Offensive and not very nicknames of Russians. Moskal, katsap, crest, Jew

Kovalenko Andrey

In our class I feel confident, because in our class it is not customary to call people names. But during breaks I hear offensive nicknames. I decided to figure it out and write a project. Why do they stick nicknames?

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Research project

Why is Ivan a fool?

Kirov, 2012

Introduction………………………………………………………pp. 3
Literature review……………………………………………………… pp. 4 - 5
Research methods……………………………………………………… pages 6 - 8
Research results……………………………………p. 9
Conclusions……………………………………………………… page 10
List of information sources used……… p.11
Applications……………………………………………………………. page 12

Introduction.

Situation: I feel comfortable in our class becauseIt is not customary for us to call each other offensive nicknames. But during breaks, I constantly hear offensive nicknames addressed to me from students in grades 5 and 6. I came across a similar situation in the fairy tale by P.P. Ershov “The Little Humpbacked Horse”

Problem: Why is the main positive hero in Russian fairy tales called Ivan the Fool?

Problematic question:Why do we stick nicknames?

Objective of the project:

Find out why we stick nicknames

Project objectives:

Re-read the fairy tale by P. P. Ershov “The Little Humpbacked Horse”
Find out the lexical meaning of the word “fool”
Find out the origin of the word “fool”
Conduct an analysis of the actions and characters of the heroes of P. P. Ershov’s fairy tale “The Little Humpbacked Horse”
Conduct a study in the form of a survey of adolescent respondents
Put forward hypotheses about the reasons for the emergence of nicknames in adolescence
Conduct explanatory work to prevent the occurrence of nicknames among classmates.

Hypotheses:

Children give each other offensive nicknames because they do not know the true meaning of these words.
Due to personal psychological problems

Research methods:

Analysis of a literary work
Questionnaire

Review of information.

A person goes through his entire life with his personal name. But there is another name that can appear in a person and accompany him for some time, and sometimes throughout his life. It's a nickname. Nicknames appeared more than a thousand years ago, then served as the basis for the formation of many Russian surnames. But they have not disappeared, they continue to exist to this day. The position of most people in relation to nicknames is quite calm: “Well, which of us was not teased in childhood? Is it worth paying attention to this problem?” In fact, nicknames and nicknames are quite a strong reason for conflict.

Nicknames and nicknames may not only not disappear, but also appear as a way of taking revenge on the offender - the name-caller. If you do not pay due attention to this phenomenon, a conflict situation can develop into a serious confrontation with unpredictable consequences.

The very first nicknames arose more than a thousand years ago. Their source was ancient Russian names, which were very similar to nicknames. Names were given, for example, based on hair color: Black, White, Chernavka, Red; by height: Small, Long; by character and behavior: Bulgak (restless), Fun, Unsmiling. A name determines a person's destiny. It’s not without reason that in Rus' a person had two names. A personal name (in Old Russian - reklo, nazvische, nickname, name, nickname, pronaming) is a special word that serves to designate an individual person in order to be able to address him, as well as talk about him with others. Our ancestors were afraid of evil spirits, evil words, and the evil eye. In order to deceive evil people and evil spirits, caring parents gave good children “bad names”: smart boys were deliberately called Fools and Freaks, honest and brave ones - Scoundrels and Cowards, desirable ones - Undead. It seemed to them that a “bad” name, like an invisibility cap, would cover their child and save them from “damage.” Traces of such names have survived to this day in the foundations of modern Russian surnames: Nechaevs, Durakovs, Negodyaevs, Gryaznovs, Glupovs.

A nickname is a person's informal name. In the dictionary of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov the following definition is given: “A nickname is a name given to a person based on some of his characteristic features or properties.” Unlike a name, a nickname reflects not the desired, but the real properties and qualities of the bearer and thus captures the special meaning that these properties and qualities had for others. Nicknames can be given to people at different periods of their lives, and in many cases they are known to a limited circle of people.

Often the main character of Russian fairy tales, Ivan, is given the offensive nickname “Fool”. Let's consider the meaning of the word FOOL.

In the modern dictionary FOOL m. fool w. a stupid person, a dullard, a dull, slow-witted, reckless person, but has this word always been understood this way?

The ancient meaning of the word fool. This word-concept consists of two roots: “du” and “ra”. The root "du" means two, second. The root "ra" means sunlight. Thus, the word "Fool" means "second sun".

But why is he still a Fool, because Ivanushka is smarter than his brothers. His nickname is just a talisman name.

Research methods:

Contents of the tale

A peasant lives in one village. He has three sons: the eldest, Danilo, is smart, the middle one, Gavrilo, “this way and that,” and the youngest, Ivan, is a complete fool. The brothers grow wheat, take it to the capital and sell it there. But trouble happens: someone starts trampling the crops at night. The brothers decide to take turns on duty in the field. The eldest and middle brothers, frightened by bad weather and cold, leave duty without finding out anything. It's the younger brother's turn. At midnight he saw a white mare with a long golden mane. Ivan manages to jump onto the mare’s back, and she starts galloping. Unable to get rid of Ivan, the mare asks to let her go, promising to give him birth to three horses: two handsome ones, which Ivan, if he wants, can sell, and the third - a horse only three inches tall, with two humps on its back and arshin ears. , which cannot be given to anyone for any treasure, because he will be Ivan’s best comrade, assistant and protector. Ivan agrees and takes the mare to a shepherd’s booth, where three days later the mare gives birth to the three promised horses.

After some time, Danilo, accidentally entering a booth, sees two beautiful golden-maned horses there. Danilo and Gavrilo, secretly from Ivan, take the horses to the capital to sell. In the evening of the same day, Ivan, coming to the booth, discovers the loss and is very upset. The Little Humpbacked Horse explains to Ivan what happened and offers to catch up with the brothers. Ivan mounts the humpbacked horse, and they instantly overtake them. The brothers, making excuses, explain their action by poverty. Ivan agrees to sell the horses, and together they go to the capital.

Arriving in the capital in the morning, the brothers put their horses up for sale in a row of horses. The mayor sees the horses and immediately goes with a report to the king. The mayor praises the wonderful horses so much that the king immediately goes to the market and buys them from his brothers. The royal grooms lead the horses away, but the expensive horses knock them off their feet and return to Ivan. Seeing this, the king offers Ivan service in the palace - he appoints him as head of the royal stables. Ivan agrees and goes to the palace. His brothers, having received the money and dividing it equally, go home, both get married and live peacefully, remembering Ivan, and Ivan serves in the Tsar’s stable and carries out all the Tsar’s orders and passes all the tests with dignity.

Analysis of characters and actions

The author's attitude towards the characters:

The brothers are Danilo and Gavrilo, and the fool is Ivanushka.

The characters’ attitude to the problem of sleep:

The brothers slept through their guard duty, and Ivan found a way to fight sleep.

The attitude of the heroes to the matter:

The brothers lie, and Ivan completes the task.

Ability to anticipate the actions of others:

Ivan hides the horses and weaves tales about the thief, knowing the greed of his brothers.

Relation to property:

The brothers steal horses, and Ivan reproaches them

Attitude to tasks:

Ivan creatively performs horse care tasks

Attitude to human weaknesses:

Ivan forgives his brothers both the theft and their ridicule towards him.

