Matrenin's yard in a nutshell. "Matrenin's Dvor": analysis of Solzhenitsyn's work (version 3)

Lesson objectives:

• introduce students to the history of writing a story;
• during an analytical conversation, help understand and evaluate the behavior of the main characters, understand the philosophical meaning of the story;
• develop students’ ability to express their opinions and argue for them;
• check your knowledge of the content of the work.

Epigraph for the lesson:

“There are such born angels - they seem to be weightless, they seem to glide on top of this slurry (violence, lies, myths about happiness and legality), without drowning in it at all...” (A.I. Solzhenitsyn).

The story “Matryonin’s Dvor” was written in 1959 and published in 1964. in the magazine “New World”. Solzhenitsyn, on the advice of Tvardovsky (due to censorship obstacles), changed its original title - “A village does not stand without a righteous person” - to “Matryonin’s Dvor”. The year of action in the story is 1956.

“Matryonin’s Dvor” is a largely autobiographical work. This is Solzhenitsyn’s story about the situation in which he found himself after returning “from the dusty hot desert,” i.e. from the camp. He “wanted to worm his way in and get lost in the very interior of Russia,” to find “a quiet corner of Russia away from the railways.” The former camp inmate could only get hired for hard work, but he wanted to teach.

After rehabilitation in 1957 Solzhenitsyn worked for some time as a teacher of mathematics, physics and astronomy in the Vladimir region, lived in the village of Miltsevo with the peasant woman Matryona Vasilyevna Zakharova.

The story “Matryonin’s Dvor” goes beyond ordinary memories and acquires deep meaning, and is recognized as a classic. It was called “brilliant,” “a truly brilliant work.”

Today in class we will try to understand and evaluate the actions of the characters in the story and understand its philosophical meaning.

– Look at the words of Solzhenitsyn, which I took as the epigraph for today’s lesson. How do you understand these words?

– We will return to the epigraph at the end of the lesson.

- The story has been read. Name the main characters.

- Let's try to understand these images. Highlight the main, from your point of view, event, the main situation that helps to understand the characters’ characters. Explain why you think so. (Destruction of the house.)

– Now let’s try to consider what character traits and personal qualities each of the main characters exhibits in this situation.

There is a table in front of you that needs to be filled out. You can use your own words, or you can use quotes. After this, you will need to talk about the results of the group’s work.

Matryona in this situation?

Sample student answers:

What character traits and personal qualities does he exhibit?

Matryona in this situation?

What character traits and personal qualities does he exhibit?

Thaddeus in this situation?

– What would you do in this situation if you were in the place of Matryona or Thaddeus?

– So, in the story “Matryonin’s Dvor” Solzhenitsyn contrasts these heroes - Matryona and Thaddeus. Thaddeus personifies the evil principle, and Matryona is immensely kind, hardworking, generous, trying to please everyone.

– Let’s read the final words of the story: “We all lived next to her and did not understand that she was the very righteous person without whom, according to the proverb, the village would not stand. Neither the city. Neither the whole land is ours.” These words return to the original title - “A village is not worthwhile without a righteous man” and fill the story about the peasant woman Matryona with a deep generalizing, philosophical meaning. Matryona sacrificed her life to save the soul of Thaddeus. I wanted to save his soul from mortal sin - greed, avarice. But he could not overcome this sinfulness, although the chance was given.

But she’s no longer there, so the village isn’t worth living without her? And the city? And all the land is ours?

– How do you understand the meaning of the word “righteous”?

– In the Russian language dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov this word is given the following interpretation:

Righteous: 1. For believers: a person who lives a righteous life.

2. A person who does not sin in any way against the rules of morality.

- Let's go back to the epigraph. Why do you think I took these words as the epigraph for today’s lesson?

Conclusions in the notebook:

The righteous Matryona is the writer’s moral ideal, on which, in his opinion, the life of society should be based. “Matryonin Dvor” is a symbol of the special structure of the world, where there is work, patience and kindness. At the end of the story, the courtyard of selflessness and righteousness is destroyed. This takes on a symbolic meaning. The death of the heroine is the writer’s warning about the danger of destroying moral concepts.

Today in class, analyzing the story “Matryonin’s Dvor,” you and I tried to understand and evaluate the actions of the heroes and understand its philosophical meaning.

Write an essay - a reflection on the read story by A. Solzhenitsyn “Matryonin’s Dvor”.

The author's title of the story is “A village is not worth without a righteous man,” but the editor-in-chief of Novy Mir, where the work was published in 1963 (No. 1), A. Tvardovsky insisted on the title “Matrenin’s Dvor,” which, from the point of view of expression The author’s position is incomparably weaker, since for Solzhenitsyn the main thing was the affirmation of the impossibility of the existence of a life devoid of a moral principle, the personification of which among the people was for him the main character of the story.

The story “Matryona’s Dvor”, which we will analyze, in terms of reproducing the events of reality remains completely authentic: both the life and death of Matryona Vasilyevna Zakharova are presented in the work with documentary accuracy; In real life, the action took place in the village of Miltsevo, Vladimir region. Thus, the plot of the story and the images of the characters are not fictitious; one of the characteristic features of Solzhenitsyn’s work is revealed here: the writer gravitates towards real facts, the artistic interpretation of which in his works is carried out in the direction of identifying the philosophical foundations of life, transforming everyday life into being, revealing characters in a new way heroes who explain their actions from a position not of the momentary, vain, but of the eternal.

The image of the railway in Russian literature has a long tradition, and Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matrenin’s Dvor” continues these traditions. Its beginning seems to interest the reader: why at the crossing “for a good six months after that, all the trains slowed down as if to the touch”? Then"? However, further narration removes some of the mystery from the events that almost caused the trains to stop, and it turns out that here, at this crossing, the same Matryona died a terrible death, who during her life was little appreciated by those around her, considered “funny” and “stupid” , and after her death they began to condemn her for being so “wrong.”

The image of the main character of the story “Matryona’s Dvor” is drawn by the author in a highly realistic manner, his Matryona is not embellished at all, she is depicted as the most ordinary Russian woman - but already in the way she “maintains” her hut, the unusual mental makeup of this woman is manifested: “Spacious the hut, and especially the best part near the window, was lined with stools and benches - pots and tubs with ficuses. They filled the loneliness of the hostess with a silent but living crowd," says the author, and the reader sees this world alive - for the hostess - of nature, in which she good and calm. She carefully created this world of hers, in which she found peace of mind, because her life was unusually difficult: “Misunderstood and abandoned even by her husband, who buried six children,” “There were many heaped injustices with Matryona: she was sick, but was not considered disabled; she worked on a collective farm for a quarter of a century, but because she was not at a factory - she was not entitled to a pension for herself, and she could only achieve it for her husband..." - this is what the life of this woman was like.

However, as the author emphasizes, all these life trials did not turn Matryona Vasilyevna into an embittered person, she remained a light-hearted person who knew how to enjoy life, a person who looked at the world openly and joyfully, she retained a “radiant smile”, she learned to find an opportunity to enjoy life in any situation , and, as the author writes, “I noticed: she had a sure way to regain her good mood - work.” Any injustice that spoiled her life was forgotten in the work that transformed her: “And bowing not to the office tables, but to the forest bushes, and having broken her back with the burden, Matryona returned to the hut, already enlightened, satisfied with everything, with her kind smile.” Maybe that’s why she couldn’t refuse anyone who asked (almost demanded...) her help in her work, that she felt joy from work? And neighbors and relatives took advantage of this, and it turned out that Matryona’s hands did not reach her garden - she had to help others, who almost openly despised her for this help: “And even about Matryona’s cordiality and simplicity, which her sister-in-law for admitted to her, she spoke with contemptuous regret."

The author also shows Matryona as a person in whom the genuine, not flaunted, spiritual values ​​of the Russian people are concentrated: kindness, true love for people, faith in them (despite the unfair treatment towards oneself), a certain holiness - only the holiness of everyday life, in in which it is unusually difficult for a person to maintain a moral principle within himself. It is noteworthy that the author mentions this when speaking about the place of religion in the heroine’s life: “Perhaps she prayed, but not ostentatiously, embarrassed by me or afraid of oppressing me... in the morning on holidays Matryona lit a lamp. She only had sins less than that of her wobbly cat. She was strangling mice..." The following detail noted by the author also speaks about the spiritual beauty of the heroine: "Those people always have good faces, who are in harmony with their conscience... and this reflection warmed their face Matryona."

The heroine of Solzhenitsyn's story "Matrenin's Dvor" dies under the wheels of a train because of someone else's greed, because of her desire to help others, seemingly relatives. However, these “relatives and friends” swoop down like vultures on the poor (if not to say beggarly) “inheritance”, make “accusatory cries against” each other from crying over the body of the murdered woman, trying to show that it was they who loved the deceased most of all and the most for her. they mourn, and at the same time their crying goes beyond the “ritual norms”, “coldly thought-out, primordially established order.” And at the wake, for which “tasteless pies were baked from bad flour,” they argued about who would get what of the deceased’s things, and “it was all about going to court” - the “relatives” were so unyielding. And after the funeral, Matryona’s sister-in-law remembers her for a long time, and “all her reviews about Matryona were disapproving: she was unscrupulous; and she didn’t chase after money; and she wasn’t careful; and she didn’t even keep a pig, for some reason she didn’t like to feed; and stupid, helped strangers for free..." But it is precisely this, in the eyes of the author, that Matryona is contrasted with all the other heroes of the story, who have lost their human appearance in the pursuit of "production" and other blessings of life, who valued only these most notorious blessings in life, who do not understand, that the main thing in a person is the soul, which is the only thing worth bothering about in this life. It is no coincidence that, having learned about the death of Matryona, the author says: “A loved one has been killed.” Native - because he understood life the same way as he himself, although he never spoke about it, maybe simply because he didn’t know such words...

The author admits at the end of the story that while Matryona was alive, he never managed to fully understand her. Tormented by his guilt for the fact that “on the last day I reproached her for wearing a padded jacket,” he tries to understand what was Matryona’s attractiveness as a person, and reviews of her by her relatives reveal to him the true meaning of this person in his own life and the lives of those , who, like himself, was never able to understand her during her lifetime: “We all lived next to her and did not understand that she was that very righteous man, without whom, according to the proverb, the village would not stand. Neither the city. nor the whole land is ours." This recognition characterizes the author as a person capable of admitting his mistakes, which speaks of his spiritual strength and honesty - in contrast to those who during his life used the kindness of Matryona’s soul, and after death despised her for this same kindness...

On the way to publication, Solzhenitsyn's story "Matrenin's Dvor" underwent changes not only in the title. The date of the events described was changed - at the request of the magazine's editors, the year 1953 was indicated, that is, the Stalin era. And the appearance of the story caused a wave of criticism, the author was reproached that he one-sidedly shows the life of a collective farm village, does not take into account the experience of the advanced collective farm neighboring the village where Matryona lives, although it is about its chairman that the writer says at the very beginning: “It was its chairman, Gorshkov, who brought under the root of quite a few hectares of forest and profitably sold it to the Odessa region, thereby raising his collective farm, and receiving himself a Hero of Socialist Labor "... Probably, the pathos of Solzhenitsyn's work, which showed that the "righteous man" left this land, did not suit those who determined the “meaning” of the story, but its author has nothing to do with it: he would be happy to show a different life, but what to do if it is as it is? The writer’s deep concern for the fate of the people, whose “righteous people” live ununderstood and die such a terrible death, is the essence of his moral position, and Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor,” which we analyzed, is one of his most significant works, in which this anxiety is felt especially acutely.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Matrenin Dvor. Read by the author

1

In the summer of 1956, I returned from the dusty hot desert at random - simply to Russia. No one was waiting for me or calling for her at any point, because I was ten years late in returning. I just wanted to go to the middle zone - without the heat, with the deciduous roar of the forest. I wanted to worm my way around and get lost in the most visceral Russia - if there was such a thing somewhere, it lived.

