosciuszko);

Poles - most surnames have the suffix -sk, -tsk, and the ending -й (-я), indicating masculine and feminine gender (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Khodetsky, Wolnitskaya); There are also double surnames - if a woman, when getting married, wants to keep her surname (Mazur-Komorowska); In addition to these surnames, surnames with an unchanged form are also common among Poles (Nowak, Sienkiewicz, Wujcik, Wozniak). Ukrainians with last name endings ending in -y are not Ukrainians, but Ukrainian Poles.;

Ukrainians - the first classification of surnames of this nationality is formed using the suffixes -enko, -ko, -uk, -yuk (Kreshchenko, Grishko, Vasilyuk, Kovalchuk); the second series denotes the type of craft or occupation (Potter, Koval); the third group of surnames consists of individual Ukrainian words (Gorobets, Ukrainians, Parubok), as well as a merger of words (Vernigora, Nepiyvoda, Bilous).

Latvians - the peculiarity of the masculine gender is indicated by a surname ending in -s, -is, and in the feminine gender - with -a, -e (Verbitskis - Verbitska, Shurins - Shurin)

Lithuanians - male surnames end in -onis, -unas, -utis, -aitis, -enas (Pyatrenas, Norvydaitis), female surnames are formed from the husband's surname using the suffixes -en, -juven, -uven and the ending -e (Grinius - Grinyuvene), the surnames of unmarried girls contain the basis of the father's surname with the addition of the suffixes -ut, -polut, -ayt and the ending -e (Orbakas - Orbakaite);

Estonians - male and female genders are not distinguished by surnames, all foreign surnames (mostly German) were once Estonized (Rosenberg - Roosimäe), this process continues to this day. for example, in order to be able to play for the Estonia national team, football players Sergei Khokhlov and Konstantin Kolbasenko had to change their surnames to Simson and Nahk;

The French - many surnames are preceded by the prefix Le or De (Le Pen, Mol Pompadour); basically, dissimilar nicknames and personal names were used to form surnames (Robert, Jolie, Cauchon - pig);

Romanians: -sku, -u(l), -an.

Serbs: -ich.

English - the following surnames are common: formed from the names of the place of residence (Scott, Wales); denoting profession (Hoggart - shepherd, Smith - blacksmith); indicating the external appearance of character and appearance (Armstrong - strong, Sweet - sweet, Bragg - boastful);

Germans are surnames formed from personal names (Werner, Peters); surnames that characterize a person (Krause - wavy, Klein - small); surnames indicating the type of activity (Müller - miller, Lehmann - geomor);

Swedes - most surnames end in -sson, -berg, -sted, -strom (Andersson, Olsson, Forsberg, Bostrom);

Norwegians - formed from personal names using the suffix -en (Larsen, Hansen), surnames without suffixes and endings can be found (Per, Morten); Norwegian surnames can repeat the names of animals, trees and natural phenomena (Blizzard - blizzard, Svane - swan, Furu - pine);

Italians - surnames are characterized by the suffixes -ini, -ino, -ello, -illo, -etti, -etto, -ito (Benedetto, Moretti, Esposito), can end in -o, -a, -i (Conti, Giordano, Costa ); the prefixes di- and - indicate, respectively, a person’s belonging to his clan and geographical structure (Di Moretti is the son of Moretti, Da Vinci is from Vinci);

Spaniards and Portuguese have surnames ending in -ez, -az, -iz, -oz (Gomez, Lopez), surnames indicating a person’s character are also common (Alegre - joyful, Bravo - gallant, Malo - horseless);

Turks - most often their surnames have the endings -oglu, -ji, -zade (Mustafaoglu, Ekindzhi, Kuindzhi, Mamedzade), when forming surnames they often used Turkish names or everyday words (Ali, Abaza - fool, Kolpakchi - hat);

Bulgarians - almost all Bulgarian surnames are formed from personal names and suffixes -ov, -ev (Konstantinov, Georgiev);

Gagauz: -oglo.

Tatars: -in, -ishin.