Results analysis

In Ershov's fairy tale, Ivan has the best masculine qualities: he is honest, fair, hard-working, and dexterous.

Ivan is a fool smarter than his brothers. His nickname is just talisman name , protecting him from the corruption of evil spirits and the envy of his brothers.
The brothers understand that they are inferior to Ivan in many ways, but do not want to admit defeat. Themit's more pleasant to put someone else upfool than to realize your shortcomings.

Conclusion:

We cannot call a person with such qualities stupid and slow-witted, a reckless person.

Questionnaire

I compiled a questionnaire for children in 6th grade. The survey was conducted anonymously. (Appendix No. 1) questionnaire

Survey results

A survey of sixth-graders showed that 39% of their total number have nicknames or nicknames associated with their surname or first name, 15% have a nickname associated with appearance (figure features), 15% have a nickname associated with social status and only 6% do not have nicknames and nicknames In addition, it turned out that not only boys, but also girls call names.

Conclusion of the study

There are very different reasons behind nicknames and nicknames. One attaches an offensive label to his friend, envying his success; another asserts himself by humiliating weaker and defenseless peers, wanting to look more advantageous in the eyes of others; the third, thus, avenges his own humiliation. In any case, an adult should not remain indifferent if a child is humiliated or insulted before his eyes. It’s even worse when a child gets used to this humiliation and perceives it as the norm.

Interviewing a school psychologist

A conversation with a school psychologist about the influence of nicknames on children.

In modern psychology there is the concept of “sanogenic behavior”, where “san” is the sun, and “gene” is the genetic nature of a person. People with this type of behavior are trusting, simple-minded, and kind. I believe that Ivan the Fool belongs to this type of person.

According to the psychologist, a nickname can be both pleasant and unpleasant for a person, and therefore can cause him psychological trauma.

The psychologist talked with the boys who came up with the offensive nickname. It turns out they were joking, just wanted to tease (play?). They don’t understand what is offensive in their actions, because they also have nicknames, and they are not offended by them at all. Which? “Gin”, “Crutch”, “Penguin”... Do you like nicknames? Well, not very much, but what can you do... Everyone has nicknames, and nothing can be done about it. It seems that nicknames and nicknames have become firmly established in children’s speech, and this can lead to serious conflicts.

But the main thing is the reaction of the person himself to the nickname. It depends on the person’s temperament - a melancholic person, for example, will cry, and a choleric person will get into a fight. It also depends on the relationship with the person who gave the nickname. Mostly, nicknames appear in adolescence, from 10 to 13 years, when communication with other children is very important for a person. But sometimes nicknames become so attached to a person that the name fades into the background. The psychologist believes that a nickname is always bad, because a person has his own name, which his parents lovingly chose for him. I completely agree with him. Appendix No. 2 (interview questions)

The result of the research

The main reasons why children call each other names:

1. Aggression (conscious desire to offend, annoy, anger a peer).

2. The desire to attract attention (of the one you tease or others):

Game (the teaser perceives name-calling as a fun game, attracting the attention of a peer without intending to offend him);

Provocation (the teaser is aware that he is insulting his peer, but thus seeks to provoke him to active actions, for example, to force him to chase himself, to fight, to accept a challenge);

Joke (wants not so much to offend a friend as to amuse those around him);

Self-affirmation (the teaser deliberately insults a peer in order to humiliate him and stand out in the eyes of others, “put him in his place,” and establish a leadership position).

3. Revenge (an offended or humiliated child begins to tease the offender, especially if he cannot respond physically; sometimes he does the same out of envy).

4. Not out of malice (the teaser does not understand that the other is offended, he is used to noting the characteristics of others, identifying their characteristic features, for example, comparing them to animals). Perhaps at home it is customary to reward each other with nicknames, and this does not offend anyone.

Conclusion

People's names are part of the history of a people. Every person living on Earth has at least one name.

IVAN the Fool - this nickname is just a talisman name.

Like many other social phenomena, the nickname system is likely to be not only a form of solidarity, but also a source of other forms of social activity, such as teasing and humiliation. The same nickname can serve as a manifestation of sympathy and be a means of insult. Although the insult acts as a kind of recognition.

Nicknames can be given to people at different periods of their lives, and in many cases they are known to a fairly limited circle of people. Many people have several nicknames, and each of them seems to be associated with membership in a specific group.

Exit to the next problem.

Very often, the class teacher has to deal with conflicts that arise due to nicknames and nicknames. The position of most people in relation to it is quite calm: “Well, which of us was not teased in childhood? Is it worth paying attention to this problem?” In fact, nicknames and nicknames are the cause of many conflicts.

How to help your child protect himself from offensive nicknames?

List of information sources used:

1. Golanova E.I. How words arise. – M., 1989.

2. Gorbanevsky M.V. In the world of names and titles. – M., 1983.

3. Kodukhov V.I. Stories about synonyms. – M., 1984.

4. Ozhegov S.I.. Dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 1984.

5. Rosenthal D.E. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. – M., 1976.

6. Suslova A.V., Superanskaya A.V. Modern Russian surnames. – M., 1984.

7. Shiryaeva N.S. Fairy tales: learning technologies. - S.P., 2003.

Applications:

Appendix No. 1

Questionnaire “Nicknames in your life”

(Underline whatever applicable)

1. Please indicate your age. _______________________________________________

2. Your gender: female / male.

3. How do you feel about nicknames (positive, negative, indifferent). __________________________________________________________________

4. Do you consider nicknames a manifestation of aggression (yes - no). ________________

5 . Did or do you have a nickname? (Not really)._____________________________

6. State your nickname. __________________________________________

7. How do you react to this (I’m offended, I don’t pay attention, I respond in kind).

__________________________________________________________________

8. Name the nicknames you call guys you know._______________

9. What are nicknames associated with (last name, first name, body features,

With features of appearance, with character, with behavior)___________________

10. What do you think needs to be done to stop being teased and left behind?

Appendix No. 2

Interview Questions for a School Psychologist

What personal problems does a person who calls another person address?

How do nicknames affect children?

Many girls try to distinguish their boyfriend by giving him an original nickname that will make him stand out from others.

It seems that coming up with an original nickname for a guy is easy, but in reality it is not. They often use standard nicknames and nicknames.

Where did nicknames come from?

History suggests that nicknames in pre-Christian times had the meaning of names.

In those days, a nickname personified a pronounced characteristic of a person: external features, type of activity, bad habits, behavioral characteristics.

Pagan traditions gave way to Christian ones and the child was already given a name in accordance with biblical norms. The nickname began to take on the meaning of a surname.

Considering more recent events, nicknames and nicknames became widespread due to the fact that a child could be given several names at birth.

The choice was left to the person when he grew up. The Slavs have one name from birth, so the nickname acquired during life determines the characteristics.

Sources of nicknames:

Close and dear people try to compare a person with pleasant phenomena, so they give cute nicknames.
In places of deprivation of liberty, the nickname in slang is called pogonyalo. Each experienced person has his own nickname, which characterizes the character and misdeeds of the person.
In modern society, nicknames are often given in accordance with physical characteristics or names.
Pirate traditions required calling each other by fictitious “names” so as not to reveal their identity when committing illegal actions.
Cool nicknames can be borrowed from movies and songs if there is a similarity between the person and the character.
Unusual nicknames are obtained due to a play on words that characterize certain human traits and behavioral characteristics.