A year before, on this side of the Ural ridge, I could only get hired to carry a stretcher. They wouldn’t even hire me as an electrician for decent construction. But I was drawn to teaching. Knowledgeable people told me that there’s no point in spending money on a ticket, I’m wasting my time.

Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn

But something was already beginning to change. When I climbed the stairs of the …sky oblono and asked where the personnel department was, I was surprised to see that the personnel were no longer sitting here behind a black leather door, but behind a glass partition, like in a pharmacy. Still, I timidly approached the window, bowed and asked:

– Tell me, do you need mathematicians somewhere away from the railway? I want to live there forever.

They looked through every letter in my documents, went from room to room and called somewhere. It was also a rarity for them - everyone asks to go to the city all day, and for bigger things. And suddenly they gave me a place - Vysokoye Pole. Just the name made my soul happy.

The title didn't lie. On a hillock between spoons, and then other hillocks, entirely surrounded by forest, with a pond and a dam, the High Field was the very place where it would not be a shame to live and die. There I sat for a long time in a grove on a stump and thought that from the bottom of my heart I would like not to have to have breakfast and lunch every day, just to stay here and listen at night to the branches rustling on the roof - when you can’t hear the radio from anywhere and everything in the world is silent.

Alas, they did not bake bread there. They didn't sell anything edible there. The entire village was hauling food in bags from the regional town.

I returned to the HR department and pleaded in front of the window. At first they didn’t want to talk to me. Then they went from room to room, rang the bell, creaked, and typed in my order: “Peat product.”

Peat product? Ah, Turgenev didn’t know it was possible to write something like this in Russian!

At the Torfoprodukt station, an aged temporary gray-wooden barracks, there was a stern sign: “Only board the train from the station side!” A nail was scratched on the boards: “And without tickets.” And at the box office, with the same melancholy wit, it was forever cut with a knife: “No tickets.” I appreciated the exact meaning of these additions later. It was easy to come to Torfoprodukt. But don't leave.

And in this place, dense, impenetrable forests stood before and have survived the revolution. Then they were cut down by peat miners and a neighboring collective farm. Its chairman, Gorshkov, destroyed quite a few hectares of forest and profitably sold it to the Odessa region, thereby raising his collective farm.

The village is scattered randomly between the peat lowlands - monotonous poorly plastered barracks from the thirties and houses from the fifties, with carvings on the facade and glassed-in verandas. But inside these houses it was impossible to see the partition that reached the ceiling, so I couldn’t rent rooms with four real walls.

A factory chimney smoked above the village. A narrow-gauge railway was laid here and there through the village, and locomotives, also smoking thickly and whistling piercingly, pulled trains of brown peat, peat slabs and briquettes along it. Without a mistake, I could assume that in the evening there would be a radio tape playing over the doors of the club, and drunks wandering along the street - not without that, and stabbing each other with knives.

This is where my dream of a quiet corner of Russia took me. But where I came from, I could live in an adobe hut looking out into the desert. There was such a fresh wind blowing there at night and only the starry vault swung open overhead.

I couldn’t sleep on the station bench, and just before dawn I wandered around the village again. Now I saw a tiny market. In the morning, the only woman stood there selling milk. I took the bottle and started drinking right away.

I was amazed by her speech. She did not speak, but hummed touchingly, and her words were the same ones that longing pulled me from Asia:

- Drink, drink with an eager soul. Are you a newcomer?

- Where are you from? – I brightened up.

And I learned that not everything is about peat mining, that there is a hillock behind the railroad bed, and behind the hillock there is a village, and this village is Talnovo, from time immemorial it has been here, even when there was a “gypsy” lady and there was a dashing forest all around. And then there is a whole region of villages: Chaslitsy, Ovintsy, Spudny, Shevertny, Shestimirovo - all quieter, further from the railway, towards the lakes.

A wind of calm blew over me from these names. They promised me a crazy Russia.

And I asked my new friend to take me after the market to Talnovo and find a hut where I could become a lodger.

I seemed to be a profitable tenant: in addition to the rent, the school promised me a car of peat for the winter. Concern, no longer touching, passed over the woman’s face. She herself did not have a place (she and her husband were raising her elderly mother), so she took me to some of her relatives and to others. But even here there was no separate room; it was cramped and cramped.

So we reached a drying dammed river with a bridge. This place was the closest I liked in the whole village; two or three willows, a lopsided hut, and ducks swam on the pond, and geese came ashore, shaking themselves.

“Well, maybe we’ll go to Matryona,” said my guide, already getting tired of me. - Only her latrine is not so good, she lives in squalor and is sick.

Matryona's house stood right there, nearby, with four windows in a row on the cold, non-red side, covered with wood chips, on two slopes and with an attic window decorated as a tower. The house is not low - eighteen crowns. However, the wood chips rotted, the logs of the log house and the gates, once mighty, turned gray from age, and their cover thinned out.

The gate was locked, but my guide did not knock, but stuck her hand under the bottom and unscrewed the wrapper - a simple trick against cattle and strangers. The courtyard was not covered, but much in the house was under one connection. Beyond the front door, internal steps ascended to spacious bridges, high overshadowed by a roof. To the left, more steps led up into the upper room - a separate log house without a stove, and steps down into the basement. And to the right was the hut itself, with an attic and underground.

It had been built long ago and soundly, for a large family, but now lived a lonely woman of about sixty.

When I entered the hut, she was lying on the Russian stove, right there at the entrance, covered with vague dark rags, so priceless in the life of a working man.

The spacious hut, and especially the best part near the window, was lined with stools and benches - pots and tubs with ficus trees. They filled the hostess's loneliness with a silent but lively crowd. They grew freely, taking away the poor light of the northern side. In the remaining light and behind the chimney, the roundish face of the hostess seemed yellow and sick to me. And from her clouded eyes one could see that the illness had exhausted her.

While talking to me, she lay face down on the stove, without a pillow, with her head towards the door, and I stood below. She did not show any joy in getting a lodger, she complained about a black illness, the attack of which she was now recovering from: the illness did not strike her every month, but when it did,

- ...keeps two days and three And-days, so I won’t have time to get up or serve you. But I wouldn’t mind the hut, live.

And she listed other housewives for me, those who would be more comfortable and pleasing to me, and told me to go around them. But I already saw that my lot was to live in this darkish hut with a dim mirror that was absolutely impossible to look into, with two bright ruble posters about the book trade and the harvest, hung on the wall for beauty. It was good for me here because, due to poverty, Matryona did not have a radio, and due to her loneliness, she had no one to talk to.

And although Matryona Vasilyevna forced me to walk around the village again, and although on my second visit she refused for a long time:

- If you don’t know how, if you don’t cook, how will you lose it? - but she already met me on my feet, and it was as if pleasure awoke in her eyes because I had returned.

We agreed on the price and the peat that the school would bring.

I only found out later that year after year, for many years, Matryona Vasilyevna did not earn a ruble from anywhere. Because she was not paid a pension. Her family didn't help her much. And on the collective farm she did not work for money - for sticks. For sticks of workdays in the accountant’s greasy book.

So I settled with Matryona Vasilievna. We didn't share rooms. Her bed was in the corner of the door by the stove, and I unfolded my cot by the window and, pushing Matryona’s favorite ficus trees away from the light, I placed another table by another window. There was electricity in the village - it was brought in from Shatura back in the twenties. The newspapers then wrote “Ilyich’s light bulbs,” and the men, their eyes wide, said: “Tsar Fire!”

Maybe to some from the village, who are richer, Matryona’s hut did not seem like a good-looking hut, but for us that autumn and winter it was quite good: it had not yet leaked from the rains and the cold winds did not blow the stove’s heat out of it right away, only in the morning, especially when the wind was blowing from the leaky side.

Besides Matryona and me, the other people living in the hut were a cat, mice and cockroaches.

The cat was not young, and most importantly, she was lanky. She was picked up by Matryona out of pity and took root. Although she walked on four legs, she had a strong limp: she was saving one leg because it was a bad leg. When the cat jumped from the stove to the floor, the sound of her touching the floor was not cat-soft, like everyone else’s, but a strong simultaneous blow of three legs: stupid! - such a strong blow that it took me a while to get used to it, I shuddered. It was she who put up three legs at once to protect the fourth.

But it wasn’t because there were mice in the hut that the lanky cat couldn’t cope with them: she jumped into the corner after them like lightning and carried them out in her teeth. And the mice were inaccessible to the cat due to the fact that someone once, in a good life, covered Matryona’s hut with corrugated greenish wallpaper, and not just in a layer, but in five layers. The wallpaper stuck to each other well, but in many places it came off the wall - and it looked like the inner skin of a hut. Between the logs of the hut and the wallpaper skins, the mice made passages for themselves and rustled impudently, running along them even under the ceiling. The cat angrily looked after their rustling sound, but could not reach it.

Sometimes the cat ate cockroaches, but they made her feel unwell. The only thing that the cockroaches respected was the line of the partition that separated the mouth of the Russian stove and the kitchenette from the clean hut. They did not crawl into a clean hut. But the kitchenette was swarming at night, and if late in the evening, having gone in to drink water, I lit a light bulb there, the entire floor, the large bench, and even the wall were almost completely brown and moving. I brought borax from the chemistry laboratory, and, mixing it with the dough, we poisoned them. There were fewer cockroaches, but Matryona was afraid to poison the cat along with them. We stopped adding poison, and the cockroaches multiplied again.

At night, when Matryona was already asleep, and I was working at the table, the rare, rapid rustling of mice under the wallpaper was covered by the continuous, unified, continuous, like the distant sound of the ocean, rustling of cockroaches behind the partition. But I got used to him, because there was nothing evil in him, there was no lie in him. Their rustling was their life.

And I got used to the rude poster beauty, who from the wall constantly handed me Belinsky, Panferov and a stack of other books, but was silent. I got used to everything that happened in Matryona’s hut.

Matryona got up at four or five in the morning. The Matrenin walkers were twenty-seven years old when they were bought at the general store. They always walked forward, and Matryona did not worry - as long as they did not lag behind, so as not to be late in the morning. She turned on the light bulb behind the kitchen partition and quietly, politely, trying not to make noise, heated the Russian stove, went to milk the goat (all of its bellies were - this one dirty-white crooked horned goat), walked through the water and cooked in three cast iron pots: one cast iron pot for me , one for yourself, one for the goat. She chose the smallest potatoes from the underground for the goat, small ones for herself, and for me - the size of a chicken egg. Her sandy garden, which had not been fertilized since the pre-war years and was always planted with potatoes, potatoes, and potatoes, did not produce large potatoes.

I hardly heard her morning chores. I slept for a long time, woke up in the late winter light and stretched, poking my head out from under the blanket and sheepskin coat. They, plus a camp padded jacket on my feet, and a bag stuffed with straw underneath, kept me warm even on those nights when the cold pushed from the north into our frail windows. Hearing a restrained noise behind the partition, I each time said measuredly:

- Good morning, Matryona Vasilievna!

And the same kind words were always heard from behind the partition. They began with some kind of low, warm purring, like grandmothers in fairy tales:

- Mmm-mm... you too!