Greeks - the surnames of the Greeks cannot be confused with any other surnames, only they have the endings -idis, -kos, -poulos (Angelopoulos, Nikolaidis);

Czechs - the main difference from other surnames is the obligatory ending -ova in female surnames, even if where it would seem inappropriate (Valdrova, Ivanovova, Andersonova).

Georgians - common surnames ending in -shvili, -dze, -uri, -ava, -a, -ua, -ia, -ni, -li, -si (Baratashvili, Mikadze, Adamia, Karchava, Gvishiani, Tsereteli);

Armenians - a significant part of the surnames of residents of Armenia have the suffix -yan (Hakopyan, Galustyan); Also, -yants, -uni.

Moldovans: -sku, -u(l), -an.

Azerbaijanis formed surnames by taking Azerbaijani names as a basis and attaching Russian suffixes -ov, -ev (Mamedov, Aliyev, Gasanov, Abdullaev) to them. Also, -zade, -li, ly, -oglu, -kyzy.

Jews - the main group consists of surnames with roots Levi and Cohen (Levin, Levitan Kagan, Koganovich, Katz); the second group came from male and female Hebrew names with the addition of various suffixes (Yakobson, Yakubovich, Davidson, Godelson, Tsivyan, Beilis, Abramovich, Rubinchik, Vigdorchik, Mandelstam); the third classification of surnames reflects the character of a person, his appearance or profession (Kaplan - chaplain, Rabinovich - rabbi, Melamed - pestun, Schwartzbard - black-bearded, Stiller - quiet, Shtarkman - strong).

Ossetians: -ti.

Mordva: -yn, -in.

Chinese and Koreans - for the most part these are surnames consisting of one, less often two syllables (Tan, Liu, Duan, Qiao, Tsoi, Kogai);

Japanese - modern Japanese surnames are formed by merging two full-valued words (Wada - sweet voice and rice field, Igarashi - 50 storms, Katayama - hill, Kitamura - north and village); The most common Japanese surnames are: Takahashi, Kobayashi, Kato, Suzuki, Yamamoto.

As you can see, to determine a person’s nationality, it is enough to accurately analyze his last name, highlighting the suffix and ending.

WHAT DO SURNAMES WITH "-IN" MEAN? SURNAMES ENDING WITH -IN HAVE RUSSIAN ROOTS OR JEWISH ROOTS?

In the collection of the famous Slavic linguist B. O Unbegun “Russian Surnames” you can read that surnames ending with “in” are predominantly a Russian type of surname.

Why the ending "-in"? Basically, all surnames ending in “in” come from words ending in -а/-я and from feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant.

There are many examples of erroneous addition of -in to stems with a final hard consonant: Orekhin, Karpin, Markin, where -ov should be. And in another case, -ov turned out to be in the place of -in: Shishimorov from the base of shishimora. Mixing of formants is possible. After all, among Russians -in and -ov have been semantically indistinguishable for more than a thousand years. The meaning of the difference has been lost in the common Slavic language; the choice of -ov or -in depends only remnantly on the phonetic feature of the stem (Nikonov “Geography of Surnames”).

Do you know how the surname of the famous leader of the people's militia of 1611-1612, Minin, came about? Minin bore the personal nickname Sukhoruk, he did not have a surname. And Minin meant “son of Mina.” The Orthodox name "Mina" was widespread in Rus'.

Another old Russian surname is Semin, also a surname with “-in”. According to the main version, the surname Semin goes back to the baptismal male name Semyon. The name Semyon is the Russian form of the ancient Hebrew name Simeon, meaning “listening”, “heard by God”. From the name Semyon in Rus', many derivative forms were formed, one of which - Syoma - formed the basis of this surname.

The famous Slavic linguist B.O. Unbegaun in the collection “Russian Surnames” believes that the surname Semin was formed from the baptismal Russian name according to the following scheme: “Semyon - Syoma - Semin.”

Let's give another example of a surname that we examined in detail in the family diploma. Rogozhin is an old Russian surname. According to the main version, the surname preserves the memory of the profession of distant ancestors. One of the first representatives of the Rogozhins could be engaged in the manufacture of matting or trade in fabric.