As in ancient times, such “call signs” accompany a person from birth to old age.

Depending on the change in type of activity, character traits, and social circle, nicknames may change.

List of funny and cool

“Call signs” for a person can be beautiful, offensive and funny. In accordance with interesting and original nicknames, psychologists conducted tests.

The results showed that people with such “middle names” are most susceptible to depression and are more mentally unstable.

Note! A non-standard name given at birth, in contrast to mocking nicknames, makes a person stronger and more purposeful.

Girls choose affectionate nicknames for guys they like.

It is impossible to receive gentle reproach from friends or enemies - they will try to present something negative about a person’s personality or physical characteristics. Often funny and non-standard nicknames arise that cause a smile and interest.

List of funny nicknames in different situations:

Nicknames for...	Cool and funny options	Characteristics of the nickname
Men	Microphone	Ideal for the person who loves to sing karaoke
	The bell	Suitable for a man who often communicates on the phone, a businessman
	Sigamacho	If a man smokes too much
Boys	Brownie	Due to sloppy hairstyle or constant homebodies
	Nibbler	For a boy who constantly eats and chews
	Vrednyusik	A harmful and uncompromising boy
Friends	Zinger	For an active and talkative friend
	Smile	This criticism would be ideal for a humorous and smiling friend.
	Hedgehog	They give the nickname because of their prickly character or constant stubble on their face.
Beloved	Diamond	Describes your attitude towards your loved one
	Marshmallow	Ideal for a sweet tooth or a person with a soft character
	Astrologer	For romantic, loving natures

Examples of offensive nicknames

Nicknames can be at the same time not only cool, but also offensive to their owner.

Often such offensive complaints refer to a defect in appearance or character. Sometimes even funny and cool complaints can offend a person.

Usually, funny, unspoken middle names are invented for an ex-boyfriend. In this way, the girl can recoup her grievances by spreading offensive messages.

How offensively you can call a guy:

Fattrest and Donut. They are assigned to guys who are overweight or have a curvy figure.
Bald - ideal for a man with large bald patches on his forehead.
Cheburashka. It emphasizes the guy's appearance with large, protruding ears.
Pig or Stinky. This is a criticism for a sloppy or unclean man.
Nibbler. Suitable for people with crooked or protruding front teeth.

There can be a lot of examples. It all depends on the imagination of the inventor. Some offensive nicknames and nicknames are not offensive to the bearer.

The degree of human sensitivity plays a huge role.

The meaning of nicknames

An originally presented nickname, especially with a foreign pronunciation, can carry a positive or negative meaning. Before you attach a complaint to a person, you need to know exactly the meaning.

Meaning of nicknames:

Sociable is an energetic guy.
Jovial – for a smiling and open guy.
Pahan – refers to prison slang. Emphasizes the primacy of man.
Olejandro, Sancho and the like are derived from male names.
Skeleton. The nickname has many meanings, depending on culture, beliefs and position in society.
Dario and similar aliases attribute to a person the features of movie characters or representatives of other nations.

It is worth considering the origin of the chase. Some came into use from places of imprisonment and belong to the characteristics of thieves' concepts. Cultural and folk aspects should also be taken into account.

Note! Some nationalities take nicknames very seriously, considering them a person’s second name.

You should be especially careful with nicknames in English. It is imperative to know the translation so as not to turn out to be a fool and the subject of ridicule.

Some people come up with their own aliases - but it needs to be done correctly.

Useful video

Some nicknames even became the official names of peoples in the languages in which they originated. Everything depends on the historical situation that contributed to their emergence, and the further relationships of peoples.

About 1,500 different peoples live on our planet, who have their own individual names that distinguish them from each other. But in addition to official names, many peoples also have nicknames given to them at one time by friends-neighbors or, conversely, by opponents. They are, of course, not mentioned in international treaties and other important documents.

Each of these nicknames, sometimes mockingly playful, sometimes caustically offensive, has its own history and its own destiny. Some of them are known only to historians, while others, on the contrary, exist to this day.

Where did barbarians come from?

The appearance of the first national nicknames dates back to ancient times. Even the ancient Greeks, and later the Romans, used the word “barbarians” in relation to the peoples around them. It was the name given to peoples who belonged to different ethnic groups and spoke different languages: Slavs, Germans, Celts and many others. For Greece and Rome, with their developed culture, these peoples looked very backward. And their language was incomprehensible.

It seemed to the Greeks and Romans that when communicating with each other, they uttered some strange sounds - “var-var”. This is where the nickname came from, which lasted for many centuries. Later this word lost its original meaning and became a common noun. Now it denotes a rude, ignorant person who destroys what was created by the labor of others, regardless of his nationality.

Who are the fryags?

National nicknames also appeared in Rus'. In the second half of the 15th century, on the initiative of Grand Duke Ivan III, many foreigners came to the Russian state, mainly from southern Europe, mainly from Italy. These were architects, engineers, gunsmiths and other craftsmen. Here the Italians received the nickname “Fryags”, “Fryazis” or “Fryazins”.

This word was borrowed with some distortion from the Serbian language, where it meant “Latins,” that is, Catholics. Accordingly, any item of Italian import was designated by the word “Fryazhsky”. In official documents of that time, the nickname “Fryazin” was added to the names of Italian masters, with which many of them went down in history.

How did the Germans become Germans?

When we pronounce the words “German”, “German”, we do not even think about their origin. And it has its own interesting history, also dating back to the Middle Ages. In addition to the Italians, who received “their” nickname, residents of other European countries also came to us. These were diplomats, traders and masters of various professions. Naturally, immediately upon arrival, none of them knew Russian and could not communicate with the local population without an interpreter.

Having met a foreigner on the street and asked him some question, the Russian person did not receive any answer from him. So the opinion arose that all foreigners are mute and cannot speak. That's why they called them Germans. Moreover, this concept included not only residents of Germany, but also the Dutch, the British and many others. Gradually, this word began to refer specifically to the Germans, and it became established in the Russian language as a generally accepted norm.

Boches, Krauts and Hans.

Nicknames also appeared at a later time. The same Germans, to whom other nations often gave contemptuous nicknames, especially “got it” especially. In the 19th century, Prussia, the largest German state, often waged wars with its neighbors. One of the main targets of its aggression was France. The angry-tongued French came up with a nickname for their opponents. They disparagingly called them Boches.

This word was also used in the 20th century, especially during the two world wars started by Germany. During the First World War, Russia also had to face the Germans in a military confrontation. And it didn’t take long for another nickname for them to appear in the Russian language - Krauts. This word comes from one of the common names in Germany, which can be either independent or a diminutive of the name Friedrich.

This nickname for the Germans became especially popular in 1941, when Germany again attacked the Soviet Union. There was another nickname at that time - Hans, also derived from a common German name. However, now these nicknames, which are not very pleasant for the German people, are a thing of the past, and our countries have maintained friendly relations for many years.