And a little later:

- And breakfast is in time for you.

She didn’t announce what for breakfast, but it was easy to guess: unhusked cardboard soup, or cardboard soup (that’s how everyone in the village pronounced it), or barley porridge (you couldn’t buy any other cereal that year at Torfoprodukt, and even barley with battle - as the cheapest one, they fattened pigs and took them in bags). It was not always salted as it should, it often burned, and after eating it left a residue on the palate, gums and caused heartburn.

But it wasn’t Matryona’s fault: there was no oil in the Peat Product, margarine was in great demand, and only combined fat was available. And the Russian stove, as I took a closer look, is inconvenient for cooking: cooking occurs hidden from the cook, the heat approaches the cast iron unevenly from different sides. But it must have come to our ancestors from the Stone Age because, once heated before dawn, it keeps warm food and drink for livestock, food and water for humans all day long. And sleep warm.

I obediently ate everything that was cooked for me, patiently putting it aside if I came across anything unusual: a hair, a piece of peat, a cockroach leg. I didn’t have the courage to reproach Matryona. In the end, she herself warned me: “If you don’t know how to cook, if you don’t cook, how will you lose it?”

“Thank you,” I said quite sincerely.

- On what? On your own on good? – she disarmed me with a radiant smile. And, looking innocently with faded blue eyes, she asked: “Well, what can I cook for you for the worst?”

By the end it meant by the evening. I ate twice a day, just like at the front. What could I order for the terrible one? All of the same, cardboard or cardboard soup.

I put up with this because life taught me to find the meaning of everyday existence not in food. What was dearer to me was that smile on her round face, which, having finally earned enough money for a camera, I tried in vain to catch. Seeing the cold eye of the lens on herself, Matryona assumed an expression either tense or extremely stern.

Once I captured how she smiled at something, looking out the window onto the street.

That autumn Matryona had many grievances. A new pension law had just come out, and her neighbors encouraged her to seek a pension. She was lonely all around, but since she began to get very sick, she was released from the collective farm. There were a lot of injustices with Matryona: she was sick, but was not considered disabled; She worked on a collective farm for a quarter of a century, but because she wasn’t at a factory, she was not entitled to a pension for herself, and could only get it for her husband, that is, for the loss of a breadwinner. But my husband had been gone for twelve years, since the beginning of the war, and now it was not easy to get those certificates from different places about him. senior and how much he received there. It was a hassle to get these certificates; and so that they write that he received at least three hundred rubles a month; and certify that she lives alone and no one helps her; and what year is she? and then carry it all to social security; and reschedule, correcting what was done wrong; and still wear it. And find out whether they will give you a pension.

These efforts were made more difficult by the fact that the social security service from Talnov was twenty kilometers to the east, the village council was ten kilometers to the west, and the village council was an hour’s walk to the north. From office to office they chased her for two months - now for a period, now for a comma. Each pass is a day. He goes to the village council, but the secretary is not there today, just like that, as happens in villages. Tomorrow, then, go again. Now there is a secretary, but he does not have a seal. The third day, go again. And go on the fourth day because they signed blindly on the wrong piece of paper; Matryona’s pieces of paper are all pinned together in one bundle.

“They oppress me, Ignatich,” she complained to me after such fruitless walks. - I was concerned.

But her forehead did not remain darkened for long. I noticed: she had a sure way to regain her good mood - work. Immediately she either grabbed a shovel and dug up the cart. Or she would go for peat with a bag under her arm. And even with a wicker body - up to the berries in the distant forest. And bowing not to the office desks, but to the forest bushes, and having broken her back with burdens, Matryona returned to the hut, already enlightened, satisfied with everything, with her kind smile.

“Now I’ve got the tooth, Ignatich, I know where to get it,” she said about the peat. - What a place, love it!

- Yes, Matryona Vasilyevna, isn’t my peat enough? The car is intact.

- Eww! your peat! so much more, and so much more - then, sometimes, it’s enough. Here, as winter swirls and blows at the windows, it doesn’t so much drown you as blows it out. In the summer we trained a lot of peat! Wouldn’t I have trained three cars now? So they get caught. Already one of our women is being dragged to court.

Yes, it was like that. The frightening breath of winter was already swirling - and hearts were aching. We stood around the forest, but there was nowhere to get a firebox. Excavators roared all around in the swamps, but the peat was not sold to residents, but only transported - to the bosses, and whoever was with the bosses, and by car - to teachers, doctors, and factory workers. There was no fuel provided - and there was no need to ask about it. The chairman of the collective farm walked around the village, looked into his eyes demandingly or dimly or innocently and talked about anything except fuel. Because he himself stocked up. And winter was not expected.

Well, they used to steal timber from the master, now they stole peat from the trust. The women gathered in groups of five or ten to be bolder. We went during the day. Over the summer, peat was dug up everywhere and piled up to dry. This is what’s good about peat, because once it’s mined, it can’t be taken away right away. It dries until the fall, or even before the snow, if the road doesn’t work or the trust gets tired. It was during this time that the women took him. At a time they carried away six peats in a bag if they were damp, ten peats if they were dry. One bag of this kind, sometimes brought three kilometers away (and it weighed two pounds), was enough for one fire. And there are two hundred days in winter. And you need to heat it: Russian in the morning, Dutch in the evening.

- Why talk about the floor! – Matryona was angry at someone invisible. “Just as there are no horses, so what you can’t carry on yourself is not in the house.” My back never heals. In winter you carry the sled, in summer you carry the bundles, by God it’s true!

Women walked a day - more than once. On good days, Matryona brought six bags. She piled my peat openly, hid hers under the bridges, and every evening she blocked the hole with a board.

“Will they really guess, the enemies,” she smiled, wiping sweat from her forehead, “otherwise they won’t find it.”

What was the trust to do? He was not given the staff to place guards in all the swamps. It was probably necessary, having shown the abundant production in the reports, then to write it off - to crumbs, to the rains. Sometimes, in impulses, they assembled a patrol and caught women at the entrance to the village. The women threw their bags and ran away. Sometimes, based on a denunciation, they went from house to house with a search, drew up a report on illegal peat and threatened to take it to court. The women gave up carrying for a while, but winter was approaching and drove them out again - with sleds at night.

In general, looking closely at Matryona, I noticed that, in addition to cooking and housekeeping, every day she had some other significant task, she kept the logical order of these tasks in her head and, waking up in the morning, she always knew what her day was about today. will be busy. Besides peat, besides collecting old stumps turned up by a tractor in a swamp, besides lingonberries soaked in quarters for the winter (“Sharpen your teeth, Ignatich,” she treated me), besides digging potatoes, besides running around on pension business, she had to have somewhere else- then to get hay for his only dirty white goat.

- Why don’t you keep cows, Matryona Vasilievna?

“Eh, Ignatich,” explained Matryona, standing in an unclean apron in the kitchen doorway and turning to my table. “I can get enough milk from a goat.” If you get a cow, it will take me by itself Yu eat it with your feet. Don’t mow near the canvas - they have their own owners, and there is no mowing in the forest - the forestry is the owner, and on the collective farm they don’t tell me - I’m not a collective farmer, they say, now. Yes, they and the collective farmers, down to the whitest flies, all go to the collective farm, and from under the snow - what kind of grass?... They used to boil with hay during low water, from Petrov to Ilyin. The herb was considered to be honey...

So, one full-grown goat had to collect hay for Matryona - a great job. In the morning she took a bag and a sickle and went to the places that she remembered, where the grass grew along the edges, along the road, along the islands in the swamp. Having filled the bag with fresh heavy grass, she dragged it home and laid it out in a layer in her yard. A bag of grass made dried hay - a fork.

The new chairman, recently sent from the city, first of all cut off the vegetable gardens of all the disabled people. He left fifteen acres of sand to Matryona, and ten acres remained empty behind the fence. However, for fifteen hundred square meters the collective farm sipped Matryona. When there weren’t enough hands, when the women refused very stubbornly, the chairman’s wife came to Matryona. She was also a city woman, decisive, with a short gray short coat and a menacing look, as if she were a military woman.

She entered the hut and, without saying hello, looked sternly at Matryona. Matryona was in the way.

“So-so,” the chairman’s wife said separately. - Comrade Grigoriev? We will have to help the collective farm! We'll have to go take out the manure tomorrow!

Matryona's face formed an apologetic half-smile - as if she was ashamed of the chairman's wife, that she could not pay her for her work.

“Well,” she drawled. - I'm sick, of course. And now I’m not attached to your case. - And then hastily corrected herself: - What time should I arrive?

- And take your pitchforks! – the chairwoman instructed and left, rustling her hard skirt.

- What! - Matryona blamed after. - And take your pitchforks! There are no shovels or pitchforks on the collective farm. And I live without a man, who will force me?...

And then I thought all evening:

- What can I say, Ignatich! This work is neither to the post nor to the railing. You stand, leaning on a shovel, and wait for the factory whistle to ring at twelve. Moreover, women will start to settle scores, who got out and who didn’t get out. When we used to work on our own, there was no sound at all, just oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oink-ki, now lunch has arrived, now evening has come.

Still, in the morning she left with her pitchfork.

But not only the collective farm, but any distant relative or just a neighbor also came to Matryona in the evening and said:

- Tomorrow, Matryona, you will come to help me. We'll dig up the potatoes.

And Matryona could not refuse. She left her line of work, went to help her neighbor and, returning, still said without a shadow of envy:

- Oh, Ignatich, and she has big potatoes! I dug in a hurry, I didn’t want to leave the site, by God I really did!

Moreover, not a single plowing of the garden was done without Matryona. The Talnovsky women clearly established that digging up your own garden with a shovel is harder and longer than taking a plow and harnessing six of them to plow six gardens on your own. That's why they called Matryona to help.

- Well, did you pay her? – I had to ask later.

– She doesn’t take money. You can’t help but hide it for her.

Matryona had an even greater fuss when it was her turn to feed the goat shepherds: one - a hefty, mute one, and the second - a boy with a constant slobbering cigarette in his teeth. This line lasted a month and a half of roses, but it drove Matryona into great expense. She went to the general store, bought canned fish, and bought sugar and butter, which she did not eat herself. It turns out that the housewives gave their best to each other, trying to feed the shepherds better.

“Be afraid of the tailor and the shepherd,” she explained to me. “The whole village will praise you if something goes wrong with them.”

And into this life, thick with worries, a severe illness still broke in from time to time, Matryona collapsed and lay flat for a day or two. She didn't complain, didn't moan, but didn't move much either. On such days, Masha, Matryona’s close friend from her youngest years, came to care for the goat and light the stove. Matryona herself did not drink, did not eat, and did not ask for anything. Calling a doctor from the village medical center to your home was surprising in Talnov, somehow indecent in front of the neighbors - they say, lady. They called me once, she arrived very angry, and told Matryona, after she had rested, to come to the first aid station herself. Matryona walked against her will, they took tests, sent her to the district hospital - and it all died out. It was also Matryona’s fault.

Things called to life. Soon Matryona began to get up, at first she moved slowly, and then again quickly.

“It’s you who haven’t seen me before, Ignatich,” she justified herself. - All my bags were five pounds each And I didn’t consider it a joke. The father-in-law shouted: “Matryona! You'll break your back! Come to me d And Vir did not come up to hook my end of the log onto the front. Our military horse, Volchok, was healthy...

- Why military?

- And they took ours to the war, this wounded one - in return. And he came across some kind of poetry. Once, out of fear, he carried the sleigh into the lake, the men jumped back, but I, however, grabbed the bridle and stopped it. The horse was oatmeal. Our men loved to feed the horses. Which horses are oatmeal, those and t And or they don't recognize it.