Coarse woven fabric made from wash tapes was called matting. In Rus', a matting hut (rogozhnitsy, matting) was a workshop where matting was woven, and a matting weaver or matting dealer was called a matting izba.

In his close circle, Rogozhnik’s household were known as “Rogozhin’s wife,” “Rogozhin’s son,” and “Rogozhin’s grandchildren.” Over time, terms denoting the degree of relationship disappeared, and the hereditary surname Rogozhin was assigned to the descendants of Rogozhin.

Such Russian surnames ending in “-in” include: Pushkin (Pushka), Gagarin (Loon), Borodin (Beard), Ilyin (Ilya), Ptitsyn (Bird); Fomin (from the personal name Thomas); Belkin (from the nickname "squirrel"), Borozdin (Furrow), Korovin (Cow), Travin (Grass), Zamin and Zimin (winter) and many others

Please note that the words from which surnames starting with “in” are derived mostly end in “-a” or “-ya”. We will not be able to say “Borodov” or “Ilyinov”; it would be quite logical and more sonorous to say “Ilyin” or “Borodin”.

Why do some people think that surnames ending with “-in” have Jewish roots? Is it really? No, this is not true; you cannot judge the origin of a surname by one ending. The sound of Jewish surnames coincides with Russian endings simply by pure chance.

You should always research the surname itself. For some reason, the ending “ov” does not cause us any doubts. We believe that surnames ending in “-ov” are definitely Russian. But there are also exceptions. For example, we recently prepared a beautiful family diploma for one wonderful family named Maksyutov.

The surname Maksyutov has the ending “ov”, which is common among Russian surnames. But, if you examine the surname more deeply, it turns out that the surname Maksyutov is derived from the Tatar male name “Maksud”, which translated from Arabic means “desire, premeditated intention, aspiration, goal”, “long-awaited, desired”. The name Maksud had several dialect variants: Maksut, Mahsud, Mahsut, Maksyut. This name is still widespread among the Tatars and Bashkirs.

"The surname Maksyutov is an old princely surname of Tatar origin. Historical sources speak about the ancient origin of the surname Maksyutov. The surname was first documented in the 16th century: Maksutovs (Maksutovs, obsolete Maksyutovs, Tat. Maksutovlar) - Volga-Bulgar princely-Murzin family, originates from the Kasimov prince Maksut (1554), in the genealogical legend, Prince Maksut was called an uhlan and a descendant of Tsarevich Kasim." Now there is almost no doubt about the origin of the surname.

How do you know if a surname ending in -in is of Jewish origin or is it an original Russian surname? Always analyze the word that underlies your last name.

Here are examples of Jewish surnames with the ending “-in” or “-ov”: Edmin (derived from the name of the German city of Emden), Kotin (derived from the Hebrew קטן- in the Ashkenazi pronunciation “kotn”, meaning “small”), Eventov (derived from Hebrew “even tov” - “precious stone”), Khazin (derived from the Hebrew “khazan”, in the Ashkenazi pronunciation “hazn”, meaning “a person leading worship in the synagogue”), Superfin (translated as “very beautiful”) and a lot others.

The ending “-in” is simply an ending by which one cannot judge the nationality of a surname. You always need to research your surname, analyze the word that underlies it and try to look for the first mentions of your surname in various books and archival documents. Only when all the information has been collected will you be able to confidently determine the origin of your surname and find answers to your questions.

SURNAMES ENDING IN √ SKIY/-SKAYA, -TSKIY/-TSKAYA

Many Russians have a firm and unfounded belief that surnames in -skiy are certainly Polish. From history textbooks, the names of several Polish magnates are known, derived from the names of their estates: Potocki and Zapotocki, Zablocki, Krasinski. But from the same textbooks the surnames of many Russians with the same suffixes are known: Konstantin Grigorievich Zabolotsky, okolnichy of Tsar John III, late 15th - early 16th centuries; clerk Semyon Zaborovsky, early 16th century; boyars Shuisky and Belsky, close associates of Ivan the Terrible. Famous Russian artists are Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Makovsky, Kramskoy.