Forelock versus beard.

The basis for the appearance of national nicknames can be anything. Some features of people’s appearance may also be a reason. The most famous is a kind of “exchange” of nicknames between two fraternal Slavic peoples - Russian and Ukrainian.

At one time, the Zaporozhye Cossacks shaved their heads bald, leaving a forelock in front, which the Russians called “crest.” The wearers of this hairstyle also began to be called crests, and from them the nickname passed on to all Ukrainians in general. Of course, they did not remain in debt and also came up with a nickname for Russians associated with their appearance.

Unlike Ukrainians, Russians wore beards, which gave the first reason to call them Katsaps. In the Ukrainian language, the word “tsap” means a goat, which, as is known, has a “beard”. The Ukrainian phrase “yak tsap” literally meant “like a goat.” Later it was transformed into the well-known word “katsap”. Both of these nicknames have long become humorous, and people with a sense of humor are not offended by them.

There is another nickname for Russians in Ukraine, which has a more negative connotation - Muscovites. Naturally, it comes from the name of the capital of Russia. Initially, this was the nickname given to officials who, after the unification of Ukraine with the Russian state, came there to establish new orders. Then they began to call all Russians by this nickname. It is in this meaning, and extremely disparaging, that it still exists in the west of Ukraine.

Potatoes, pasta and frogs.

Finally, some nicknames come from the characteristics of a particular national cuisine. It is known that in Italy one of the favorite national dishes is pasta. “Good” neighbors immediately responded to this fact, calling the Italians pasta makers. However, this does not prevent residents of all countries of the world from visiting numerous Italian restaurants and eating spaghetti with pleasure.

The French were not left without a nickname, as some species of frogs are used in their national cuisine. They began to be called paddling pools. True, the French themselves are not very pleased with this nickname. Moreover, French cuisine also has plenty of other dishes made from a wide variety of products.

In terms of nicknames, Belarusians are the luckiest of all. Their cuisine includes many varied and tasty potato dishes, which the Belarusian land is rich in. In Belarusian, potatoes are called “bulba”. So their neighbors - Russians and Ukrainians - called the Belarusians Bulbash. However, the Belarusian people are not at all offended by such a nickname. The cheerful, good-natured and hospitable bulbash has long become something of an unofficial symbol of Belarus.

In russian language.

Abrek is a Chechen, Dagestan, in a broad sense, a male representative of any people of the North Caucasus. Among the Caucasians themselves there is an outcast mountaineer.

Azer, aizer - Azerbaijani.

Azeri is also one of the self-names of Azerbaijanis, probably derived from the name of the extinct Indo-European language of the northwestern subgroup of Iranian languages, which existed on the territory of Southern Iranian Azerbaijan presumably until the 17th century.

Amerikos, Amer, Pindos (this word originally meant the Greeks) - American.

Ara is Armenian (not offensive).

Afro-ass, afrozy, afro-black-ass - black. It arose as a sharply negative reaction to the politically correct “African-American.”

An Afro-Russian is a black man living in Russia.

Baybak is a nickname for Karelians or residents of Karelia in general. It has a contemptuous connotation, hinting at the negative qualities inherent in the steppe marmot - laziness, stupidity.

Basurman (Busurman, Busarman, Basurmanin, Busarmanin) - in the old days in Rus': Tatar, a person of a different religion, mainly from the East. Initially, the nickname has a religious meaning: “infidel” is obviously a distorted word for “Muslim” - that is, a non-religious.

Biraljukas (Braljukas) are Lithuanians. Derivation from “brolis” - “brother”, “brolyukas” - “little brother”.

Bulbash (from white bulba - “potato”) - Belarusian.

Hans is German.

Guran - usually used in relation to the descendants of mixed marriages of Russians and Buryats in Transbaikalia, also to the Transbaikal Cossacks. Derived from the name of a male roe deer, which is one of the main game animals in Transbaikalia. The Gurans in Transbaikalia have a special “brotherly” (semi-Mongoloid) appearance, thick black hair, wide cheekbones and dark skin, and also speak a special Transbaikalian dialect of the Russian language.

Jew is a Jew.

Beast, small animal (comes from thieves' jargon) - a contemptuous nickname for visitors mainly from Transcaucasia or Central Asia, less often - from the North Caucasus.

Labuses (Hans) are Latvians. Derived from the Lithuanian greeting "labas", "laba diena" - "good afternoon"

Lyakh (obsolete) - Pole.

The paddling pool is French.

Lapps are Sami.

Myrk, Moor - a humiliating nickname for uncultured, uncouth, rude people in Kyrgyzstan. Synonym: "redneck". The nickname is used by the population living in the capital of Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek in relation to rural residents.

Macaroni is Italian.

Mambet was a formerly common male name, derived from the word "Makhambet" in the Kazakh pronunciation of the word "Muhammad". Used by both the non-Kazakh population and urban Kazakhs in relation to rural Kazakhs or recent immigrants from the village. A priori, a Kazakh who speaks Russian poorly is considered a mambet in Kazakhstan.

Muscovites - Russians (obsolete).

Non-Russian - used disparagingly towards anyone who is not Russian.

Ниггер - заимствованное из США оскорбительное наименование чернокожего.

Pindos (sometimes “Pendos”) - from about the 19th century in the Russian Empire, as now in the south of Russia and Ukraine, as well as in Kazakhstan - Greeks. However, it is now increasingly used in relation to Americans.

Psheki (pshek) - Poles. It arose due to the “hissing” nature of Polish speech.

Rusaki, rusapet, rusopyat - an outdated self-name of Russians.

Samoyeds (obsolete) - Nenets.

Seldyuk is a Siberian nickname, approximately the same as chaldon.

Fritz is the name of the Germans. Origin - shortened form of the name "Frederick"

Tungus (obsolete) - Evenks.

Narrow-eyed is a disrespectful nickname for Mongoloids (Chinese, Koreans, Vietnamese, etc.).

Khach, Khachik - Armenian (in recent years, anyone from the North Caucasus and Transcaucasian countries has been mistaken).

Chaplashka is a Tatar (approx. in Tatarstan).

Chakh(s) (obsolete) - Czech.

Black-assed (from hair color or dark skin) - absolute brunettes, immigrants from Transcaucasia, Central Asia, and the Middle East. It is a kind of backronym for American Wog, which also refers to residents from the Middle East, Southern Europe and the Balkans: Italians, Moroccans, Latin Americans, Macedonians, Greeks or Spaniards. The nickname, which originally referred to blacks, has now mainly passed on to black-haired or dark-skinned foreigners.

The first meaning (from hair color or dark skin) is a derogatory designation by the predominantly Russian population of representatives of Transcaucasia, Central Asia and the Middle East. In Russia, this term has a different meaning in contrast to the USA, that is, people are not literally “black”, but rather “dark-haired”, brunettes, people who are Caucasian in type, but still with skin a little darker than that of Northern Europeans. This nickname refers to Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Tajiks, Moldovans, etc.

The second meaning (based on skin color) is the same as African Americans, blacks, blacks belonging to the Negroid race.

crests are Ukrainians (from the Cossack custom of wearing a forelock).