But Matryona was by no means fearless. She was afraid of fire, she was afraid of lightning And, and most of all for some reason – trains.

- How can I go to Cherusti? The train will get out of Nechaevka, its big eyes will pop out, the rails will hum - it will make me feel hot, my knees will shake. By God it's true! – Matryona was surprised and shrugged her shoulders.

- So, maybe because they don’t give tickets, Matryona Vasilievna?

Yet by that winter, Matryona’s life had improved as never before. They finally began to pay her eighty rubles in pension. She received more than a hundred more from the school and from me.

- Eww! Now Matryona doesn’t even need to die! – some of the neighbors were already beginning to envy. “She, the old one, has nowhere to put any more money.”

- What is a pension? - others objected. – The state is momentary. Today, you see, it gave, but tomorrow it will take away.

Matryona ordered new felt boots to be rolled up for herself. I bought a new padded jacket. And she put on a coat from a worn railway overcoat, which was given to her by a driver from Cherustei, the husband of her former pupil Kira. The village hunchback tailor put cotton wool under the cloth, and the result was such a nice coat, the likes of which Matryona had not sewn in six decades.

And in the middle of winter, Matryona sewed two hundred rubles into the lining of this coat for her funeral. Cheerful:

“Manenko and I saw peace, Ignatich.”

December passed, January passed, and her illness did not visit her for two months. More often, Matryona began to go to Masha’s in the evenings to sit and crack some sunflower seeds. She did not invite guests over in the evenings, respecting my activities. Only at baptism, returning from school, I found dancing in the hut and was introduced to Matryona’s three sisters, who called Matryona as the eldest - lyolka or nanny. Until that day, little had been heard about the sisters in our hut - were they afraid that Matryona would ask them for help?

Only one event or omen darkened this holiday for Matryona: she went five miles to the church for the blessing of water, put her pot between the others, and when the blessing of water ended and the women rushed, jostling, to take it apart, Matryona did not make it among the first, and at the end - she was not there her bowler hat. And no other utensils were left in place of the pot. The pot disappeared, like an unclean spirit carried it away.

- Babonki! - Matryona walked among the worshipers. – Did someone take someone else’s blessed water due to a mistake? in a pot?

Nobody confessed. It happens that the boys called out, and there were boys there. Matryona returned sad. She always had holy water, but this year she didn’t have any.

It cannot be said, however, that Matryona believed somehow earnestly. Even if she was a pagan, superstitions took over in her: that you couldn’t go into the garden on Ivan Lenten’s day - there would be no harvest the next year; that if a snowstorm is blowing, it means that someone has hanged himself somewhere, and if you get your leg caught in a door, you should be a guest. As long as I lived with her, I never saw her pray, nor did she even cross herself once. And she started every business “with God!” and every time I say “God bless!” said when I was walking to school. Maybe she prayed, but not ostentatiously, embarrassed by me or afraid of oppressing me. There was a holy corner in a clean hut, and an icon of St. Nicholas the Pleasant in the kitchenette. The oblivions stood dark, and during the all-night vigil and in the morning on holidays, Matryona lit a lamp.

Only she had fewer sins than her wobbly cat. She was strangling mice...

Having escaped a little from her life, Matryona began to listen more attentively to my radio (I did not fail to set up a reconnaissance device for myself - that’s what Matryona called the outlet. My radio was no longer a scourge for me, because I could turn it off with my own hand at any moment; but, Indeed, he came out of a remote hut for me - reconnaissance). That year, it was customary to receive, see off, and drive around many cities, holding rallies, two or three foreign delegations a week. And every day the news was full of important messages about banquets, dinners and breakfasts.

Matryona frowned and sighed disapprovingly:

- They drive and drive, they run into something.

Hearing that new machines had been invented, Matryona grumbled from the kitchen:

- Everything is new, new, they don’t want to work on the old ones, where are we going to put the old ones?

Back in that year, artificial Earth satellites were promised. Matryona shook her head from the stove:

- Oh, oh, oh, they’ll change something, winter or summer.

Chaliapin performed Russian songs. Matryona stood and stood, listened and said decisively:

- They sing wonderfully, not like us.

- What are you saying, Matryona Vasilyevna, listen!

I listened again. She pursed her lips:

But Matryona rewarded me. They once broadcast a concert from Glinka’s romances. And suddenly, after a heel of chamber romances, Matryona, holding her apron, came out from behind the partition, warmed up, with a veil of tears in her dim eyes:

“But this is our way...” she whispered.

2

So Matryona got used to me, and I got used to her, and we lived easily. She did not interfere with my long evening studies, did not annoy me with any questions. She was so lacking in womanly curiosity, or was she so delicate, that she never asked me once: was I ever married? All the Talnov women pestered her to find out about me. She answered them:

– If you need it, you ask. I know one thing - he is distant.

And when, not long after, I myself told her that I had spent a lot of time in prison, she just silently nodded her head, as if she had suspected it before.

And I also saw today’s Matryona, a lost old woman, and I also didn’t bother about her past, and I didn’t even suspect that there was anything to look for there.

I knew that Matryona got married even before the revolution, and straight into this hut, where we now lived with her, and straight to the stove (that is, neither her mother-in-law nor her older unmarried sister-in-law was alive, and from the first morning after her marriage, Matryona took up for grip). I knew that she had six children and one after another they all died very early, so that two did not live at once. Then there was some student Kira. But Matryona’s husband did not return from this war. There was no funeral either. Fellow villagers who were with him in the company said that he was either captured or died, but his body was never found. In the eleven post-war years, Matryona herself decided that he was not alive. And it’s good that I thought so. Even if he were alive now, he would be married somewhere in Brazil or Australia. Both the village of Talnovo and the Russian language are erased from his memory...

Once, coming home from school, I found a guest in our hut. A tall black old man, with his hat on his knees, was sitting on a chair that Matryona had placed for him in the middle of the room, next to the Dutch oven. His entire face was covered with thick black hair, almost untouched by gray hair: a thick, black mustache merged with his thick black beard, so that his mouth was barely visible; and continuous black whiskers, barely showing the ears, rose to the black hair hanging from the crown of the head; and wide black eyebrows were thrown towards each other like bridges. And only the forehead disappeared like a bald dome into the bald, spacious crown. The old man's entire appearance seemed to me to be full of knowledge and dignity. He sat upright, with his hands folded on his staff, the staff resting vertically on the floor - he sat in a position of patient waiting and, apparently, spoke little to Matryona, who was fiddling around behind the partition.

When I arrived, he smoothly turned his majestic head towards me and suddenly called me:

- Father!... I see you badly. My son is studying with you. Grigoriev Antoshka...

He might not have spoken further... With all my impulse to help this venerable old man, I knew in advance and rejected everything useless that the old man would say now. Grigoriev Antoshka was a round, ruddy boy from the 8th "G", who looked like a cat after pancakes. He came to school as if to relax, sat at his desk and smiled lazily. Moreover, he never prepared lessons at home. But, most importantly, fighting for that high percentage of academic performance for which the schools of our district, our region and neighboring regions were famous, he was transferred from year to year, and he clearly learned that no matter how the teachers threatened, they would still transfer at the end of the year , and you don’t need to study for this. He just laughed at us. He was in the 8th grade, but did not know fractions and did not distinguish what kind of triangles there are. In the first quarters he was in the tenacious grip of my twos - and the same awaited him in the third quarter.

But to this half-blind old man, fit to be Antoshka’s grandfather, not his father, and who came to me to bow to me in humiliation, how could I say now that year after year the school deceived him, but I can’t deceive him any longer, otherwise I’ll ruin the whole class and turn into into a balabolka, and I will have to give a damn about all my work and my title?

And now I patiently explained to him that my son is very neglected, and he lies at school and at home, we need to check his diary more often and take a hard approach from both sides.

“It’s much cooler, father,” the guest assured me. “I’ve been beating him for a week now.” And my hand is heavy.

In the conversation, I remembered that once Matryona herself for some reason interceded for Antoshka Grigoriev, but I did not ask what kind of relative he was to her, and then also refused. Matryona even now became a wordless petitioner at the door of the kitchenette. And when Thaddeus Mironovich left me with the idea that he would come and find out, I asked:

- I don’t understand, Matryona Vasilyevna, how is this Antoshka to you?

“My son is Divira,” Matryona answered dryly and went off to milk the goat.

Disappointed, I realized that this persistent black old man was the brother of her husband, who had gone missing.

And the long evening passed - Matryona no longer touched on this conversation. Only late in the evening, when I forgot to think about the old man and was working in the silence of the hut to the rustle of cockroaches and the clicking of walkers, Matryona suddenly said from her dark corner:

– I, Ignatich, once almost married him.

I forgot about Matryona herself, that she was here, I didn’t hear her, but she said it so excitedly from the darkness, as if that old man was still harassing her.

Apparently, all evening Matryona was thinking only about that.

She got up from the wretched rag bed and slowly came out to me, as if following her words. I leaned back and for the first time saw Matryona in a completely new way.

There was no overhead light in our large room, which was filled with ficus trees like a forest. From the table lamp the light fell all around only on my notebooks, and throughout the entire room, to eyes that looked up from the light, it seemed twilight with a pink tint. And Matryona emerged from it. And it seemed to me that her cheeks were not yellow, as always, but also with a hint of pink.

- He was the first to woo me... before Efim... He was the eldest brother... I was nineteen, Thaddeus was twenty-three... They lived in this very house then. It was their house. Built by their father.

I involuntarily looked back. This old gray rotting house suddenly, through the faded green skin of the wallpaper, under which mice were running, appeared to me with young, not yet darkened, planed logs and a cheerful resinous smell.

– And you…? And what?…

“That summer... we went with him to sit in the grove,” she whispered. “There was a grove here, where the horse yard is now, they cut it down... I couldn’t get out, Ignatich.” The German war has begun. They took Thaddeus to war.

She dropped it - and the blue, white and yellow July of 1914 flashed before me: a still peaceful sky, floating clouds and people boiling with ripe stubble. I imagined them side by side: a resin hero with a scythe across his back; her, rosy, hugging the sheaf. And - a song, a song under the sky, which the village has long since stopped singing, and you can’t sing with the machinery.

“He went to war and disappeared... For three years I hid, waited. And no news, and not a bone...

Tied with an old faded handkerchief, Matryona’s round face looked at me in the indirect soft reflections of the lamp - as if freed from wrinkles, from an everyday careless outfit - frightened, girlish, faced with a terrible choice.

Yes. Yes... I understand... The leaves flew around, the snow fell - and then melted. They plowed again, sowed again, reaped again. And again the leaves flew away, and again the snow fell. And one revolution. And another revolution. And the whole world turned upside down.

“Their mother died, and Efim asked me in marriage.” Like, you wanted to go to our hut, so go to ours. Efim was a year younger than me. They say here: the smart one comes out after the Intercession, and the fool comes out after Petrov. They didn't have enough hands. I went... They got married on Peter's Day, and Thaddeus returned to Mikola in winter... from Hungarian captivity.

Matryona closed her eyes.

I was silent.

She turned to the door as if it were alive:

- I stood on the threshold. I'll scream! I would throw myself at his knees!... You can’t... Well, he says, if it weren’t for my dear brother, I would have chopped you both up!

I shuddered. Because of her anguish or fear, I vividly imagined him standing there, black, in the dark doorway and swinging an ax at Matryona.

