Indicators of commercial products. Volume of commercial products

Every enterprise faces the inevitability of planning production volumes and sales of products. Calculation of product output is a mandatory element not only in production planning, but also in the work of sales and supply departments. In addition, the company's management needs to present production capacities calculated in natural and monetary equivalents. Let's talk about the meaning of production volume and its calculation.

Definition

In essence, the volume of output is the summed amount of goods produced over a certain period and expressed in various indicators. The significance of this indicator is due to two points of view:

• financial, since it is the main volumetric value characterizing the scale of the company’s production activities. The company is obliged to provide such information to higher organizations, founders, investors and other users;
• strategic, since it positions the enterprise and provides conditions for concluding contracts and promoting in the market.

The units of measurement of production volume and product sales are the following indicators:

• Natural (pieces, m, tons, kg);
• Cost (in rubles or other currency);
• Conditionally natural (in generalizing the assessment of the volume of output of heterogeneous products).

Output volume: formula

The main indicators characterizing the volume of production are the gross and commodity value of the product. Gross value is the monetary value of all company products and services provided during the reporting period. It takes into account the total cost of manufactured products, semi-finished products, services provided, changes in work in progress balances and intra-system turnover.

Commodity value refers to the cost of products produced by an enterprise and intended for sale. Fluctuations in the value of “work in progress” and intra-farm turnover are not included in the commodity value. In many enterprises, the values ​​of gross and marketable output are identical if there are no indicators of internal turnover and work in progress.

Gross production volume is calculated using the formula:

VP = TP + (NP k/g – NP n/g), where

VP and TP – gross and marketable products,

NP k/y and NP n/y – work in progress at the end and beginning of the year.

Equally important is the expression of production volume using natural values. This method is used when analyzing production volumes and sales of products by types and categories of homogeneous products. Production volume is calculated using the formula:

O pr = K x C, where K is the number of units of goods produced, C is the price of the product.

For example, if during the period under review 100 parts were produced at a price of 200 rubles. and 500 parts at a price of 300 rubles, then the total production volume will be 170,000 rubles. (100 x 200 + 500 x 300).

How to find product sales volume: formula

Product sales volume is calculated based on the size of products shipped or revenue received. It is important for the analyst to know how the product is being sold, whether demand for it is falling and whether to increase production volume. The indicator of the volume of products sold (in dynamics) answers these questions. It is calculated using the formula:

O rp = VP + O gpng - O gpkg, where

VP – gross product,

О gpng and О gpkg – GP balances at the beginning and end of the year.

For example, the volume of production for the year amounted to 300,000 rubles, the balance of the state enterprise in warehouses amounted to: 20,000 rubles. at the beginning of the year, 35,000 rubles. - finally. The volume of products sold was:

O rp = 300,000 + 20,000 – 35,000 = 285,000 rub.

Optimal output volume

The optimal production volume is one that ensures the fulfillment of the terms of the concluded agreements within the agreed time frame with minimal costs and maximum efficiency. The optimal volume is determined by comparing gross or maximum indicators.

By comparing gross values, profit is calculated for different volumes of production and sales of products in the following sequence:

Determine the size of the output volume at which profit is equal to 0;

Calculate the volume of production with maximum profit.

Let us demonstrate the calculation of optimal values ​​using an example:

The essence of the calculations is to identify the sales indicator with zero and marginal profit. The table shows that the company will be able to achieve zero profit by producing from 15 to 20 parts. The profit will reach its maximum value when producing 50 pieces. In this example (with given cost parameters), a sales volume of 50 units will be the optimal indicator, and when concluding supply contracts, one should proceed from the optimal production size.

By comparing the marginal indicators, it is determined to what point an increase in production volume will be appropriate. Here the economist's attention is drawn to costs and income. There is a rule - if the maximum income per unit of product is higher than the maximum cost, then you can further increase production volumes.