Chaldony, Chaldony - dialect designation for Siberians. It was used among Russian Siberians in relation to other Russian Siberians with an emphasis on the stupidity and “Valenkov” of a person. Currently, the use of the word is rare even in Siberia, found mainly among the older generation.

Blacks (by skin color) - representatives of the Negroid race, blacks, the designation “black” is also common.

Czech (derivative, army slang) is a Chechen, predominantly a Chechen militant.

Chocks, churbans, chureks, chebureks, babahans, rhinoceroses, chuchmeks, saxauls are a contemptuous designation for representatives of the peoples of Central Asia. This word penetrated into colloquial speech from criminal jargon, obviously from the Turkic people.

Chukhonets, Chukhon, Chukhna is a disrespectful nickname, used mainly by the Russian population in relation initially to the Ingrian Finns, subsequently to the Finns of Finland and other representatives of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Chukhna, Chushka - Finland.

Hellenes are Greeks.

Yankees are Americans.

In other languages.

Ami (Ami) is a nickname for Americans by Germans (simplification/abbreviation).

Aleman - lit. “German” (Spanish) - in Cuba all are white Europeans.

Ak-kulak, ash-kulokh (literally white-eared) - an offensive nickname for the Slavs in Central Asia, an analogue of the Russian “black-assed”.

The Boches are Germans. Borrowed from the French language, the lexicon of the First World War, also found its way into Russian.

Bosha is a nickname for gypsies among Armenians.

Burla (barge hauler) is an offensive nickname for Russians in Central Asia.

Vessi - residents of Germany (before the unification of Germany and the GDR). Comes from the German Westdeutschland - West Germany.

Gaijin (from gaikokujin - foreigner) is a disrespectful nickname for non-Japanese people in Japan.

Goy - (word from the Torah) means non-Jew. Used in both derogatory and neutral meanings.

Gringos are foreigners, most often of Caucasian appearance, often Americans (in Latin America and Mexico).

John Bull is English.

Kafir - all non-Muslims (identical to Jewish goy, Russian infidel, wicked, unchrist).

Latinos is a nickname for Latin Americans in the United States; the word has also passed into Russian.

Nazari (Arabic lit. “Nazarenes”) are Christians among the southern Arabs.

Ora is the way Abkhazians call each other.

Rusaki is the collective self-name of the Russian-speaking population in Germany.

Rushpans - Ukrainian. "Russians".

Sarybas, sarybash (literally “yellow-headed”) is an offensive nickname for Europeans in Central Asia, used in the sense of “coward”, “bungler”, “fool”.

Shoshka (chuchka) is a derogatory nickname for the Slavs (mostly Russians) in Central Asia, literally “pigs”, sometimes used in the sense of “pig-like”, “pig-eaters”, “pig people”.

Ivans are Russians (among the Germans and not only).

Kalbit - in the regions of Russia bordering Kazakhstan, is contemptuous - Kazakh.

Kizdym is Kazakh.

Katsapy (Ukrainian word) - Russian. Most often refers to residents of Moscow due to the unusual dialect widespread there. Most Russians, including Muscovites, do not suspect the existence of any nickname given by Ukrainians, in principle, and especially this specific one.

Cockney is a resident of the working-class neighborhoods of London. In English, from where it is borrowed, it is not offensive.

Xenos is a word used by the indigenous population of Greece in relation to foreigners, foreign-speaking people, emigrants, migrants and all those who are alien to Greek culture. The word is used in both derogatory and neutral meanings. Xenophobia is a single root word meaning hostility towards strangers. A word with a similar meaning in use in the Russian language is - nerus.

Laowai is a colloquial Chinese term for any foreigner of European descent.

Laomaozi (Maozi) is a colloquial Chinese designation for Russians.

Muscovites are Russians, most often immigrants from Moscow.

Ossies are residents of the GDR (before the unification of the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR) and the eastern part of present-day Germany. Comes from the German Ostdeutschland - East Germany.

Pakis is a derogatory nickname for people from Pakistan in the UK.

Persil is a contemptuous nickname for an Azerbaijani or Turk in Turkmenistan.

Piefke is a nickname used by residents of Austria and especially Vienna to call residents of parts of Germany; nowadays it is used mainly by tourists from Germany. In Germany itself, this nickname is used as a humorous designation for a braggart or imagineer.

Raski is a contemptuous name for Russians (in the broad sense of all citizens from the former USSR) among Americans.

Ryussia are Russians among the Finns.

Sarty is a word used by Karakalpaks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and Turkmens to people of Uzbek nationality; most often this word is perceived as humiliating and abusive.

Tibla is an offensive nickname for Russian speakers in Estonia.

Farang is a word from the Thai language that originally referred to the French. Not offensive. In Thailand and Cambodia, farang (barang) refers to any foreigner of European descent.

Habibi is how Americans disparagingly call Arabs.

Shuravi - Originally a designation for USSR soldiers in Afghanistan. At the moment, a neutral designation for all Russians in Arab countries.

Yahudiy is a colloquial Uzbek designation for a person of the Jewish religion, used in both derogatory and neutral meanings.

POM (Pommy) is a humorous nickname for the British among residents of Australia, New Zealand and sometimes South Africa.

People have been giving each other nicknames since time immemorial. Some nicknames are funny or cool, others are offensive.

Come up with Anyone can have a funny nickname, but you have to react correctly when someone calls you a name, and not affectionately at that.

There are many cases when a nickname is remembered better than a real name or surname. A striking example of this is the history of different times and peoples.

Why and why do nicknames appear?

People have nicknames for various reasons. A phrase said once, appearance, surname or action - all this is a possible source for an invented nickname. There are many examples in history when nicknames were invented for people.

Each case has its own characteristics:

Indian tribes were famous for the names Eagle Eye, Running Deer, and Swift River. In fact, the names were different, but only relatives could know them.
Nicknames appeared from events in the life of the Indians and became a second name for life or until the next significant act.
There were nicknames and among the rulers of countries at all times. In Rus', Yaroslav the Wise, Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great.
Gorbachev was called the Mineral Secretary, and Brezhnev was called the Armor Bearer in the Dark. Vivid examples of kings are also known throughout the world - Richard the Lionheart, Pepin the Short, Louis the Pious.
Some nicknames reflect the characteristics of the government, others the appearance of the rulers.
Cowboy nicknames more often they reflected character or actions, but sometimes also appearance. Big Joe, Silent Bob, Wild Bill.
Likewise Pirate nicknames also appeared. Blackbeard, Killer of the Spaniards, Calico Jack.
Teachers often referred to by profession or appearance. An art teacher is a Pencil, and a physics teacher is an Atom. Tall, thin teachers are nicknamed Herring or Pointer.

Sometimes one person is given several nicknames. Alexander Pushkin was called the Frenchman or Monkey at the Lyceum, Egoza for his restlessness, and Cricket in literary society.

How to come up with funny nicknames for friends?

Nicknames for people are invented in different ways. If your imagination is not enough, then a nickname generator will help.