But she calmed down, leaned on the back of the chair in front of her and said in a melodious voice:

- Oh, oh, oh, poor little head! There were so many brides in the village, but he never married. He said: I will look for your name, the second Matryona. And he brought Matryona from Lipovka, they built a separate hut, where they live now, you walk past them to school every day.

Ah, that's it! Now I realized that I saw that second Matryona more than once. I didn’t love her: she always came to my Matryona to complain that her husband was beating her, and her stingy husband was pulling the veins out of her, and she cried here for a long time, and her voice was always in tears.

But it turned out that my Matryona had nothing to regret - that’s how Thaddeus beat his Matryona all her life and to this day, and so he squeezed the whole house.

“He never beat me,” she said about Efim. – He ran down the street at the men with his fists, but didn’t give a damn about me... That is, there was one time – I had a fight with my sister-in-law, he smashed a spoon on my forehead. I jumped up from the table: “You should choke, drones!” And she went into the forest. Didn't touch it anymore.

It seems that Thaddeus had nothing to regret: the second Matryona also gave birth to six children for him (among them my Antoshka, the youngest, scraped) - and they all survived, but Matryona and Yefim had no children: they didn’t live to see three months and sick with nothing, everyone died.

“One daughter, Elena, was just born, they washed her alive, and then she died. So I didn’t have to wash the dead one... Just as my wedding was on Peter’s Day, so I buried my sixth child, Alexander, on Peter’s Day.

And the whole village decided that there was damage in Matryona.

- The portion is in me! – Matryona nodded with conviction now. - They took me to a former nun for treatment, she made me cough - she was waiting for the portion to throw out of me like a frog. Well, I didn’t throw it away...

And the years passed, as the water floated... In '41, Thaddeus was not taken to the war because of blindness, but Efim was taken. And just like the older brother in the first war, the younger brother disappeared without a trace in the second. But this one didn't come back at all. The once noisy, but now deserted hut was rotting and aging - and the deserted Matryona was aging in it.

And she asked that second downtrodden Matryona—the womb of her snatch (or Thaddeus’ little blood?)—for their youngest girl, Kira.

For ten years she raised her here as her own, instead of her own ones who did not survive. And not long before she married me off to a young driver in Cherusti. Only from there now did she get help: sometimes sugar, when a pig was slaughtered - lard.

Suffering from illnesses and near death, Matryona then declared her will: a separate log cabin of the upper room, located under a common connection with the hut, should be given as an inheritance to Kira after her death. She said nothing about the hut itself. Three more of her sisters were aiming to get this hut.

So that evening Matryona revealed herself to me completely. And, as it happens, the connection and meaning of her life, barely becoming visible to me, began to move in those same days. Kira arrived from Cherusti, old Thaddeus became worried: in Cherusti, in order to get and hold a piece of land, the young people had to build some kind of building. Matrenina's room was quite suitable for this. And there was nothing else to put in, there was nowhere in the forest to get it from. And not so much Kira herself, and not so much her husband, as for them, old Thaddeus set out to seize this plot in Cherusty.

And so he began to visit us often, came again and again, spoke instructively to Matryona and demanded that she give up the upper room now, during her lifetime. During these visits, he did not seem to me like that old man leaning on a staff, who was about to fall apart from a push or a rude word. Although hunched over with a sore lower back, he was still stately, having retained the rich, youthful blackness of his hair over sixty, he pressed on with fervor.

Matryona did not sleep for two nights. It was not easy for her to decide. I didn’t feel sorry for the upper room itself, which stood idle, just as Matryona never felt sorry for her work or her goods. And this room was still bequeathed to Kira. But it was scary for her to start breaking the roof under which she had lived for forty years. Even I, a guest, felt pain that they would begin to tear off the boards and turn out the logs of the house. And for Matryona this was the end of her entire life.

But those who insisted knew that her house could be broken even during her lifetime.

And Thaddeus and his sons and sons-in-law came one February morning and knocked on five axes, screamed and creaked as the boards were being torn off. Thaddeus’s own eyes sparkled busily. Despite the fact that his back was not completely straightened, he deftly climbed under the rafters and quickly fussed around below, shouting at his assistants. He and his father once built this hut as a boy; This room was built for him, the eldest son, so that he could settle here with his wife. And now he was furiously picking it apart, piece by piece, in order to take it away from someone else’s yard.

Having marked the crowns of the frame and the boards of the ceiling flooring with numbers, the room with the basement was dismantled, and the hut itself with shortened bridges was cut off with a temporary plank wall. They left the cracks in the wall, and everything showed that the breakers were not builders and did not expect Matryona to have to live here for a long time.

And while the men were breaking, the women were preparing moonshine for the day of loading: vodka would be too expensive. Kira brought a pound of sugar from the Moscow region, Matryona Vasilievna, under the cover of darkness, carried that sugar and bottles to the moonshiner.

The logs in front of the gate were taken out and stacked, the son-in-law driver went to Cherusti to pick up a tractor.

But on the same day a snowstorm began - a duel, in Matryona’s style. She caroused and circled for two days and covered the road with enormous snowdrifts. Then, as soon as they knew the way, a truck or two passed by - suddenly it became warmer, one day it cleared up all at once, there were damp fogs, streams gurgled through the snow, and the foot in the boot got stuck up to the top.

For two weeks the tractor couldn't handle the broken chamber! These two weeks Matryona walked as if lost. That’s why it was especially hard for her because her three sisters came, all unanimously cursed her as a fool for giving away the upper room, said that they didn’t want to see her anymore, and left.

And on those same days, a lanky cat wandered out of the yard - and disappeared. One to one. This also hurt Matryona.

Finally, the frozen road was covered with frost. A sunny day arrived, and my soul became happier. Matryona dreamed something good about that day. In the morning she found out that I wanted to take a photograph of someone at the old weaving mill (these still stood in two huts, and rough rugs were woven on them), and she smiled shyly:

- Just wait, Ignatich, a couple of days, maybe I’ll send the upper room - I’ll lay down my camp, because I’m intact - and then you’ll take it off. By God it's true!

Apparently, she was attracted to portray herself in the old days. From the red frosty sun, the frozen window of the entryway, now shortened, glowed slightly pink, and Matryona’s face was warmed by this reflection. Those people always have good faces who are at peace with their conscience.

Just before dusk, returning from school, I saw movement near our house. The large new tractor sleigh was already loaded with logs, but a lot of things still didn’t fit - both the family of grandfather Thaddeus and those invited to help were finishing up knocking down another homemade sleigh. Everyone worked like crazy, in that ferocity that people have when they smell big money or are expecting a big treat. They shouted at each other and argued.

The dispute was about how to transport the sleigh - separately or together. One son of Thaddeus, lame, and his son-in-law, a machinist, explained that it was impossible to wallpaper the sleigh right away, the tractor would not pull it. The tractor driver, a self-confident, fat-faced big fellow, wheezed that he knew better, that he was the driver and would carry the sleigh together. His calculation was clear: according to the agreement, the driver paid him for transporting the room, and not for the flights. There was no way he would have made two flights a night - twenty-five kilometers each and one trip back. And by morning he had to be with the tractor in the garage, from where he secretly took it for the left one.

Old man Thaddeus was impatient to take away the entire upper room today - and he nodded to his men to give in. The second, hastily knocked together, sleds were hooked up behind the strong first ones.

Matryona ran among the men, fussed and helped roll logs onto the sleigh. Then I noticed that she was wearing my padded jacket and had already smeared her sleeves on the icy mud of the logs, and I told her about it with displeasure. This padded jacket was a memory for me, it warmed me during difficult years.

So for the first time I became angry with Matryona Vasilievna.

- Oh, oh, oh, poor little head! – she was puzzled. - After all, I picked up her begma, and forgot that it was yours. Sorry, Ignatich. “And she took it off and hung it up to dry.”

The loading was over, and everyone who was working, about ten men, thundered past my table and ducked under the curtain into the kitchenette. From there, glasses clattered rather dully, sometimes a bottle clinked, the voices became louder, the boasting became more fervent. The tractor driver especially boasted. The heavy smell of moonshine reached me. But they didn’t drink for long—the darkness forced us to hurry. They began to leave. The tractor driver came out smug and with a cruel face. The son-in-law, the driver, the lame son of Thaddeus and one nephew accompanied the sleigh to Cherusti. The rest went home. Thaddeus, waving a stick, was catching up with someone, in a hurry to explain something. The lame son paused at my table to smoke and suddenly started talking about how much he loved Aunt Matryona, and that he had recently gotten married, and that his son had just been born. Then they shouted at him and he left. A tractor roared outside the window.

The last one to hurriedly jump out from behind the partition was Matryona. She shook her head anxiously after those who had left. I put on a padded jacket and threw on a scarf. At the door she told me:

- And why couldn’t the two be matched? If one tractor fell ill, the other would pull it up. And now what will happen - God knows!...

And she ran away after everyone.

After drinking, arguing and walking, it became especially quiet in the abandoned hut, chilled by the frequent opening of the doors. It was already completely dark outside the windows. I also got into my padded jacket and sat down at the table. The tractor died down in the distance.

An hour passed, then another. And the third. Matryona did not return, but I was not surprised: after seeing off the sleigh, she must have gone to her Masha.

And another hour passed. And further. Not only darkness, but a kind of deep silence descended on the village. I couldn’t understand then why there was silence - it turned out that during the whole evening not a single train passed along the line half a mile away from us. My receiver was silent, and I noticed that the mice were busier than ever: they were running more and more impudently, more noisily under the wallpaper, scratching and squeaking.

I woke up. It was one o'clock in the morning, and Matryona did not return.

Suddenly I heard several loud voices in the village. They were still far away, but it prompted me that it was coming to us. Indeed, soon a sharp knock was heard at the gate. Someone else's authoritative voice shouted to open it. I went out with an electric flashlight into the thick darkness. The whole village was asleep, the windows were not lit, and the snow had melted for a week and also did not shine. I unscrewed the bottom wrap and let him in. Four men in greatcoats walked towards the hut. It’s very unpleasant when people come to you loudly and in greatcoats at night.

In the light, I looked around, however, that two of them had railroad overcoats. The older man, fat, with the same face as that tractor driver, asked:

-Where is the hostess?

- Don't know.

– Did the tractor and sleigh leave this yard?

- From this.

– Did they drink here before leaving?

All four squinted and looked around in the semi-darkness of the table lamp. As I understand it, someone was arrested or wanted to be arrested.

- So what happened?

- Answer what they ask you!

- We went drunk?

-Did they drink here?

Did anyone kill whom? Or was it impossible to transport the upper rooms? They really pressed me. But one thing was clear: Matryona could be sentenced for moonshine.

I retreated to the kitchen door and blocked it with myself.

- Really, I didn’t notice. It was not visible.

(I really couldn’t see it, I could only hear it.)

And as if with a bewildered gesture, I held my hand, showing the interior of the hut: a peaceful table light above the books and notebooks; a crowd of frightened ficus trees; the harsh bed of a hermit. No signs of debauchery.

They themselves already noticed with annoyance that there was no drinking party here. And they turned to the exit, saying among themselves that it means that the drinking was not in this hut, but it would be nice to grab what there was. I accompanied them and asked what happened. And only at the gate one muttered to me:

- It turned them all around. You won't collect it.

- Yes, that’s what! The twenty-first ambulance almost went off the rails, that would have happened.

And they quickly left.

Who – them? Who - everyone? Where is Matryona?

I quickly returned to the hut, pulled back the curtains and went into the kitchenette. The stench of moonshine hit me. It was a frozen carnage - loaded stools and benches, empty lying bottles and one unfinished one, glasses, half-eaten herring, onions and shredded lard.