An analysis of modern Russian surnames shows that forms in -sky (-tskiy) exist in parallel with variants in -ov (-ev, -in), but there are fewer of them. For example, in Moscow in the 70s of the twentieth century, for every 330 people with the surname Krasnov/Krasnova, there were only 30 with the surname Krasnovsky/Krasnovskaya. But the rather rare surnames Kuchkov and Kuchkovsky, Makov and Makovsky are represented almost equally.

A significant part of surnames ending in -skiy/-skaya, -tskiy/-tskaya are formed from geographical and ethnic names. In letters from our readers who want to know about the origin of their surnames, the following surnames in -sky / -tsky are mentioned.

Brynsky. The author of this letter, Evgeniy Sergeevich Brynsky, himself sent the history of his surname. We present only a small fragment from the letter, since it is not possible to publish it in its entirety. Bryn is a river in the Kaluga region, flows into a tributary of the Oka Zhizdra. In the old days, large dense Bryn forests stretched along it, in which the Old Believers took refuge. According to the epic about Ilya Muromets, it was in the Bryn forests that the Nightingale the Robber lived. Let us add that there are several settlements of Bryn in the Kaluga and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. The surname Brynski/Brynska, found in Poland, is derived from the names of two settlements Brynsk in different parts of the country and also, apparently, goes back to the names of the rivers Bryn and Brynica. There is no uniform interpretation of the names of these rivers in science. If the suffix -ets is added to the name of a populated place, then such a word denotes a person from this place. In Crimea in the 60s - 70s of the 20th century, winegrower Maria Bryntseva was well known. Her surname is derived from the word brynets, that is, a native of the city or village of Bryn.

Garbavitsky. This Belarusian surname corresponds to the Russian Gorbovitsky (in the Belarusian language, the letter a is written in place of the unstressed o). The surname is derived from the name of some settlement of Gorbovitsy. In the materials we have, there are only Gorbov, Gorbovo and Gorbovtsy. All these names come from the designations of the terrain: hump - a hillock, a sloping hill.

Dubovskaya. The surname is derived from the name of one of the many settlements: Dubovka, Dubovo, Dubovoe, Dubovskaya, Dubovsky, Dubovskoye, Dubovtsy, located in all parts of the country. It is possible to find out from which one exactly, only from the information preserved in the family, where the ancestors who received this surname lived, or where they came from to their future place of residence. The emphasis in the surname is on “o”: Dubovsky/Dubovskaya.

Steblivsky. The Ukrainian surname corresponding to the Russian one is Steblevsky; formed from the names of the populated places Steblevka in the Transcarpathian region or Steblev - Cherkassy. In Ukrainian spelling, i is written in place of the second e.

Tersky. The surname comes from the name of the Terek River and indicates that one of the distant ancestors of this person lived there. There were the Terek region and the Terek Cossacks. So bearers of the Tersky surname may also be descendants of Cossacks.

Uriansky. The surname, apparently, is derived from the name of the settlement of Urya. In our materials, this name is recorded in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Perhaps there are similar names in other places, since the name of the populated place is associated with the name of the river and with the designation of the Ur ethnic group, as well as with the name of the medieval Turkic people Urianka. Similar names could be found in different places, since medieval peoples led a nomadic lifestyle and assigned the name of their ethnic group to those places where they stayed for a long time.

Chiglinsky. The surname comes from the name of the Chigla settlement in the Voronezh region, which, apparently, is associated with the designation of the union of the medieval Turkic tribes Chigil.

Shabansky. The surname is derived from the names of the settlements Shabanovo, Shabanovskoye, Shabanskoye, located in different parts of the country. These names come from the Turkic name Shaban of Arabic origin. In the Arabic language, sha "ban is the name of the eighth month of the lunar calendar. The name Shaban is also attested in Russian peasant families in the 15th-17th centuries. In parallel with this, the spelling variant Shiban was noted in the Russian language - obviously, by analogy with the Russian shibat, zashibat. In the records 1570-1578 Prince Ivan Andreevich Shiban Dolgoruky is mentioned; in 1584 - the grooms of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich Osip Shiban and Danilo Shikhman Ermolaevich Kasatkin. The servant of Prince Kurbsky was called Vasily Shibanov - executed by Ivan the Terrible in 1564.