For friends, middle names are chosen that are interesting and good; no one likes offensive nicknames:

Sign	Options
Name	In this regard, the nickname is given in rhyme, which is why it can be offensive. A mug rhymes with Seryozha, and Egor is a rotten tomato. Such nicknames are typical for little boys and girls, but remain forever
Surname	Usually the method of abbreviations works. Zubov is called Zub, Myshkin's Mouse, Pushkin's Pushka or Pushka
Profession	A car service worker can be Mazut, a mechanic can be a Ventuz, an ophthalmologist can be an Eye, and a plumbing salesman can be a Toilet
Height	The tall man is invariably called Sleeper, Gulliver, Giraffe, Uncle Styopa. The lot of low people Thumbelina, One and a half, Dwarf, Trifle
Character, disposition	Balabol, Grumpy, Silent, Laughing, Smesharik, Zhdun. The smart one is often given the nickname Brain or Head, while the stupid ones are called Samovar, Woodpecker, Pumpkin, Quiet Brake
Appearance	Bald ones are often called Kolobok or Globus, and curly ones are called Poodles. A fat person is often called Plyushka, Pyshka, Kolobok, and a thin person is called Buchenwald, Drishch or Ski. Red-haired friends can be called Konopushka, Ryzhik, or more harshly Rust or Red

Often friends are given nicknames when they have paired names. One may be called Vitalik, and the other Vital, but to distinguish them, they usually add some attribute to the name - small, tall, bald, skinny.

Important to remember, When giving funny nicknames, you need to distinguish the line between a joke and an insult. Everyone's sense of humor is different, so some will laugh, while others may be offended.

Cool and funny nicknames for guys and girls

Cool nicknames depend on the age category. For kids of primary school age, a cool nickname will be the name of a character from their favorite cartoon, but later on the priorities change.

Cool You can come up with nicknames for a guy by borrowing foreign words. This could be a name - Chuck, Mike, Nick, Serge, Maximilian (for the name Maxim).

For men, nicknames are needed more meaningfully - Flint, Jock, Beast, King of the Party.

Girls love beautiful names, so the list of nicknames for them is filled with associations with attractive appearance, figure or character:

Kitty.
Panther.
Cherry.
Raspberry (to rhyme with the name Alina).
Princess.
Nymph.
Chika (rhymes with the name Vika).
Caramel.
Bandit.
Witch.

Everyone's idea of a cool nickname is different. It depends on the age, intelligence and social class of people.

What to do if you were called an offensive name?

Laughing nicknames often seem so only to others, and to the person to whom such a label is attached, the situation may seem stupid.

If you are called an offensive name, you must act carefully:

Coolness. You can’t show that the nickname has touched a nerve, otherwise they will call you that all the time. It is important not to answer with obscenities.
Don't respond. If you don’t show it and don’t react to the nickname, there’s a high chance that it won’t stick.
Laugh over lack of imagination.
Witty call the offender so that the hunt for inventions disappears.
Called you stupid? Reply that she is happy. If you heard this from your ex, then answer that until you broke up with him, you really were like that.

Note! If you like to call other people names, then be prepared that someday there will be someone who will respond wittily.

Features of beautiful and affectionate nicknames

Affectionate and cute nicknames are often given to each other by lovers. Usually people operate with a set of diminutive words - Bunny, Sunshine, Teddy Bear, Kitty, Baby, Sweetie.

Often wives and husbands use affectionate nicknames, which from the outside may seem offensive.

In fact, this is a kind of manifestation of love:

Goosey.
Piglet.
Stupid.
Lysik.
Chuchundra.

Often a family nickname is derived from the given name. Tolya can be Tolyashka, Masha Manyunya, Sergei Sergunchik.

Fantasy People have the richest, so they come up with a wide variety of nicknames. Sometimes a person doesn’t even find arguments why he was called that.

Features of appearance, surname, set of letters or a random event - all this is a reason for a nickname.

Useful video

About 1,500 different peoples live on our planet, who have their own individual names that distinguish themfrom each other. But in addition to official names, many peoples also have nicknames given to them at one time by friends-neighbors or, conversely, by opponents. They are, of course, not mentioned in international treaties and other important documents.

Where did barbarians come from?

Who are the fryags?

How did the Germans become Germans?

Boches, Krauts and Hans.

Forelock versus beard.

Potatoes, pasta and frogs.

In russian language.

Abrek is a Chechen, Dagestan, in a broad sense, a male representative of any people of the North Caucasus. Among the Caucasians themselves there is an outcast mountaineer.

Azer, aizer - Azerbaijani.

Americans, Amer, Pindos(this word originally meant the Greeks) - American.

Ara is Armenian (not offensive).

Afro-ass, Afro-ass, Afro-black-ass- black person. It arose as a sharply negative reaction to the politically correct “African-American.”

An Afro-Russian is a black man living in Russia.

Baybak is a nickname for Karelians or residents of Karelia in general. It has a contemptuous connotation, hinting at the negative qualities inherent in the steppe marmot - laziness, stupidity.

Basurman (Busurman, Busarman, Basurmanin, Busarmanin)- in the old days in Rus': Tatar, a person of a different religion, mainly from the East. Initially, the nickname has a religious meaning: “infidel” is obviously a distorted word for “Muslim” - that is, a non-religious.

Biraljukas (bralyukas)- Lithuanians. Derivation from “brolis” - “brother”, “brolyukas” - “little brother”.

Bulbash (from white bulba - “potato”) - Belarusian.

Hans is German.

Jew is a Jew.

Beast, small animal (comes from thieves' jargon) - a contemptuous nickname for visitors mainly from Transcaucasia or Central Asia, less often - from the North Caucasus.

Labuses (Hans) are Latvians. Derived from the Lithuanian greeting "labas", "laba diena" - "good afternoon"

Lyakh (obsolete) - Pole.

The paddling pool is French.

Lapps are Sami.

Macaroni is Italian.

Muscovites - Russians (obsolete).

Non-Russian - used disparagingly towards anyone who is not Russian.

Ниггер - заимствованное из США оскорбительное наименование чернокожего.

Psheki (pshek) - Poles. It arose due to the “hissing” nature of Polish speech.

Rusaks, Rusapets, Rusopyats- an outdated self-name of Russians.

Samoyeds (obsolete) - Nenets.

Seldyuk is a Siberian nickname, approximately the same as chaldon.

Fritz is the name of the Germans. Origin - shortened form of the name "Frederick"

Tungus (obsolete) - Evenks.

Narrow-eyed is a disrespectful nickname for Mongoloids (Chinese, Koreans, Vietnamese, etc.).

Khach, Khachik - Armenian (in recent years, anyone from the North Caucasus and Transcaucasian countries has been mistaken).

Chaplashka is a Tatar (approx. in Tatarstan).

Chakh(s) (obsolete) - Czech.

Black:

The second meaning (based on skin color) is the same as African Americans, blacks, blacks belonging to the Negroid race.

crests are Ukrainians (from the Cossack custom of wearing a forelock).

Chaldons, chaldons- dialect designation for Siberians. It was used among Russian Siberians in relation to other Russian Siberians with an emphasis on the stupidity and “Valenkov” of a person. Currently, the use of the word is rare even in Siberia, found mainly among the older generation.

Blacks (by skin color) - representatives of the Negroid race, blacks, the designation “black” is also common.

Czech (derivative, army slang) is a Chechen, predominantly a Chechen militant.