Everything was dead. And only cockroaches calmly crawled across the battlefield.

I rushed to clean everything up. I rinsed the bottles, put away the food, carried the chairs, and hid the rest of the moonshine in the dark underground away.

And only when I had done all this, I stood like a stump in the middle of an empty hut: something was said about the twenty-first ambulance. Why?... Maybe I should have shown all this to them? I already doubted it. But what kind of damned manner is it to not explain anything to an unofficial person?

And suddenly our gate creaked. I quickly went out onto the bridges:

- Matryona Vasilievna?

Her friend Masha staggered into the hut:

- Matryona... Matryona is ours, Ignatich...

I sat her down, and, between tears, she told me.

At the crossing there is a hill, the entrance is steep. There is no barrier. The tractor went over the first sleigh, but the cable broke, and the second sleigh, homemade, got stuck at the crossing and began to fall apart - Thaddeus did not give the forest any good for them, for the second sleigh. The first ones took it a little - they returned for the second ones, the rope got along well - the tractor driver and Thaddeus's son were lame, and Matryona was carried there too, between the tractor and the sleigh. What could she do to help the men there? She was always interfering in men's affairs. And a horse once almost knocked her into the lake, under an ice hole. And why did the damned one go to move? - she gave up the room, and paid off all her debt... The driver kept watching so that the train would not come from Cherusti, its lights would be far away, and on the other hand, from our station, two coupled locomotives were coming - without lights and backwards. Why there are no lights is unknown, but when the locomotive is going backwards, the tender sprinkles coal dust in the driver’s eyes, it’s hard to watch. They flew in and crushed those three who were between the tractor and the sleigh into meat. The tractor was mutilated, the sleigh was in splinters, the rails were raised, and both locomotives were on their sides.

- How come they didn’t hear that the locomotives were coming?

- Yes, the tractor is screaming when it’s running.

-What about the corpses?

- They don’t let me in. They cordoned off.

- What did I hear about the ambulance... like an ambulance?...

- And the ten o’clock express will leave our station on the move, and also for the crossing. But as the locomotives collapsed, two drivers survived, jumped off and ran back, waving their arms as they stood on the rails, and managed to stop the train... My nephew was also crippled by the log. Now he’s hiding at Klavka’s so that they won’t know that he was at the crossing. Otherwise, they drag him in as a witness!... Dunno is lying on the stove, and they are leading the know-it-all on a string... And her husband Kirkin - not a scratch. I wanted to hang myself, but they took me out of the noose. Because of me, they say, my aunt and brother died. Now he went himself and was arrested. Yes, now he’s not in prison, he’s in a madhouse. Ah, Matryona-Matryonushka!...

No Matryona. A loved one was killed. And on the last day I reproached her for wearing a padded jacket.

The painted red and yellow woman from the book poster smiled joyfully.

Aunt Masha sat and cried some more. And she already got up to go. And suddenly she asked:

- Ignatich! Do you remember... in I Matryona had a gray stash... She gave it to my Tanka after her death, right?

And she looked at me hopefully in the semi-darkness - have I really forgotten?

But I remembered:

– I read it, that’s right.

- So listen, maybe allow me to pick her up now? My relatives will come here in the morning, and then I won’t get it.

And again she looked at me with prayer and hope - her friend of half a century, the only one who sincerely loved Matryona in this village...

That's probably how it should have been.

“Of course... Take it...” I confirmed.

She opened the chest, took out a bundle, put it under the floor and left...

The mice were seized by some kind of madness, they walked along the walls, and the green wallpaper rolled over the mice’s backs in almost visible waves.

I had nowhere to go. They will also come to me and interrogate me. In the morning school was waiting for me. It was three o'clock in the morning. And there was a way out: lock yourself up and go to bed.

Lock yourself because Matryona won't come.

I lay down, leaving the light on. The mice squeaked, almost moaned, and everyone ran and ran. With a tired, incoherent head, it was impossible to escape the involuntary trembling - as if Matryona was invisibly rushing about and saying goodbye here, to her hut.

And suddenly, in the darkness at the entrance doors, on the threshold, I imagined black young Thaddeus with a raised ax: “If it weren’t for my dear brother, I would have chopped you both down!”

For forty years his threat lay in the corner like an old cleaver, but it finally struck...

3

At dawn, the women were brought from the crossing on a sled under a dirty bag thrown over - all that was left of Matryona. They took off the bag to wash it. Everything was a mess - no legs, no half of the torso, no left arm. One woman crossed herself and said:

“The Lord left her her right hand.” There will be a prayer to God...

And so the whole crowd of ficuses, which Matryona loved so much that, having woken up one night in the smoke, she did not rush to save the hut, but to throw the ficuses onto the floor (they would not have suffocated from the smoke) - the ficuses were taken out of the hut. Swept the floors clean. Matrenino's dull mirror was hung with a wide towel from an old home sewer. Idle posters were taken down from the wall. They moved my table. And by the windows, under the icon, they placed a coffin, knocked together without any fuss, on stools.

And Matryona lay in the coffin. A clean sheet covered her missing, mutilated body, and her head was covered with a white scarf, but her face remained intact, calm, more alive than dead.

The villagers came to stand and watch. Women brought small children to look at the dead body. And if crying began, all the women, even if they entered the hut out of empty curiosity, all would definitely cry from the door and from the walls, as if they were accompanying in chorus. And the men stood silently at attention, taking off their hats.

The actual crying was left to the relatives. In the crying I noticed a coldly thoughtful, primordially established order. Those who filed away approached the coffin for a short time and wailed quietly at the coffin itself. Those who considered themselves closer to the deceased began crying from the threshold, and upon reaching the coffin, they bent down to cry over the very face of the deceased. Each mourner had an amateur melody. And they expressed their own thoughts and feelings.

Then I learned that crying over the deceased is not just crying, but a kind of politics. Matryona's three sisters flew in, seized the hut, the goat and the stove, locked her chest, gutted two hundred funeral rubles from the lining of her coat, and explained to everyone who came that they were the only ones close to Matryona. And over the coffin they cried like this:

- Oh, nanny-nanny! Oh, lyolka-lyolka! And you are our only one! And you would live quietly and peacefully! And we would always caress you! And your upper room destroyed you! And I finished you off, cursed one! And why did you break it? And why didn't you listen to us?

So the sisters’ cries were accusatory cries against their husband’s relatives: there was no need to force Matryona to destroy the upper room. (And the hidden meaning was: you took that upper room, but we won’t give you the hut!)

The husband's relatives - Matryona's sisters-in-law, the sisters of Efim and Thaddeus, and various other nieces came and cried like this:

- Oh, auntie-auntie! And why didn’t you take care of yourself! And, probably, now they are offended by us! And you are our darling, and the fault is all yours! And the upper room has nothing to do with it. And why did you go to where death was guarding you? And no one invited you there! And I didn’t think about how you died! And why didn’t you listen to us?...

(And from all these lamentations the answer stuck out: we are not to blame for her death, but we’ll talk about the hut later!)

But the broad-faced, rude “second” Matryona - that fake Matryona, whom Thaddeus once took on just one name - strayed from this policy and simply screamed, straining over the coffin:

- Yes, you are my little sister! Are you really going to be offended by me? Oh-ma!... Yes, we used to talk and talk with you! And forgive me, wretched one! Oh-ma!... And you went to your mother, and, probably, you’ll come pick me up! Oh-ma-ah!...

At this “oh-ma-ah” she seemed to give up all her spirit - and beat and beat her chest against the wall of the coffin. And when her crying exceeded the ritual norms, the women, as if recognizing that the crying was completely successful, all said in unison:

- Leave me alone! Leave me alone!

Matryona lagged behind, but then came again and sobbed even more furiously. Then an ancient old woman came out of the corner and, putting her hand on Matryona’s shoulder, said sternly:

– There are two mysteries in the world: how I was born - I don’t remember; how I will die - I don’t know.

And Matryona fell silent immediately, and everyone fell silent to complete silence.

But this old woman herself, much older than all the old women here and as if she was a complete stranger even to Matryona, after a while also cried:

- Oh, my sick one! Oh, my Vasilievna! Oh, I'm tired of seeing you off!

And not at all ritually - with the simple sob of our century, which is not poor in them, the ill-fated adopted daughter of Matryonina sobbed - that Kira from Cherusti, for whom this upper room was taken and destroyed. Her curled locks were pathetically disheveled. The eyes were red, as if filled with blood. She didn’t notice how her scarf bunched up in the cold, or she put her coat on past the sleeve. She walked insanely from the coffin of her adoptive mother in one house to the coffin of her brother in another - and they still feared for her mind, because they had to judge her husband.

It turned out that her husband was doubly guilty: he was not only transporting the room, but he was a railway driver, knew the rules of unguarded crossings well - and should have gone to the station and warned about the tractor. That night, in the Ural ambulance, a thousand lives of people sleeping peacefully on the first and second shelves in the half-light of train lamps were about to end. Because of the greed of a few people: to seize a piece of land or not to make a second trip with a tractor.

Because of the upper room, which had been under a curse since the hands of Thaddeus set out to break it.

However, the tractor driver has already left the human court. And the road management itself was guilty of the fact that the busy crossing was not guarded, and that the locomotive raft was running without lights. That’s why they first tried to blame it all on drinking, and now they hush up the trial itself.

The rails and canvas were so distorted that for three days, while the coffins were in the houses, the trains did not go - they were wrapped in another branch. All Friday, Saturday and Sunday - from the end of the investigation until the funeral - the track was being repaired day and night at the crossing. The repairmen were freezing for warmth, and at night, and for light, they made fires from donated boards and logs from the second sleigh, scattered near the crossing.

And the first sleigh, loaded and intact, stood not far behind the crossing.

And it was precisely this - that one sleigh was teasing, waiting with a ready cable, and the second could still be snatched from the fire - this is what tormented the soul of black-bearded Thaddeus all Friday and all Saturday. His daughter was losing her mind, his son-in-law was on trial, in his own house lay the son he had killed, on the same street was the woman he had killed, whom he had once loved. Thaddeus only came briefly to stand at the coffins, holding his beard. His high forehead was overshadowed by a heavy thought, but this thought was to save the logs of the upper room from the fire and from the machinations of Matryona’s sisters.

Having sorted through the Talnovskys, I realized that Thaddeus was not the only one in the village.

That our language strangely calls our property our property, the people's or mine. And losing it is considered shameful and stupid in front of people.

Thaddeus, without sitting down, rushed first to the village, then to the station, from superior to superior, and with an unbending back, leaning on his staff, asked everyone to condescend to his old age and give permission to return the upper room.

And someone gave such permission. And Thaddeus gathered his surviving sons, sons-in-law and nephews, and got horses from the collective farm - and from the other side of the torn up crossing, in a roundabout way through three villages, transported the remains of the upper room to his yard. He finished it on the night from Saturday to Sunday.

And on Sunday afternoon they buried him. Two coffins came together in the middle of the village, the relatives argued which coffin came first. Then they were placed on the same sledge side by side, aunt and nephew, and on the newly dampened February crust under a cloudy sky they took the dead to a church cemetery two villages away from us. The weather was windy and unpleasant, and the priest and the deacon waited in the church and did not go out to Talnovo to meet them.

People walked slowly to the outskirts and sang in chorus. Then he fell behind.