When calculating the optimal values, it is necessary to take into account factors affecting the volume of product sales. These include:

• factors indicating the company’s provision with material and raw materials resources, specialists, the use of new technologies and techniques, etc.;

• factors that depend on market indicators, for example, product prices, market saturation with competitive products, purchasing power, etc.

Analysis of production volume and product sales

Analytical work begins with a study of production volumes and growth rates. Therefore, the primary tasks of analyzing production volume and product sales are:

• assessment of the dynamics of production volume;
• identifying conditions that influence changes in these values;
• disclosure of reserves for increasing output and sales.

The number of products produced at the enterprise coincides with the number of products sold.

Commercial products are the cost of finished products that meet the requirements of technical specifications, contracts, standards, documented with delivery documents, accepted by the quality control department and transferred to the finished product warehouse for sale to consumers.

Commercial products are valued at the enterprise price and determined by the formula

TP = 620,000 * 60308.89 = 37,391,511,800 rub.

Sold products (RP) or sales revenue is the cost of products shipped or paid for by the consumer. It is estimated at selling prices and calculated using the formula

.

RP = 620,000 * 72370.67 = 44,869,815,400 rubles.

4.2. Calculation of profit from sales

The enterprise's profit from sales before tax is determined by the formula

–NND,

Where
– profit per unit of product, den. units;

– annual production of products, pcs.

NIT – the amount of property tax, which is determined by the formula

,

Where
– residual value of the passive part of fixed assets, den. units;

–real estate tax rate, (1%).

The net profit of an enterprise is determined by the formula

,

where NP is the amount of income tax, which is determined by the formula

,

de
– income tax rate, (24%);

The results of calculating net profit are presented in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1.

Calculation of net profit

5. Calculation of the need for own working capital

Working capital includes the funds necessary to create circulating production assets and circulation funds.

Determining the planned need for own working capital is called rationing. Working capital invested in inventories, work in progress and finished products in the enterprise's warehouse are subject to rationing. All components of working capital are calculated separately.

5.1. Calculation of working capital standards for production inventories

The following are calculated as part of industrial inventories:

Basic and auxiliary materials;

Components and semi-finished products;

The need for working capital to create inventories of materials (main and auxiliary) is determined as follows:

,

Where - the norm of the supply of materials, in days;

- annual need for materials, den. units;

T – duration of the planned period (360 days).

The material stock norm is determined in days and includes the norms of current, insurance, and transport stocks:

,

Where
- the norm of the current stock, which is created for the time between two next deliveries of material resources, days;

- the norm of safety stock, which is created in case of unforeseen supply disruptions, poor-quality deliveries, and is accepted in the amount of 0.5 of the current stock, days;

- the norm of transport stock, which is created in the event of a discrepancy in the transit time of material resources and documents for them, days.

The cost of the annual requirement of materials can be determined by the formula:

,

Where - material costs per unit of production, den. units,

cm = 20025*620000 = 12,415,500,000 rub.

NZ = 15+0.5*15+2 = 24.5

Nom(m) = 24.5 * 12415,500,000 / 360 = 844,943,750 rub.

The working capital standard for components is determined by the formula

,

Where - norm of stock of components (calculated similarly to the norm of stock of materials), days;

- annual demand for components, den. units, which is determined by the formula

,

Where - costs of components per unit of production, den. units

Sk = 18420*620,000 = 11,420,400,000 rub.

Nose (k) = 25 * 11,420,400,000 / 360 = 793,083,333 rub.

The working capital standard for packaging is determined as follows:

,

Where
- stock norm for containers (5 rubles per 10 thousand rubles of marketable products).

Nose(t) = 37,391,511,800 * 5/ 10,000 = 18,695,756 rub.