Chocks, chubans, chureks, chebureks, babahans, rhinoceroses, chuchmeks, saxauls- a contemptuous designation for representatives of the peoples of Central Asia. This word penetrated into colloquial speech from criminal jargon, obviously from the Turkic people.

Chukhonets, Chukhon, Chukhna- a disrespectful nickname, used mainly by the Russian population in relation initially to the Ingrian Finns, subsequently to the Finns of Finland and other representatives of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Chukhna, Chushka - Finland.

Hellenes are Greeks.

Yankees are Americans.

In other languages.

Ami (Ami) is a nickname for Americans by Germans (simplification/abbreviation).

Aleman - lit. “German” (Spanish) - in Cuba all are white Europeans.

Ak-kulak, ash-kuloh(literally white-eared) - an offensive nickname for the Slavs in Central Asia, an analogue of the Russian “black-assed”.

The Boches are Germans. Borrowed from the French language, the lexicon of the First World War, also found its way into Russian.

Bosha is a nickname for gypsies among Armenians.

Burla (barge hauler) is an offensive nickname for Russians in Central Asia.

Vessi - residents of Germany (before the unification of Germany and the GDR). Comes from the German Westdeutschland - West Germany.

Gaijin (from gaikokujin - foreigner) is a disrespectful nickname for non-Japanese people in Japan.

Goy - (word from the Torah) means non-Jew. Used in both derogatory and neutral meanings.

Gringos are foreigners, most often of Caucasian appearance, often Americans (in Latin America and Mexico).

John Bull is English.

Kafir - all non-Muslims (identical to Jewish goy, Russian infidel, wicked, unchrist).

Latinos is a nickname for Latin Americans in the United States; the word has also passed into Russian.

Nazari (Arabic lit. “Nazarenes”) are Christians among the southern Arabs.

Ora is the way Abkhazians call men among themselves.

Rusaki is the collective self-name of the Russian-speaking population in Germany.

Rushpans - Ukrainian. "Russians".

Sarybas, sarybash(literally “yellowheads”) - an offensive nickname for Europeans in Central Asia, used in the sense of “coward”, “bungler”, “fool”.

Shoshka (chuchka) is a derogatory nickname for the Slavs (mostly Russians) in Central Asia, literally “pigs”, sometimes used in the sense of “pig-like”, “pig-eaters”, “pig people”.

Ivans are Russians (among the Germans and not only).

Kalbit - in the regions of Russia bordering Kazakhstan, it is contemptuous - Kazakh.

Kizdym is Kazakh.

Cockney is a resident of the working-class neighborhoods of London. In English, from where it is borrowed, it is not offensive.

Laowai is a colloquial Chinese term for any foreigner of European descent.

Laomaozi (maozi)- colloquial designation by the Chinese for Russians.

Muscovites are Russians, most often immigrants from Moscow.

Pakis is a derogatory nickname for people from Pakistan in the UK.

Persil is a contemptuous nickname for an Azerbaijani or Turk in Turkmenistan.

Raski is a contemptuous name for Russians (in the broad sense of all citizens from the former USSR) among Americans.

Ryussia are Russians among the Finns.

Sarty is a word used by Karakalpaks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and Turkmens to people of Uzbek nationality; most often this word is perceived as humiliating and abusive.

Tibla is an offensive nickname for Russian speakers in Estonia.

Farang is a word from the Thai language that originally referred to the French. Not offensive. In Thailand and Cambodia, farang (barang) refers to any foreigner of European descent.

Habibi is how Americans disparagingly call Arabs.

Shuravi - Originally a designation for USSR soldiers in Afghanistan. At the moment, a neutral designation for all Russians in Arab countries.

Yahudiy is a colloquial Uzbek designation for a person of the Jewish religion, used in both derogatory and neutral meanings.

POM (Pommy) is a humorous nickname for the British among residents of Australia, New Zealand and sometimes South Africa.

molomo.ru

About offensive nicknames of the British seva_bbc October 24th, 2013

I will never forget how my dear Tatar mother-in-law, Myakfuzya Akhtyamovna, now, alas, deceased, in a moment of a quarrel with her husband, hurled a terrible insult: “Urus!” she shouted to him, “the enemy!”

“Urus,” as you understand, means “Russian.” In the Ukrainian context, this insult could be “Moskal” or “Katsap”. The Russians, of course, also do not remain in debt: “Khokhol”, “Lyakh”, “Chukhna”, “Jew”, “Chuchmek” - all kinds of words our talented people have invented for their neighbors.

It is clear that nicknames or nicknames for any people can appear only in a collision with them, and since the British actively traveled, conquered and colonized, they came up with nicknames in all corners of the world. I have selected something for you, knowing that it is always pleasant to hear such terms in relation to others.

For almost a thousand years the main enemy of the Englishman was the Frenchman. The politically incorrect public still calls them FROGS - FROGS, because they eat frog legs.

The French, accordingly, call the British ROSTBIF for their love of baked beef. In Poland, the British were nicknamed FAJFOKLOK, or “five o’clock,” the time when the British used to drink tea for their excessive punctuality and minute-by-minute execution of the daily schedule. May also be called "Angol" or "Anglik". An acquaintance of mine, whose wife left me here, tired me out for a long time with conversations: “but mine went to an Englishman...”

The people of Holland are liberal, which is why the nickname is not offensive LINKSRIERS - LEFT HAND DRIVERS, since the British drive on the left side of the street. The Dutch, by the way, also drove like this, moreover, all of Europe drove on the left, but in 1795 the usurper Napoleon took over Europe and forced everyone to drive on the right.

In Argentina, after the lost war for the Falkland Islands, the British were nicknamed PIRATAS. English tourists coming to Portugal have entered the national consciousness with their constant COME ON - hence the Portuguese nickname for the English - OS CAMONES.

Relations between China and England, historically speaking, have been difficult. Two opium wars, where England acted as a drug-dealing state, the Boxer Rebellion, the seizure of Hong Kong... If in Russia children were frightened by a policeman, then in China, after all the fears, children were frightened by a “white ghost”, GWAI LO is a male ghost or GWAI POR - female ghost.

Years have passed, and now Hong Kong residents consider this nickname an honor.

Germany gave birth to the contemptuous nickname Inselaffe, which means “island monkey”.

My favorite nickname for the English was invented in the Swahili language, this word MZUNGU, literally translated - “man without smell”. Now, in the morning, when I get out of the shower, I say to myself - MZUNGU!

The plural of "mzungu" is BAZUNGU, and the contemptuous version of this expression for frail or short English people is KAZUNGU.

The palette of offensive nicknames for the British in different parts of the world is wide and varied.

As the poet said - choose according to your taste.

*****

Moskal, Katsap, crest, Jew. National nicknames.

Today, for some reason, thoughts came over me. I was going to work and thinking about such a thing as national nicknames. Moskal, crest, Katsap, Jew. Now these are offensive words. Ukrainians are offended when their country is called Ukrainians, and they themselves are called crests. I don’t care if they call me a Muscovite, or rather even a Katsap. This is a historical nickname and I will not be offended, because there is truth in this. After all, initially this had some basis. I decided to figure it out and post it on my LJ. Thanks to the Wikipedia site for its existence, I got all the information there.
While writing this post I did not want to offend anyone's feelings. Everything written is my personal opinion, if anyone is against it, write me and we’ll discuss it. I ask in advance - do not use obscenities or insults. Yes, and also, if there are any spelling errors, just correct me and I will correct them.