Even before Sunday, the woman’s bustle in our hut did not subside: the old woman at the coffin was humming a psalter, Matryona’s sisters were scurrying around the Russian stove with a grip, from the forehead of the stove there was a glow of heat from hot peats - from those that Matryona carried in a sack from a distant swamp. Tasteless pies were baked from bad flour.

On Sunday, when we returned from the funeral, and it was already in the evening, we gathered for the wake. The tables, arranged in one long one, also covered the place where the coffin stood in the morning. First, everyone stood around the table, and the old man, my sister-in-law’s husband, read the “Our Father.” Then they poured it to the very bottom of the bowl for everyone - they were full of honey. To save our souls, we swallowed it with spoons, without anything. Then they ate something and drank vodka, and the conversations became livelier. Everyone stood up in front of the jelly and sang “Eternal Memory” (they explained to me that they must sing it before the jelly). They drank again. And they talked even louder, no longer about Matryona. Sister-in-law's husband boasted:

– Have you, Orthodox Christians, noticed that the funeral service was slow today? This is because Father Mikhail noticed me. He knows that I know the service. Otherwise, help with the saints, around the leg - and that’s all.

Finally dinner was over. Everyone stood up again. They sang “It is Worthy to Eat.” And again, with triple repetition: eternal memory! everlasting memory! everlasting memory! But the voices were hoarse, discordant, the faces were drunk, and no one put feelings into this eternal memory.

Then the main guests left, the closest ones remained, pulled out cigarettes, lit a cigarette, jokes and laughter were heard. It touched Matryona’s missing husband, and my sister-in-law’s husband, beating his chest, proved to me and the shoemaker, the husband of one of Matryona’s sisters:

– He’s dead, Yefim, he’s dead! How could he not return? Yes, if I had known that they would even hang me in my homeland, I would still have returned!

The shoemaker nodded in agreement. He was a deserter and never parted with his homeland: he hid underground with his mother throughout the war.

High on the stove sat that stern, silent old woman who had stayed overnight, older than all the ancients. She looked down silently, condemningly at the indecently animated fifty- and sixty-year-old youth.

And only the unfortunate adopted daughter, who grew up within these walls, went behind the partition and cried there.

Thaddeus did not come to Matryona’s wake, perhaps because he was commemorating his son. But in the coming days, he came to this hut twice in hostility to negotiate with Matryona’s sisters and with the deserter shoemaker.

The dispute was about the hut: who should it belong to - a sister or an adopted daughter. The matter was about to go to court, but they reconciled, deciding that the court would give the hut not to one or the other, but to the village council. The deal was completed. One sister took the goat, a shoemaker and his wife took the hut, and to offset Thaddeus’s share that he “took over every log here with his own hands,” the upper room that had already been brought was taken, and they also gave him the barn where the goat lived, and the entire inner fence between the yard and a vegetable garden.

And again, overcoming weakness and aches, the insatiable old man became revived and rejuvenated. Again he gathered his surviving sons and sons-in-law, they dismantled the barn and the fence, and he himself carried the logs on sleds, on sleds, in the end only with his Antoshka from the 8th "G", who was not lazy here.

Matryona's hut was closed until spring, and I moved to one of her sisters-in-law, not far away. This sister-in-law then, on various occasions, remembered something about Matryona and somehow shed light on the deceased for me from a new perspective.

“Efim didn’t love her.” He said: I like to dress culturally, but she – somehow, everything is in a country style. And one day we went to the city with him to earn money, so he got himself a girlfriend there and didn’t want to return to Matryona.

All her reviews about Matryona were disapproving: and she was unclean; and I didn’t chase the factory; and not careful; and she didn’t even keep a pig, for some reason she didn’t like to feed it; and, stupid, she helped strangers for free (and the very occasion to remember Matryona came - there was no one to call the garden to plow with a plow).

And even about Matryona’s cordiality and simplicity, which her sister-in-law recognized in her, she spoke with contemptuous regret.

And only then - from these disapproving reviews of my sister-in-law - did the image of Matryona emerge before me, as I did not understand her, even living side by side with her.

Indeed! - after all, there’s a pig in every hut! But she didn't. What could be easier - to feed a greedy piglet who recognizes nothing in the world except food! Cook for him three times a day, live for him - and then slaughter and have lard.

But she didn't have...

I didn’t chase after acquisitions... I didn’t struggle to buy things and then cherish them more than my life.

I didn’t bother with outfits. Behind clothes that embellish freaks and villains.

Misunderstood and abandoned even by her husband, who buried six children, but did not have a sociable disposition, a stranger to her sisters and sisters-in-law, funny, foolishly working for others for free - she did not accumulate property for death. A dirty white goat, a lanky cat, ficus trees...

We all lived next to her and did not understand that she was the very righteous person without whom, according to the proverb, the village would not stand.

Neither the city.

Not all the land is ours.

1959-60 Ak-Mosque – Ryazan

Teacher's word

A writer is judged by his best works. Among Solzhenitsyn’s stories published in the 60s, “Matrenin’s Dvor” was always put in first place. It was called “brilliant,” “a truly brilliant work.” “The story is true,” “the story is talented,” the critics noted. “Even among Solzhenitsyn’s stories, it stands out for its strict artistry, integrity of poetic embodiment, consistency of artistic taste.”

Question

Where does the story take place?

Answer

At “one hundred and eighty-fourth kilometer from Moscow.” The exact location is important. On the one hand, it gravitates towards the center of European Russia, towards Moscow itself, on the other hand, the remoteness and wilderness of the regions described in the story are emphasized. This is the place that is most characteristic of Russia at that time.

Question

What is the name of the station where the events of the story take place? What's so absurd about this name?

Answer

The production and prosaic name of the station “Torfoprodukt” hurts the ear: “Ah, Turgenev didn’t know that it was possible to write something like that in Russian!”

The lines following this ironic phrase are written in a completely different tone: “A wind of calm blew over me from the names of other villages: Vysokoye Pole, Talnovo, Chaslitsy, Shevertny, Ovintsy, Spudni, Shestimirovo.”

This inconsistency of toponymy is the key to the subsequent understanding of the contrasts of everyday life and existence.

Question

From whose perspective is the story told? What is the role of the narrator?

Answer

The narrator, leading the narration, being an intellectual teacher, constantly writing “something of his own” at a dimly lit table, is placed in the position of an outside observer-chronicler, trying to understand Matryona and everything “that happens to us.”

Teacher's comment

“Matrenin’s Dvor” is an autobiographical work. This is Solzhenitsyn’s story about himself, about the situation in which he found himself when he returned in the summer of 1956 “from the dusty hot desert.” He “wanted to worm his way in and get lost in the very interior of Russia,” to find “a quiet corner of Russia away from the railways.”

Ignatich (under this name the author appears before us) feels the delicacy of his position: a former camp inmate (Solzhenitsyn was rehabilitated in 1957) could only be hired for hard work - carrying stretchers. He had other desires: “But I was drawn to teaching.” Both in the structure of this phrase with its expressive dash, and in the choice of words, the mood of the hero is conveyed, the most cherished is expressed.

Question

What is the theme of the story?

Answer

The main theme of the story “Matrenin’s Dvor” is “how people live.” This is what Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn wants to understand and what he wants to talk about. The entire movement of the plot of his story is aimed at understanding the secret of the character of the main character.

Exercise

Tell us about the heroine of the story.

Answer

The heroine of the story is a simple village woman Matryona. She suffered numerous misfortunes - the capture of her fiancé, the death of her husband, the death of six children, serious illness and grievances - deception when paying for hellish work, poverty, exclusion from the collective farm, deprivation of a pension, the callousness of bureaucrats.

Matryona's poverty looks out from all angles. But where will wealth come to a peasant's house?

“I only found out later,” says Ignatich, “that year after year, for many years, Matryona Vasilievna did not earn a ruble from anywhere. Because she was not paid a pension. Her family didn't help her much. And on the collective farm she did not work for money - for sticks. For sticks of workdays in the accountant’s dirty book.”

These words will be supplemented by the story of Matryona herself about how many grievances she suffered while worrying about a pension, about how she extracted peat for the stove and hay for the goat.

Teacher's comment

The heroine of the story is not a character invented by the writer. The author writes about a real person - Matryona Vasilyevna Zakharova, with whom he lived in the 50s. Natalya Reshetovskaya’s book “Alexander Solzhenitsyn and Reading Russia” contains photographs taken by Solzhenitsyn of Matryona Vasilievna, her house, and the room that the writer rented. His story-memoir echoes the words of A.T. Tvardovsky, who remembers his neighbor Aunt Daria,

With her hopeless patience,
With her hut without a canopy,
And with an empty workday,
And with labor - not more completely...
With all the trouble -
Yesterday's war
And the current grave misfortune.

It is noteworthy that these lines and Solzhenitsyn’s story were written at approximately the same time. In both works, the story about the fate of a peasant woman develops into thoughts about the brutal devastation of the Russian village during the war and post-war times. “Can you really tell us about this, in what years you lived...” This line from M. Isakovsky’s poem is consonant with the prose of F. Abramov, who talks about the fate of Anna and Liza Pryaslin, Marfa Repina... This is the literary context in which the story “Matrenin’s Dvor” falls "!

But Solzhenitsyn’s story was not written just to once again talk about the suffering and troubles that the Russian woman endured. Let us turn to the words of A. T. Tvardovsky, taken from his speech at a session of the Governing Council of the European Writers Association: “Why is the fate of an old peasant woman, told on a few pages, of such great interest to us? This woman is unread, illiterate, a simple worker. And yet, her spiritual world is endowed with such a quality that we talk to her as if we were talking to Anna Karenina.”

Having read this speech in Literaturnaya Gazeta, Solzhenitsyn immediately wrote to Tvardovsky: “Needless to say, the paragraph of your speech relating to Matryona means a lot to me. You pointed to the very essence - to a woman who loves and suffers, while all the criticism was always scouring the surface, comparing the Talnovsky collective farm and the neighboring ones.”

Question

How can we characterize Matryona? How did the troubles affect her character?

Answer

Despite the misfortunes she suffered, Matryona managed to retain exceptional kindness, mercy, humanity, selflessness, readiness to always come to the aid of others, great diligence, kindness, patience, independence, and delicacy.

That’s why she married Efim, because he didn’t have enough hands. That’s why she took Kira into her upbringing, because it was necessary to ease Thaddeus’s fate and somehow connect herself with his family. She helped any neighbor, she harnessed the sixth one to the plow while plowing, and she always went out for general work, not being a collective farmer. To help Kira acquire a plot of land, she gave away her upper room. She even picked up a lame cat out of compassion.

Due to her delicacy, she did not want to interfere with another, she could not burden anyone. Out of her kindness, she rushed to help the men who were taking away part of her hut.

This kind soul lived for the joys of others, and that is why a radiant, kind smile often illuminated her simple round face.

To survive what Matryona Vasilyevna Zakharova experienced and remain a selfless, open, delicate, sympathetic person, not to become embittered at fate and people, to preserve her “radiant smile” until old age... What mental strength is needed for this?!

Question

How is the character of the heroine revealed in the story?

Answer

Matryona reveals herself not so much in her everyday present as in her past. She herself, remembering her youth, admitted to Ignatich: “It’s you who haven’t seen me before, Ignatich. All my bags were five pounds each and I didn’t count them as weight. The father-in-law shouted: “Matryona! You’ll break your back!” The Divir did not come to me to put my end of the log on the front.”

Young, strong, beautiful, Matryona was from that breed of Russian peasant woman who “will stop a galloping horse.” And this happened: “Once the horse, out of fear, carried the sleigh into the lake, the men galloped away, but I, however, grabbed the bridle and stopped it...” says Matryona. And at the last moment of her life, she rushed to “help the men” at a crossing - and died.