Number of products, volume of work, services intended for sale, fully completed in production. Typically, products are considered complete after their final acceptance by the inspection service.
The volumes of shipped and marketable products are related by the following relationship:
C tp = Sop + Sgpk ~ Sgpn, (8-4)
where Sop is the cost of products shipped in the reporting period, rubles;
C TP - cost of marketable products produced in this period, rubles;
Сгпн, Сгпк - balances of marketable products, respectively, at the beginning and end of the reporting period (at cost), rub.
This formula is used for calculation.
Based on external accounting reports, only the cost of marketable products produced since the beginning of the reporting year can be calculated.
Balances of finished products are determined according to Form 1 “Balance Sheet” at the beginning and end of the period, according to line 215 “Finished products and goods for resale” (balances in warehouse).
It should be noted that the assessment of the volume of marketable products produced by the enterprise is approximate. The reason is that line 215 of Form 1 takes into account the balance of “goods for resale” in the total amount. If the enterprise is engaged, in addition to production, also in trading activities, these balances exist. For the accuracy of the calculations, they must be excluded. However, this cannot be done using external accounting data.
After calculating the cost of commercial products, you can make an approximate estimate of it in selling prices (this is one of the traditional tasks of analysis). An accurate assessment is impossible in this case, since in Form 1 the balances of finished products (line 215) are taken into account only at cost.
For this purpose, the coefficient for converting production costs into selling prices (excluding VAT) is calculated:
Kp=Vrp/Srp, (8-5)
where Vrp is revenue (net) according to Form 2 (line 010), rub; CRP - cost of goods sold, rub. Then the approximate volume of marketable products at selling prices (excluding VAT) in the reporting period can be calculated as:
TP=Kp*Stp (8.6)
By analogy, other indicators can be recalculated in selling prices. Gross output - the total number of products (works, services) that were in production in the reporting period. At the same time, the degree of their readiness does not matter: both fully manufactured products and work in progress are taken into account in the gross output.
The cost of commercial and gross output is related to the following relationship:
Svp = Stp + Snzpk ~ Snzpn, (8-7)
where SVP is the cost of gross output of the reporting period, rubles;
Snzpn, Snzpk - balances of work in progress (incompletely manufactured products), respectively, at the beginning and end of the reporting period (at cost), rub.
This formula is used for calculation. Note that only the cost of gross output can be determined from external accounting reports.
The components of formula (8.7) are defined as follows:
cost of marketable products - according to formula (8.4); "remains of work in progress - according to form 1
"Balance sheet" on line 214 "Costs in work in progress (distribution costs)".
It should be noted that the calculation is close. It is due to the fact that on line 214, in addition to the costs associated with the production of products, account balances 29,30,36,44 are also taken into account. However, it is not possible to identify the amount of balances on these accounts only according to Form 1 data.
Let us demonstrate the method outlined here using data from Example 6.1. The source data are table 6.1 (form 1) and table 6.2 (form 2).
We begin the calculation by examining Form 2. It shows the volume of products sold both at selling prices (excluding VAT) - 6200, and at cost:
PSA = Sp + C k + Su = 4520 + 600 + 140 = 5260 Then the volume of shipped products is calculated (at cost):
Sop = Srp + Sopk - Sopn = 5260 + 3455 - 5090 = 3625 We determine the volume of marketable products:
a) at cost
C tp = Sop + Sgpk - Sgpn = 3625 + 70 - 30 - 3665
b) in selling prices
coefficient for converting costs into prices: Kp = Vrp / Crp = 6200/5260 = 1.179
commercial products at selling prices: TP=Kp*Stp = 3665 * 1.179 = 4320
Then the volume of gross output is calculated (at cost):
Svp = Stp + Snzsh - Snzpn = 3665 + 4280 - 3190 =
4755
We see that in the reporting period the company had production activities. This is indicated by the presence of commercial and gross output.