Let's start in order.
Moskal- in Ukrainian, Belarusian and Polish a nickname used in relation to Russians and residents of Moscow. Historically used in relation to residents of Moscow, Grand Duchy of Moscow, which is often referred to in chronicles and historical texts as Muscovy, and also in relation to the vassals of Moscow. The following synonyms are also known in historical chronicles: Muscovite, Muscovite, Muscovite. It should be noted that the original meaning of this word emphasized precisely its belonging to Moscow.
That is, it is simply a designation of a person’s geopolitical affiliation, but in no way an insult.
But over time the word Moskal began to acquire a negative connotation precisely in the territories of Poland, Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine, which were captured by the Russian Empire and included in it for a long time.
It was because of wars and the seizure of territories that it began to be considered an insult. If we compare it with our time, then a Muscovite is tantamount to a fascist. After all, initially fascism is nothing more than a political movement. I don’t argue because of ideology, which became the curse of its time. But this is not the main thing.
Ukrainian Moskal and Belarusian maskal from Polish moskal- native of Moscow (Muscovy), Russian (soldier). In written sources - from the 17th century. In the 18th-19th centuries, residents of Belarus and Ukraine called soldiers of the Russian army this way.
In the works of Taras Shevchenko the expression “ shaved in Muscovite” means “they were taken to serve in the army” (for 25 years).

Now let's move on to the word "katsap" (especially since it is closer to me geographically).
Katsap
1. Ukrainian, Polish, Slovak, Belarusian disparaging nickname for Russians.
2. Among Russians and Ukrainians - the nickname of a dialect group of Russians living near the border of Ukraine or with places of compact residence of Ukrainians. It is also often used as a colloquial designation for speakers of the southern dialect of the Russian language.
The accepted etymology goes back to the expression as DAC (DAC- Ukrainian goat, due to the fact that “to a shaven Ukrainian, a bearded Russian seemed like a goat” (M. Vasmer). However, it is unlikely that the word could have been formed in such a way as in Russian (where there is no word DAC), and in Ukrainian (where there is no word How). “God created the tsap (goat), and the devil created the katsap” (Ukrainian proverb).
Another variant of origin is from Arabic qasab — butcher, flayer, which first entered the Russian and Ukrainian languages through the Turkic languages. To the Tatars who observed halal laws, Russian dietary customs seemed like animal husbandry.
But on the other hand, in the Middle Ages, “enlightened” Europe generally considered Russians to be barbarians only because they steamed in the bathhouse 2 times a month, or once, while they themselves tried not to wash at all. There are many examples of this anti-sanitation, and I have already seen them in more than one source. So, personally, I don’t consider the word katsap an insult just because the Tatars didn’t like the fact that my ancestors slaughtered animals for meat.
In modern Ukrainian language Moskal rather means Russian, citizen of Russia, whereas katsap- This ethnic Russian. Vladimir Dal, on the contrary, recorded the use of Russian soldiers as a nickname.
In contrast to the use of the word “Moskal”, the word “Katsap” is currently quite common in southern Russian regions characterized by the cohabitation of Russians and Ukrainians (Kursk, Voronezh, Belgorod and other regions) as a concept used here both in the speech of Russians and and Ukrainians, to designate a certain “transitional” ethno-dialectical type from “Khokhol” to “Muscovite”.
A katsap is considered to be a person who speaks generally Russian but with a strongly pronounced southern dialect (for example, amplified G ekanye, deafening g not on k, but on x: not pyroK, but pyroKh, not sapok, but sapoKh, etc.) and using Ukrainian phraseological units in speech. In our city we constantly hear gekanshe, shokanshe ("sho"), and the use of the word "ikhnih" instead of "them."
In some cases, the Katsaps mean the entire Russian population of the southern regions of Russia - approximately up to the northern border of the Black Earth Zone. The opposition is accepted katsapov Muscovites, where the latter mainly means residents of Moscow, regions of the Center of the European part of Russia, north of the zone of distribution of the southern dialect.
So, according to sources, I'm more katsap, how Moskal, but I somehow don’t care about the differences, the main thing is that I am a person, a Russian person.
Well, now I’ll move on to our neighbors ^_^.

Topknot(feminine Khokhlushka, Khokhlyachka) is a Russian nickname for Ukrainians, often perceived as disparaging.
It apparently originated from the Zaporozhye Cossacks, who in the old days shaved their heads and left the forelock (Oseledets). In the 19th century in Siberia, not only crests, but also Belarusians, and Russian immigrants from the southern regions of the European part of Russia. Russian Old Believers-Lipovans (Danube Delta) called crests Orthodox Ukrainians and Russians.
So there was no offensive connotation here either.
The presence of several geographical and historical names with “crest” in the name contradicts the version about the originally offensive meaning of the word.
In Moscow on the Boulevard Ring between Pokrovsky Boulevard and Pokrovsky Gate Square there is Khokhlovskaya Square, next to Khokhlovsky Lane, on which it is located Church of the Life-Giving Trinity “in Khokhly”. It was named after the inhabitants of Ukraine who inhabited this area since the 17th century. There is also the locality of Khokhlovka in the Nizhny Novgorod municipal district, with the toponyms Khokhlovsky Stream, Novokhokhlovskaya Verkhnyaya and Nizhnyaya Khokhlovsky streets.
As I see now - “Pindosskaya Square”, or “Latinosovsky Lane”. But there is no such thing and there never will be. Now these words are initially offensive.

And lastly, IMHO , the most offensive nickname.
Jew(in Late Proto-Slavic *?idъ- borrowing from Italian giudeo, where from Latin judaeus- “Jew”) is a traditional Slavic designation for Jews and/or Jews, which also developed a number of figurative meanings in some languages. In modern Russian it has acquired an abusive, offensive meaning.
In the Old Church Slavonic language and Old Russian it served as a normative ethnonym for the Jews, including those who lived in the Khazar Kaganate and in Kievan Rus (the form of Jews was also used in the singular). The chronicles distinguished between the Jews and the Khazar Jews. Numerous toponyms in Ukraine remain from this time, such as the Jewish Gate in Kyiv. The word retained its neutral meaning at least until the 15th century, which is recorded in the corpus of the Bible of St. Gennady Novgorodsky.
In the Ukrainian language, the word Jew was a normative ethnonym for a Jew until the 18th-19th centuries. (in Western Ukraine - until the middle of the twentieth century), which acquired a negative meaning under the influence of the Russian language. There are translations of the Bible in which the book of “Hebrews” is translated as “Before the Jews.”
In the Belarusian language, the word zhyd (?yd) is to this day a normative ethnonym for a Jew, along with the words habrej and yaўrey (ja?rej).
In the USSR in the 1920-1930s. as part of the Bolshevik-initiated campaign against anti-Semitism, the use of the word Jew and its derivatives were criminalized and punishable by imprisonment.

blackchildren