Matryona will be revealed most fully in the dramatic episodes of the second part of the story. They are connected with the arrival of the “tall black old man,” Thaddeus, the brother of Matryona’s husband, who did not return from the war. Thaddeus came not to Matryona, but to the teacher to ask for his eighth-grader son. Left alone with Matryona, Ignatich forgot to think about the old man, and even about her. And suddenly from her dark corner she heard:

“I, Ignatich, once almost married him.
She got up from the wretched rag bed and slowly came out to me, as if following her words. I leaned back and for the first time I saw Matryona in a completely new way...
- He was the first to marry me... before Efim... He was the elder brother... I was nineteen, Thaddeus was twenty-three... They lived in this very house then. It was their house. Built by their father.
I involuntarily looked back. This old gray rotting house suddenly, through the faded green skin of the wallpaper, under which mice were running, appeared to me with young, not yet darkened, planed logs and a cheerful resinous smell.
- And you him?.. So what?..
“That summer... we went with him to sit in the grove,” she whispered. - There was a grove here... I didn’t get out without a little, Ignatich. The German war has begun. They took Thaddeus to war.
She dropped it - and the blue, white and yellow July of 1914 flashed before me: a still peaceful sky, floating clouds and people boiling with ripe stubble. I imagined them side by side: a resin hero with a scythe across his back; her, rosy, hugging the sheaf. And - a song, a song under the sky...
“He went to war and disappeared... For three years I hid, waited. And no news, and not a bone...
Tied with an old faded handkerchief, Matryona’s round face looked at me in the indirect soft reflections of the lamp - as if freed from wrinkles, from an everyday careless outfit - frightened, girlish, faced with a terrible choice.

Answer

The former lover and groom appears as a kind of “black man”, foreshadowing misfortune, and then becomes the direct culprit in the death of the heroine.

Solzhenitsyn generously uses the epithet “black” seven times within one paragraph at the beginning of the second chapter. The ax in the hands of Thaddeus (Ignatius clearly imagines it in the hands of this man) gives rise to associations with the ax of Raskolnikov, who kills an innocent victim, and at the same time with the ax of Lopakhin.

The story also evokes other literary associations. “The Black Man” also resembles Pushkin’s gloomy alien in “Mozart and Salieri.”

Question

Are there other symbols in the story “Matrenin’s Dvor”?

Answer

Many of Solzhenitsyn’s symbols are associated with Christian symbolism: images-symbols of the way of the cross, a righteous man, a martyr.

Question

What is the symbolic meaning of the story?

Answer

The courtyard, Matryona’s house, is the “shelter” that the narrator finally finds in search of “interior Russia” after many years of camps and homelessness: “I have never liked this place in the whole village.” It was no coincidence that Solzhenitsyn called his work “Matrenin’s Dvor.” This is one of the key images of the story. The description of the yard, detailed, with a lot of details, is devoid of bright colors: Matryona lives “in desolation.” It is important for the author to emphasize the inseparability of a house and a person: if the house is destroyed, its owner will also die.

“And the years passed as the water floated...” As if from a folk song, this amazing proverb came into the story. It will contain Matryona’s entire life, all the forty years that have passed here. In this house she will survive two wars - German and World War II, the death of six children who died in infancy, the loss of her husband, who went missing during the war. Here she will grow old, remain lonely, and suffer need. All her wealth is a lanky cat, a goat and a crowd of ficus trees.

The symbolic likening of the house to Russia is traditional, because the structure of the house is likened to the structure of the world.

Teacher's word

The righteous Matryona is the writer’s moral ideal, on which, in his opinion, the life of society should be based. According to Solzhenitsyn, “the meaning of earthly existence is not prosperity, but the development of the soul.” Connected with this idea is the writer’s understanding of the role of literature and its connection with the Christian tradition.

Solzhenitsyn continues one of the main traditions of Russian literature, according to which the writer sees his purpose in preaching truth, spirituality, and is convinced of the need to pose “eternal” questions and seek answers to them. He spoke about this in his Nobel lecture: “In Russian literature, we have long been ingrained in the idea that a writer can do a lot among his people - and should... Once he has taken up his word, he can never evade: a writer is not an outside judge of his compatriots and contemporaries, he is a co-author of all the evil committed in his homeland or by his people.”

Literature

N.V. Egorova, I.V. Zolotareva. Literature of the Thaw. Creativity of A.I. Solzhenitsyn. // Lesson developments in Russian literature. XX century Grade 11. II half of the year. M., 2004

V. Lakshin. Ivan Denisovich, his friends and enemies // New World. – 1964. – No. 1

P. Palamarchuk. Alexander Solzhenitsyn: Guide. – M., 1991

Georges Nivat. Solzhenitsyn. – M., 1993

V. Chalmaev. Alexander Solzhenitsyn: life and work. – M., 1994

E.S. Rogover. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn // Russian literature of the 20th century. St. Petersburg, 2002

Analysis of the story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matrenin Dvor"

A.I. Solzhenitsyn’s view of the village of the 50s and 60s is distinguished by its harsh and cruel truth. Therefore, the editor of the magazine “New World” A.T. Tvardovsky insisted on changing the time of action of the story “Matrenin’s Dvor” (1959) from 1956 to 1953. This was an editorial move in the hope of getting Solzhenitsyn’s new work published: the events in the story were transferred to the time before the Khrushchev Thaw. The picture depicted leaves too painful an impression. “The leaves flew around, snow fell - and then melted. They plowed again, sowed again, reaped again. And again the leaves flew away, and again the snow fell. And one revolution. And another revolution. And the whole world turned upside down."

The story is usually based on an incident that reveals the character of the main character. Solzhenitsyn also builds his story on this traditional principle. Fate threw the hero-storyteller to a station with a strange name for Russian places - Torfoprodukt. Here “dense, impenetrable forests stood before and have survived the revolution.” But then they were cut down, reduced to the roots. In the village they no longer baked bread or sold anything edible - the table became meager and poor. Collective farmers “everything goes to the collective farm, right down to the white flies,” and they had to gather hay for their cows from under the snow.

The author reveals the character of the main character of the story, Matryona, through a tragic event - her death. Only after death “the image of Matryona floated before me, as I did not understand her, even living side by side with her.” Throughout the entire story, the author does not give a detailed, specific description of the heroine. Only one portrait detail is constantly emphasized by the author - Matryona’s “radiant”, “kind”, “apologetic” smile. But by the end of the story, the reader imagines the appearance of the heroine. The author’s attitude towards Matryona is felt in the tone of the phrase, the selection of colors: “The frozen window of the entryway, now shortened, was filled with a slightly pink color from the red frosty sun, and this reflection warmed Matryona’s face.” And then - a direct author’s description: “Those people always have good faces, who are in harmony with their conscience.” One remembers Matryona’s smooth, melodious, native Russian speech, beginning with “some low warm purring, like grandmothers in fairy tales.”

The world around Matryona in her darkish hut with a large Russian stove is like a continuation of herself, a part of her life. Everything here is organic and natural: the cockroaches rustling behind the partition, the rustling of which was reminiscent of the “distant sound of the ocean,” and the languid cat, picked up by Matryona out of pity, and the mice, which on the tragic night of Matryona’s death darted about behind the wallpaper as if Matryona herself was “invisibly rushed about and said goodbye to her hut here.” Her favorite ficus trees “filled the owner’s loneliness with a silent but lively crowd.” The same ficus trees that Matryona once saved during a fire, without thinking about the meager wealth she had acquired. The ficus trees froze by the “frightened crowd” that terrible night, and then were taken out of the hut forever...

The author-narrator unfolds the life story of Matryona not immediately, but gradually. She had to endure a lot of grief and injustice in her lifetime: broken love, the death of six children, the loss of her husband in the war, hellish work in the village, severe illness, bitter resentment towards the collective farm, which squeezed all the strength out of her and then wrote her off as unnecessary. , leaving without pension and support. In the fate of Matryona, the tragedy of a rural Russian woman is concentrated - the most expressive, blatant.

But she did not become angry with this world, she retained a good mood, a feeling of joy and pity for others, and a radiant smile still brightens her face. “She had a surefire way to regain her good spirits - work.” And in her old age, Matryona knew no rest: she either grabbed a shovel, then went with a sack into the swamp to cut grass for her dirty white goat, or went with other women to secretly steal peat from the collective farm for winter kindling.

“Matryona was angry with someone invisible,” but she did not hold a grudge against the collective farm. Moreover, according to the very first decree, she went to help the collective farm, without receiving, as before, anything for her work. And she did not refuse help to any distant relative or neighbor, without a shadow of envy later telling the guest about the neighbor’s rich potato harvest. Work was never a burden to her; “Matryona never spared either her labor or her goods.” And everyone around Matryonin shamelessly took advantage of Matryonin’s selflessness.

She lived poorly, wretchedly, alone - a “lost old woman”, exhausted by work and illness. Relatives almost did not appear in her house, apparently fearing that Matryona would ask them for help. Everyone condemned her in chorus, that she was funny and stupid, that she worked for others for free, that she was always meddling in men’s affairs (after all, she got hit by a train because she wanted to help the men pull their sleighs through the crossing). True, after Matryona’s death, the sisters immediately flocked in, “seized the hut, the goat and the stove, locked her chest, and gutted two hundred funeral rubles from the lining of her coat.” And a friend of half a century, “the only one who sincerely loved Matryona in this village,” who came running in tears with the tragic news, nevertheless, when leaving, took Matryona’s knitted blouse with her so that the sisters would not get it. The sister-in-law, who recognized Matryona’s simplicity and cordiality, spoke about this “with contemptuous regret.” Everyone mercilessly took advantage of Matryona’s kindness and simplicity - and unanimously condemned her for it.

The writer devotes a significant place in the story to the funeral scene. And this is no coincidence. In Matryona’s house, all the relatives and friends in whose surroundings she lived her life gathered for the last time. And it turned out that Matryona was leaving this life, not understood by anyone, not mourned by anyone as a human being. At the funeral dinner they drank a lot, they said loudly, “not about Matryona at all.” According to custom, they sang “Eternal Memory,” but “the voices were hoarse, loud, their faces were drunk, and no one was putting feelings into this eternal memory.”

The death of the heroine is the beginning of decay, the death of the moral foundations that Matryona strengthened with her life. She was the only one in the village who lived in her own world: she arranged her life with work, honesty, kindness and patience, preserving her soul and inner freedom. Popularly wise, sensible, able to appreciate goodness and beauty, smiling and sociable in disposition, Matryona managed to resist evil and violence, preserving her “court,” her world, the special world of the righteous. But Matryona dies - and this world collapses: her house is torn apart log by log, her modest belongings are greedily divided. And there is no one to protect Matryona’s yard, no one even thinks that with Matryona’s departure something very valuable and important, not amenable to division and primitive everyday assessment, is leaving life.

“We all lived next to her and did not understand that she was the very righteous person without whom, according to the proverb, the village would not stand. Neither the city. Not our whole land."

The ending of the story is bitter. The author admits that he, who became related to Matryona, does not pursue any selfish interests, nevertheless did not fully understand her. And only death revealed to him the majestic and tragic image of Matryona. The story is a kind of author's repentance, bitter repentance for the moral blindness of everyone around him, including himself. He bows his head before a man of a selfless soul, absolutely unrequited, defenseless.

Despite the tragedy of the events, the story is written on some very warm, bright, piercing note. It sets the reader up for good feelings and serious thoughts.