More on the topic Commercial products:

1. 24.7. Formation of the cost of gross and commercial products
2. The concept and essence of production costs. Product costing
3. If consumer demand for a product exceeds supply, will there be a need to market the product? Explain your answer.
4. 9.6. Planning and management of finished products (batch production model)
5. TRADEMARK - See "Illegal use of a trademark."
6. Classification of quality indicators. Quality level assessment. Product certification. Quality standardization. Assessment of the quality level of industrial products in the Republic of Belarus. Quality control systems - methods and types of control. Quality management system. Standards for organizing a quality assurance system. Analysis of costs for ensuring product quality.
7. Elements of product cost. Methods for calculating product costs.
8. 13. Standard method in accounting for the cost of production and finished products. Account 40 “Output of products (works, services).” The influence of the chosen method on the assessment of financial reporting indicators

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The following indicators are used in the production program:

1. Quantitative (volume) - indicators that have a numerical dimension and are expressed in physical or monetary units (pieces, units of weight, volume, length, area, rubles, dollars).

2. Quality indicators include grade, brand, share of products that meet international standards, etc.

3. Natural indicators - indicators characterizing the magnitude of phenomena in their natural form; measured in units reflecting the physical state of phenomena (kilograms, tons, centners, etc.)

4. Cost indicators - indicators characterizing economic phenomena in value (monetary) terms and determined using prices. These indicators include:

a) commercial products - is one of the indicators of production volume, characterizing the volume of products prepared for entry into the wholesale market or for intra-factory (in-house) consumption.

Product volume products is calculated as follows:

TP = VpTsd Ks (3)

where Вп - production output in physical terms;

CD - the contract price for this product per unit in rubles;

Kc is an indicator of product quality, which is found by the ratio of all products at prices depending on their quality to the sum of all products at the price of the first grade.

where P1 is the projected percentage of grade of finished products;

P2 is the specific gravity of products of reduced quality, determined by the formula: P2 = 100% - P1 (in percent);

0.95 - coefficient showing a discount from the price of the first grade, applied when planning

b) sold products characterize the cost of the volume of products that entered the market in a given period and are payable by consumers. It differs from the commodity balance of finished products in the warehouse. The volume of products sold according to the plan is determined by the formula:

RP = TP + He - Ok (5)

where He and Ok are the balances of unsold products at the beginning and end of the planning period, respectively.

At the end of the year, the balance of unsold products is taken into account only for finished products in the warehouse and shipped goods for which payment has not yet arrived.

c) gross output is the value of all products produced and work performed, including work in progress. Commercial output differs from gross output in that it does not include the remains of work in progress and on-farm turnover. It is expressed in wholesale prices in force in the reporting year. In terms of its composition, in many enterprises the gross output coincides with the commodity output.

Gross output is calculated in two ways:

1) as the difference between gross and intra-factory turnover:

VP = Vo - In (6)

where Vo is gross turnover;

Vn - intra-factory turnover.

2) as the sum of marketable products and the difference and balances of work in progress (tools, devices) at the beginning and end of the planning period:

VP = TP + (NZPk - NZPn) + (Ik - In) (7)

where NZPn and NZPk are the value of work in progress balances at the beginning and end of a given period, respectively;

In and Ik - the cost of special tools, semi-finished products, self-made devices at the beginning and end of a given period.

d) gross turnover - the total cost of all types of products produced during the reporting period by all workshops and departments of the enterprise. Includes the cost of finished products, semi-finished products of own production, work in progress and work of an industrial nature, regardless of their further use: on the side or within the enterprise itself; How does it differ from gross output, which does not include domestic turnover? The cost of semi-finished products transferred for subsequent processing many times is taken into account several times in the gross turnover.

Intra-factory turnover is the cost of products produced by some and consumed by other workshops during the same period of time.

We will calculate the volume of marketable products and the grade coefficient using the formulas

TP = VpTsd Ks and Ks =

Product A

Initial data:

VpA = 159301 units.

TsdA = 1581.00 rub.

Kc = = = 0.997

TPA = VpACdA Ks = 159301 units. 1581.00 rub. 0.997 = 251099316.36 rubles.