In addition, the name of the ethnic group of the Siberian Tatars is known, the Shibans and the generic name of the Crimean Tatars, the Shiban Murzas. In the Perm region there is a settlement called Shibanovo, and in the Ivanovo region there is Shibanikha.

This is how different types of proper names are closely related to each other: personal names, geographical and ethnic names, as well as surnames.

Russians- use surnames with the suffixes -an, -yn, -in, -skikh, -ov, -ev, -skoy, -tskaya, -ikh, -yh (Snegirev, Ivanov, Voronin, Sinitsyn, Donskoy, Moskovskikh, Sedykh);

Belarusians- typical Belarusian surnames end in -ich, -chik, -ka, -ko, -onak, -yonak, -uk, -ik, -ski. (Radkevich, Dubrova, Parshonok, Kuharchik, Kastsyushka); many surnames in the Soviet years were Russified and Polished (Dubrovsky, Kosciuszko);

Poles- most surnames have the suffix -sk, -tsk, and the ending -й (-я), indicating masculine and feminine gender (Sushitsky, Kovalskaya, Khodetsky, Volnitskaya); There are also double surnames - if a woman, when getting married, wants to keep her surname (Mazur-Komorowska); In addition to these surnames, surnames with an unchanged form are also common among Poles (Nowak, Sienkiewicz, Wujcik, Wozniak). Ukrainians with last name endings ending in -y are not Ukrainians, but Ukrainian Poles.;

Ukrainians- the first classification of surnames of a given nationality is formed using the suffixes -enko, -ko, -uk, -yuk (Kreshchenko, Grishko, Vasilyuk, Kovalchuk); the second series denotes the type of craft or occupation (Potter, Koval); the third group of surnames consists of individual Ukrainian words (Gorobets, Ukrainians, Parubok), as well as a merger of words (Vernigora, Nepiyvoda, Bilous).

Latvians- the peculiarity to the masculine gender is indicated by a surname ending in -s, -is, and to the feminine gender - with -a, -e (Verbitskis - Verbitska, Shurins - Shurin)

Lithuanians- male surnames end in -onis, -unas, -utis, -aitis, -enas (Pyatrenas, Norvydaitis), female surnames are formed from the husband’s surname using the suffixes -en, -yuven, -uven and the ending -e (Grinius - Grinyuvene ), the surnames of unmarried girls contain the basis of the father's surname with the addition of the suffixes -ut, -polut, -ayt and endings -e (Orbakas - Orbakaite);

Estonians- male and female genders are not differentiated using surnames, all foreign surnames (mostly German) were at one time Estonianized (Rosenberg - Roosimäe), this process continues to this day. for example, in order to be able to play for the Estonia national team, football players Sergei Khokhlov and Konstantin Kolbasenko had to change their surnames to Simson and Nahk;

French people- many surnames are preceded by the prefix Le or De (Le Pen, Mol Pompadour); basically, dissimilar nicknames and personal names were used to form surnames (Robert, Jolie, Cauchon - pig);

Romanians: -sku, -u(l), -an.

Serbs: -ich.

English- the following surnames are common: formed from the names of the place of residence (Scott, Wales); denoting profession (Hoggart - shepherd, Smith - blacksmith); indicating the external appearance of character and appearance (Armstrong - strong, Sweet - sweet, Bragg - boastful);

Germans- surnames formed from personal names (Werner, Peters); surnames that characterize a person (Krause - wavy, Klein - small); surnames indicating the type of activity (Müller - miller, Lehmann - geomor);

Swedes- most surnames end in -sson, -berg, -sted, -strom (Andersson, Olsson, Forsberg, Bostrom);

Norse- formed from personal names using the suffix -en (Larsen, Hansen), surnames without suffixes and endings can occur (Per, Morten); Norwegian surnames can repeat the names of animals, trees and natural phenomena (Blizzard - blizzard, Svane - swan, Furu - pine);