Product B

Initial data:

VpB = 16701 units.

CDB = 1801.00 rub.

P2 = 100% - P1 = 100% - 93% = 7%

Kc = = = 0.997

TPB = VpBCdB Ks = 16701 units. 1801.00 rub. 0.997 = 29988265.50 rub.

The results of the calculations will be transferred to Table 2.

Table 2. Volume of commercial products

27. What is included in the “gross turnover” indicator.

GROSS TURNOVER- the total cost of the entire volume of products produced by an enterprise over a certain period of time, most often a year. Includes finished products, work in progress, internal turnover of the enterprise, and performance of production work.

28. Two ways to calculate “gross output” by element.

29.Two methods for calculating “marketable products”. Methodology for calculating the volume of product sales.

Gross output- This cost of the overall result production activity of an enterprise for a certain period of time.

Gross output is calculated in two ways:

1) as the difference between gross and intra-factory turnover:

VP = Vo – Vn,(1.1)

where Vo is gross turnover;

Vn – intra-factory turnover.

Gross turnover- this is the cost of the entire volume of products produced over a certain period by all workshops of the enterprise, regardless of whether these products were used within the enterprise for further processing or were sold externally.

Intra-factory turnover- this is the cost of products produced by some and consumed by other workshops during the same period of time.

2) as the sum of marketable products and the difference and balances of work in progress (tools, devices) at the beginning and end of the planning period

VP = TP + (NZPk – NZPn) + (Ik – In), (1.2)

where NZPn and NZPk are the value of work in progress balances at the beginning and end of a given period.

In and Ik - the cost of special tools, semi-finished products, home-made devices at the beginning and end of a given period

Unfinished production– products unfinished by production: blanks, parts, semi-finished products located at workplaces, control, transportation, in workshop storerooms in the form of stocks, not accepted by the quality control department and not delivered to the warehouse of finished products.

Commercial products- These are products intended for sale.

The volume of marketable products for the period is determined by the formula

TP = Tg + Tk + Tn + F + Tu,(1.3)

where Tg is the cost of finished products for external sales;

Tk - the cost of finished products for the needs of capital construction and non-industrial economy of your enterprise;

Tn – the cost of semi-finished products of its own production and products of auxiliary workshops for external sales;

Ф – cost of fixed assets of own production introduced during the period;

Тu – the cost of services and work of an industrial nature on orders from outside or for non-industrial farms and organizations of one’s own enterprise.

Products sold characterizes the cost of the volume of products supplied to the market in a given period and subject to payment by consumers. Sold products differ from commercial products by the balance of finished products in the warehouse. The volume of products sold (RP) according to the plan is determined by the formula

RP = TP + He – Ok, (1.4)

where He and Ok are the balances of unsold products at the beginning and end of the planning period.

At the end of the year, the balance of unsold products is taken into account only for finished products in the warehouse and shipped goods for which payment has not yet arrived.

Example. Determine the size of gross, marketable and sold products. In the reporting period, the enterprise produced products X in the amount of 500 units, products Y - 800 units. The price of product X is 2.5 thousand rubles, Y is 3.2 thousand rubles. The cost of non-industrial services provided to third parties is 50 thousand rubles. The balance of work in progress at the beginning of the year was 65 thousand rubles, at the end of the year – 45 thousand rubles. Remains of finished products in warehouses at the beginning of the period - 75 thousand rubles, at the end of the period - 125 thousand rubles.

Solution: We determine the volume of marketable products using formula (1.3):

TP = (500 × 2.5 + 800 × 3.2) + 50 = 3,860 thousand rubles.

Gross output differs from marketable output by the amount of change in work in progress balances at the beginning and end of the planning period: VP = 3,860 + 45 – 65 = 3,840 thousand rubles.

We determine the volume of products sold using formula (1.4): RP = 3,860 + 75 – 125 = 3,810 thousand rubles.