Italians- surnames are characterized by the suffixes -ini, -ino, -ello, -illo, -etti, -etto, -ito (Benedetto, Moretti, Esposito), can end in -o, -a, -i (Conti, Giordano, Costa) ; the prefixes di- and - indicate, respectively, a person’s belonging to his clan and geographical structure (Di Moretti is the son of Moretti, Da Vinci is from Vinci);

Spaniards and Portuguese have surnames ending in -ez, -az, -iz, -oz (Gomez, Lopez), surnames indicating a person’s character are also common (Alegre - joyful, Bravo - gallant, Malo - horseless);

Turks- most often surnames have the endings -oglu, -ji, -zade (Mustafaoglu, Ekindzhi, Kuindzhi, Mamedzade); when forming surnames, Turkish names or everyday words were often used (Ali, Abaza - fool, Kolpakchi - hat);

Bulgarians - almost all Bulgarian surnames are formed from personal names and suffixes -ov, -ev (Konstantinov, Georgiev);

Gagauz: -oglo.

Tatars: -in, -ishin.

Greeks- Greek surnames cannot be confused with any other surnames, only they have the endings -idis, -kos, -poulos (Angelopoulos, Nikolaidis);

Czechs- the main difference from other surnames is the obligatory ending -ova in female surnames, even if where it would seem inappropriate (Valdrova, Ivanovova, Andersonova).

Georgians- surnames ending in -shvili, -dze, -uri, -ava, -a, -ua, -ia, -ni, -li, -si are common (Baratashvili, Mikadze, Adamia, Karchava, Gvishiani, Tsereteli);

Armenians- a significant part of the surnames of residents of Armenia has the suffix -yan (Hakopyan, Galustyan); Also, -yants, -uni.

Moldovans: -sku, -u(l), -an.

Azerbaijanis- formed surnames by taking Azerbaijani names as a basis and attaching Russian suffixes -ov, -ev (Mamedov, Aliyev, Hasanov, Abdullaev) to them. Also, -zade, -li, ly, -oglu, -kyzy.

Jews- the main group consists of surnames with roots Levi and Cohen (Levin, Levitan Kagan, Koganovich, Katz); the second group came from male and female Hebrew names with the addition of various suffixes (Yakobson, Yakubovich, Davidson, Godelson, Tsivyan, Beilis, Abramovich, Rubinchik, Vigdorchik, Mandelstam); the third classification of surnames reflects the character of a person, his appearance or profession (Kaplan - chaplain, Rabinovich - rabbi, Melamed - pestun, Schwartzbard - black-bearded, Stiller - quiet, Shtarkman - strong).

Ossetians:-ti.

Mordva: -yn, -in.

Chinese and Koreans- for the most part these are surnames consisting of one, less often two syllables (Tan, Liu, Duan, Qiao, Tsoi, Kogai);

Japanese- modern Japanese surnames are formed by merging two full-valued words (Wada - sweet voice and rice field, Igarashi - 50 storms, Katayama - hill, Kitamura - north and village); The most common Japanese surnames are: Takahashi, Kobayashi, Kato, Suzuki, Yamamoto.

As you can see, to determine a person’s nationality, it is enough to accurately analyze his last name, highlighting the suffix and ending.

WHAT DO SURNAMES WITH “-IN” MEAN? SURNAMES ENDING WITH -IN HAVE RUSSIAN ROOTS OR JEWISH ROOTS?

In the collection of the famous Slavic linguist B. O Unbegun “Russian Surnames” you can read that surnames with “in” are predominantly a Russian type of surname.

Why the ending “-in”? Basically, all surnames ending in “in” come from words ending in -а/-я and from feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant.

There are many examples of erroneous addition of -in to stems with a final hard consonant: Orekhin, Karpin, Markin, where -ov should have been used. And in another case, -ov turned out to be in the place of -in: Shishimorov from the base of shishimora. Mixing of formants is possible. After all, among Russians -in and -ov have been semantically indistinguishable for more than a thousand years. The meaning of the difference has been lost in the common Slavic language; the choice of -ov or -in depends only remnantly on the phonetic feature of the stem (Nikonov “Geography of Surnames”).

Such Russian surnames ending in “-in” include: Pushkin (Pushka), Gagarin (Loon), Borodin (Beard), Ilyin (Ilya), Ptitsyn (Bird); Fomin (from the personal name Thomas); Belkin (from the nickname “squirrel”), Borozdin (Furrow), Korovin (Cow), Travin (Grass), Zamin and Zimin (winter) and many others

Please note that the words from which surnames starting with “in” are derived mostly end in “-a” or “-ya”. We won’t be able to say “Borodov” or “Ilyinov”; it would be more logical and more sonorous to say “Ilyin” or “Borodin”.

“The surname Maksyutov is an old princely surname of Tatar origin. Historical sources speak about the ancient origin of the Maksyutov surname. The surname was first documented in the 16th century: Maksutovs (Maksutovs, obsolete Maksutovs, Tat. Maksutovlar) - a Volga-Bulgar princely-Murzin family, descended from the Kasimov prince Maksut (1554), in the genealogical legend Prince Maksut was called an ulan and a descendant of the prince Kashima." Now there is almost no doubt about the origin of the surname.

How do you know if a surname ending in -in is of Jewish origin or is it an original Russian surname? Always analyze the word that underlies your last name.

Here are examples of Jewish surnames with the ending “-in” or “-ov”: Edmin (derived from the name of the German city of Emden), Kotin (derived from the Hebrew קטן- in the Ashkenazi pronunciation “kotn”, meaning “small”), Eventov (derived from Hebrew "even tov" - "precious stone"), Khazin (derived from the Hebrew "khazan", in the Ashkenazi pronunciation "khazn", meaning "person leading worship in the synagogue"), Superfin (translated as "very beautiful") and a lot others.

SURNAMES ENDING IN SKY/-SKAYA, -TSKIY/-TSKAYA

Brynsky. The author of this letter, Evgeniy Sergeevich Brynsky, himself sent the history of his surname. We present only a small fragment from the letter, since it is not possible to publish it in its entirety. Bryn is a river in the Kaluga region, flows into the Oka Zhizdra tributary. In the old days, large dense Bryn forests stretched along it, in which the Old Believers took refuge. According to the epic about Ilya Muromets, it was in the Bryn forests that the Nightingale the Robber lived. Let us add that there are several settlements of Bryn in the Kaluga and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. The surname Brynski/Brynska, found in Poland, is derived from the names of two settlements Brynsk in different parts of the country and also, apparently, goes back to the names of the rivers Bryn and Brynica. There is no uniform interpretation of the names of these rivers in science. If the suffix -ets is added to the name of a populated place, then such a word denotes a person from this place. In Crimea in the 60s and 70s of the 20th century, winegrower Maria Bryntseva was well known. Her surname is derived from the word brynets, that is, a native of the city or village of Bryn.

Chiglinsky. The surname comes from the name of the Chigla settlement in the Voronezh region, which, apparently, is associated with the designation of the union of the medieval Turkic tribes Chigil.

Shabansky. The surname is derived from the names of the settlements Shabanovo, Shabanovskoye, Shabanskoye, located in different parts of the country. These names come from the Turkic name Shaban of Arabic origin. In Arabic, Sha'ban is the name of the eighth month of the lunar calendar. The name Shaban is also attested in Russian peasant families in the 15th-17th centuries. In parallel with this, the spelling variant Shiban was noted in the Russian language - obviously, by analogy with the Russian shibat, zashibat. Records from 1570-1578 mention Prince Ivan Andreevich Shiban Dolgoruky; in 1584 - the grooms of Tsar Feodor Ioannovich Osip Shiban and Danilo Shikhman Ermolaevich Kasatkin. The servant of Prince Kurbsky was called Vasily Shibanov - executed by Ivan the Terrible in 1564.

This is how different types of proper names are closely related to each other: personal names, geographical and ethnic names, as well as surnames.